Skip to main content

Full text of "A Smaller Classical Dictionary Biography Mythology And Geography"

See other formats 


113131 


HEAD  OP  NIOBK,    (Florence.) 


APOLLO  BELVEDKBB. 


THE 


A  SMALLER' 

CLASSICAL   DICTIONARY 


OF 


BIOGRAPHY,  MYTHOLOGY,  AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


ABRIDGED  FROM  THE  LARGER  DICTIONARY. 


BY  WILLIAM  SMITH,  D.C.L.,  LL.D. 


WITH  ILLUSTRATION'S. 


NEW  YORK  •:•   CINCINNATI  •:•   CHICAGO 

AMERICAN   BOOK   COMPANY 

E-P       1 


PREFACE. 


present  work  is  designed  to  supply  a  want  which  still  exists  in 
our  School  Classical  Literature.  It  has  been  represented  to  the  editor, 
from  several  quarters,  that  his  Larger  Classical  Dictionary,  though  well 
adapted  for  the  use  of  the  higher  forms  in  the  public  schools,  is  ex- 
cluded, both  by  its  size  and  price,  from  a  great  number  of  schools,  which 
are  therefore  obliged  to  put  up  with  the  abridgments  of  Lempriere's 
obsolete  work.  In  consequence  of  these  representations,  the  editor  has 
been  induced  to  draw  up  this  Smaller  Dictionary.  All  names  have  been 
inserted  which  a  young  person  would  be  likely  to  meet  with  at  the  com- 
mencement of  his  classical  studies;  and  only  those  have  been  omitted 
which  occur  in  later  writers,  or  in  works  not  usually  read  in  schools. 
The  quantities  have  been  carefully  marked,  and  the  gonitive  cases  in- 
serted. The  mythological  articles  have  been  illustrated  by  drawings 
from  ancient  works  of  art,  for  which  the  editor  is  indebted  to  the  skill- 
ful pencil  of  his  friend,  Mr.  George  Scharf.  In  this,  as  in  the  Smaller 
Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  care  has  been  taken  not 
to  presume  too  much  on  the  knowledge  of  the  reader.  It  is  therefore 
hoped  that  these  two  works  may  be  used  conjointly  with  advantage, 
even  in  schools  where  Latin  and  Greek  are  not  taught. 

WILLIAM  SMITH- 
B 


SMALLER  CLASSICAL  DICTIONARY. 


ABACAENUM. 


ABORIGINES. 


ABACAENUM  (-i),  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Siculi  in  Sicily,  W.  of  Messaua,  and  S.  of  Tyn- 
daris. 

ABAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town  of  Phocis, 
on  the  boundaries  of  Boeotia;  celebrated  for 
an  ancient  temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo,  who 
hence  derived  the  surname  of  Aba&us. 

ABANTES,  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Eu- 
boea.  They  are  said  to  have  been  of  Thra- 
cian  origin,  to  have  first  settled  in  Phocis, 
where  they  built  Abae,  and  afterwards  to 
have  crossed  over  to  Euboea.  The  Abantes 
of  Euboea  assisted  in  colonizing  several  of 
the  Ionic  cities  of  Asia  Minor. 

ABANTIADSS  (-ae),  any  descendant  of 
Abas,  but  especially  Perseus,  great-grandson 
of  Abas,  and  Acrisius,  sou  of  Abas.  A  female 
descendant  of  Abas,  as  Danae  and  Atalante, 
was  called  Abantias. 

ABARlS  (-is),  a  Hyperborean  priest  of 
Apollo,  came  from  the  country  about  the 
Caucasus  to  Greece,  while  his  native  land  was 
visited  by  a  plague.  His  history  is  entirely 
mythical :  he  is  said  to  have  taken  no  earthly 
food,  and  to  have  ridden  on  an  arrow,  the 
gift  of  Apollo,  through  the  air.  He  may  per- 
haps be  placed  about  B.O.  570. 

ABAS  (-antis).  (1)  Son  of  Metanira,  was 
changed  by  Demeter  (Ceres)  into  a  lizard,  be- 
cause he  mocked  the  goddess  when  she  had 
come  on  her  wanderings  into  the  house  of 
his  mother,  and  drank  eagerly  to  quench  her 
thirst— (2)  Twelfth  king  of  Argos,  son  of  Lyn- 
ceus  and  Hypermnestra,  grandson  of  Danaus, 
and  father  of  Acrisius  and  Proetus.  When 
he  informed  his  father  of  the  death  of  Danaus, 
he  was  rewarded  with  the  shield  of  his  grand- 
father, which  was  sacred  to  Hera  (Juno). 
This  shield  performed  various  marvels,  and 


the  mere  sight  of  it  could  reduce  a  revolted 
people  to  submission. 

ABDERA  (-ae  and  orum),  a  town  of 
Thrace,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Nestus,  which 
flowed  through  the  town.  It  was  colonized 
by  Timesius  of  Clazomenae  about  B.O.  656, 
and  a  second  time  by  the  inhabitants  of  Teos 
in  Ionia,  who  settled  there  after  their  own 
town  had  been  taken  by  the  Persians,  B.O.  544. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Democritus,  Protag- 
oras, Anaxarchus,  and  other  distinguished 
men ;  but  its  inhabitants,  notwithstanding, 
were  accounted  stupid,  and  an  "Abderite" 
was  a  term  of  reproach. 

ABELLA  or  AVELLA  (-ae),  a  town  of 
Campania,  not  far  from  Nola,  founded  by  the 
Chalcidians  in  Euboea.  It  was  celebrated  for 
its  apples,  whence  Virgil  calls  it  imalif&ra. 

ABGARUS,  ACBARUS,  or  AUGARUS  (-i), 
a  name  common  to  many  rulers  of  Edessa,  the 
capital  of  the  district  of  Osrhoene  in  Mesopo- 
tamia. .  Of  these  rulers  one  is  supposed  by 
Eusebius  to  have  been  the  author  of  a  letter 
written  to  Christ,  which  he  found  in  a  church 
at  Edessa  and  translated  from  the  Syriac. 
The  letter  is  believed  to  be  spurious. 

ABIA  (-ae),  a  town,  of  Messenia,  on  the 
Messenian  gulf. 

ABII,  a  tribe  mentioned  by  Homer,  and  ap- 
parently a  Thracian  people. 

ABILA  (-orum),  a  town  of  Coele-Syria,  aft- 
erwards called  Claudiopolis,  and  the  capital 
of  the  tetrarchy  of  Abilene  (Luke  iii.  1). 

ABN6BA  MONS  (-ae),  the  range  of  hills 
covered  by  the  Black  Forest  in  Germany,  not 
a  single  mountain. 

ABORIGINES  (-urn),  the  original  inhabi- 
tants, of  a  country,  equivalent  to  the  Greek 


ABORRHAS, 


10 


ACERRAE. 


Autochthones.  But  the  Aborigines  in  Italy 
are  not  in  the  Latin  writers  t)ae  original  in- 
habitants of  all  Italy,  but  the  name  of  an  an- 
cient people  who  drove  the  Siculi  out  of  La- 
tium,  and  there  became  the  progenitors  of 
theLatini. 

ABORRHAS,  a  branch  of  the  Euphrates, 
joining  that  river  on  the  E.  side  near  Arce- 
sium  ;  called  the  Araxes  by  Xenophon. 

ABSYRTUS  or  APSYRTUS  (-i),  son  of 
Aeetes,  king  of  Colchis,  whom  Medea  took 
with  her  when  she  fled  with  Jason.  Being 
pursued  by  her  father,  she  murdered  her 
brother,  cut  his  body  in  pieces,  and  strewed 
them  on  the  road,  that  her  father  might  be 
detained  by  gathering  the  limbs  of  his  child. 
Tomi,  the  place  where  this  horror  was  com- 
mitted, was  believed  to  have  derived  its  name 
from  (T<?JUVU>)  "  cut." 

.ABUS  (-i:  Humbert  a  river  in  Britain. 

XBYDOS  (-i).  (1)  A  town  of  the  Troad  on 
the  Hellespont,  and  a  Milesian  colony,  nearly 
opposite  to  Sestos,  but  a  little  lower  down  the 
stream.  The  bridge  of  boats  which  Xerxes 
constructed  over  the  Hellespont,  B.O.  480, 
commenced  a  little  higher  up  than  Abydos, 
and  touched  the  European  shore  between 
Sestos  and  Madytus.— (2)  A  city  of  Tipper 
Egypt,  near  the  W.  bank  of  the  Nile ;  once 
second  only  to  Thebes,  but  in  Strabo's  time 
(A.D.  14)  a  small  village.  It  had  a  temple  of 
Osiris  and  a  Memnonium,  both  still  standing, 
and  an  oracle.  Here  was  found  the  inscrip- 
tion known  as  the  Table  of  Abydos,  which 
contains  a  list  of  the  Egyptian  kings. 

A"B¥LA  (-ae)  or  XBlLA  (-ae)  MONS  or  CO- 
LUMNA,  a  mountain  in  Mauretania  Tingi- 
tana,  forming  the  E.  extremity  of  the  S.  or 
African  coast  of  the  Fretum  Gailitanum.  This 
and  M.  Calpe  (Gibraltar),  opposite  to  it  on 
the  Spanish  coast,  were  called  the  Columns 
of  Heretdes,  from  the  fable  that  they  were 
originally  one  mountain,  torn  asunder  by 
Hercules. 

IClDlMA  and  -1A  (-ae),  a  piece  of  land 
on  the  Cephissus,  6  stadia  from  Athens,  orig- 
inally belonging  to  a  hero  Academus,  and 
subsequently  a  gymnasium,  adorned  by  Ci- 
mon  with  plane  and  olive  plantations,  stat- 
ues, and  other  works  of  art.  Here  taught 
Plato,  who  possessed  a  piece  of  land  in  the 
neighborhood,  and  after  him  his  followers, 
who  were  hence  called  the  Academici,  or 
Academic  philosophers.  Cicero  gave  the 
name  of  Academia  to  his  villa  near  Puteoli, 
where  he  wrote  his  "Quaestiones  Academ- 
icae." 

IClMlS  (-antis) .  (1)  Son  of  Theseus  and 
Phaedra,  accompanied  Diomedes  to  Troy  to 
demand  the  surrender  of  Helen.— (2)  Son  of 
Antenor  and  Theano,  one  of  the  bravest  Tro- 
'  jans,  slam  by  Meriones. — (3)  Son  of  Eussorus, 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Thracians  in  the 
Trojan  war,  slain  by  the  Telamonian  Ajax. 

iCANTHUS  (-i),  a  town  on  the  Isthmus, 
Which  connects  the  peninsula  of  Athos  with 
Chalcidice,  founded  by  the  inhabitants  of  An- 
dros. 


Amphoterus.  Their  father  was  murdered  by 
Phegeus  when  they  were  very  young  ;  but  as 
soon  as  they  had  grown  up,  they  slew  Phege- 
us, his  wife,  and  his  two  sons.  They  after- 
wards went  to  Epirus,  where  Acarnan  found- 
ed the  state  called  after  him  Acarnania. 

ACARNANIA  (-ae),  the  most  westerly  prov- 
ince of  Greece,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Am- 
bracian  gulf;  on  the  W.  and  S.W.  by  the  Io- 
nian sea  ;  on  the  N.E.  by  Amphilochia,  which 
is  sometimes  included  in  Acarnania  ;  and  on 
the  E.  by  Aetolia,  from  which,  at  a.  later  time, 
it  was  separated  by  the  Achelous.  The  name 
of  Acarnania  does  not  occur  in  Homer.  In 
the  most  ancient  times  the  land  was  inhabit- 
ed by  the  Taphii,  Teleboae,  and  Lelcgcs,  and 
subsequently  by  the  Curetes.  At  a  later  time 
a  colony  from  Argos,  said  to  have  been  led  by 
AOARNAN,  settled  in  the  country.  In  the  sev- 
enth century  B.O.  the  Corinthians  founded  sev- 
eral towns  on  the  coast.  The  Acarnanians 
first  emerge  from  obscurity  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  B.O.  431.  They 
were  then  a  rude  people,  living  by  piracy  and 
robbery,  and  they  always  remained  behind 
the  rest  of  the  Greeks  in  civilization  and  re- 
finement. They  were  good  slingers,  and  are 
praised  for  their  fidelity  and  courage.  The 
different  towns  fo'rmed  a  League,  which  met 
at  Stratus,  and  subsequently  at  Thyrium  or 
Leucas. 

ACASTUS  (-i),  son  of  Pelias,  kino;  of  lol- 
cus,  one  of  the  Argonauts  and  of  the^Calydo- 
nian  hunters.  His  sisters  were  induced  by 
Medea  to  cut  up  their  father  and  boil  him,  in 
order  to  make  him  young  again.  Acastus,  in 
consequence,  drove  Jason  and  Medea  from 
lolcus,  and  instituted  funeral  games  in  hon- 
our of  his  father.  During  these  games,  Hip- 
polyte,  the  wife  of  Acastus,  fell  in  love  with 
Peleus.  When  Peleus  refused  to  listen  to  her 
she  accused  him  to  her  husband  of  having  at- 
tempted her  dishonor.  Shortly  afterwards, 
while  Acastus  and  Peleus  were  hunting  on 
mount  Pelion,  and  the  latter  had  fallen  asleep, 
Acastus  took  his  sword  from  him,  and  left 
him  alone.  He  was,  in  consequence,  nearly 
destroyed  by  the  Centaurs  ;  but  he  was  saved 
by  Chiron  or  Hermes,  returned  to  Acastus 
and  killed  him,  together  with  his  wife. 

ACBARUS. 


ACCA  LAURENTU  OE  LARENTiA  (-ae), 
the  wife  of  the  shepherd  Faustulus  and  the 
nurse  of  Romulus  and  Remus,  after  they  had 
been  taken  from  the  she-wolf.  She  seems  to 
be  connected  with  the  worship  of  the  Lares, 
from  which  her  name  Larentia  is  probably 

.  ACC!TJSoEATTlUS(-i),L.,  a  Roman  trag- 
ic poet,  was  born  u.o.  170,  and  lived  to  a  great 
age.  His  tragedies  were  chiefly  imitatedlrom 
the  Greekjbuthe  also  wrote  some  on  Roman 
subjects  (Praetextatae). 

ACCO,  a  chief  of  the  Senones  in  Gaul,  in- 
duced his  countrymen  to  revolt  against  Cae- 
sar, B.O.  53,  by  whom  he  was  put  to  death. 

ACE.    [PTOLKMAIS.] 

ACERBAS.    [Dii>o.J 

.ACERRAE  (-arum).  (1)  A  town  in  Campa- 
nia, on  the  Clanius  ;  destroyed  by  Hannibal, 


ACESINES. 


11 


ACHERUSIA. 


but  rebuilt— (2)  A  town  of  the  Insubres  in 
Gallia  Transpadana. 

XCfiSINES  (-ae :  ChenauV),  a  river  in  India, 
into  which  the  Hydaspes  flows,  and  which  it- 
self flows  into  the  Indus. 

XCESTA.    [SEGESTA.] 

iCESTKS  (-ae),  son  of  a  Trojan  woman,  of 
the  name  of  Egesta  or  Segesta,  who  was  sent 
by  her  father  to  Sicily,  that  she  might  not  be 
devoured  by  the  monsters  which  infested  the 
territory  of  Troy.  When  Egesta  arrived  in 
Sicily,  the  river-god  Crimisus  begot  by  her  a 
son  Acestes,  who  was  afterwards  regarded  as 
the  hero  who  had  founded  the  town  of  Seges- 
ta. Aeneas,  on  his  arrival  in  Sicily,  was  hos- 
pitably received  by  Acestes. 

ACHAEI  (-Grum),  one  of  the  chief  Hellenic 
races,  were,  according  to  tradition,  descended 
from  Achaeus,  who  was  the  son  of  Xuthus  and 
Creusa,  and  grandson  of  Hellon.  The  Achaei 
originally  dwelt  in  Thessaly,  and  from  thence 
migrated  to  Peloponnesus,  the  whole  of  which 
became  subject  to  them  with  the  exception 
of  Arcadia,  and  the  country  afterwards  called 
Achaia.  As  they  were  the  rulingnation  in 
Peloponnesus  in  the  heroic  times,Tlomer  fre- 
quently gives  the  name  of  Achaei  to  the  col- 
lective Greeks.  On  the  conquest  of  Pelopon- 
nesus by  the  Heraclidae  and  the  Dorians,  80 
years  after  the  Trojan  war,  many  of  the  Achaei 
under  Tisamenns,  the  son  of  Orestes,  left  their 
country  and  took  possession  of  the  northern 
coast  of  Peloponnesus,  then  inhabited  by  lo- 
nians,  whom  they  expelled  from  the  country, 
which  was  henceforth  called  Achaia.  The  ex- 
pelled lonians  migrated  to  Attica  and  Asia 
Minor.  The  Achaei  settled  in  12  cities :  Pel- 
lene,  Aegira,  Aegae,  Bura,  Helice,  Aegium, 
Rhypae,  Tatrae,  Tharae,  Olenus,  Dyme,  and 
Tritaea.  These  12  cities  formed  a  league  for 
mutual  defense  and  protection.  The  Achaei 
had  little  influence  in  the  affairs  of  Greece 
till  the  time  of  the  successors  of  Alexander. 
In  B.O.  281,  the  Achaei,  who  were  then  subject 
to  the  Macedonians,  resolved  to  renew  their 
ancient  league  for  the  purpose  of  shaking  off 
the  Macedonian  yoke.  This  was  the  origin 
of  the  celebrated  Achaean  League.  It  at  first 
consisted  of  only  four  towns,  Dyme,  Patrae, 
Tritaea,  and  Pharae,  but  was  subsequently 
joined  by  the  other  towns  of  Achaia,  with  the 
exception  of  Olenus  and  Helice.  It  did  not, 
however,  obtain  much  importance  till  B.O.  251, 
when  Aratus  united  to  it  his  native  town,  Sic- 
yon.  The  example  of  Sicyon  was  followed 
by  Corinth  and  many  other  towns  in  Greece, 
and  the  League  soon  became  the  chief  politi- 
cal power  in  Greece.  At  length  the  Achaei 
declared  war  against  the  Romans,  who  de- 
stroyed the  League,  and  thus  put  an  end  to 
the  independence  of  Greece.  Corinth,  then 
the  chief  town  of  the  League,  was  taken  by 
the  Roman  general  Mummius,  in  B.C.  146,  and 
the  whole  of  southern  Greece  made  a  Roman 
province  under  the  name  of  Aon AI A. 

ICHAEMfiNiS  (-is).  (1)  The  ancestor  of 
the  Persian  kings,  who  founded  the  family  of 
the  A  chaememdae,  Which  was  the  noblest  fam- 
ily of  the  Pasargadae,  the  noblest  of  the  Per- 
sian tribes.  The  Roman  poets  use  the  adjec- 
tive Ackaemenius  in  the  sense  of  Persian.— 


(2)  Sou  of  Darius  I.,  was  governor  of  Egypt, 
and  commanded  the  Egyptian  fleet  in  the  ex- 
pedition of  Xerxes  against  Greece.  B.C.  480. 
He  was  defeated  and  killed  in  battle  by  Ina- 
rus  the  Libyan,  4CO. 

iCHAEMENlDES,  on  ICHEMENIDES,  a 
companion  of  Ulysses,  who  left  him  behind  in 
Sicily  when  he  fled  from  the  Cyclops. 

ACHAEUS.    [AoiiAisi.] 

iCHllA  (-ae).  (1)  The  northern  coast  of 
the  Peloponnesus,  originally  called  Aegialea 
or  Aegialus,  i.  e.  the  coast-land,  was  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Corinthian  gulf  and  the  le- 
nian  sea,  on  the  S.  by  Elis  and  Arcadia,  on  the 
W.  by  the  Ionian  sea,  and  on  the  E.  by  Sicyo- 
nia.  Respecting  its  inhabitants,  see  AOJFIAEI. 
-—(2)  A  district  in  Thessaly,  which  appears  to 
have  been  the  original  seat  of  the  Achaei.— 

(3)  The  Roman  province,  which  included  Pe- 
loponnesus and  northern  Greece  S.  of  Thes- 
saly.  It  was  formed  on  the  dissolution  of  the 
Achaean  League  in  u.o.  146,  and  hence  derived 
its  name. 

ICHARNAE  (-arum),  the  principal  demus 
of  Attica,  60  stadia  N.  ot  Athens,  possessing  a 
numerous  and  warlike  population.  One  of 
the  plays  of  Aristophanes  bears  their  name. 

.X.CHSL01X.DES.    [AoiiELOus.] 

ICHEL5US  (-i),  the  largest  river  in  Greece, 
rises  in  Mount  Pindus,  and  flows  southward, 
forming  the  boun  dary  between  Acarnania  and 
Aetolia,  and  falls  into  the  Ionian  sea  opposite 
the  islands  called  Echinades.  It  is  about  130 
miles  in  length.  The  god  of  this  river  is  de- 
scribed as  me  son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys, 
and  as  the  eldest  of  his  3000  brothers.  He 
fought  with  Hercules  for  Deianira,  but  was 
conquered  in  the  contest  He  then  took  the 
form  of  a  bull  ,but  was  again-overcome  by  Her- 
cules, who  deprived  him  of  one  of  his  horns, 
which,  however,  he  recovered  by  giving  up 
the  horn  of  Amalthea.  According  to  Ovia 
(Met.  ix.  87),  the  Naiads  changed  the  horn 
which  Hercules  took  from  Achelous  into  the 
horn  of  plenty.  Achelous  was  from  the  ear- 
liest times  considered  to  be  a  great  divinity 
throughout  Greece,  and  was  invoked  in  pray- 
ers, sacrifices,  etc.  Achelous  was  regarded  as 
the  representative  of  all  fresh  water;  hence 
we  find  in  Virgil  AchSIMa  pocula,  that  is,  wa- 
ter in  general.  The  Sirens  are  called  Ach&- 
lobddes,  as  the  daughters  of  Achelous. 

XCHER5N  (-ontis),  the  name  of  several  riv» 
ers,  all  of  which  were,  at  least  at  one  time,  be* 
lieved  to  be  connected  with  the  lower  world. 
— (1)  A  river  in  Thesprotia,  in  Epirus,  which 
flows  through  the  lake  Acherusia  into  the  Io- 
nian sea.  —  (2)  A  river  in  southern  Italy,  in 
Bruttii,  on  which  Alexander  of  Epirus  per* 
ished.— (3)  The  river  of  the  lower  world  round 
which  the  shades  hover,  and  into  which  the 
Pyriphlegethon  and  Cocytus  flow.  In  late 
writers  the  name  of  Acheron  is  used  to  des4 
ignate  the  whole  of  the  lower  world. 

ICHERONTlA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in  Apu- 
lia, on  a  summit  of  Mount  Vultur,  whence  Hor- 
ace speaks  of  celsae  niduvn,  Acherontfae.—(2') 
A  town  on  the  river  Acheron,in  BruttiL  [A  OH- 

EBON,  NO.  2.] 

[ ACHERON,  No.  10 


ACHILLES. 


12 


ACHILLES. 


ACHILLES  (//e?i.  -is,  el,  ei,  or  I ;  dat.  -I ;  ace. 
-em,  && ;  a5i.-o  or  e),  the  great  hero  of  the  Iliad. 
Homeric  story.  Achilles  was  the  son  of  Pe- 
leus,  king  of  the  MyrmidSnes  in  Phthiotis,  in 
Thessaly,  and  of  the  Nereid  Thetis.  From  his 
father's  name  he  is  often  called  Pelldes,  Petel- 
ddes,  or  Pelwn,  and  from  his  grandfather's, 
Aeacbdes.  He  was  educated  by  Phoenix,  who 
taught  him  eloquence  and  the  arts  of  war.  In 
the  healing  art  he  was  instructed  by  Chiron, 
•the  centaur.  His  mother  Thetis  foretold  him 
that  his  fate  was  either  to  gain  glory  and  die 
early,  or  to  live  a  long  but  inglorious  life. 
The  hero  chose  the  former,  and  took  part  in 
•  the  Trojan  war,  from  which  he  knew  that  he 
was  not  to  return.  In  50  ships  he  led  his 
hosts  of  Myrmidones,  Hellenes,  and  Achaeaus 
against  Troy.  Here  the  swift-footed  Achilles 
was  the  great  bulwark  of  the  Greeks,  and  the 
worthy  favorite  of  Athena  (Minerva)  and  Hera 
(Juno).  When  Agamemnon  was  obliged  to 
give  up  Chrysels  to  her  father,  he  threatened 
to  take  away  Brisels  from  Achilla  who  sur- 
rendered her  on  the  persuasion  of  A.uena,  but 
at  the  same  time  refused  to  take  any  further 
part  in  the  war,  and  shut  himself  up  in  his 
tent.  Zeus  (Jupiter),  on  the  entreaty  of  The- 
tis, promised  that  victory  should  be  on  the 
side  of  the  Trojans,  until  the  Achaeans  should 
have  honored  her  son.  The  affairs  of  the 
Greeks  declined  in  consequence,  and  they 
were  at  last  pressed  so  hard,  that  an  embassy 
was  sent  to  Achilles,  offering  him  rich  pres- 
ents and  the  restoration  of  BriseTs ;  but  in 
vain.  Finally,  however,  he  was  persuaded  by 
Patroclus,  his  dearest  friend,  to  allow  the  lat- 
ter to  make  use  of  his  men,  his  horses,  and  his 
armor.  Patroclus  was  slain,  and  when  this 
news  reached  Achilles,  he  was  seized  with  un- 
speakable grief.  Thetis  consoled  him,  and 
promised  new  arms,  to  be  made  by  Hephaes- 
tus (Vulcan) ;  and  Iris  exhorted  him  to  rescue 
the  body  of  Patroclus.  Achilles  now  rose,  and 
his  thundering  voice  alone  put  the  Trojans  to 
flight.  When  his  new  armor  was  brought  to 
him,  he  hurried  to  the  field  of  battle,  killed 
numbers  of  Trojans,  and  at  length  met  Hec- 
tor, whom  he  chased  thrice  around  the  walls 
of  the  city.  He  then  slew  him,  tied  his  body 
to  his  chariot,  and  dragged  him  to  tho  ships 
of  the  Greeks ;  but  he  afterwards  gave  up  the 
corpse  to  Priam,  who  came  in  person  to  beg 
for  it.  Achilles  himself  fell  in  the  battle  at  the 
Scaean  gate,  before  Troy  was  taken.  Achilles 
is  the  principal  hero  of  the  Iliad :  he  is  the 
handsomest  and  bravest  of  all  the  Greeks ;  he 
is  affectionate  towards  his  mother  and  his 
friends ;  formidable  in  battles,  which  are  his 
delight ;  open-hearted  and  without  fear,  and 
at  the  same  time  susceptible  of  the  gentle  and 
quiet  joys  of  home.  His  greatest  passion  is 
ambition,  and  when  his  sense  of  honor  is 
hurt,  he  is  unrelenting  in  his  revenge  and  an- 
ger, but  withal  submits  obediently  to  the  will 
of  the  gods.  Later  traditions.— Vhese  consist 
chiefly  in  accounts  which  fill  up  the  history 
of  his  youth  and  death.  His  mother,  wishing 
to  make  her  son  immortal,  concealed  him  by 
night  in  the  fire,  in  order  to  destroy  the  mortal 
parts  he  had  inherited  from  his  father.  But 
Peleus  one  night  discovered  his  child  in  the 
fire,  and  cried  out  in  terror.  Thetis  left  her 


eon  and  fled,  and  Peleus  intrusted  him  to  Chi- 
ron, who  instructed  him  in  the  arts  of  riding, 
hunting,  and  playing  the  phormiux,  and  also 
changed  his  original  name,  Ligyron,  «'.  e.  the 
**  whining,"  into  Achilles.  Chiron  led  his  pu- 
pil with  the  hearts  of  lions  and  tho  marrow 
of  bears.  According  to  other  accounts,  The- 
tis endeavored  to  make  Achilles  immortal  by 
dipping  him  in  the  river  Styx,  and  succeeded 
wun  the  exception  of  the  ankles,  by  which  she 
held  him.  When  he  was  i)  years  old,  Calchaa 
declared  that  Troy  could  not  be  taken  with- 
out his  aid,  and  Thetis,  knowing  that  this 
war  would  be  fatal  to  him,  disguised  him  as 
a  maiden,  and  introduced  him  among  the 
daughters  of  Lycomedcs  of  Scyros,  where  he 
was  called  by  the  name  of  Pyrrha,  on  account 
of  his  golden  locks.  Here  he  remained  con- 
cealed till  Ulysses  visited  the  place  in  the  dis- 
guise of  a  merchant,  and  offered  for  sale  some 
female  dresses,  amidst  which  he  had  mixed 
some  arms.  Achilles  discovered  his  sex  by 
eagerly  seizing  the  arms,  and  then  accompa- 
nied Ulysses  to  the  Greek  army.  During  his 


Achilles  seizing  Arms  nt  Scyrcm.    (A  Painting 
found  nt  Pompeii.) 

residence  at  Scyros,  one  of  his  companions, 
Deldamia,  became  by  him  the  mother  of  a 
son,  Pyrrhus  or  Neoptolcmus.  During  the 
war  against  Troy,  Achilles  slew  Penthesiloa, 
an  Amazon.  He  nl<o  fought  with  Memnon 
and  Troilus.  The  accounts  of  his  death  dif- 
fer very  much,  though  all  agree  in  stating  that 
he  did  not  fall  by  human  hands,  or  at  least 
not  without  the  interference  of  the  god  Apol- 
lo. According  to  some  traditions,  he  was 
killed  by  Apollo  himself;  according  to  others, 
Apollo  assumed  the  appearance  of  Paris  in 


ACTAION,    (British  Museum.) 


ACHILLEUM. 


13 


ACTOE. 


killing  him,  while  others  say  that  Apollo 
merely  directed  the  weapon  of  Paris.  Others, 
again,  relate  that  Achilles  loved  Polyxena,  a 
daughter  of  Priam,  and,  tempted  by  the  prom- 
ise that  he  should  receive  her  as  his  wife  if 
he  would  join  the  Trojans,  he  went  without 
arms  into  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Thymbra, 
and  was  assassinated  there  by  Paris.  His 
body  was  rescued  by  Ulysses  and  Ajax  the 
Telamonian,;  his  armor  was  promised  by  The- 
tis to  the  bravest  among  the  Greeks,  which 
gave  rise  to  a  contest  between  the  two  heroes 
who  had  rescued  his  body.  [AJAX.]  After 
his  death  Achilles  became  one  of  the  judges 
in  the  lower  world,  and  dwelt  in  the  islands 
of  the  blessed,  where  he  was  united  to  Medea 
or  Iphigeuia. 

ACHILLEUM  (-i),  a  town  near  the  promon- 
tory Sigoum  in  the  Troad,  where  Achilles  was 
supposed  to  have  been  buried. 

ACH1LLIDES  (-ae),  a  patronymic  of  Pyr- 
rhus,  son  of  Achilles. 

ACHtVT  (-orum),  the  name  of  the  Achaei 
in  the  Latin  writers,  and  frequently  used,  like 
Achaei,  to  signify  the  whole  Greek  nation. 

[AOHAEI.] 

ACHRADINA  OB  ACRADINA.    [SYBAOU- 


ACIDALlA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Venus,  from 
the  well  Acidalios  near  Orchomenos,  where 
she  used  to  bathe  with  the  Graces. 

ACMUS  GLABRtO.    [GLAHMO.] 

5.CIS  (-is  or  Idis),  son  of  Faunus  and  Sy- 
maethis,  beloved  by  the  nymph  Galatea,  and 
crushed  by  Polyphemus,  the  Cyclop,  through 
jealousy,  under  a  huge  rock.  His  blood,  gush- 
ing forth  from  under  the  rock,  was  changed 
by  the  nymph  into  the  river  Acis  or  Acinius 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Aetna.  This  story  is 
perhaps  only  a  happy  fiction  suggested  by  the 
manner  in  which  the  little  river  springs  forth 
from  under  a  rock. 

ACMONf  DBS  (-ae),  one  of  the  three  Cy- 
clopes in  Ovid,  the  same  as  Pyracmon  in  Vir- 
gil, and  as  Arges  in  other  accounts. 

A1  COETES  (-ae),  a  sailor  who  was  saved  by 
Bacchus  when  his  companions  were  destroy- 
ed, because  he  was  the  only  one  of  the  crew 
who  had  espoused  the  cause  of  the  god. 

ACONTtUS  (-i),  a  beautiful  youth  of  the 
island  of  Ceos.  Having  come  to  Delos  to  cel- 
ebrate the  festival  of  Diana,  he  fell  in  love 

nian.  In  order  togain  -her,  he  had  recourse 
to  a  stratagem.  While  she  was  sitting  before 
the  temple  of  Diana,  he  threw  to  her  an  ap- 
ple upon  which  he  had  written  the  words,  "  I 
swear  by  the  sanctuary  of  Diana  to  marry 
Acontius."  The  nurse  took  up  the  apple  and 
handed  it  to  Cydippe,  who  read  aloud  what 
was  written  upon  it,  and  then  threw  the  ap- 
ple away.  But  the  goddess  had  heard  her 
vow  ;  and  the  repeated  illness  of  the  maiden, 
•when  she  was  about  to  marry  another  man, 
at  length  compelled  her  father  to  give  her  in 
marriage  to  Acontius. 

ACRAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Sicily,W.  of  Syr- 
acuse, and  10  stadia  from  the  river  Anapus, 
founded  by  the  Syracusans  TO  years  after  the 
foundation  of  their  own  city. 


ACRAEPHlA  (-ae),  ACRAEPHlAB 
(-arum),  or  ACRAEPHiUM  (-i),  a  town  in 
Boeotia,  on  the  lake  Copais. 

ACRAGAS  (-antis).    [AGRIQENTUM.] 

ACRISK5NE  <-6s),  a  patronymic  of  Danae, 
daughter  of  Acrisius.  Terseus,  grandson  of 
Acrisius,  was  called  in  the  same  way  Acri- 
sioniudcs. 

ACRISIUS  (-i),  son  of  Abas,  king  of  Argos, 
grandson  of  Lyuceus,  and  great-grandson  of 
Danaus.  An  oracle  had  declared  that  Dauae, 
the  daughter  of  Acrisius,  would  give  birth  to 
a  son  who  would  kill  his  grandfather.  For 
this  reason  he  kept  Danao  shut  up  in  a  sub- 
terraneous apartment,  or  in  a  brazen  tower. 
But  here  she  became  the  mother  of  Perseus, 
by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who  visited  her  in  a  show- 
er of  gold.  Acrisius  ordered  mother  and  child 
to  be  exposed  on  the  sea  in  a  chest  ;  but  the 
chest  floated  towards  the  island  of  Seriphus, 
where  both  were  rescued  by  Dictys.  As  to 
the  fulfillment  of  the  oracle,  see  PERSEUS. 

ACROCfiRAUNlA  (-orum),  a  promontory 
in  Epirus,  jutting  out  into  the  Ionian  sea,  the 
most  westerly  part  of  the  Ceraunii  Montes. 
The  coast  of  the  Acroceraunia  was  dangerous 
to  ships,  whence  Horace  speaks  of  infanw 
scopulos  Acroceraunia,. 

ACROPOLIS. 


ACROTHOUM  (-i)  or  ACROTHOl  (-orum), 
a  town  near  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula 
ofAthos. 

ACTAEON  (-onis),  a  celebrated  huntsman, 
son  of  Aristaeus  and  Autonoe,  a  daughter  of 
Cadmus.  One  day,  as  he  was  hunting,  he  saw 
Artemis  (Diana)  with  her  nymphs  bathing  in 
the  vale  of  Gargaphia,  whereupon  the  god- 
dess changed  him  into  a  stag,  in  which  form 
he  was  torn  to  pieces  by  his  50  dogs  on  Mount 
Cithaeron. 

ACTAEUS  <-i),  the  earliest  king  of  Attica. 
The  adjective  Actaeus  is  used  by  the  poets  in 
the  sense  of  Attic  or  Athenian. 

ACTJ5  (-es),  properly  a  piece  of  land  run- 
ning into  the  sea,  and  attached  to  another 
larger  piece  of  laud,  but  not  necessarily  by  a 
narrow  neck.  (1)  An  ancient  name  of  Attica, 
used  especially  by  the  poets.  Hence  Orithyia, 
the  daughter  of  Erectheus,  king  of  Athens,  ifl 
called  Actias  by  Virgil  —  (2)  The  peninsula 
between  the  Strymonic  and  Singitic  gulfs  on 
which  Mount  Athos  is. 

ACTlUM  (-i:  LaPunta,  noiAzfo),  a  prom- 
ontory in  Acarnania,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Ambracian  gulf,  off  which  Augustus  gained 
the  celebrated  victory  over  Antony  and  Cle- 
opatra, on  September  2,  u.o.31.  At  Actium 
there  was  a  temple  of  Apollo,  who  was  hence 
called  Aetiacus  and  Actius.  This  temple  was 
beautified  by  Augustus,  who  established,  or 
rather  revived,  a  festival  to  Apollo,  called  Ae- 
tia,  and  erected  NIOOPOLIS  on  the  opposite 
coast,  in  commemoration  of  his  victory.  A 
few  buildings  sprung  up  around  the  temple 
at  Actium,  but  the  place  was  only  a  kind  of 
suburb  of  Nicopolis. 

ACTlUS.      [ATTIT7S.] 

ACTOR  (-Oris).  (1)  Son  of  Deion  and  Dio- 
medes,  father  of  Menoetius,  and  grandfather 
of  Patrodus.—  (2)  A  companion  or  Aeneas,  of 


ACTORIDES. 


14 


ADRIA. 


whose  conquered  lance  Turnus  made  a  boast. 
This  story  seems  to  have  given  rise  to  the 
proverb  Actoris  spolium  for  any  poor  spoil. 

ACTORIDES  (-ae),  a  patronymic  of  de- 
scendants of  an  Actor,  such  as  Patroclus, 
Brithus,  Earytus,  and  Cteatus. 

ADDt5A  (-ae :  Adda),  a  river  of  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina,  rising  in  the  Rhaetian  Alps,  and  flow- 
ing through  the  Lacus  Larius  (L.  di  Conio) 
into  the  Po,  about  8  miles  above  Cremona. 

ADHERBAL  (-alis).    [JUGURTHA.] 

ADlABENE  (-es),  a  district  of  Assyria,  E. 
of  the  Tigris,  and  between  the  river  Lycus, 
called  Zabatus  in  the  Anabasis  of  Xenophon, 
and  the  Caprus,  both  of  which  are  branches 
of  the  Tigris. 

ADMETUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Pherae  in 
Thessaly,  sued  for  Alcestis,  the  daughter  of 
Pelias,  who  promised  heu  on  condition  that 
he  should  come  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  lions 
and  boars.  This  task  Admetus  performed  by 
the  assistance  of  Apollo.  The  god  tended  the 
flocks  of  Admetus  for  9  years,  when  he  was 
obliged  to  serve  a  mortal  for  having  slain  the 
Cyclops.  Apollo  prevailed  upon  the  Moirae 
or  Fates  to  grant  to  Admetus  deliverance 
from  death  if  his  father,  mother,  or  wife 
would  die  for  him.  Alcestis  died  in  his  stead, 
but  was  brought  back  by  Hercules  from  the 
lower  world.— (2)  King  of  the  Molossians,  to 
whom  THEMISTOOLES  fled  for  protection  when 
pursued  as  a  party  to  the  treason  of  Pausa- 
nias. 

ADONIS  (-is  or  Idis).  (1)  A  beautiful 
youth,  son  of  Cinyras,  by  his  daughter  Smyr- 
na or  Myrrha.  He  was  beloved  by  Aphro- 
dite (Venus),  but  he  died  of  a  wound  which 


Death  of  Adonis.    (A  Painting  found  at  Pompeii.) 


he  received  from  a  boar  during  the  chase. 
The  flower  anemone  sprung  from  his  blood. 
The  grief  of  the  goddess  at  ms  death  was  so 
great  that  the  gods  of  the  lower  world  al- 
lowed him  to  spend  six  months  of  every  year 
with  Aphrodite  upon  the  earth.  The  worship 
of  Adonis  was  of  Phoenician  origin,  and  ap- 
pears to  have  had  reference  to  the  death  of 


nature  in  winter  and  to  its  revival  in  wpring: 
hence  Adonis  spends  G  months  iii  the  lower 
and  6  months  in  the  upper  world.  His  death 
and  his  return  to  life  were  celebrated  in  an- 
nual festivals  (Adonia)  at  By  bios,  Alexandria 
in  Egypt,  Athens,  and  other  places.  —  (2)  A 
small  river  of  Phoenicia,  rising  in  the  range 
of  Libanus. 

ADRAMYTTiUM  or  KUM  (-i),  a  town  of 
Mysia,  near  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  Adramyt- 
tium,  and  opposite  to  the  island  of  Lesbos. 

ADRANA  (-ae :  ISder),  a  river  in  Germany, 
flowing  into  the  Fulda  near  Casacl. 

ADRASTUS  (-i).  (1)  Sou  of  Talaus,  king 
of  Argos.  Being  expelled  from  Argos  by  Am- 
phiaruus, he  flckd  to  Polybns,  king  of  Sicyon, 
whom  he  succeeded  on  the  throne  of  Sicyon, 
and  instituted  the  Nemeau  games.  After- 
wards he  became  reconciled  to  Amphiariius, 
and  returned  to  his  kingdom  of  Argos.  He 
married  his  two  daughters  Dcipyle  and  Argia, 
the  former  to  Tydeus  of  Calydon,  and  the 
latter  to  Polynlces  of  Thebes,  both  fugitives 
from  their  native  countries.  He  then  prepared 
to  restore  Polynlces  to  Thebes,  who  had  been 
expelled  by  his  brother  Etcocles,  although 
Amphiaruus  foretold  that  all  who  should  en- 
gage in  the  war  should  perish,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Adrastus.  Thus  arose  the  celebra- 
ted war  of  the  "Seven  against  Thebes,"  in 
which  Adrastus  was  Joined  by  6  other  heroes, 
viz.,  PolynTces,  Tydeus.Ainphiaruu»,  Capane- 
us,  HippomSdon,  and  Parthenopaeus.  This 
war  ended  as  unfortunately  us  Amphiaruus 
had  predicted,  and  Adrastus  alone  was  saved 
by  the  swiftness  of  his  horse  Arlon,  the  gift 
of  Hercules.  Ten  years  afterwards,  Adrastns 
persuaded  the  6  sous  of  the  heroes  who  had 
fallen  in  the  war  to  make  a  new  attiick  upon 
Thebes,  and  Amphiaruus  now  promised  suc- 
cess. This  war  is  known  as  the  war  of  the 
"  Epigoni"  or  descendants.  Thebes  was  tak- 
en and  razed  to  the  ground.  The  only  Argive 
hero  that  fell  in  this  war  was  Aegialeus,  the 
son  of  Adrastus :  the  latter  died  of  grief  at 
Megara  on  his  return  to  Argos,  and  was  bur- 
ied in  the  former  city.  The  legends  about 
Adrastus  and  the  two  wars  against  Thebes, 
famished  ample  materials  for  the  epic  as  well 
as  tragic  poets  of  Greece.  —  (2)  Son  of  the 
Phrygian  king  GordiuH,  having  unintention- 
ally killed  his  brother,fled  to  Croesus,  who  re- 
ceived him  kindly.  While  hunting,  he  acci- 
dentally killed  Atys,  the  son  of  Croesus,  and 
in  despair  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. 

ADRIA  or  HADRIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in 
Gallia  Cisalpina,  between  the  mouths  of  the 
Po  and  the  Athesis  (Adige),  from  which  the 
Adriatic  sea  takes  its  name.  It  was  original- 
ly a  powerful  town  of  the  Etruscans — (2)  A 
town  of  Picenum  in  Italy,  and  afterwards  a 
Roman  colony,  at  which  place  the  family  of 
the  emperor  Hadrian  lived. 

ADRSA  (-ae)  or  MARE  ADRf  ATlCUM,also 
MARE  SUPERUM,  so  called  from  the  town 
Adria  [No.  1],  was,  in  its  widest  signification, 
the  sea  between  Italy  on  the  W.,'  and  Illyri- 
cum,  Epirus,  and  Greece  on  the  E.  By  the 
Greeks  the  name  Adrian  was  only  applied  to 
the  northern  part  of  the  sea,  the  southern  part 
being  called  the  Ionian  sea. 


ADRIANUS. 


15 


AEGATES. 


ADRllNUS.    [HADRIAN  us.] 
ADRttMlTUM.    [HADUUMKTUM.] 
ADUAT&CA  (-ae),  a  castle  of  the  Eburones 
In  Gaul,  probably  the  same  as  the  later  Aduaca 
Tongrorum  (Utongeru). 

ADTJATtTCI  or  ABUATlCI  (-orum),  a  pow- 
erful people  of  Gallia  Belgica  in  the  time  of 
Caesar,  were  the  descendants  of  the  Cimbri 
and  Teutoni,  and  lived  between  the  Scaldis 
(Schelde)  and  Mosa  (Moan). 
ADtTLA  (-ae)  MONS.  [Ai;pjs8.] 
ADULS  (-es)  or  ADtJLlS  (-IB),  a  maritime 
city  of  Aethopia,  on  a  bay  of  the  Red  Sea, 
called  Adulitanus  Sinus.  It  fell  into  the  pow- 
er of  the  Auxumitae,  for  whose  trade  it  be- 
came the  great  emporium.  Here  was  found 
the  Monumentwni  Adulitanuw,,  a  Greek  in- 
scription recounting  the  conquests  of  Ptolemy 
H.  Euergetes  in  Asia  and  Thrace. 

ADYRM&CEffDAE  (-arum),  a  Libyan  peo- 
ple who  appear  to  have  once  possessed  the 
whole  coast  of  Africa  from  the  Canopic  mouth 
of  the  Nile  to  the  Catabathmus  Major,  but 
were  afterwards  pressed  further  inland. 

AEA  (-ae),  sometimes  with  the  addition  of 
the  word  Colchis,  may  be  considered  either 
a  part  of  Colchis  or  another  name  for  the 
country. 

AEXCEDSS  (-ae),  a  patronymic  of  the  de- 
scendants of  Aeacus,  as  Peleus,  Telamon,  and 
Phocus,  sous  of  Aeacus ;  Achilles,  son  of  Pe- 
leus, and  grandson  of  Aeacus ;  Pyrrhus,  son 
of  Achilles,  and  great-grandson  of  Aeacus ; 
and  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  who  claimed  to 
be  a  descendant  of  Achilles. 

AElCUS  (4),  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Ae- 
gina,  a  daughter  of  the  river-god  Asopus,  was 
born  in  the  island  of  Aegina,  which  derived 
its  name  from  his  mother.  [ABGINA.]  Some 
traditions  related  that  at  the  birth  of  Aeacus, 
Aegina  was  not  yet  inhabited,  and  that  Zeus 
changed  the  ants  of  the  island  into  men  (Myr- 
midones),  over  whom  Aeacus  ruled.  Aeacus 
was  renowned  in  all  Greece  for  his  justice  and 
piety,  and  after  his  death  became  one  of  the 
8  judges  in  Hades. 

AEAEA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Circe,  the  sis- 
ter of  AeStes,  was  believed  to  have  inhabited 
a  small  island  of  this  name  off  the  coast  of 
Italy,  which  was  afterwards  united  to  the 
main  land,  and  formed  the  promontory  of  Cir- 
ceii.  Hence  magic  arts  are  called  Aeaeae  artes 
and  Aeaea  carmina.  Telegone,  the  son  of 
Circe,  and  founder  of  Tuscumm,  is  also  called 
Aeaeus. 

AAEAS.    CAous.] 
AECULlNUM  or  AECLlOTM  (-i),  a  town 
of  the  Hirpini  in  Samnium,  a  few  miles  S.  of 
Beneventum. 

i!D(5N  (-onis),  daughter  of  Pandareus  of 
Ephesus,  wife  of  Zethus,  king  of  Thebes,  and 
mother  of  Itylus.  Envious  of  Niobe,  the  wife 
of  her  brother  Amphion,  who  had  6  sons  anc 
6  daughters,  she  resolved  to  kill  the  eldest  of 
Niobe's  sons,  but  by  mistake  slew  her  own 
son  Itylus.  Zeus  (Jupiter)  relieved  her  grief 
by  changing  her  into  a  nightingale,  whose 
melancholy  tunes  are  represented  as  ASdon's 
lamentations  for  her  child. 
AEDttt  or  HlDtft  (-5rum),  one  of  the  most 


powerful  people  in  Gaul,  lived  between  the 
jiger  (Loire)  and  the  Arar  (Saone).  They  were 
he  tirst  Gallic  people  who  made  an  alliance 
ith  the  Romans,  by  whom  they  were  called 

brothers  and  relations. "  On  Caesar's  arii  val 
n  Gaul,  B.C.  58,  they  were  subject  to  Ariovis- 
^us,  but  were  restored  by  Caesar  to  their  for- 
mer power.  Their  principal  town  was  BI- 
BB ACT  B. 

AElTES  or  AESTA  (-ae),  Bon  of  Helios 
;the  Sun)  and  Perseis,  and  father  of  Medea 
and  Absyrtus.  He  was  king  of  Colchis  at  the 
time  when  Phrixus  brought  thither  the  golden 
fleece.  For  the  remainder  of  his  history,  see 
ABSYRTTO,  AKGONAUTAK,  jAf?ON,  MEDEA. 

AESTIS  (-idis),  AEETlAS  (-Mis),  and 
AE1TINE  (-es),  patronymics  of  Medea, 
daughter  of  Aeetes. 

AEGAE  (-arum).  (1)  A  town  in  Achaia,  on 
the  Crathis,  with  a  celebrated  temple  of  Po- 
seidon (Neptune),  originally  one  of  the  12 
Achaean  towns,  but  its  inhabitants  subse- 
quently removed  to  Aegira.— -(2)  A  town  in 
Emathia,  in  Macedonia,  the  ancient  capital  of 
Macedonia  and  the  burial-place  of  the  Mace- 
donian kings.  It  was  also  called  Edessa.— (3) 
A  town  in  Euboea,  with  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Poseidon,  who  was  hence  called  Aegaeus.— 
(4)  Also  AEGAEAE,  one  of  the  12  cities  of  Aeo- 
lis  in  Asia  Minor,  N.  of  Smyrna,  on  the  river 
Hyllus.— (5)  A  sea-port  town  of  Cilicia. 

AEGAEON  (-onis),  son  of  Uranus  (Heaven) 
by  Gaea  (Earth).  Aegaeon  and  his  brothers 
Gyes  or  Gyges  and  Cottus  are  known  under 
the  name  of  the  Uranids,  and  are  described 
as  huge  monsters  with  100  arms  and  50  heads. 
Most  writers  mention  the  third  Uranid  under 
the  name  of  Briareus  instead  of  Aegaeon, 
which  is  explained  by  Homer,  who  says  that 
men  called  him  Aegaeon,  but  the  gods  Bria- 
reus. According  to  the  most  ancient  tradition, 
Aegaeon  and  his  brothers  conquered  the  Ti- 
tans when  they  made  war  upon  the  gods,  and 
secured  the  victory  to  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who 
thrust  the  Titans  into  Tartarus,  and  placed 
Aegaeon  and  his  brothers  to  guard  them.  Oth- 
er legends  represent  Aegaeon  as  one  of  the 
giants  who  attacked  Olympus ;  and  many  wri- 
ters represent  him  as  a  marine  god  living  in 

AEG§EIBI  (4)  MARE,  the  part  of  the  Med- 
iterranean sea  now  called  the  Archipelago.  It 
was  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Thrace  and  Mace- 
donia, on  the  W.  by  Greece,  and  on  the  E.  by 
Asia  Minor.  It  contains  in  its  southern  part 
two  groups  of  islands,  the  Cyclades,  which 
were  separated  from  the  coasts  of  Attica  and 
Peloponnesus  by  the  Myrtoan  sea,  and  the 
Sporades,  lying  off  the  coasts  of  Caria  and  Io- 
nia. The  part  of  the  Aegaean  which  washed 
the  Sporades  was  called  the  Icariau  sea,  from 
the  island  Icaria,  one  of  the  Sporades. 

AEGXLE5S,  a  mountain  in  Attica  opposite 
Salamis,  from  which  Xerxes  saw  the  defeat  of 
his  fleet,  B.C.  480. 

AEGATES  (-urn),  the  Goat  Islands,  were  3 
islands  off  the  W.  coast  of  Sicily,  between  Dre- 
panum  and  Lilybaeum,  near  which  the  Ro- 
mans gained  a  naval  victory  over  the  Cartha- 
ginians, and  thus  brought  the  first  Punic  war 
to  an  end,  B.O.  241.  The  islands  were  Aegasa 
or  Caprarla,  Phorbantia,  and  HiSra. 


AEGERIA. 


16 


AEGISTHUS. 


or  EGfiRlA  (-ae),  one  of  the 
Camenae  in  Koman  mythology,  from  whom 
Numa  received  his  instructions  respecting  the 
forms  of  worship  which  he  introduced.  The 
grove  in  which  the  king  had  his  interviews 
with  the  goddess,  and  in  which  a  well  gushed 
forth  from  a  dark  recess/was  dedicated  T>y  him 
to  the  Canienae.  The  Roman  legends  point 
out  two  distinct  places  sacred  to  Aegeria,  one 
near  Aricia,  and  the  other  near  Home,  at  the 
Porta  Capena. 

AEGE8TA.      [SEGEBTA.] 

AEGESTUS.    [AoESTEs.] 

AEGEUS  (-£6s,  61,  or  el;  ace.  4ft),  son  of  Pan- 
dion  and  king  of  Athens,  and  father  of  THE- 
SETTS,  whom  he  "begot  by  Aethra  at  Troezen. 
Theseus  afterwards  came  to  Athens  and  re- 
stored Aegeus  to  the  throne,  of  which  he  had 
been  deprived  by  the  50  sons  of  Pallas.  When 
Theseus  went  to  Crete  to  deliver  Athens  from 
the  tribute  it  had  to  pay  to  Minos,  he  prom- 
ised his  father  to  hoist  white  sails  on  his  re- 
turn as  a  signal  of  his  safety.  On  approach- 
ing Attica  he  forgot  his  promise,  and  his  fa- 
ther, perceiving  the  black  sails,  thought  that 
his  son  had  perished,  and  threw  himself  into 
the  sea,  which,  according  to  some  traditions, 
received  from  this  event  the  name  of  the 


AEGflLS  or  AEGlXUA  (-es),  daughter 
or  granddaughter  of  Adrastus,  whence  she  is 
called  Adrastine,  and  husband  of  Diomedes. 
For  details,  see  DIOMBDES. 

AEGllLSA,  AEGfXLtJS.    [AoHAiA.] 

AEGIJLLEUS.    [ADRASTTTS.! 

AEGIDES  (-ae),  a  pjitronymic  from  Aege- 
us,  especially  his  son  Theseus. 

AEGMA.  (1)  An  island  between  Crete 
and  Cythera.— (2)  An  island  W.  of  Euboea 
and  opposite  Attica. 

AEGINA  (-ae),  a  rocky  island  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  Saronic  gulf,  about  200  stadia  in 


circumference,  said  to  have  obtained  its  name 
from  Aegina,  the  daughter  of  the  river-god 
Asopus.who  there  bore  him  a  son  Aeacus. 
As  me  island  had  then  no  inhabitants,  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  changed  the  ants  into  men  (Myr- 
midones),  over  whom  Aeacus  ruled.  It  was 
first  colonized  by  Achaeans,  and  afterwards 
by  Dorians  from  Epidaurus,  whence  the  Doric 
dialect  and  customs  prevailed  in  the  island. 
It  was  subject  to  the  Argive  Phldon,  who  is 
said  to  have  established  a  silver  mint  in  the 
island.  It  early  became  a  place  of  great  com- 
mercial importance,  audits  silver  coinage  was 
the  standard  in  most  of  the  Dorian  states.  In 
the  sixth  century  u.o.  Aegina  became  inde- 
pendent, and  for  a  century  oefore  the  Persian 
war  was  a  prosperous  and  powerful  state.  It 
was  at  that  tiibd  the  chief  seat  of  Grecian  art 
In  B.C.  429  the  Athenians  took  possession  of 
the  island  and  expelled  its  inhabitants.  In 
the  N.  W.  of  the  island  there  was  a  city  of  the 
same  name,  which  contained  the  Aeaceum  or 
temple  of  Aeacus,  and  on  a  hill  in  the  N.E. 
of  the  island  was  the  celebrated  temple  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  Pauhellenius,  the  rums  of 
which  are  still  extant. 

AEGlNiUM,  a  town  of  the  Tymphaei  in 
Thessaly,  on  the  confines  of  Athamania. 

AEGIPLANCTTJS  (-i)  MONS,  a  mountain 
in  Megaris. 

AEGIRA  (-ae),  formerly  Hyperesia,  one  of 
the  12  towns  of  Achaia,  situated  on  a  steep 
hill. 

AEGIRUSSA  (-ae),  one  of  the  12  cities  of 
Aeolis  in  Asia  Minor. 

AEGISTHUS  (-i),  son  of  Thyestes  by  his 
own  daughter  Pelopia.  He  slew  his  uncle 
Atreus,  and  placed  Thyestes  upon  the  throne, 
of  which  he  had  been  deprived  by  Atreus. 
Homer  appears  to  know  nothing  of  these 
tragic  events ;  and  we  learn  from  him  only 
that  Aegisthus  succeeded  his  father  Thyestes 


Temple  of  Aegiua,  restored. 


AEGIUM. 


IT 


AEMILIUS. 


in  a  part  of  his  dominions.  Aegisthus  took 
no  part  in  the  Trojan  war,  and  during  the 
absence  of  Agamemnon  he  seduced  his  wife 
Clytemnestra.  He  murdered  Agamemnon  on 
his  return  home,  and  reigned  7  years  over 
Mycenae.  In  the  8th,  Orestes,  the  son  of  Aga- 
memnon, avenged  the  death  of  his  fatherly 
putting  the  adulterer  to  death. 

AEGfUM  (-i),  one  of  the  12  towns  of  Acha- 
ia,  and  the  capital  after  the  destruction  of 
Belice. 

AEGLE  (-6s),  that  is,  "Brightness"  or 
"  Splendor,"  the  name  of  several  nymphs. 

AEGOS-POTX.MOS,  the  "  goat's  river,"  a 
small  river,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name  on 
it,  in  the  Thracian  Chersonesus,  flowing  into 
the  Hellespont.  Here  the  Athenians  were 
defeated  by  Lysander,  u.o.  405. 

AEGYPTUS  (-i),  king  of  Aegypt,  son  of  Be- 
lus,  and  twin-brother  of  Danaus.  Aegyptns 
had  50  sons,  and  his  brother  Danaus  50  daugh- 
ters. Danaus,  fearing  the  sons  of  his  brother, 
fled  with  his  daughters  to  Argos  in  Pelopon- 
nesus. Thither  he  was  followed  by  the  sons 
of  Aegyptus,  who  demanded  his  daughters 
for  their  wives.  Danaus  complied  with  their 
request,  but  to  each  of  his  daughters  he  gave 
a  dagger,  with  which  they  were  to  kill  their 
husbands  in  the  bridal  night.  All  the  sons 
of  Aegyptus  were  thus  murdered,  with  the 
exception  of  Lynceus,  who  was  saved  by  Hy- 
permnestra, 

AEGYPTUS  (-i:  Egypt),  a  country  in  the 
N.E.  corner  of  Africa,  bonnded  on  the  N.  by 
the  Mediterranean,  on  the  E.  by  Palestine, 
Arabia  Petraea,  and  the  Red  Sea,  on  the  S. 
by  Aethiopia,  the  division  between  the  two 
countries  being  at  the  First  of  Little  Cataract 
of  the  Nile,  close  to  Syene,  and  on  the  W.  by 
the  Great  Libyan  Desert.  From  Syene  the 
Nile  flows  due  N.  for  about  500  miles,  through 
a  valtey  whose  average  breadth  is  about  7 
miles,  to  a  point  some  few  miles  below  Mem- 
phis. Here  the  river  divides  into  branches 
<7  in  ancient  time,  but  now  only  2),  which 
now  through  a  low  alluvial  land,  called,  from 
its  shape,  the  Delta,  into  the  Mediterranean. 
The  whole  district  thus  described  is  period- 
ically laid  under  water  by  the  overflowing  of 
the  Nile  from  April  to  October.  The  river, 
in  subsiding,  leaves  behind  a  rich  deposit  of 
fine  mud,  which  forms  the  soil  of  Egypt.  All 
beyond  the  reach  of  the  inundation  is  rock 
or  sand.  Hence  Egypt  was  called  the  "  Gift 
of  the  Nile."  The  outlying  portions  of  an- 
cient Egypt  consisted  of  3  cultivable  valleys 
(called  Oases),  in  the  midst  of  the  Western 
or  Libyan  Desert.  At  the  earliest  period,  to 
which  history  reaches  back,  Egypt  was  in- 
habited by  a  highly  civilized  peoplez  under  a 
settled  monarchical  government,  divided  into 
castes,  the  highest  of  which  was  composed  of 
the  priests.  Its  ancient  history  may  be  di- 
vided into  4  great  periods :— (1)  From  the  ear- 
liest times  to  its  conquest  by  Cambyses,  dur- 
ing which  it  was  ruled  by  a  succession  of  na- 
tive princes.  The  last  of  them,  Psammeni- 
tus,  was  conquered  and  dethroned  by  Cam- 
byses in  B.O.  525,  when  Egypt  became  a  prov- 
ince of  the  Persian  empire.  The  Homeric 
poems  show  some  slight  acquaintance  with 


the  country  and  its  river  (which  is  also  called 
Ai'-yi/TTTo?,  Od.  xiv.  25),  and  refer  to  the  wealth 
and  splendor  of  "  Thebes  with  the  Hundred 
Gates."  (2)  From  the  Persian  conquest  in 
525,  to  the  transference  of  their  dominion  to 
the  Macedonians  in  332.  This  period  was 
one  of  almost  constant  struggles  between  the 
Egyptians  and  their  conquerors.  It  was  dur- 
ing this  period  that  Egypt  was  visited  by 
Greek  historians  and  philosophers,  such  as 
Hellanicus,  Herodotns,  Anaxagoras,  Plato, 
and  others,  who  brought  back  to  Greece  the 
knowledge  of  the  country  which  they  acquired 
from  the  priests  and  through  personal  ob- 
servation. (3)  The  dynasty  of  Macedonian 
kings,  from  the  accession  of  Ptolemy,  the  son 
of  Lagus,  in  323,  down  to  30,  when  Egypt  be- 
came a  province  of  the  Rom  an  empire.  Alex- 
ander, after  the  conquest  of  the  country,  gave 
orders  for  the  building  of  Alexandria.  [ALEX- 
ANDRIA.] (4)  Egypt  under  the  Romans,  down 
to  its  conquest  by  the  Arabs  in  A.IX  638.  As 
a  Roman  province,  Egypt  was  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  portions  of  the  empire.  The  fer- 
tility of  its  soil,  and  its  position  between  Eu- 
rope and  Arabia  and  India,  together  with  the 
possession  of  such  a  port  as  Alexandria,  gave 
it  the  full  benefit  of  the  two  great  sources  of 
wealth,  agriculture  and  commerce.  From  the 
earliest  times  the  country  was  divided  into 
(1)  The  Delta,  or  Lower  Egypt ;  (2)  the  Hep- 
tanomis,  or  Middle  Egypt  •  (3)  the  Thebais, 
or  Upper  Egypt:  and  it  was  further  subdi- 
vided into  36  nomes  or  governments. 

AEL5.NA  (-ae),  the  EI.ATH  of  the  Hebrews, 
a  town  on  the  northern  arm  of  the  Red  Sea, 
called  by  the  Greeks  Aelamtes,  from  the  name 
of  the  town. 

AELf  A  (-ae),  a  name  given  to  Jerusalem 
after  its  restoration  by  the  Roman  emperor 
Aelius  Hadrianus. 

AELliNUS  (-i),  CLAUDIUS  (-i),  was  born 
at  Praeneste  in  Italy,  and  lived  at  Rome  about 
the  middle  of  the  3d  century  of  the  Christian 
era.  He  wrote  two  works  which  have  come 
down  to  us ;  one  a  collection  of  miscellane- 
ous history  in  14 books,  called  Varia Historic,; 
and  the  other  on  the  peculiarities  of  animals 
in  17  books,  called  De  Animalium  Naturti. 

AELlUS,  the  name  of  a  plebeian  gens  at 
Rome,  divided  into  the  families  of  Gallus,  La- 
mia, Paetus,  and  Tub&ro. 

XELLC5  (-us),  one  of  the  Harpies.    [HAB- 

PYIAB.] 

AEMlLIA  (-ae).  (1)  The  3d  daughter  of 
L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of 
Cannae,  was  the  wife  of  Scipio  African  us  I. 
and  the  mother  of  the  celebrated  Cornelia, 
the  mother  of  the  Gracchi.— (2)  Aemilia  Le- 
pida.  [LicriDA.] 

AEMlLlA  (-ae)  VIA  (-ae),made  by  M.  Ae- 
milius Lepidus,  cos.  B.O.  187,  continued  the 
Via  Flaminia  from  Ariminum,  and  traversed 
the  heart  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  through  Bononia, 
Mutina,  Parma,  Placentia  (where  it  crossed 
the  Po)  to  Mediolanum.  It  was  subsequent- 
ly continued  as  far  as  Aquile.ia. 

AEMlLtlNUS  (-i),  an  agnomen  of  P.  Cor- 
nelius Scipio  Africanus  the  younger,  as  the 
son  of  L.  Aemilius  Paulus.  [801*10.3 

AEMILIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  one  of  the 


AENABIA. 


18 


ABOLIDES. 


most  ancient  patrician  gentes  at  Rome,  the 
chief  members  of  which  are  given  under  their 
surnames  LEPIDTJS,  PATTLUS,  and  SCAURUS. 

AENA.RIA,  also  called  PlTHUCtfSA  and 
INARIME  (JTscMx),  a  volcanic  island  off  the 
coast  of  Campania,  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay 
of  Naples,  under  which  the  Roman  poets  rep- 
resented Typhoeus  as  lying. 

AENSADlS  (-ae),  a  patronymic  from  Ae- 
neas, given  to  his  son  Ascanius  or  lulus,  and 
to  those  who  were  believed  to  be  descended 
from  him,  such  as  Augustus,  and  the  Romans 
in  general. 

AENEAS  (-ae ;  we.  -a),  the  Trojan  hero. 
Homeric  Story.—  Aeneas  was  the  sou  of  An- 
chises  and  Aphrodite  (Venus),  aud  was  born 
on  mount  Ida.  He  was  brought  up  at  Dar- 
danus,  in  the  house  of  Alcathous,  the  hus- 
band of  his  sister.  At  first  he  took  no  part 
in  the  Trojan  war ;  and  it  was  not  till  Achil- 
les attacked  him  on  mount  Ida,  and  drove 
away  his  flocks,  that  he  led  his  Dardanians 
against  the  Greeks.  Henceforth  Aeneas  and 
Hector  appear  as  the  great  bulwarks  of  the 
Trojans  against  the  Greeks,  and  Aeneas  is 
beloved  by  gods  and  men.  On  more  than  one 
occasion  he  is  saved  in  battle  by  the  gods : 


Aeneas,  followed  by  Ascanius,  and  carrying  Anchisea  from 
burning  Troy. 

Aphrodite  carried  him  off  when  he  was  wound- 
ed by  Diomedes,  and  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
saved  him  when  he  was  on  the  point  of  perish- 
ing by  the  hands  of  Achilles.  Homer  makes 
no  allusion  to  the  emigration  of  Aeneas  after 
the  capture  of  Troy,  but,  on  the  contrary,  he 
evidently  conceives  Aeneas  and  his  descend- 
ants as  reigning  at  Troy  after  the  extinction 
of  the  house  ofPriam.  Later  Stones.— Most 
accounts  agree  that  after  the  capture  of  Troy 
Aeneas  withdrew  to  mount  Ida  with  his 
friends  and  the  images  of  the  gods,  especially 
that  of  Pallas  (PaUadiwrn)  \  and  that  from 
thence  he  crossed  over  to  Europe,  and  finally 
settled  at  Latiura  in  Italy,  where  he  became 
the  ancestral  hero  of  the  Romans.  A  descrip- 
tion ^f  the  wanderings  of  Aeneas  before  he 


reached  Latium  is  given  by  Virgil  in  his  Ae- 
neid.  After  visiting  Epirus  and  Sicily,  he  was 
driven  by  a  storm  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  where 
he  met  with  Dido.  [Di»o.]  He  then  sailed 
to  Latium,  where  he  was  hospitably  received, 
by  Latiuus,  king  of  the  Aborigines.  Here 
Aeneas  founded  the  town  of  Lavmium,  called 
after  Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  Latinus,  whom 
he  married.  Turnus,  to  whom  Lavinia  had 
been  betrothed,  made  war  against  Latinus 
and  Aeneas.  Latinns  fell  in  the  first  battle, 
and  Turnus  was  subsequently  slaiu  by  Aene« 
as ;  whereupon,  after  the  death  of  Latinns, 
Aeneas  became  sole  ruler  of  the  Aborigines 
and  Tfojans,  and  both  nations  were  united 
into  one.  Soon  after  this  Aeneas  fell  in  bat- 
tle against  the  Rutulians  who  were  assisted 
by  Mezeiitius,  king  of  the  Etruscans.  As  his 
body  was  not  found  after  the  battle,  it  was  be< 
lieved  that  it  had  been  carried  up  to  heaven, 
or  that  he  had  perished  in  the  river  Numicius. 
The  Latins  erected  a  monument  to  him,  with 
the  inscription  To  the.  father  and  native  god. 
Virgil  represents  Aeneas  landing  in  Italy  7 
years  after  the  fall  of  Troy,  and  comprises  all 
the  events  in  Italy,  from  the  landing  to  the 
death  of  Turnus,  within  the  space  of  20  days. 
The  story  of  the  descent  of  the  Romans  from 
the  Trojans  through  Aeneas  was  believed  at 
an  early  period,' but  rests  on  no  historical 
foundation. 

AENES.S  SILVJUS  (-i),  son  of  Silvius,  and 
grandson  of  Ascanius,  is  the  3d  in  the  list  of 
the  mythical  kings  of  Alba  in  Latium. 

AENfSStDEMTJS  (-i),  a  celebrated  skeptic, 
born  at  Cnossus  in  Crete,  and  lived  a  little 
later  than  Cicero.  He  wrote  several  works, 
but  none  of  them  have  come  down  to  us. 

AENIANES  (-urn),  an  ancient  Greek  race, 
originally  near  Ossa,  afterwards  in  southern 
Thessaly,  between  Oeta  and  Othrys,  on  the 
banks  of  the.  Spercheus. 

AENUS  (-1).  (1)  An  ancient  town  in  Thrace, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Hebrus,  mentioned  in 
the  Iliad,  colonized  by  the  Aeolians  of  Asia 
Minor.  Virgil  supposes  it  to  have  been  built 
by  Aeneas — (2)  (Inn)  a  river  in  Rhaetia,  the 
boundary  between  Rhaetia  and  Noricum. 

AEOLES  (-um)  or  AEOLJl  (-orum),  one  of 
the  chief  branches  of  the  Hellenic  race,  sup- 
posed to  be  descended  from  Aeolus,  the  son 
of  Helen.  [AEOLUS,  No.  1.]  They  originally 
dwelt  in  Thessaly,  from  whence  they  spread 
over  various  parts  of  Greece,  and  also  settled 
in  ABOLIS  in  Asia  Minor,  and  in  the  island  of 
LESBOS. 

AEOLfAE  INStfLAE  (-arum:  Lipari  Isl- 
ands), a  group  of  islands  N.E.  of  Sicily,  where 
Aeolus,  the  god  of  the  winds,  reigned.  Vir- 
gil accordingly  speaks  of  only  one  Aeolian 
island,  supposed  to  be  Strongyle  or  Lipara. 
These  islands  were  also  called  Hephaestwdes 
or  Vutednfae,  because  Hephaestus  or  Vulcan 
was  believed  to  have  his  workshop  in  one  of 
them  called  Hiera.  They  were  also  named 
Lipdremes,  from  Lipara,  the  largest  of  them. 

AEOLXDB8  (-ae),  a  patronymic  given  to 
the  sons  of  Aeolus,  as  Athamas,  Cretheus, 
Sisyphus,  Salmoueus,  etc.,  and  to  his  grand* 
sons,  as  Cephalus, Ulysses,  an d Phrixns.  AEO' 
LIB  is  the  patronymic  of  the  female  descend' 


AEOLIS. 


19 


AESCHYLUS. 


ants  of  Aeolus,  given  to  his  daughters  Canace 
and  Alcyone. 

AE5LIS  (-Idis)  or  AEOLIA  (-ae),  a  district 
of  Mysia  in  Asia  Minor,  was  peopled  by  Aeo- 
lian Greeks,  whose  cities  extended  from  the 
Troad  along  the  shores  of  the  Aegaeau  to  the 
river  Hermus.  In  early  times  their  12  most 
important  cities  were  independent,  and  form- 
ed a  League.  They  were  Cyme,  Larissae,  Ne- 
ontichos,  Temuus,  Cilia,  Notium,  Aegirusa, 
Pitane,  Aegaeae,  Myrina,  Grynea,  and  Smyr- 
na; but  SMYKNA  subsequently  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ionian  confederacy.  These  cities 
were  subdued  by  Croesus,  and  were  incorpo- 
rated in  the  Persian  empire  on  the  conquest 
of  Croesus  by  Cyrus. 

AE5LUS  <-i).  (1)  Son  of  Hellen  and  the 
nymph  Orsei's,  and  brother  of  Dorus  and  Xu- 
thus.  He  was  the  ruler  of  Thessaly,  and  the 
founder  of  the  Aeolic  branch  of  the  Greek 
nation.  His  children  are  said  to  have  been 
very  numerous ;  but  the  most  ancient  story 
mentioned  only  4  sons,  viz.,  Sisyphus,  Atha- 
mas,  Cretheus,  and  Salmoneus.  —  (2)  Son  of 
Hippotes,  or,  according  to  others,  of  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  and  Arne,  a  descendant  of  the  pre- 
vious Aeolns.  He  is  represented  in  Homer 
as  the  happy  ruler  of  the  Aeolian  islands,  to 
whom  Zeus  had  given  dominion  over  the 
winds,  which  he  might  soothe  or  excite  ac- 
cording to  his  pleasure.  This  statement  of 
Homer  and  the  etymology  of  the  name  of  Aeo- 
lus from  ueXAw,  led  to  Aeolus  being  regarded 
in  later  times  as  the  god  and  king  of  the 
winds,  which  he  kept  inclosed  in  a  mountain. 

AEPYTITS  (-i).  (1)  A  mythical  king  of  Ar- 
cadia, from  whom  a  part  of  the  country  was 
called  Aepytis.— (2)  Youngest,  sou  of  the  Her- 
aclid  Cresphoutes,  king  of  Messenia,  and  of 
Merope,  daughter  of  the  Arcadian  king  Cyp- 
selus.  When  his  father  and  brothers  were 
murdered  during  an  insurrection,  Aepytus, 
who  was  with  his  grandfather  Cypselus, -alone 
escaped.  The  throne  of  Cresphontes  was 
meantime  occupied  by  Polyphonies,  who 
forced  Merope  to  become  his  wife.  When 
Aepytus  had  grown  to  manhood  he  returned 
to  his  kingdom,  and  put  Polyphonies  to 
death.  From  him  the  kings  of  Messeni  a  were 
called  Aepytids,  instead  of  the  more  general 
name  Heraclids. 

AEQUI  (-orum),  AEQTJlCOLI  (-orum), 
AEQUICOLZE  (-arum),  AEQUICtfLANI 
(-orum),  an  ancient  and  warlike  people  of  It- 
aly, dwelling  in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Auio 
in  the  mountains  forming  the  eastern  bound- 
ary of  Latium,  and  between  the  Latini,  Sab- 
ini,  Hernici,  and  Marsi.  In  conjunction  with 
the  Volsci,  who  were  of  the  same  race,  they 
carried  on  constant  hostilities  with  Rome,  hut 
were  finally  subdued  in  B.O.  302.  One  of  their 
chief  seats  was  Mount  Algidus,  from  which 
they  were  accustomed  to  make  their  maraud- 
ing expeditious. 

AEQUI  FALISCI.    [FALEKII.] 

XERQP®  (-es),  daughter  of  Catreus,  king  of 
Crete,  and  wife  of  Plisthenes,  the  son  of  Atre- 
us,  by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Aga- 
memnon and  Menelaus.  After  the  death  of 
Pllsttienes,  Aerope  married  Atreus ;  and  her 
two  sons,  who  were  educated  by  Atreus,  were 


generally  believed  to  be  his  sons.  Aerope 
was  faithless  to  Atreus,  being  seduced  by  Thv- 
estes. 

AESlCUS  (-i),  son  of  Priam  and  Alexir- 
rhoo,  fell  in  love  with  Hesperia,  the  daughter 
of  Cebreu,  and  while  he  was  pursuing  her,  she 
was  stung  by  a,  viper  and  died.  Aesacus  in 
his  grief  threw  himself  into  the  sea,  and  was 
changed  by  Thetis  into  an  aquatic  bird. 

AESAR  (-iiris)  or  AESlRUS  (-i),  a  river 
near  Croton  iu  Bruttii,  in  southern  Italy. 

AESCHINES  (-is).  (1)  The  Athenian  ora- 
tor, born  B.O.  389,  was  the  son  of  Atrometus 
and  Glaucothea.  Iu  his  youth  he  assisted  his 
father  in  his  school ;  he  next  acted  as  secreta- 
ry to  Aristophon,  and  afterwards  to  Eubulus ; 
he  subsequently  tried  his  fortune  as  an  act- 
or, but  was  unsuccessful ;  and  at  length,  after 
serving  with  distinction  iu  the  array,  came  for- 
ward as  a  public  speaker,  and  soon  acquired 
great  reputation.  In  847  he  was  sent  along 
with  Demosthenes  as  one  of  the  10  embassa- 
dors  to  negotiate  a  peace  with  Philip.  From 
this  time  he  appears  as  the  friend  of  the  Mace- 
donian party,  and  as  the  opponent  of  Demos- 
thenes. Sh  ortly  afterwards  Aeschines  formed 
one  of  a  second  embassy  sent  to  Philip,  and 
on  his  return  to  Athens  was  accused  by  Ti- 
marchus.  He  evaded  the  danger  by  bringing 
forward  a  counter-accusation  against  Timar- 
chus  (345),  showing  that  the  moral  conduct  of 
his  accuser  was  such  that  he  had  no  right  to 
speak  before  the  people.  The  speech  in  which 
Aeschines  attacked  Timarchus  is  still  extant: 
Timarchus  was  condemned,  and  Aeschines 
gained  a  brilliant  triumph.  In  343  Demos- 
thenes renewed  the  charge  against  Aeschines 
of  treachery  during  his  second  embassy  to 
Philip.  This  charge  of  Demosthenes  (De  Falsa 
Legatione)  was  not  spoken,  but  published  as 
a  memorial,  and  Aeschines  answered  it  in  a 
similar  memorial  on  the  embassy,  which  was 
likewise  published.  After  the  battle  of  Chae- 
roiioa  iu  338,  which  gave  Philip  the  suprema- 
cy in  Greece,  Ctesiphon  proposed  that  Demos- 
thenes should  be  rewarded  for  his  services 
with  a  golden  crown  in  the  theatre  at  the  great 
Dionysia.  Aeschines  in  consequence  accused 
Ctesiphon  ;  but  he  did  not  prosecute  the 
charge  till  8  years  later,  330.  The  speech 
which  he  delivered  on  the  occasion  is  extant, 
and  was  answered  by  Demosthenes  in  his  cel- 
ebrated oration  on  the  Crown.  Aeschines  was 
defeated,  and  withdrew  from  Athens.  He 
went  to  Asia  Minor,  and  at  length  established 
a  school  of  eloquence  at  Rhodes.  On  one  oc- 
casion he  read  to  his  audience  in  Rhodes  his 
speech  against  Ctesiphon,  and  when  some  of 
his  hearers  expressed  their  astonishment  at 
his  defeat,  he  replied,"  You  would  cease  to  be 
astonished  if  you  had  heard  Demosthenes." 
From  Rhodes  he  went  to  Samos,  where  he 
died  in  314.— (2)  An  Athenian  philosopher  and 
rhetorician,  and  a  disciple  of  Socrates.  He 
wrote  several  dialogues,  but  the  3  which  have 
come  down  to  us  under  his  name  are  not  gen- 
uine. 

AESCHYLUS  (-i),  the  celebrated  tragic 
poet,  the  son  of  Euphoriou,  was  born  atEleu- 
sis  in  Attica,  B.O.  525.  At  the  age  of  25  (499) 
he  made  his  first  appearance  as  a  competitor 


AESCULAPIUS. 


20 


AESOPUS. 


for  the  prize  of  tragedy,  without  being  success- 
ful. He  fought,  with  his  brothers  Cynaegirus 
and  Aminius,  at  the  battle  of  Marathon  (490), 
and  also  at  those  of  Salamis  (480)  and  Plataea 
<4T9) .  In  484  he  gained  the  prize  of  tragedy ; 
and  in  4T2  he  gained  the  prize  with  the  trilo- 
gy, of  which  the  Persae,  the  earliest  of  his  ex- 
tant dramas,  was  one  piece.  In  46S  he  was 
defeated  in  a  tragic  contest  by  his  younger  ri- 
val Sophocles ;  and  he  is  said  in  consequence 
to  have  quitted  Athens  in  disgust,  and  to  have 
gone  to  the  court  of  Hiero,  king  of  Syracuse. 
In  46T  his  patron  Hiero  died ;  and  in  458  it 
appears  that  Aeschylus  was  again  at  Athens, 
from  the  fact  that  the  trilogy  of  the  Oresteia 
was  produced  in  that  year.  In  the  same  or 
the  following  year,  he  again  visited  Sicily,  and 
he  died  at  Gela  in  456,  in  the  69th  year  of  his 
age.  It  is  said  that  an  eagle,  mistaking  the 
poet's  bald  head  for  a  stone,  let  a  tortoise  fall 
upon  it  to  break  the  shell,  and  so  fulfilled  an 
oracle,  according  to  which  he  was  fated  to  die 
by  a  blow  from  heaven.  The  alterations  made 
by  Aeschylus  in  the  composition  and  dramat- 
ic representation  of  tragedy  were  so  great  that 
he  was  considered  by  the  Athenians  as  the  fa- 
ther of  it.  The  principal  alteration  which  he 
made  was  the  introduction  of  a  second  actor, 
and  the  consequent  formation  of  the  dialogue 
properly  so  called,  and  the  limitation  of  the 
choral  parts.  He  furnished  his  actors  with 
more  suitable  and  magnificent  dresses,  with 
significant  and  various  masks,  and  with  the 
thick-soled  cothurnus,  to  raise  their  stature 
to  the  height  of  heroes.  With  him  also  arose 
the  usage  of  representing  at  the  same  time  a 
trilogy  of  plays  connected  in  subject,  so  that 
each  formed  one  act,  as  it  were,  of  a  great 
whole.  A  satirical  play  commonly  followed 
each  tragic  trilogy.  Aeschylus  is  said  to  have 
written  70  tragedies.  Of  these  only  7  are  ex- 
tant, namely,  the  Persians,  the  Seven  against 
Thebes,  the  Suppliants,  the  Prometheus,  the 
Agamemnon,  the  Choephori,  and  Eumenides  ; 
the  last  three  forming  the  trilogy  of  the  Ores- 
teia. 

AESCtLlPIUS  (-1),  called  ASCLSPiUS 
(-i)  by  the  Greeks,  the  god  of  the  medical  art. 
In  Homer  he  is  not  a  divinity,  but  simply  the 
"blameless  physician''  whose  sons,  Machaon 
and  Podalirius,  were  the  physicians  in  the 
Greek  army.  The  common  story  relates  that 
Aesculapius  was  a  son  of  Apollo  and  Coronis, 
and  that  when  Coronis  was  with  child  by 
Apollo  she  became  enamored  oflschys,  an  Ar- 
cadian. Apollo,  informed  of  this  by  a  raven, 
killed  Coronis  and  Ischys.  When  the  body 
of  Coronis  was  to  be  burnt,  the  child  Aescu- 
lapius was  saved  from  the  flames,  and  was 
brought  up  by  Chiron,  who  instructed  him  in 
the  art  of  healing  and  in  hunting.  There  are 
other  tales  respecting  his  birth,  according  to 
some  of  which  he  was  a  native  of  Bpidaurus, 
and  this  was  a  common  opinion  in  later  times. 
After  he  had  grown  up,  he  not  only  cured 
the  sick,  but  recalled  the  dead  to  life.  Zeus 
(Jupiter),  fearing  lest  men  might  contrive  to 
escape  death  altogether,  killed  Aesculapius 
with  his  thunderbolt ;  but  on  the  request  of 
Apollo,  Zeus  placed  him  among  the  stars. 
He  was"  married  to  Epione,  by  whom  he  had 
the  2  sons  spoken  of  by  Homer,  and  also  oth- 


er children.  The  chief  seat  of  the  worship 
of  Aesculapius  was  Epidaurus,  where  he  had 
a  temple  surrounded  with  an  extensive  grove. 
Serpents  were  sacred  to  him  because  they 
were  a  symbol  of  renovation,  and  were  be- 
lieved to  have  the  power  of  discovering  heal- 
ing herbs.  The  cock  was  sacrificed  to  him. 
At  Rome  the  worship  of  Aesculapius  was  in- 
troduced from  Bpidaurus  in  B.C.  293,  for  the 
purpose  of  averting  a  pestilence.  The  sup- 
posed descendants  of  Aesculapius  were  called 
by  the  patronymic  name  of  JLsclepiadae,  and 
their  principal  seats  were  Cos  and  Cnidus. 
They  were  an  order  or  caste  of  priests.  The 
knowledge  of  medicine  was  regarded  as  a 
sacred  secret,  which  was  transmitted  from 
father  to  son  in  these  families. 

AESEPUS  (-i),  a  river  rising  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Ida,  and  flowing  into  the  Propontis. 

AESERNIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Samnium, 
made  a  Roman  colony  in  the  first  Punic  war. 

AESIS  (-is),  a  river  forming  the  boundary 
between  Picenum  and  Umbria,  anciently  the 
S.  boundary  of  the  Senones,  and  the  N.E. 
boundary  of  Italy  proper. 

AESIS  (-is)  or  AES!UM.(-i),  a  town  and 
Roman  colony  in  Umbria  on  the  river  Aesis. 

AESON  (-6nis),  son  of  Cretheus  and  Tyro, 
and  father  of  Jason.  He  was  excluded  from 
the  throne  by  his  half-brother  Pelias.  Dur- 
ing the  absence  of  Jason  on  the  Argonautic 
expedition,  Pelias  attempted  to  murder  Ae- 
son,  but  the  latter  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. 
According  to  Ovid,  Aeson  survived  the  return 
of  the  Argonauts,  and  was  made  young  again 
by  Medea. 

AESOPUS  (-i),  a  writer  of  Fables,  lived 
about  B.O.  570,  and  was  a  contemporary  of 
Solon.  He  was  originally  a  slave,  and  re- 
ceived his  freedom  from  his  master  ladmon 
the  Samian.  Upon  this  he  visited  Croesus, 
who  sent  him  to  Delphi,  to  distribute  among 
the  citizens  4  minae  apiece ;  but  in  conse- 
quence of  some  dispute  on  the  subject  he  re- 
fused to  give  any  money  at  all,  upon  which 
the  enraged  Delphians  threw  him  from  a  prec- 
ipice. Plagues  were  sent  upon  them  from 
the  gods  for  the  offense,  and  they  proclaimed 
their  willingness  to  give  a  compensation  for 
his  death  to  any  one  who  could  claim  it.  At 
length  ladmon  the  grandson  of  his  old  mas- 
ter, received  the  compensation,  since  no  near- 
er connection  could  be  found.  Later  writers 
represent  Aesop  as  a  perfect  monster  of  ug- 
liness and  deformity,  a  notion  for  which 
there  is  no  authority  in  the  classical  authors. 
Whether  Aesop  left  any  written  works  at  all 
is  a  question  which  affords  room  for  doubt,* 
though  it  is  certain  that  fables,  bearing  Ae. 
sop's  .name,  were  popular  at  Athens  in  its 
most  intellectual  age.  They  were  in  prose, 
and  were  turned  into  poetry  by  several  writ- 
ers. Socrates  turned  some  of  them  into  verse 
during  his  imprisonment.  The  only  Greek 
versifier  of  Aesop,  of  whose  writings  any 
whole  fables  are  preserved,,  is  Babrius.  Of 
the  Latin  writers  of  Aesopian  fables,  Phae- 
drus  is  the  most  celebrated.  [PHAEDRUS.] 
The  fables  now  extant  in  prose,  bearing  the 
name  of  Aesop,  are  unquestionably  spurious. 

AESOPUS  (-i),  CLAUDIUS,  or  CLODIUS 


AESCULAPIUS.    (Berlin.) 


AESTII. 


21 


AETOLUS. 


(-i),was  the  greatest  tragic  actor  at  Rome,  and 
contemporary  of  Roscius,  the  greatest  comic 
actor.  Both  of  them  lived  on  intimate  terms 
with  Cicero.  Aesopus  appeared  for  the  last 
time  on  the  stage  at  an  advanced  age,  at  the 
dedication  of  the  theatre  of  Pompey  (B.C.  55), 
when  his  voice  failed  him,  and  he  could  not 
fro  through  with  the  speech.  He  realized  an 
immense  fortune  by  his  profession, which  was 
squandered  by  his  son,  a  foolish  spendthrift. 

AESTII  (-orum),  AESTYl,  or  AESTUI 
(-orum),  a  people  dwelling  on  the  sea-coast, 
in  the  N.E.  of  Germany,  probably  in  the  mod- 
ern Kurtondjvrho  collected  amber,  which  they 
called  glessum.  They  were  probably  a  Sarma- 
tian  or  Slavonic  and  not  a  Germanic  race. 

AEStfrLA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Aegui,  on  a 
mountain  between  Praeneste  and  Tibur. 

AETHiLlA.  (-ae)  or  AETHlLIS  (4dis), 
called  ILVA  (-ae)  (Elba)  by  the  Romans,  a 
small  island  in  the  Tuscan  sea,  opposite  the 
town  of  Populonia,  celebrated  for  its  iron 

AETH&LIDES  (-ae),  son  of  Hermes  (Mer- 
cury) and  Eupolemia,  the  herald  of  the  Argo- 
nauts. His  soul,  after  many  migrations,  at 
length  took  possession  of  the  body  of  Pytha- 
goras, in  which  it  still  recollected  its  former 
migrations. 

AETHICES  (-um),  a  Thessalian  or  Bpirot 
people,  near  M.  Pindus. 

AETHI5PES  (-um:  said  to  be  from  a 
and  6^,  but  perhaps  really  a  foreign  name 
corrupted)  was  a  name  applied  (1)  most  gen- 
erally to  all  black  or  dark  races  of  men ;  (2) 
to  all  the  inhabitants  of  Inner  Africa,  S.  of 
Mauretania,  the  Great  Desert,  and  Egypt,  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Red  Sea  and  Indian  Ocean, 
and  to  some  of  the  dark  races  of  Asia ;  and 
(3)  most  specifically  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
land  S.  oi  Egypt,  which  was  called  AETHIO- 
PJA. 

AETHIOPIA  (-ae:  Nubia,  Kordofan,  Sen- 
naar,  Abyssinia),  a  country  of  Africa,  S.  of 
Egypt,  the  boundary  of  the  countries  being 
at  Syene  and  the  Smaller  Cataract  of  the  Nile. 
and  extending  on  the  E.  to  the  Red  Sea,  and 
to  the  S.  and  S.W.  indefinitely,  as  far  appar- 
ently as  the  knowledge  of  the  ancients  ex- 
tended. The  people  of  Aethiopia  seem  to 
have  been  of  the  Caucasian  race,  arid  to  have 
spoken  a  language  allied  to  the  Arabic.  Mon- 
uments are  found  in  the  country  closely  re- 
sembling those  of  Egypt,  but  of  an  inferior 
style.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  powerful  mon- 
archy, of  which  MBROK  was  the  capital.  Some 
traditions  made  Meroe  the  parent  of  Eg; 
tian  civilization,  while  others  ascribed  the 
civilization  of  Ethiopia  to  Egyptian  coloniza- 
tion. So  great  was  the  power  of  the  Ethio- 
pians that  more  than  once  in  its  history  Egypt 
was  governed  by  Ethiopian  kings.  Under  the 
Ptolemies  Graeco-Egyptian  colonies  estab- 
lished themselves  in  Ethiopia;  but  the  coun- 
try was  never  subdued.  The  Romans  failed 
to  extend  their  empire  over  Ethiopia,  though 
they  made  expeditions  into  the  country,  m 
one  of  which  C.  Petronius,  prefect  of  Egypt 
under  Augustus,  advanced  as  far  as  Napata, 
and  defeated  the  warrior  queen  Candace  («.p. 
22).  Christianity  very  early  extended  to  Bthi- 


sion  of  the  treasurer  of  queen  Candace  (Acts 
viii.  27). 

AETHRA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  Pitthens 
of  Troezeu,  and  mother  of  Theseus  by  Aege- 
us.  She  afterwards  lived  in  Attica,  from 
whence  she  was  carried  off  to  Lacedaemon 
by  Castor  and  Pollux,  and  became  a  slave  of 
Helen,  with  whom  she  was  taken  to  Troy. 
At  the  capture  of  Troy  she  was  restored  to 
liberty  by  her  grandson  Acamas  or  Demo* 
phon.—(2)  Daughter  of  Oceanus,  by  whom  At 
las  begot  the  12  Hyades  and  a  son  Hyas. 

AETNA  (-ae).  (1)  A  volcanic  mountain  in 
the  N.E.  of  Sicily  between  Tauromenium  and 
Catana.  It  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name 
from  Aetna,  a  Sicilian  nymph,  a  daughter  of 
Heaven  and  Earth.  Zeus  (Jupiter)  buried 
under  it  Typhon  or  Euceladus ;  and  in  its  in- 
terior Hephaestus  (Vulcan)  and  the  Cyclops 
forged  the  thunderbolts  for  Zeus.  There  were 
several  eruptions  of  M.  Aetna  in  antiquity. 
One  occurred  in  B.C.  475,  to  which  Aeschylus 
and  Pindar  probably  allude,  and  another  in 
425,  which  Thucydides  says  was  the  third  on 
record  since  the  Greeks  had  settled  in  Sicily. 
—(2)  A  town  at  the  foot  of  M.  Aetna,  on  the 
road  to  Catana,  formerly  called  Inessa  or  In- 
nesa.  It  was  founded  in  B.O.  461  by  the  in- 
habitants  of  Cataua,  who  had  been  expelled 
from  their  own  town  by  the  Siculi.  They 
gave  the  name  of  Aetna  to  Inessa,  because 
their  own  town  Catana  had  been  called  Aetna 
by  Hiero  I. 

AETOLIA  (-aeV  a  division  of  Greece,  was 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Acarnania,  from  which 
it  was  separated  by  the  river  Achelous,  on 
the  N.  by  jEpirus  and  Thessaly,  on  the  E.  by 
the  Ozolian  Locrians,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  en- 
trance to  the  Corinthian  gulf.  It  was  divided 
into  two  parts— Old  Aetolia,  from  the  Ache- 
lous to  the  Evenus  and  Calydou,  and  New 
Aetolia,  or  the  Acquired,  from  the  Evenus 
and  Calydon  to  the  Ozolian  Locrians.  On  the 
coast  the  country  is  level  and  fruitful,  but  in 
the  interior  mountainous  and  unproductive. 
The  mountains  contained  many  wild  beasts, 
and  were  celebrated  in  mythology  for  the 
hunt  of  the  Calydonian  boar.  The  country 
was  originally  inhabited  by  Curetes  and  Lele- 
ges,  but  was 'at  an  early  period  colonized  by 
Greeks  from  Elis,  led  by  the  mythical  ABTO- 
Ltrs.  The  Aetolians  took  part  in  the  Trojan 
war,  under  their  king  Thoas.  They  contin- 
ued for  a  long  time  a  rude  and  uncivilized 
people,  living  to  a  great  extent  by  robbery, 
and  even  in  the  time  of  Thucydides  (B.C.  410) 
many  of  their  tribes  spoke  a  language  which 
was  not  Greek,  and  were  in  the  habit  of  eat- 
ing raw  flesh.  They  appear  to  have  been 
early  united  by  a  kind  of  League,  but  this 
League  first  acquired  political  importance 
about  the  middle  of  the  3d  century  B.O.,  and 
became  a  formidable  rival  to  the  Macedonian 
monarchs  and  the  Achaean  League.  The 
Aetoliaus  took  the  side  of  Antiochus  III. 
against  the  Romans,  and  on  the  defeat  of 
that  monarch,  B.O.  189,  they  became  virtually 
the  subjects  of  Rome.  On  the  conquest  of 
the  Achaeans,  B.C.  146,  Aetolia  was  included 
in  the  Roman  province  of  Achaia. 

AET<3LUS  (-i),  son  of  Endymion  and  hue- 


AFRANIUS. 


22 


AGAMEDES. 


Pleuron  and  Calydon.  He  was  king  of  Elis, 
but,  having  slain  Apis,  he  fled  to  the  country 
near  the  Achelous,  which  was  called  Aetolia 
after  him. 

AFRINIUS  (-i),  L.  (1)  A  Roman  comic 
poet,  nourished  about  B.C.  100.  His  comedies 
depicted  Roman  life  with  such  accuracy  that 
he  is  classed  with  Menander.  Only  a  few 
fragments  of  them  are  preserved.— (2)  A  per- 
son of  obscure  origin,  who  was,  through 
Pompey's  influence,  made  consul,  B.O.  60. 
When  Pompey  obtained  the  provinces  of  the 
two  Spains  in  his  2d  consulship  (55),  he  sent 
Afranius  and  Petreius  to  govern  them,  while 
he  himself  remained  in  Rome.  In  40  Afra- 
nius  and  Petreius  were  defeated  by  Caesar  in 
Spain.  Afranius  thereupon  passed  over  to 
Pompey  in  Greece,  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Pharsalia  (4S),  and  subsequently  at  the 
battle  of  Thapsus  in  Africa  (46).  He  then  at- 
tempted  to  fly  into  Mauretania,  but  was  taken 
prisoner  by  P.  Siuius,  and  killed. 

AFRICA  (-ae)  was  used  by  the  ancients  in 
two  senses,  (1)  for  the  whole  continent  of  Af- 
rica, and  (2)  for  the  portion  of  N.  Africa  which 
the  Romans  erected  into  a  province.— -(1)  In 
the  more  general  sense  the  name  was  not 
used  by  the  Greek  writers ;  and  its  use  by 
the  Romans  arose  from  the  extension  to  the 
whole  continent  of  the  name  of  a  part  of  it. 
The  proper  Greek  name  for  the  continent  is 
fabi/a.  Considerably  before  the  historical 
period  of  Greece  begins  the  Phoenicians  ex- 
tended their  commerce  over  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  founded  several  colonies  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Africa,  of  which  Carthage  was  the 
chief.  [CARTHAGO.]  The  Greeks  knew  very 
little  of  the  country  until  the  foundation  of 
the  Dorian  colony  of  CYBENB  (B.O.  620),  and 
the  intercourse  of  Greek  travelers  with  Egypt 
in  the  6th  and  5th  centuries ;  and  even  then 
their  knowledge  of  all  but  the  part  near  Cy- 
rene  was  derived  from  the  Egyptians  and 
Phoenicians,  who  sent  out  some  remarkable 
expeditions  to  explore  the  country.  A  Phoe- 
nician fleet  sent  by  the  Egyptian  king  Pha- 
raoh Necho  (about  B.O.  600)  was  said  to  have 
sailed  from  the  Red  Sea,  round  Africa,  and  so 
into  the  Mediterranean:  the  authenticity  of 
this  story  *s  still  a  mj  fcter  of  dispute.  We 
still  possefeo  an  authentic  account  of  another 
expedition,  which  the  Carthaginians  dis- 
patched under  Hanno  (about  K.O.  510),  and 
which  reached  a  point  on  the  W.  coast  near- 
ly, if  not  quite,  as  far  as  lat  10°  N.  In  the  in- 
terior, the  Great  Desert  (Sahara)  interposed 
a  formidable  obstacle  to  discovery ;  but  even 
before  the  time  of  Herodotus  the  people  on 
the  northern  coast  told  of  individuals  who 
had  crossed  the  desert,  and  had  reached  a 
great  river  flowing  towards  the  E.,with  croc- 
odiles in  it,  and  black  men  living  on  its 
banks,  which,  if  the  story  be  true,  was  prob- 
ably the  Niger  in  its  upper  course,  near  Tvm- 
buctoo.  There  were  great  differences  of  opin- 
ion as  to  the  boundaries  of  the  continent. 
Some  divided  the  whole  world  into  only  two 
parts,  Europe  and  Asia,  and  they  were  not 
agreed  to  which  of  these  two  Libya  (i.  e.  Af- 
rica) belonged;  and  those  who  recognized 
three  divisions  differed  again  in  placing  the 
boundary  between  Libya  and  Asia  either  on 


the  W.  of  Egypt,  or  along  the  Nile,  or  at  tht 
isthmus  of  Suez  and  the  Red  Sea  ;  the  last 
opinion  gradually  prevailed.  Herodotus  di- 
vides the  inhabitants  of  Africa  into  four 
races,  two  native,  namely,  the  Libyans  and 
Ethiopians,  and  two  foreign,  namely,  the 
Phoenicians  and  the  Greeks.  The  Libyans, 
however,  were  a  Caucasian  race  ;  the  Ethio- 
pians of  Herodotus  correspond  to  our  Negro 
races.  The  whole  of  the  north  of  Africa  fell, 
successively  under  the  power  of  Rome,  and 
was  finally  divided  into  provinces  as  follows:; 
—(1)  Aegypt  ;  (2)  Libya,  including  (a)  Libya® 
Nomos  or  Libya  Exterior,  (b)  Manrnirica,  (c) 
Cyrenai'ca  ;  (3)  Africa  Propria,  the  former  em- 
pire of  Carthage,  see  below,  No.  2  ;  (4)  Nu- 
rnidia;  (5)  Mauretania,  divided  into  (a)  Siti- 
fensis,  (b)  Caesariensis,  (c)  Tingitana:  these, 
with  (6)  Aethiopia,  make  up  the  whole  of  Af- 
rica, according  to  the  divisions  recognized  by 
the  latest  of  the  ancient  geographers.  The 
northern  district  was  better  known  to  the 
Romans  than  it  is  to  us,  and  was  extremely 
populous  and  flourishing.  —  (2)  AFRICA  PBO- 
PRIA  or  PBOVINOIA,  or  simply  AVBIOA,  was  the 
name  under  which  the  Romans,  after  *the 
Third  Punic  War.  B.O.  146,  erected  into  a  prov- 
ince the  whole  of  the  former  territory  or  Car- 
thage. It  extended  from  the  river  Musca,  on 
the  W.,  which  divided  it  from  Numidia,  to  the 
bottom  of  the  Syrtis  Minor,  on  the  S.E.  It 
was  divided  into  two  districts  (rogiones), 
namely,  (1)  Zeugis  or  Zeugitana,  the  district 
round  Carthage,  (2)  Byzacium  orByzacena,  S. 
of  Zeugitana,  as  far  as  the  bottom  of  the  Syr- 
tis Minor.  It  corresponds  to  the  modern  re- 
gency of  Tunis.  The  province  was  full  of 
flourishing  towns,  and  was  extremely  fertile  ; 
it  furnished  Rome  with  its  chief  supplies  of 
com. 


(-i),  a  surname  given  to  the 
Scipios,  on  account  of  their  victories  in  Africa. 
[SoiPio.] 

AFRlCUS  (-i  :  \fy  by  the  Greeks),  the  S.  W. 
wind,  so  called  because  it  blew  from  Africa. 

AGAMfjDfiS  (-ae),  commonly  called  son  of 
Erginus,  king  of  Orchomenus,  and  brother  of 
Trophonius.  Agamedes  and  Trophonius  dis» 
tinguished  themselves  as  architects.  They 
built  a  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  and  a 
treasury  of  Hyrieus,king  of  Hyria,  in  Boeotia. 
In  the  construction  of  the  latter,  they  con- 
trived to  place  a  stone  in  such  a  manner  that 
it  could  be  taken  away  outside  without  any 
body  perceiving  it  They  now  constantly 
robbed  the  treasury  ;  and  the  king,  seeing  that 
locks  and  seals  were  uninjured,  while  his  treas- 
ures were  constantly  decreasing,  set  traps  to 
catch  the  thief.  Agamedes  was  thus  caught, 
and  Trophonius  cut  off  his  head  to  avert  the 
discovery.  After  this,  Trophonius  was  im- 
mediately swallowed  up  by  the  earth  in  the 
grove  of  LebadSa.  Here  he  was  worshiped 
as  a  hero,  and  had  a  celebrated  oracle.  A  tra- 
dition mentioned  by  Cicero  states  that  Aga- 
medes and  Trophonius,  after  building  the 
temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  prayed  to  the  god 
to  grant  them,  in  reward  for  their  labor,  wnat 
was  best  for  men.  The  god  promised  to  do 
so  'on  a  certain  day,  and  when  the  day  cane 
the  two  brothers  died. 


AGAMEMNON. 


23 


AGENORIDES. 


AGAMEMNON  (-onis),  son  of  PITathenes 
and  Aorqpu  or  Eriphyle,  and  grandson  of 
Atreus,  king  of  Mycenae ;  but  Homer  and  oth- 
ers call  him  a  son  of  Atreus  and  grandson  of 
Pelops.  Agamemnon  and  his  brother  Mene- 
laus  were  brought  up  together  with  Aegis- 
thus,  the  son  of  Thyestes,  in  the  house  of  At- 
reus. After  the  murder  of  Atreus  by  Aegis- 
thus  and  Thyestes,  who  succeeded  Atrens  in 
the  kingdom  of  Mycenae  [AEGISTHUS],  Aga- 
memnon and  Menelaus  went  to  Sparta.  Here 
Agamemnon  married  Clytemnestra,  the 
daughter  of  Tyndareus,  by  whom  he  became 
the  father  of  Iphianassa  (Iphigenla),  Chryso- 
themis,  Laodice  (Electra),  and  Orestes.  The 
manner  in  which  Agamemnon  obtained  the 
kingdom  of  Mycenae  is  differently  related. 
From  Homer  it  appears  as  if  he  had  peacably 
succeeded  Thyestes ;  while,  according  to  oth- 
ers, he  expelled  Thyestes,  and  usurped  his 
throne.  He  now  became  the  most  powerful 
prince  in  Greece.  Homer  says  he  ruled  over 
all  Argos,  which  signifies  Peloponnesus,  or 
the  greater  part  of  it,  for  the  city  of  Argos  was 
governed  by  Diomedes.  When  Helen,  the  wife 
of  Menelans,  was  carried  offfcy  Paris,  and  the 
Greek  chiefs  resolved  to  recover  her  by  force 
of  arms,  Agamemnon  was  chosen  their  com- 
mander in  chief.  After  two  years  of  prepa- 
ration, the  Greek  army  and  fleet  assembled 
in  the  port  of  Aulis,  in  Boeotia.  At  this  place 
Agamemnon  killed  a  stag  which  was  sacred 
to  Artemis  (Diana),  who  in  return  visited  the 
Greek  army  with  a  pestilence,  and  produced 
a  calm  which  prevented  the  Greeks  from  leav- 
ing the  port.  In  order  to  appease  her  wrath, 
Agamemnon  consented  to  sacrifice  his  daugh- 
ter Iphigenla ;  but,  at  the  moment  of  the  sac- 
rifice, she  was  carried  off  by  Artemis  herself 
to  Tauris,  and  another  victim  was  substituted 
in  her  place.  The  calm  now  ceased,  and  the 
army  sailed  to  the  coast  of  Troy.  The  quar- 
rel between  Agamemnon  and  Achilles,  in  the 
10th  year  of  the  war,  is  related  elsewhere. 
[AoHiLLES.]  Agamemnon,  although  the  chief 
commander  of  the  Greeks,  is  not  the  hero  of 
the  Iliad,  and  in  chivalrous  spirit,  bravery, 
and  character,  altogether  inferior  to  Achilles- 
But  he  nevertheless  rises  above  all  the  Greeks 
by  his  dignity,  power,  and  majesty:  his  eyes 
and  head  are  likened  to  those  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter), his  girdle  to  that  of  Ares  (Mars),  and  his 
breast  to  that  of  Poseidon  (Neptune).  At  the 
capture  of  Troy  he  received  Cassandra,  the 
daughter  of  Priam,  as  his  prize.  On  his  re- 
turn home  he  was  murdered  by  Aegisthus, 
who  had  seduced  Clytcmnestra  during  the  ab- 
sence of  her  husband.  The  tragic  poets  make 
Clytemnestra  alone  murder  Agamemnon.  His 
death  was  avenged  by  his  son  Orestes. 

XGAMEMNONlDKS  (-ae),the  son  of  Aga- 
memnon, i.  e.  Orestes. 

AGANIPPE  (-6s),  a  nymph  of  the  fountain 
of  the  same  name  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  Helicon, 
in  Boeotia.  It  was  sacred  to  the  Muses  (who 
were  hence  called  Aganippides),  and  was  be- 
lieved to  inspire  those  who  drank  of  it.  The 
fountain  of  HippocrSne  has  the  epithet  Aga- 
nippte,  from  its  being  sacred  to  the  Muses, 
like  that  of  Aganippe. 

AGATHOCLES  (-is  or  e5s)  was  born  at 
Thermae,  a  town  of  Sicily  subject  to  Carthage, 


and  was  brought  up  as  a  potter  at  Syracuse, 
His  strength  and  personal  beauty  recom- 
mended him  to  Datnas,  a  noble  Syracusan, 
who  drew  him  from  obscurity,  and  on  whose 
death  he  married  his  rich  widow,  and  so  be- 
came one  of  the  wealthiest  citizens  in  Syra- 
cuse. His  ambitious  schemes  then  developed 
themselves,  and  he  was  driven  into  exile. 
After  several  changes  of  fortune  he  collected 
an  army,  and  was  declared  sovereign  of  Syra- 
cuse, u.c.  31T.  In  the  course  of  a  few  years 
the  whole  of  Sicily,  which  was  not  under  the 
dominion  of  Carthage,  submitted  to  him.  In 
310  he  was  defeated  at  Hhnera  by  the  Cartha- 
ginians,under  Hamilcar,who  straightway  laid 
siege  to  Syracuse,  whereupon  he  formed  the 
bold  design  of  averting  the  ruin  which  threat- 
ened him  by  carrying  the  war  into  Africa. 
His  successes  were  most  brilliant  and  rapid. 
He  constantly  defeated  the  troops  of  Carthage, 
but  was  at  length  summoned  from  Africa  oy 
the  affairs  of  Sicily,  where  many  cities  had  re- 
volted from  him,  30T.  These  he  reduced,  aft- 
er making  a  treaty  with  the  Carthaginians. 
He  had  previously  assumed  the  title  of  king 
of  Sicily.  He  afterwards  plundered  the  Lipari 
isles,  and  also  carried  his  arms  into  Italy,  in 
order  to  attack  the  Bruttii.  But  his  last  days 
were  embittered  by  family  misfortunes.  His 
grandson  Archagathus  murdered  his  son  Aga- 
thocles,  for  the  sake  of  succeeding  to  the 
crown,  and  the  old  king  feared  that  the  rest 
of  his  family  would  share  his  fate.  He  ac- 
cordingly sent  his  wife  and  her  two  children 
to  Egypt ;  and  his  own  death  followed  almost 
immediately,  289,  after  a  reign  of  28  years,  and 
in  the  72d  year  of  his  age.  Some  authors  re- 
late an  incredible  story  of  his  being  poisoned 
by  Maeuo,  an  associate  of  Archagathus.  The 
poison,  we  are  told,  was  concealed  in  the  quill 
with  which  he  cleaned  his  teeth,  and  reduced 
him  to  so  frightful  a  condition  that  he  was 
placed  on  the  funeral  pile  and  burnt  while  yet 
living,  being  unable  to  give  any  signs  that  he 
was  not  dead. 

AGATH(5N,  an  Athenian  tragic  poet,  a  con- 
temporary and  friend  of  Euripides  and  Plato. 
He  died  about  B.O.  400. 

AGATHYRNA  (-ae),  iGlTHYRNUM  (-i), 
a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily. 

AGATHYRSI  (-drum),  a  people  in  Euro- 
pean Sarmatia,  on  the  river  Maria  (Marosck), 
in  Transylvania.  From  the  practice  of  paint- 
ing or  tattooing  their  skin,  they  are  called  by 
Virgil  picti  Agathyrsi. 

AGAVS  (-cs),  daughter  of  Cadmus,  wife  of 
Echlon,  and  mother  of  Pentheus.  For  details 
see  PENTHEUS. 

AGBX.TANA.    [EOBATANA.] 

AGENDlCUM  or  AGEDSCUM  (-i:  Sens), 
the  chief  town  of  the  Senones  in  Gallia  Lug- 
dunensis. 

AGKNOR  (-oris).  (1)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune), king  of  Phoenicia,  and  father  of  Cad- 
mus and  Europa.  Virgil  calls  Carthage  the 
city  of  Agenor,  since  Dido  was  descended  from 
Agenor.— (2)  Son  of  the  Trojan  Antenor  and 
Theano,  one  of  the  bravest  among  the  Tro< 

X.GHSN5RIDES  (-ae),  adescendantof  anAg. 
enor,  such  as  Cadmus,  Phineus,  and  Perseus, 


AGESILAUS. 


AGRIPPA. 


AGESiLAUS  (-i),  kings  of  Sparta.  — (1) 
Keigned  about  »,o.  886,  and  was  contempora- 
ry with  the  legislation  of  Lycnrgus.— (2)  Sou 
of  Archidamus  II.,  succeeded  his  half-brother 
Agis  II.,  u.o.  398,  excluding,  on  the  ground  of 
spurious  birth,  and  by  the  interest  of  Lysau- 
der,  his  nephew  LEOTYOUIDES.  From  396  to 
394  he  carried  on  the  war  in  Asia  Minor  with 
great  success,  but,  in  the  midst  of  his  con- 
quests, was  summoned  home  to  defend  his 
country  against  Thebes,  Corinth,  and  Argos, 
which  had  been  induced  by  Artaxerxes  to  take 
up  arms  against  Sparta,  •  In  394  he  met  and 
defeated,  at  Coronua  in  Boeotia,  the  allied 
forces.  During  the  next  4  years  he  regained 
for  his  country  much  of  its  former  supremacy, 
till  at  length  the  fatal  battle  of  Leuctra,  371, 
overthrew  forever  the  power  of  Sparta,  and 
gave  the  supremacy  for  a  time  to  Thebes.  In 
361  he  crossed,  with  a  body  of  Lacedaemonian 
mercenaries,  into  Egypt,  where  he  died  in  the 
winter  of  361-360,  after  a  life  of  iibove  SO 
years,  and  a  reign  of  38.  In  person  Agesi- 
laus  was  small,  mean-looking,  and  lame,  on 
which  last  ground  objection  had  been  made 
to  his  accession,  an  oracle,  curiously  fulnlled, 
having  warned  Sparta  of  evils  awaiting  her 
under  a  "lame  sovereignty."  In  his  reign, 
indeed,  her  fall  took  place,  but  not  through 
him,  for  he  was  one  of  the  best  citizens  and 
generals  that  Sparta  ever  had. 

AGESlPOLIS,  kings  of  Sparta.  — (1)  Suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Pausanias,  while  yet  a  mi- 
nor, in  B.O.  394,  and  reigned  14  years.— (2)  Son 
of  Cleombrotus,  reigned  one  year,  371.  —  (3) 
Succeeded  Cleomenes  in  220,  but  was  soon  de- 
posed by  his  colleague  Lycurgus. 

AGINNUM  (-i:  Ag&n\  the  chief  town  of 
the  Nitiobriges  in  Gallia  Aquitanica. 

AGIS  (Idis),  kings  of  Sparta — (1)  Son  of 
Eurysthenes,  the  founder  of  the  family  of  the 
Agidae.— (2)  Sou  of  Archidamus  II.,  reigned 
B.O.  427-398.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  and  invaded  Attica  sev- 
eral times.  While  Alcibiades  was  at  Sparta 
he  was  the  guest  of  Agis,  and  is  said  to  have 
seduced  his  wife  Timaea ;  in  consequence  of 
which  Leotychides,  the  son  of  Agis,  was  ex- 
cluded from  the  throne  as  illegitimate.— <3) 
Son  of  Archidamus  HI.,  reigned  338-330.  He 
attempted  to  overthrow  the  Macedonian  pow- 
er in  Europe,  while  Alexander  the  Great  was 
in  Asia,  but  was  defeated  and  killed  in  battle 
by  Antipater  in  330,— (4)  Son  of  Eudamidas 
IL,  reigned  244-240.  He  attempted  to  re-es- 
tablish the  institutions  of  Lycurgus,  and  to 
effect  a  thorough  reform  in  the  Spartan  state ; 
but  be  was  resisted  by  his  colleague  Leonidas 
II.  and  the  wealthy,  was  thrown  into  prison, 
and  was  there  put  to  death  by  command  of 
the  ephors,  along  with  his  mother  and  grand- 
mother. 

AGLAaA  (-ae), "  the  bright  one,"  one  of  the 
CHABITJCS  or  Graces. 

AGRAULOS  (-1).  (1)  Daughter  of  Actaeus, 
first  king  of  Athens,  and  wife  of  Cecrops. — 
(2)  Daughter  of  Cecrops  and  Agraulos,  of 
whom  various  stories  are  told.  Athena  (Mi- 
nerva) is  said  to  have  -given  Erichthonins  in 
a  chest  to  Agraulos  and  her  sister  Herse,  with 
strict  injunctions  not  to  open  it;  but  they 
disobeyed  the  command.  [EEIOHTHONITJS."! 


Agranlos  was  subsequently  punished  by  be- 
ing changed  into  a  stone  by  Hermes  (Mer- 
cury), because  she  attempted  to  prevent  the 
god  from  entering  the  house  of  Herse,  with 
whom  he  had  fallen  in  love.  Another  legend 
relates  that  Agraulos  threw  herself  down  from 
the  Acropolis  because  an  oracle  had  declared 
that  the  Athenians  would  conquer  if  some  one 
would  sacrifice  himself  for  his  country.  The 
Athenians  in  gratitude  built  her  a  temple  on, 
the  Acropolis,  in  which  the  young  Athenians, 
on  receiving  their  first  suit  of  armor,  took  an 
oath  that  they  would  always  defend  their 
country  to  the  last.  A  fes  tival  (Agraulia)  was 
celebrated  at  Athens  in.  her  honor. 

AGJRI  DECIMATES,  tithe  lands,  the  name 
given  by  the  Komans  to  a  part  of  Germany, 
Jfl.  of  the  Rhine  and  N.  of  the  Danube,  which 
they  took  possession  of  when  the  Germans 
retired  eastward,  and  which  they  gave  to  the 
Gauls,  and  subsequently  to  their  own  veter- 
ans, on  the  payment  of  a  tenth  of  the  produce 
(deciumi).  Towards  the  end  of  the  first  or 
the  beginning  of  the  second  century  after 
Christ  these  lands  were  incorporated  in  the 
Roman  empire. 

AGRICOLA  (-ae),  CN.  JtJXIUS  (-i),  born 
June  13th,  A.D.  37,  at  Forum  Julii  (Frejus,  in 
Provence),  was  the  son  of  Julius  Graecinus, 
who  was  executed  by  Caligula,  and  of  Julia 
Procilla.  He  received  a  careful  education; 
he  first  served  in  Britain,  A.T>.  60,  under  Sue- 
tonius Paulinus ;  was  quaestor  in  Asia  in  63 ; 
was  governor  of  Aquitania  from  74  to  76 ;  and 
was  consul  in  77,  when  he  betrothed  his 
daughter  to  the  historian  Tacitus,  and  in  the 
following  year  gave  her  to  him  in  marriage. 
In  78  he  received  the  government  of  Britain, 
which  he  held  for  7  years,  during  which  time 
he  subdued  the  whole  of  the  country  with  the 
exception  of  the  highlands  of  Caledonia,  and 
by  his  wise  administration  introduced  among 
the  inhabitants  the  language  and  civilization 
of  Rome.  He  was  recalled  in  85  through  the 
jealousy  of  Domitian,  and  on  his  return  lived 
in  retirement  till  his  death  in  t>8,  which  ac- 
cording to  some  was  occasioned  by  poison 
administered  by  order  of  Domitian.  His  char- 
acter is  drawn  in  the  brightest  colors  by  his 
son-in-law  Tacitus, whoseLife  of  Agricola  has 
come  down  to  us, 

AGItfGBNTUM  (-i),  called  ACRXGAS  (-an- 
tis)  by  the  Greeks  (Girgentf),  a  city  on  the  S. 
coast,  of  Sicily,  about  2£  miles  from  the  sea- 
It  was  celebrated  for  its  wealth  and  popu- 
lonsness,  and  was  one  of  the  most  splendid 
cities  of  the  ancient  world.  It  was  founded 
by  a  Doric  colony  from  Gela,  about  u.o.  579, 
was  under  the  government  of  the  cruel  tyrant 
Pbalaris  (about  560),  and  subsequently  under 
that  of  Theron  (488-472).  It  was  destroyed 
by  the  Carthaginians  (405),  and,  though  re- 
built by  Timoleon,  it  never  regained  its  for- 
mer greatness.  It  came  into  the  power  of  the 
Romans  in  210.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Era- 
pedocles.  There  are  still  gigantic  remains 
of  the  ancient  city. 


He  was  educated  at  Rom£  and  iiveTon  inti- 
mate terms  with  the  future  emperors  Calig- 


AGRI1TA, 


AHENOBARBUS. 


ula  and  Claudius.  Caligula  gave  him  the  te- 
trarchies  of  Abilene,  Butanaea,  Trachonitis, 
and  Auranitis ;  and  Claudius  annexed  Judaea 


Coin  of  Herod  Apripppa  I. 

and  Samaria  to  his  dominion*,.  His  govern- 
ment was  exceedingly  popular  among  the 
Jews.  It  was  probably  to  increase  his  popu- 
larity with  the  Jews  that  he  caused  the  apos- 
tle James  to  be  beheaded,  and  Peter  to  be  cast 
into  prison  (A.D.  44).  The  manner  of  his 
death,  which  took  place  at  Caesarea  in  the 
same  year,  is  related  in  Acts  xii.— (2)  Son  of 
the  preceding,  king  of  Chalcis.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  Jewish  war  he  sided  with  the 
Romans,  and  after  the  capture  of  Jerusalem 
he  went  with  his  sister  Berenice  to  Rome, 
and  died  in  the  70th  year  oi  hia  age,  A.D.  100. 
It  was  before  this  Agrippa  that  the  apostle 
Paul  made  his  defense,  A.D.  60  (Acts  xxv. 

^AGOaiPPA  (-ae),  M.  VIPSANIUS  (-i),  born 
in  B.O.  63,  of  an  obscure  family,  studied  with 
young  Octavius  (afterwards  the  emperor  Au- 
gustus) at  Apollonia  in  IJiyna,  and  upon  the 
murder  of  Caesar  in  44  was  one  oi:  the  friends 
of  Octavius  who  advised  him  to  proceed  im- 


M.  Vipsanius  Agripp" 

mediately  to  Home.  In  the  civil  wars  which 
followed,  and  which  terminated  in  giving  An 
gustus  the  sovereignty  of  the  Roman  world 
Agrippa  took  an  active  part ;  and  his  mill 


ary  abilities  contributed  greatly  to  that  re- 
ult.  He  commanded  the  fleet  of  Augustus 
t  the  battle  of  Actium  in  31.  He  was  thrice 
onsul,  and  in  his  third  consulship,  in  27,  he 
built  the  Pantheon.  In  21  he  married  Julia, 
laughter  of  Augustus.  He  continued  to  be 
rnpioyed  in  various  military  commands  till 
iis  death  in  B.O.  12.  By  his  first  wife  Pom- 
ponia,  Agrippa  had  Vipsania,  married  to  Ti- 
>erius,  the  successor  of  Augustus ;  and  by 
Tulia  he  had  2  daughters,  Julia  and  Agrip- 
3ina,  and  3  sons,  Cains  Caesar,  Lucius  Caesar 
CATLSAR],  and  Agrippa  Postumus:  the  last 
was  banished  by  Augustus  to  the  island  of 
Planasia,  and  was  put  to  death  by  Tiberius 
at  his  accession,  A.D.  14. 

AGRIPPINA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  M. 
Vipsanius  Agrippa  and  of  Julia,  the  daughter 
of  Augustus,  married  Germanicus,  by  whom 
she  had  9  children,  among  whom  were  the 
smperor  Caligula,  and  Agrippina,  the  mother 
>f  Nero.  She  was  distinguished  for  her  vir- 
tues and  heroism,  and  shared  all  the  dangers 
of  her  husband's  campaigns.  On  his  death  in 
A.D.  17  she  returned  to  Italy;  but  the  favor 
with  which  she  was  received  by  the  people 
increased  the  hatred  which  Tiberius  and  his 
mother  Livia  had  long  entertained  towards 
aer.  At  length  in  A.D.  30  Tiberius  banished 
her  to  the  island  of  Pandataria,  where  she 
died  3  years  afterwards,  probably  by  volun- 
tary starvation.— (2)  Daugnter  of  Germanicus 
and  Agrippina  CNo.  1],  and  mother  of  the  em- 
peror Nero,  was  born  at  Oppidum  Ubioram, 
afterwards  called  in  honor  of  her  Colonia 
Agrippina,  now  Cologne.  [COLONIA.]  She  was 
beautiful  and  intelligent,  but  licentious,  cruel, 
and  ambitious.  She  was  first  married  to  Cn. 
Domitius  Aheuobarbus  (A,D.  28),  by  whom 
she  had  a  son,  afterwards  the  emperor  Nero ; 
next  to  Crispus  Passienus ;  and  thirdly  to 
the  emperor  Claudius  (49),  although  she  was 
his  niece.  In  50  she  prevailed  upon  Claudius 
to  adopt  her  son,  to  the  prejudice  of  his  own 
son  Britannicus ;  and  in  order  to  secure  the 
succession  for  her  son  she  poisoned  the  em- 
peror in  54.  The  young  emperor  soon  be- 
came tired  of  the  ascendancy  of  his  mother, 
and,  after  making  several  attempts  to  shake 
off  her  authority,  he  caused  her  to  be  assas- 
sinated in  59. 

AGRJUS  (-i),  son  of  Porthaon  and  Euryte, 
and  father  of  Thersites  and  5  other  sons. 

AGY1EUS  (trisyll.),  a  surname  of  Apollo, 
as  the  protector  of  the  streets  and  public 
places. 

AGYLLA.    [CAERE.] 

AGtRiUM,  a  town  in  Sicily  on  the  Cya- 
mosorus,  N.W.  of  Centuripae  and  N.B.  of 
Enna,  the  birthplace  of  the  historian  Dio- 
dorus. 

IHALA  (-ae),  C.  SERVILlUS  (-i),  magis- 
ter  equitum  in  B.C.  439  to  the  dictator  L.  Cin- 
cinnatus,  when  he  slew  SP.  MAEUTTS  in  the 
forum  because  he  refused  to  appear  before 
the  dictator.  Ahala  was  brought  to  trial,  and 
only  escaped  condemnation  by  a  voluntary 

eXAHARNA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Etruria,  N.E.  of 
Voleinii. 

AHENOBARBUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  dis- 
tinguished family  of  the  Domitia  gens.  They 


AIDES. 


ALANI. 


are  said  to  have  obtained  the  surname  of 
Ahenobarbus,  i.  e.  "Brazen -Beard"  or 
"Red-Beard,"  because  the  Dioscuri  (Cas- 
tor and  Pollux)  announced  to  one  of 
their  ancestors  the  victory  of  the  Ro- 
mans over  the  Latins  at  lake  Regillus 
(B.O.  496),  and,  to  confirm  the  truth  of 
what  they  said,  stroked  his  black  hair 
and  beard,  which  immediately  became 
red. —  (1)  ON.  DOMITIUS  AHKNOBABBUS, 
consul  B.O.  122,  conquered  the  Allobro- 
ges  in  Gaul,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Sul- 
ga  and  Rhodanus.—  (2)  CN.  DOMITIUS 
AHENOBARBUS,  tribune  of  the  plebs,  104, 
brought  forward  the  law  (Lex  Domitia) 
by  which  the  election  of  the  priests  was 
transferred  from  the  collegia  to  the  peo- 
ple. The  people  afterwards  elected  him 
Pontifex  Maximus  out  of  gratitude.  He 
was  consul  in  96,  and  censor  in  92,  with 
Licinius  Crassus,  the  orator. — (3)  L.  DO- 
MITIUS AHENOBABBUS,  married  Porcia, 
the  sister  of  M.  Cato,  and  was  a  staunch 
and  courageous  supporter  of  the  aristo- 
cratical  party.  He  was  aedile  in  01, 
praetor  in  58,  and  consul  in  54.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  in  49  h« 
threw  himself  into  Corfinium,  but  was 
compelled  by  his  own  troops  to  sur- 
render to  Caesar.  He  next  went  to  Mas- 
silia,  and  after  the  surrender  of  that  town 
repaired  to  Pompey  in  Greece?  he  fell  in 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia  (48),  where  he  com- 
manded the  left  wing,  and,  according  to  Cic- 
ero's assertion  in  the  second  Philippic,  by  the 
hand  of  Antony.  —  (4)  CN.  Dowmus  AUBNO- 
BABBUS,  son  of  No.  E,  was  taken  with  his  fa- 
ther at  Corfinium  (49),  was  present  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Pharsalia  (48),  and  returned  to  Italy  in 
46,  when  he  was  pardoned  by  Caesar.  He  ac- 
companied Antony  in  his  campaign  against 
the  Parthians  in  36.  He  was  consul  in  32, 
and  deserted  to  Augustus  shortly  before  the 
battle  of  Actium. — (5)  CN.  BOMITIUS  AHENO- 
BARBUS, consul  A.I>.  32,  married  Agrippina, 
daughter  of  Germanicus,  and  was  father  of 
the  emperor  Nero.  [AGKIPPINA.] 
AIDES  or  AID(5NEUS.  [HADES], 
AITJS  (-i)  LOCtMUS  (-i)  or  LOQTJENS 
(-entis),  a  Roman  divinity.  A  short  time  be- 
fore the  Gauls  took  Rome  (B.O.  390)  a  voice 
was  heard  at  Rome  during  the  silence  of 
night  announcing:  that  the  Gauls  were  ap- 
proaching. The  Romans  afterwards  erected 
on  the  spot  where  the  voice  had  been  heard 
an  altar,  with  a  sacred  enclosure  around  it,  to 
Aius  Locutius,  or  the  "Announcing  Speaker." 
AJAX  (-Jicis),  called  AIAS  by  the  Greeks. 
—(1)  Son  of  Telamon,  king  of  Salarais,  and 
grandson  of  Aeacus.  Homer  calls  him  Ajax 
the  Telamonian,  Ajax  the  Great,  or  simply 
Ajax,  whereas  the  other  Ajax,  son  of  OHeus, 
is  always  distinguished  from  the  former  by 
some  epithet.  He  sailed  against  Troy  in  12 
ships,  and  is  represented  in  the  Iliad  as  sec- 
ond only  to  Achilles  in  bravery.  In  the  con- 
test for  the  armor  of  Achilles  he  was  con- 
quered by  Ulysses,  and  this,  says  Homer,  was 
the  cause  of  his  death.  Later  poets  relate 
that  his  defeat  by  Ulysses  threw  him  into  an 
awful  state  of  madness ;  that  he  rushed  from 
his  tent  and  slaughtered  the  sheep  of  the 


Ajax.    (Aegiim  Marbles.) 

Greek  army,  fancying  they  were  his  enemies; 
and  that  at  length  he  put  an  end  to  his  own 
life.  From  his  blood  there  sprang  up  a  pur- 
ple flower  bearing  the  letters  Ai  (A!)  on  its 
leaves,  which  were  at  once  the  initials  of  his 
name  and  expressive  of  a  sigh.  Homer  does 
not  mention  his  mistress  TKOMESSA.— (2)  Son 
of  Olleus,  king  of  the  Locrians,  also  called  the 
lesser  Ajax,  sailed  against  Troy  in  40  ships. 
He  is  described  as  small  of  stature,  but  skilled 
in  throwing  the  spear,  and,  next  to  Achilles, 
the  most  swift-footed  among  the  Greeks.  On 
his  return  from  Troy  his  vessel  was  wrecked  • 
he  himself  got  safe  upon  a  rock  through  the 
assistance  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) ;  but  as  he 
boasted  that  he  would  escape  in.  defiance  of 
the  immortals,  Poseidon  split  the  rock  with 
his  trident,  and  Ajax  was  swallowed  up  by 
the  sea.  This  is  the  account  of  Homer.  Vir- 
gil tells  us  that  the  anger  of  Athena  (Minerva) 
was  excited  against  him  because  on  the 
night  of  the  capture  of  Troy  he  violated  Cas- 
sandra in  the  temple  of  the  goddess. 

ALABANDA  (-orum),  an  inland  town  of 
Caria,  near  the  Marsyas,  to  the  S.  of  the  Mae- 
ander,  situated  between  two  hills.  It  was  a 
prosperous  place,  but  one  of  the  most  corrupt 
and  luxurious  towns  in  Asia  Minor. 

ALALCOMSNAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town 
of  Boeotia,  E.  of  Coronea,  with  a  temple  of 
Athena  (Minerva),  who  is  said  to  have  been 
born  in  the  town,  and  who  was  hence  called 
Alalcomeneis. 

ALALtA.    CALERIA.] 

ALANI  (-drum),  a  great  Asiatic  people,  in- 
cluded under  the  general  name  of  Scythians. 
They  are  first  found  about  the  E.  part  of  the 
Caucasus,  in  the  country  called  Albania, 
which  appears  to  be  only  another  form  of  the 
same  name.  At  a  later  time  they  pressed 
into  Europe  as  far  as  the  banks  of  the  Lower 
Danube,  where,  towards  the  end  of  the  5th 
century,  they  were  routed  by  the  Huns,  who 


ALAKICUS. 


27 


ALBINOVANUS. 


then  compelled  them  to  become  their  allies. 
In  A.I).  406  some  of  the  Alani  took  part  with 
the  Vandals  in  their  irruption  into  Gaul  and 
Spain,  where  they  gradually  disappear  from 
history. 

XLARXCUS  (-i),  in  German  Al-ric,  i.  e. "All- 
rich,"  king  of  the  Visigoths,  who  took  and 
plundered  Rome,  24th  of  August,  A.D.  410.  He 
died  shortly  afterwards  at  Consentia  in  Brut- 
tium. 

ALBA  (-ae)  SILVftJS  (-i),  one  of  the  myth- 
ical kings  of  Alba,  son  ofLatiuus,  reigned  39 
years. 


the  W.  by  Iberia.  It  was  a  fertile  plain, 
abounding  in  pasture  and  vineyards;  but  the 
inhabitants  were  tierce  and  warlike.  They 
were  a  Scythian  tribe,  identical  with  the 
ALANI.  The  Romans  first  became  acquaint- 
ed with  them  at  the  time  of  the  Mithridatic 
war,  when  they  encountered  Pompey  with  a 
large  army. 

ALBlNUM.    [ALBA,  No.  2.] 

ALBANUS  (-i)  LACUS,  a  small  lake,  about 
5  miles  in  circumference,  W.  of  the  MODS  Al- 
banns,  between  Bovillae  and  Alba  Longa,  is 
the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano,  and  is  many 


Lake  of  Alba. 


ALBA  (-ae).  (1)  FUOKNTIA  or  FCTOKNTIS,  a 
town  of  the  Marsi,  and  subsequently  a  Roman 
colony,  situated  on  a  lofty  rock  near  the  lake 
Fuciuus,  and  used  by  the  Romans  as  a  state 
prison. — (2)  LONGA,  the  most  ancient  town  in 
Latium,  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Asca- 
nins,  and  to  have  founded  Rome.  It  was 
called  Longa  from  its  stretching  in  a  long 
line  down  the  Alban  Mount  towards  the  Af 
ban  Lake.  It  was  destroyed  by  Tullus  Hos- 
tilius,  and  was  never  rebuilt ;  its  inhabitants 
were  removed  to  Rome.  At  a  later  time  the 
surrounding  country  was  studded  with  the 
splendid  viflas  of  the  Roman  aristocracy  and 
emperors  (Pompey's,  Domitian's,  etc.),  each 
of  which  was  called  A  Ibanum. — (3)  POMPBIA,  a 
town  in  Liguria,  colonized  by  Pompeius  Mag- 
nus, the  birthplace  of  the  emperor  Pertin  ax. 

ALBANIA  (-ae:  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Geor- 
gia), a  country  of  Asia  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Caspian,  extending  from  the  rivers  Cyrus  and 
Araxes  on  the  8.  toM.  Ceraunius  (the  E.  part 
of  the  Caucasus)  on  the  N.,  and  bounded  on 


hundred  feet  deep.  The  emissarium  which 
the  Romans  bored  through  the  solid  rock 
during  the  siege  of  Veii,  in  order  to  cany  off 
the  superfluous  water  of  the  lake,  is  extant 
at  the  present  day. 

ALBANUS  MONS  was,  in  its  narrower  sig- 
nification, the  mountain  in  Latium  on  whose 
declivity  the  town  of  Alba  Longa  was  situa- 
ted. It  waa  the  sacred  mountain  of  the  Lat- 
ins, on  which  the  religious  festivals  of  the 
Latin  League  were  celebrated  (Feriae  Lat* 
inae),  and  on  its  highest  summit  was  the  tem- 
ple of  Jupiter  Latiaris,  to  which  the  Roman 
generals  ascended  in  triumph  when  this 
honor  was  denied  them  in  Rome.  The  Mons 
Albanus  in  its  wider  signification  included 
the  Mons  ALGIDUS  and  the  mountains  about 
Tusculum. 

ALBICI  (-drum),  a  warlike  Gallic  people 
inhabiting  the  mountains  north  of  Massilia. 

ALBtNSVANUS  (-i),  C.  PfiDO  (-onis),  a 
friend  of  Ovid,  who  addresses  to  him  one  of 
his  Epistles  from  Pontns. 


ALBINUS. 


28 


ALCIBIADES. 


ALBINUS  or  ALBUS  (-i),  POSTtfMiUS 
(-i),  the  name  of  a  patrician  family  at  Rome, 
many  of  the  members  of  which  held  the  high- 
est offices  of  the  state  from  the  commence- 
ment of  the  republic  to  its  downfall.  The 
founder  of  the  family  was  dictator  B.O.  498, 
when  he  conquered  the  Latins  in  the  great 
battle  near  Lake  Regillus. 

ALBINUS  (-i),  CLODIUS  (-i),  was  governor 
of  Britain  at  the  death  of  Commodus  in  A.I>. 
192.  In  order  to  secure  his  neutrality,  Sep- 
timius  Severus  made  him  Caesar  ;  but,  after 
Severus  had  defeated  his  rivals,  he  turned  his 
arms  against  Albinus.  A  great  'battle  was 
fought  between  them  at  Lngdunum  (Lyons), 
in  Gaul,  197,  in  which  Albinus  was  defeated 
and  killed. 

ALBION  (-onis),  another  name  of  BBITAN- 
»IA,  the  white  land,  from  its  white  cliffs  oppo- 
site the  coast  of  Gaul. 

ALBIS  (-is:  Elbe),  one  of  tho  great  rivers 
in  Germany,  the  most  easterly  which  the  Ro- 
mans became  acquainted  with.  The  Roinaus 
reached  the  Elbe  for  the  first  time  in  it.o.  0, 
under  Drusus.  The  last  Roman  gen«  al  who 
saw  the  Elbe  was  Tiberius,  in  A.D.  5. 

ALBIUM  INGAUNUM  or  ALBINGAU- 
NUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Ingauni  on  the  coast 
of  Liguria,  and  a  municipium. 

ALBITJM  INTEMELIUM  or  ALBINTE- 
MELIUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Intemelii  on  the 
coast  of  Liguria,  and  a  municipium. 

ALBULA  (-ae),  an  ancient  name  of  the  riv- 


. 

ALBtJLAE  AQUAE.    [ALBTJNEA.] 

ALBUNEA  or  ALBtJNA  (-ae),  a  prophetic 
nymph  or  sybil,  to  whom  a  grove  was  conse- 
crated in  the  neighborhood  of  Tibur,  with  a 
fountain  and  a  temple.  This  fountain  was 
the  largest  of  the  Albulae  aquae,  sulphureous 
springs  at  Tibur,  flowinginto  the  Aido.  The 
temple  is  still  extant  at  Tivoli. 

ALBURNTTS  (-i)  MONS,  a  mountain  in  Lu- 
cania  covered  with  wood,  behind  Paestum. 

ALCAEUS  (-i),  of  Mytilene  in  Lesbos,  the 
earliest  of  the  Aeolian  lyric  poets,  began  to 
flourish  about  B.O.  611.  In  the  war  between 
the  Athenians  and  Mytilenaeans  for  the  pos- 
session of  Sigeum  (B.C.  606)  he  incurred  the 
disgrace  of  leaving  his  arms  on  the  field  of 
battle.  Alcaeus  belonged  by  birth  to  the  no- 
bles, and  was  driven  into  exile  with  his  broth- 
er Antimenidas  when  "the  popular  party  got 
the  upper  hand.  He  attempted  by  force  of 
arms  to  regain  his  country;  but  all  his  at- 
tempts were  frustrated  by  PITTACITS,  who  had 
been  chosen  by  the  people  Aesymnetes  or 
dictator  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  him  and 
the  other  exiles.  Alcaeus  and  his  brother 
afterwards  traveled  into  various  countries. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  uncertain.  The  ex- 
tant fragments  of  his  poems,  and  the  excel- 
lent imitations  of  Horace,  enable  us  to  un- 
derstand something  of  their  character.  Those 
which  have  received  the  highest  praise  are 
his  warlike  odes,  in  which  he  tried  to  rouse 
She  spirits  of  the  nobles,  the  Alcaei  minaees 
Ccvmenae  of  Horace.  Alcaeus  is  said  to  have 
invented  the  well-known  Alcaic  metre. 

ALOlTHOUS  (-i),  son  of  Pelops  and  Hip- 
podamia,  obtained  as  his  wife  Evaechme,  the 


daughter  of  Megareus,  by  slaying  the  Cithae» 
roiiiau  lion,  and  succeeded  his  father-in-law 
as  king  of  Megara.  He  restored  the  walls  of 
Megara,  which  is  therefore  sometimes  called 
Alciithoo  by  the  poets.  In  this  work  he  was 
assisted  by  Apollo.  The  stone  upon  which 
the  god  used  to  place  his  lyre  while  he  was 
at  work  was  believed,  even  in  late  times,  to 
give  forth  a  sound,  when  struck,  similar  to 
that  of  a  lyre. 

ALCESTIS  (-is)  or  ALCESTE  (-6s),  wife  of 
Adinetus.    [ADMETUS.] 

ALClBlADES  (-is),  son  of  Cliuias  and  Di 
nornache,  was  born  at  Athens  about  B.O.  450, 
and  on  the  death  of  his  lather,  in  447,  was 
brought  up  by  his  relation  Pericles.  He  pos- 
sessed a  beautiful  person,  transcendent  abil- 
ties,  and  great  wealth.  His  youth  wua  dis- 
graced by  his  amours  and  debaucheries,  and 
Socrates,  who  saw  his 
vast  capabilities,  at- 
tempted to  win  him  to 
the  paths  of  virtue,  but 
in  vain.  Their  intima- 
cy was  strengthened 
by  mutual  services.  At 
the  battle  of  Poudaea 
(432)  his  life  was  saved 
by  Socrates,  and  at 
that  of  Delium  (424)  he 
saved  the  life  of  Socra- 
tes. After  the  death 
of  Cleon  (422)  he  be- 
came one  of  the  lead- 
ing politicians,  and  the 
head  of  the  war  party 
in  opposition  toNicias. 
In  415  he  was  appoint- 
ed, along  with  Nicias 
andLamachus,  as  com- 
mander of  the  expedi- 
tion to  Sicily.  While 
the  preparations  for 
the  expedition  were 
going  on,  there  oc- 
curred the  mysterious 
mutilation  of  the  busts 
of  the  Hermae,  which 


AMIB/ 


Bust  of  Alclbladea. 


the  popular  fears  connected  with  an  attempt 
to  overthrow  the  Athenian  constitution.  A1- 
cibiades  was  charged  with  being  the  ringlead- 
er in  this  attempt.  He  demanded  an  investi- 
gation before  he  set  sail,  but  this  his  enemies 
would  not  grant ;  but  he  had  not  been  long 
in  Sicily  before  he  was  recalled  to  stand  his 
trial.  On  his  return  homeward  he  managed 
to  escape  at  Thurii,  and  thence  proceeded  to 
Sparta,  where  he  acted  as  the  avowed  enemy 
of  his  country.  The  machinations  of  his  ene- 
my, Agis  II.,indnced  him  to  abandon  the  Spare 
tans  and  take  refuge  with  Tissaphernes  (412), 
whose  favor  he  soon  gained.  Through  his 
influence  Tissaphernes  deserted  the  Spartans 
and  professed  his  willingness  to  assist  the 
Athenians,  who  accordingly  recalled  Alcibi- 
ades  from  banishment  in  411.  He  did  not 
immediately  return  to  Athens,  but  remained 
abroad  for  the  next  4  years,  during  which  the 
Athenians  under  his  command  gained  the 
victories  of  Cynossema,  Ahydos,  and  Cyzicus, 
and  got  possession  of  Chalcedou  and  Byzan- 
tium. In  407  he  returned  to  Athene,  where 


ALCIDES. 


29 


ALESIA. 


he  was  received  with  great  enthusiasm,  aud 
was  appoiuced  commander-in-chief  of  all  the 
land  aud,«ea  forces.  Bat  the  defeat  at  Notium, 
occasioned,  during  his  absence  by  the  impru- 
dence of  *?is  lieutenant,  Antiuchus,  furnished 
his  enemies  with  a  handle  against  him,  and 
he  was  Superseded  in  his  command  (40G)  He 
now  went  into  voluntary  exile  to  his  fortified 
domain  at  Bisanthe,  in  the  Thraciau  Cherso- 
nesus.  After  the  fall  of  Athens  (404)  he  took 
refuge  with  Pharnabazus.  He  was  about  to 
proceed  to  the  court  of  Artaxerxes,  when  one 
uight  his  house  was  surrounded  by  a  band  of 
armed  men,  and  set  on  fire.  He  rushed  out, 
sword  in  hand,  but  fell,  pierced  with  arrows 
(404).  The  assassins  were  probably  either  em- 
ployed by  the  Spartans  or  by  the  brothers  of 
a  lady  whom  Alcibiades  had  seduced.  He  left 
a  son  by  his  wife  Hipparete  named  Alcibiades, 
who  never  distinguished  himself. 

ALCIDES  (-ae),  a  name  of  Hercules,  as  the 
grandson  of  Alceus  or  Alcaeus. 

ALCIMEDE  (-es),  daughter  of  Phylacus  and 
ClymenG,  wife  of  Aeson,  and  mother  of  Jason. 
ALCINOUS  (-i),  son  of  Nausithous,  and 
grandson  of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  is  celebrated 
in  the  Odyssey  as  the  happy  ruler  of  the  Phae- 
acians  in  the  island  of  Scheria. 

ALCIPHRQN  (-onis),  the  most  distin- 
guished of  the  Greek  epistolary  writers,  was, 
perhaps,  a  con  temporary  of  Lucian,  about  A.  t>. 
180.  The  letters  (113  in  number)  are  written 
by  fictitious  personages,  and  the  language  is 
distinguished  by  its  purity  and  elegance. 

ALCITH5E  (cs)  or  ALCiTEOE  (-es), 
daughter  of  Minyas,  changed,  together  with 
her  sisters,  into  bats,  for  refusing  to  join  the 
other  women  of  Boeotia  in  the  worship  of 
Dionysus  (Bacchus). 

ALCMAEON  (-onis), sou  of  Atnphiaraus  and 
Eriphyle,  and  brother  of  Amphilochus.  Alc- 
maeon  took  part  in  the  expedition  of  the  Bpi- 
goni  against  Thebes,  and  on  his  return  home 
he  slew  his  mother,  according  to  the  injunc- 
tion of  his  father.  [AMPHIARAUS.]  For  this 
deed  he  became  mad,  and  was  haunted  by  the 
Erinnyes.  He  went  to  Phegeus,  in  Psophis, 
and,  being  purified  by  the  latter,  he  married 
his  daughter  Arsi no  or  Alphesiboea,  to  whor 
he  gave  the  necklace  and  peplus  of  Harn* 
nia.  But  as  the  land  of  this  country  ceased 
to  bear,  on  account  of  its  harboring  a  matri- 
cide, he  left  Psophis  and  repaired  to  the  coun- 
try at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Achelous.  The 
god  Achelous  gave  him  his  daughter  Callir- 
rhoo  in  marriage.  Callirrhoe,  wishing  to  pos- 
sess the  necklace  and  peplus  of  Harmonia, 
Alcmaeon  went  to  Psophis  and  obtained  them 
from  Phegeus,  under  the  pretext  of  dedica- 
ting them  at  Delphi ;  but  when  Phegeus  heard 
that  the  treasures  were  fetched  for  Caliirrhoe, 
he  caused  his  sons  to  murder  Alcmaeon. 

ALCMAE<3NIDAE  (-arum),  a  noble  family 
at  Athens,  were  a  branch  of  the  family  of  the 
Nelfdae,who  were  driven  out  of  Pylus,  in  Mes- 
senia,  by  the  Dorians,  and  settled  at  Athens. 
In  consequence  of  the  way  in  which  Mega- 
cles,  one  of  the  fumily,  treated  the  insurgents 
under  CYT^ON  (u.o  612),  they  brought  upon 
themselves  the  guilt  of  sacrilege,  and  were  in 
consequence  banished  from  Athens  about  595. 


About  560  they  returned  from  exile,  but  were 
again  expelled  by  Pisistratus.  In  54S  they  con- 
tacted with  the  Amphictyonic  council  to  re- 
build the  temple  of  Delphi,  and  obtained  great 
popularity  throughout  Greece  by  executing 
the  work  in  a  style  ot  magnificence  which 
much  exceeded  their  engageraen  t.  On  the  ex- 
pulsion of  Hippias,  in  510,  they  were  again  re- 
stored to  Athens.  They  now  joined  the  pop- 
ular party,  and  Clisthenes,  who  was  at  that 
time  the  head  of  the  family,  gave  a  new  con- 
stitution to  Athens.  [CLIBTHENKS.] 

ALCMAN  (-aiiis),  the  chief  lyric  poet  of 
Sparta,  by  birth  a  Lydian  of  Sarcfis,  was 
brought  to  Laconia  as  a  slave  when  very 
young,  and  was  emancipated  by  his  master, 
who  discovered  his  genius.  He  probably  flour- 
ished about  B.O.  631.  He  is  said  to  have  died, 
like  Sulla,  of  the  morbus  pedicularis.  Alcman 
is  said  by  some  to  have  been  the  inventor  of 
erotic  poetry. 

ALCMENE  (-es)  or  ALCMENA  (-ae),  daugh- 
ter of  Electryon,  king  of  Mycenae,  promised 
to  many  Amphitryon,  provided  he  avenged 
the  death  of  her  brothers,  who  had  been  slain 
by  the  sons  ofPterelaus.  Amphitryon  under- 
took the  task ;  but,  during  his  absence,  Zeus 
(Jupiter),  in  the  disguise  of  Amphitryon,  vis- 
ited Alcmene,  and,  pretending  to  he  her  hus* 
band,  related  in  what  way  he  had  avenged 
the  death  of  her  brothers.  Amphitryon  him- 
self returned  the  next  day:  Alcraene  became 
the  mother  of  Hercules  by  Zeus,  and  of  Iphi- 
cles  by  Amphitryon.  [HEEOULES.] 

ALCYONE  or  HALCtONE  (-os).  (1)  A 
Pleiad,  daughter  of  Atlas  and  Pleione,  and 
beloved  by  Poseidon  (Neptune).— (2)  Daugh- 
ter of  Aeolus  and  Enarete,  and  wife  of  Ceyx. 
Her  husband  having  perished  in  a  shipwreck, 
Alcyone,  for  grief,  threw  herself  into  the  sea; 
but  the  gods,  out  of  compassion,  changed  the 
two  into  birds.  While  the  bird  aleyon  was 
breeding  there  always  prevailed  calms  at  sea. 
ALCtONlUM  MIRE,  the  E.  part  of  the 
Corinthian  gulf. 

ALEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Arcadia,  S.  of  the 

Stymphalean  lake.    Athena  (Minerva)  was 

worshiped  under  the  name  of  Alea  in  this  place 

and  in  Tegea. 

5.LECTO  (-us;  occ.-6),  on<J  of  the  Furies. 

[EOMENIDES.] 

XLEMANNI  or  XLIM  ANNI  or  ILIM&NI 

(-orum)  (from  the  German  alle  Marnier,  all 
men),  a  confederacy  of  German  tribes  be- 
tween the  Danube,  the  Rhine,  and  the  Main. 
They  first  came  into  contact  with  the  Romans 
in  the  reign  of  Caracalla,  who  assumed  the 
surname  of  M'-,maniiicus  on  account  of  a  pre- 
tended victory  over  them  (A.D.  214).  After 
this  time  they  continually  invaded  the  Roman 
dominions,  and  in  the  5th  century  were  in 
possession  of  Alsace  and  of  German  Switzer- 
land. 

ALERf  A  or  ALX.LI  A  (-ae),  one  of  the  chief 
cities  of  Corsica,  on  the  E.  of  the  island,  found- 
ed by  the  Phocaeans  B.O.  564,  and  mad*  a  Ro- 
man colony  by  Sulla. 

XLISA  (-ae).    [HALESA.] 

ALESlA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  of  the  Man- 
dubii  in  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  and  situated  op 


ALETRIUM. 


30 


ALEXANDER. 


a  high  hill  (now  Avaeoit)t  which  was  washed 
by  the  two  rivers  Lutosa  (Oze)  and  Osera  (Oze- 
rain).  It  was  taken  and  destroyed  by  Caesar, 
in  B.O.  52,  after  a  memorable  siege. 

iLETRlUM  or  iLATRiXIM,  an  ancient 
town  of  the  Hernici,  subsequently  a  municip- 
lum  and  a  Roman  colony,  W.  of  Sora  and  B. 
of  Anagpia. 

iLEUADAE  (-arum).    [ALEUAS.] 

iLEUAS  (-ae),  a  descendant  of  Hercules, 
was  the  ruler  of  Larissa  in  Thessaly,  and  the 
reputed  founder  of  the  celebrated  family  of 
the  Aleuadae.  They  were  divided  into  two 
branches,  the  Aleuadae  and  the  Scopadae,  of 
whom  the  latter  inhabited  Crannon,  while  the 
former  remained  at  Larissa.  In  the  invasion 
of  Greece  by  Xerxes  (B.O.  480),  the  Aleuadae 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Persians,  and  the 
family  continued  to  be  the  predominant  one 
in  Thessaly  for  a  long  time  afterwards. 

ALEXANDER  (-drj),  the  usual  name  of 
PARIS  in  the  Iliad. 

ALEXANDER  SEVSRUS.    [SEVEBUS.] 

ALEXANDER,   i.  zings  of  jsptrus.  —  (i) 

Son  of  Neoptolemus  and  brother  of  Olympias, 
the  mother  of  Alexander  the  Great,  was  made 
king  of  JJpirus  by  Philip,  B.O.  336.  In  332 
Alexander  crossed  over  into  Italy  to  aid  the 
Tareutines  against  the  Lncanians  and  Brut- 
tii.  He  was  defeated  and  slain  in  battle  in 
326,  near  Pandosia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Ache- 
ron.in  Southern  Italy.— (2)  Son  of  Pyrrhus  and 
Lanassa,  succeeded  his  father  in  272. 

II.  Kings  of  Macedonia. — (1)  Son  of  Amyn- 
tas  I.,  succeeded  his  father  about  B.O.  505,  was 
obliged  to  submit  to  the  Persians,  and  accom- 
panied Xerxes  in  his  invasion  of  Greece  (B.O. 
480).  He  was  secretly  inclined  to  the  cause 
of  the  Greeks.  He  died  about  455,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Perdiccas  II.  — -(2)  Son  of  Amyn- 
tas  II.,  whom  he  succeeded,  reigned  369-36T. 
He  was  murdered  by  Ptolemy  Alorites.— (3) 


Attdent  Statue  of  Alexander  the  Great. 


Surnamed  the  GBEAT,  son  of  Philip  II.  and 
Olympias,  was  born  at  Pella,  B.O.  356.  He 
was  educated  by  Aristotle,  who  acquired  a 
great  influence  over  his  mind  and  character. 
He  first  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Chaeronea  (338),  where  the  victory  was 
mainly  owing  to  his  impetuosity  and  courage. 
On  the  murder  of  Philip  (336),  he  ascended 
the  throne,  at  the  age  of  20,  and  found  him- 
self surrounded  by  enemies  on  every  side. 
He  first  put  down  rebellion  in  his  own  king- 
dom, and  then  rapidly  marched  into  Greece. 
His  unexpected  activity  overawed  all  oppo- 
sition ;  Thebes,  which  had  been  most  active 
against  him,  submitted  when  he  appeared  at 
its  gates ;  and  the  assembled  Greeks  at  the 
Isthmus  of  Corinth  elected  him  to  the  com- 
mand against  Persia.  He  now  directed  his 
arms  against  the  barbarians  of  the  north,  and 
crossea  the  Danube  (335).  A  report  of  his 
death  having  reached  Greece,  the  Thebans 
once  more  took  up  arms.  But  a  terrible  pun- 
ishment awaited  them.  He  took  Thebes  by 
assault,  destroyed  all  the  buildings,  with  the 
exception  of  the  house  of  Pindar,  killed  most 
of  the  inhabitants,  and  sold  the  rest  as  slaves. 
Alexander  now  prepared  for  his  great  expe- 
dition against  Persia.  In  the  spring  of  334 
he  crossed  the  Hellespont,  with  about  35,000 
men.  Of  these  30,000  were  foot  and  5000  horse, 
and  of  the  former  only  12,000  were  Macedo- 
nians. Alexander's  first  engagement  with 
the  Persians  was  on  the  river  Gramcus  in 
Mysia  (May,  334),  where  they  were  entirely 
defeated  by  him.  In  the  following  year  (333) 
he  collected  his  army  at  Gordium  in  Phrygia, 
where  he  cut  or  untied  the  celebrated  Gor- 
dian  knot,  which,  it  was  said,  was  to  be  loos- 
ened only  by  the  conqueror  of  Asia.  From 
thence  he  marched  to  Issus,  on  the  confines 
of  Syria,  where  he  gained  a  great  victory  over 
Darius,  the  Persian  king.  Darius  himself  es- 
caped, but  his  mother,  wife,  and  chil- 
dren fell  into  the  hands  of  Alexander, 
who  treated  them  with  the  utmost  deli- 
cacy and  respect.  Alexander  now  di- 
rected his  arms  against  the  cities  of 
Phoenicia,  most  of  which  submitted ; 
but  Tyre  was  not  taken  till  the  middle 
of  332,  after  an  obstinate  defense  of  7 
months.  He  next  marched  into  Egypt, 
which  willingly  submitted  to  him.  At 
the  beginning  of  331  he  founded  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Nile  the  city  of  ALEXAN- 
DRIA, and  about  the  same  time  visited 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  in  the 
desert  of  Libya,  and  was  saluted  by  the 
priests  as  the  son  of  Jupiter  Ammon. 
In  the  spring  of  the  same  year  (331)  he 
set  out  against  Darius,  who  had  collect- 
ed another  army.  He  crossed  the  Eu- 
phrates and  the  Tigris,  and  at  length 
met  with  the  immense  hosts  of  Darius, 
said  to  have  amounted  to  more  than  a 
million  of  men,  in  the  plains  of  Gauga- 
mela.  The  battle  was  fought  in  the 
month  of  October,  331,  and  ended  in  the 
complete  defeat  of  the  Persians.  Alex- 
ander was  now  the  conqueror  of  Asia, 
and  began  to  adopt  Persian  habits  and 
customs,  by  which  he  conciliated  the  af* 
fections  of  his  new  subjects.  From  Ar» 


ALEXANDER. 


31 


ALEXANDER. 


Coin  representing  Alexander  the  Great  as  Jupiter  Amm< 

bela  he  marched  to  Babylon,  Susa,  audPersep- 
olis,  all  of  which  surrendered  to  him.  He  is 
said  to  have  set  fire  to  the  palace  of  Persepolis, 
and,  according  to  some  accounts,  in  the  rev- 
elry of  a  banquet,  at  the  instigation  of  Thais, 
an  Athenian  courtesan.  At  the  beginning  of 
330  Alexander  marched  from  Persepolis  into 
Media,  in  pursuit  of  Darius,  whom  he  follow- 
ed into  Parthia,  where  the  unfortunate  king 
was  murdered  by  Bessus,  satrap  of  Bactria. 
In  329  Alexander  crossed  the  mountains  of 
the  Paropamisus  (the  Hindoo  Koosh),  and 
marched  into  Bactria  against  Bessus,  who 
was  betrayed  to  him,  and  was  put  to  death. 
During  the  next  2  years  he  was  chiefly  en- 
gaged in  the  conquest  of  Sogdiana.  He  also 
crossed  the  Jaxartes  (the  Sir),  and  defeated 
several  Scythian  tribes  N.  of  that  river.  On 
the  conquest  of  a  mountain  fortress  he  ob- 
tained possession  of  Roxana,  the  daughter  of 
the  Bactrian  chief  Oxyartes,  whom  he  made 
his  wife.  It  was  about  this  time  that  he  kill- 
ed his  friend  CLITUS  in  a  drunken  brawl.  He 
had  previously  put  to  death  his  faithful  serv- 
ant PARMENION,  on  the  charge  of  treason.  In 
327  he  invaded  India,  and  crossed  the  Indus, 
probably  near  the  modern  Attock.  He  met 
with  no  resistance  till  he  reached  the  Hydas- 
pes, where  he  was  opposed  by  Porus,  an  In- 
dian king,  whom  he  defeated  after  a  gallant 
resistance,  and  took  prisoner.  Alexander  re- 
stored to  him  his  kingdom,  and  treated  him 
with  distinguished  honor.  He  founded  a 
town  'on  the  Hydaspes,  called  Bucephala,  in 
honor  of  his  horse  Bucephalus,  who  died  here, 
after  carrying  him  through  so  many  victories. 
From  thence  he  penetrated  as  far  as  the  Hy- 
phasis  (Garra).  This  was  the  farthest  point 
which  he  reached,  for  the  Macedonians,  worn 
out  by  long  service,  and  tired  of  the  war,  re- 
fused to  advance  farther;  and  Alexander, 
notwithstanding  his  entreaties  and  prayers, 
was  obliged  to  lead  them  back.  He  returned 
to  the  Hydaspes,  and  then  sailed  down  the 
river  with  a  portion  of  his  troops,  while  the 
remainder  marched  along  the  banks  in  two 
divisions.  He  finally  reached  the  Indian 
ocean  about  the  middle  of  326.  Nearchus 
was  sent  with  the  fleet  to  sail  along  the  coast 
to  the  Persian  gulf  [NEABOHUS]  ;  and  Alex- 
ander marched  with  the  rest  of  his  forces 
through  Gedrosia,  in  which  country  his  army 
suffered  greatly  from  want  of  water  and  pro- 
visions, lie  reached  Susa  at  the  beginning  of 
325.  Here  he  allowed  himself  and  his  troops 
some  rest  from  their  labors ;  and  anxious  to 
form  his  European  and  Asiatic  subjects  into 
one  people,  he  assigned  Asiatic  wives  to 


about  80  of  his  generals.  He  himself 
took  a  second  wife,  Barsine,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Darius.  Towards  the  close 
of  the  year  325  he  went  to  Ecbatana, 
where  he  lost  his  great  favorite,  HE- 
PUAESTION.  From  Ecbatana  he  marched 
to  Babylon,  which  he  intended  to  make 
the  capital  of  his  empire,  as  the  best 
point  of  communication  between  his 
eastern  and  western  dominions.  His 
schemes  were  numerous  and  gigantic ; 
but  he  was  cut  off  in  the  midst  of  them,. 
He  was  attacked  by  a  fever,  which  was 
n*  probably  aggravated  by  the  quantity  of 
wine  he  had  drunk  at  a  banquet  given  to  his 
principal  officers,  and  he  died  after  an  illness 
of  11  days,  in  the  month  of  May  or  June,  B.O. 
323.  at  the  age  of  32,  after  a  reign  of  12  years 
and  S  mouths.  He  appointed  no  one  as  his 


Coiu  of  Alexander  the  Great. 


successor,  but  just  before  his  death  he  gave 
his  ring  to  Perdiccas.  Roxan  a  was  with  child 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  afterwards  bore 
a  son  who  is  known  by  the  name  of  Alexan- 
der Aegus — (4)  AEGTJS,  son  of  Alexander  the 
Great  and  Roxana,  was  born  shortly  after  the 
death  of  his  father,  in  B.O.  323,  and  was  ac- 
knowledged as  the  partner  of  Philip  Arrhi- 
daeus  in  the  empire,  under  the  guardianship 
of  Perdiccas,  Antipater,  and  Polysperchon,  in 
succession.  Alexander  and  his  mother  Rox- 
ana were  imprisoned  by  Cassander  when  he 
obtained  possession  of  Macedonia  in  316,  and 
remained  in  prison  till  311,  when  they  were 
put  to  death  by  Cassauder. 

III.  Kings  of  Syria.— (I)  Surnamed  BALAS, 
a  person  of  low  origin,  pretended  to  be  the 
son  of  Antiochus  IV.  Epiphanes,  and  reigned 
in  Syria  «.o.  150-146.    He  was  defeated  and 
dethroned  by  Demetrius  ILNicator. — (2)  Sur- 
namedZBBCNA  orZABtNAs,  son  of  a  merchant, 
was  set  up  by  Ptolemy  Physcon  as  a  pretend- 
er to  the  throne  of  Syria,  B.O.  128.    He  was 
defeated  by  Antiochus  Grypus,  by  whom  he 
was  put  to  death,  122. 

IV.  Literary.  —  (1)  Of  AEGAE,  a  peripatetic 
philosopher  at  Rome  in  the  first  century  after 
Christ,  was  tutor  to  the  emperor  Nero. — (2) 
The  AETOMAN,  of  Pleuron  in  Aetolia,  a  Greek 
poet,  lived  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemaeus  PMla- 
delphus  (B.O.  285-247),  at  Alexandria,  where 
he  was  reckoned  one  of  the  7  tragic  poets  who 
constituted  the  tragic  pleiad.— (3)  Of  APHBO- 
DISIAS,  in  Oaria,  the  most  celebrated  of  the 
commentators  on  Aristotle,  lived  about  A.I>. 
200.    Some  of  his  works  were  edited  and 

,  translated  into  Latin  at  the  revival  of  liter* 
ature. 


ALEXANDRIA. 


32  ALEXANDRIA. 


ALEXANDRIA,  oftener  -XA,  rarely  -lA 
(-ae),  the  name  of  several  cities  founded  by,  or 
in  memory  of,  Alexander  the  Great  Of  tnese 
the  most  important  are:— (1)  The  capital  of 
Egypt  under  the  Ptolemies,  ordered  by  Alex- 
ander to  be  founded  in  B.O.  332.  It  was  built 
on  the  narrow  neck  of  land  between  the  Lake 
Mareotis  and  the  Mediterranean,  opposite  to 
the  I.  of  Pharos,  which  was  joined  to  the  city 
by  an  artificial  dike.  On  this  island  a  great 
lighthouse  was  built  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy 
Philadelphia  (288).  Under  the  care  of  the 
Ptolemies,  as  the  capital  of  a  great  kingdom, 
and  commanding  by  its  position  all  the  com- 
merce of  Europe  with  the  Bast,  Alexandria 
soon  became  the  most  wealthy  and  splendid 
city  of  the  known  world.  It  was  celebrated 
for  its  magnificent  library,  founded  by  the 
first  two  Ptolemies.  The  library  suffered  se- 
•w-Ai-ftly  by  fire  when  Julius  Caesar  was  besieged 


in  Alexandria,  and  was  finally  destroyed  by 
Amrou,  the  lieutenant  of  the  Caliph  Omar,  in 
A.D.  651.  Tinder  the  Romans  Alexandria  re- 
tained its  commercial  and  literary  importance, 
and  became  also  a  chief  seat  of  Christianity 
and  theological  learning.  Its  site  is  now  cov- 
ered by  a  mass  of  ruins,  among  which  are  the 
two  obelisks  (vulg.  Cleopatra's  Needles)  which 
adorned  the  gateway  of  the  royal  palace,  and, 
outside  the  walls,  to  the  S.,  the  column  of  Dio- 
cletian (vulg.  PompetfK  Pillar).  The  modern 
city  stands  on  the  dike  uniting  the  island  of 
Pharos  to  the  main  land.— (2)  A.  TBOAS,  also 
TEOAS  simply,  on  the  sea-coast  S.W.  of  Troy, 
was  enlarged  by  Antigonus,  hence  called  An- 
tigonla,  but  afterwards  it  resumed  its  first 
name.  It  flourished  greatly,  both  under  the 
Greeks  and  the  Romans ;  and  both  Julius  Cae- 
sar and  Constantine  thought  of  establishing 
the  seat  of  empire  in  it.— (3)  A.  AD  Issmc,  a 


ALFENUS  VARUS. 


ALPES. 


saa-port  at  the  entrance  of  Syria,  a  little  S. 
"£  Issus. — (4)  In  Susiana,  aft.  ANTIOOHIA,  aft. 
tfaABAX  SPASIWI,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tigris, 
ouilt  by  Alexander ;  destroyed  by  a  flood ;  re- 
stored by  AntiochDS  Epiphanes :  birthplace 
of  Diouysius  Periegetes  and  Isidorus  Chara- 
eenus. 

ALFENUS  VARUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man  jurist,  who  was  originally  a  shoemaker 
or  a  barber.  He  Is  mentioned  by  Horace. 

ALGlDUS  MONS,  a  range  of  mountains  in 
Latium,  extending  S.  from  Praeueste  to  M. 
Albanus,  cold,  but  covered  with  wood,  and 
containing  good  pasturage.  On  it  was  situ- 
ated the  town  of  Algidnm.  It  was  an  an- 
cient seat  of  the  worship  of  Diana.  From  it 
ihe  Aequi  usually  made  their  incursions  into 
the  Roman  territory. 
ALIENUS  CAECXNA.  [CAEOINA.] 
ALIMSNTTJS,  L.  CINCIUS  (-i),  a  cele- 
bratedRoman  annalist,  antiquary,  and  jurist ; 
was  praetor  in  Sicily,  B.O.  209,  and  wrote  sev- 
eral works,  of  which  the  best  known  was  his 
Annales,  which  contained  an  account  of  the 
second  runic  war. 

ALtPHSRA  (-ae),  a  fortified  town  in  Ar- 
cadia, situated  on  a  mountain  on  the  borders 
of  Elis,  S.  of  the  Alph<3us. 

ALISO  (-onis:  Elseri),  a  strong  fortress 
built  by  Drusus,  B.O.  11,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Luppia  (Lippe)  and  the  Eliso  (Alme). 

ALLIA  (-ae),  or  more  correctly  ALIA,  a 
small  river  flowing  into  the  Tiber  about  6 
miles  from  Rome.  It  is  memorable  by  the 
defeat  of  the  Romans  by  the  Gauls  on  its 
banks,  July  16th,  B.O.  390.  Hence  the  dies  A  l- 
liensis  was  an  unlucky  day  in  the  Roman  cal- 
endar. 

ALLIFAE  or  ALIFAE  (-arum),  a  town  of 
Samnium,  on  the  Vulturnus,  celebrated  for 
the  manufacture  of  its  large  drinking-cups 
(Allifana  pocula). 

ALLOBROGES  (-um),  a  powerful  people  of 
Gaul,  dwelling  between  the  Rhodanus  (Rhone) 
and  the  Isara  (fsere),  as  far  as  the  L.  Leman- 
nus  (Lake  of  Geneva),  consequently  in  the 
modern  Dauphine  and  Savoy.  Their  chief 
town  was  VIENNA  on  the  Rhone.  They  were 
conquered,  in  B.O.  121.  by  Q.  Fabius  Maximus 
Allobrogicus,  and  made  subjects  of  Rome,  but 
they  bore  the  yoke  unwillingly,  and  were  al- 
ways disposed  to  rebellion. 

ALMO  (-onis),  a  small  river,  rising  near  Bo- 
villae,  and  flowing  into  the  Tiber  S.  of  Rome, 
in  whi'11  the  statues  of  Cybelo  were  washed 
annually. 

ALM5PES  (-um),  a  people  in  Macedonia, 
inhabiting  the  district  Almopia  between  Eor- 
daea  and  Pelagonia. 

ILOEUS  (-66s,  el,  or  el ;  dat.  -So  or  eu ;  ace. 
-&i),  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  Canace, 
married  Iphimedla,  the  daughter  of  Triops. 
His  wife  was  beloved  by  Poseidon,  by  whom 
she  had  two  sons,  Otus  and  Ephialtes,  who 
are  usually  called  the  AWldae,  from  their  re- 
puted father  Aloeus.  They  were  renowned 
for  their  extraordinary  strength  and  daring 
spirit.  When  they  were  9  years  old,  each  of 
their  bodies  measured  9  cubits  in  breadth, 
and  2T  iu  height.  At  this  early  age,  they 


threatened  the  Olympian  gods  witn  war,  and 
ittempted  to  pile  Ossa  upon  Olympus,  and 
Pelion  upon  Ossa.  They  would  have  aeconi- 
)lished  their  object,  says  Homer,  had  they 
)een  allowed  to  grow  up  to  the  age  of  mau- 
lood ;  but  Apollo  destroyed  them  before  their 
beards  began  to  appear.  They  also  put  the 
^od  Ares  in  chains,  and  kept  him  imprisoned 
tor  13  months. 

ILCJIDAE  (-arum).    [ALOEUS.] 

ALOPE  (-Gs),  a  town  in  the  Opuntian  Lo, 
cris,  opposite  Euboea. 

ILOPECONNESUS  (-i),  a  town  in  theThra- 
cian  Chersonesus,  founded  by  the  Aeolians. 

ALPENUS  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Epicnemidii 
Locri  at  the  entrance  of  the  pass  of  Ther- 
mopylae. 

ALPES  (-mm:  probably  from  the  Celtic 
Alb  or  Alp,  "  a  height"),  the  mountains  form- 
ing the  boundary  of  northern  Italy,  which 
were  distinguished  by  the  following  names. 
We  enumerate  them  in  order  from  W.  to  E. 
1.  ALPKS  MAUITIMAE,  the  Maritime  or  Ligu- 
rian  Alps,  from  Genua  (Genoa),  where  the 
Apennines  begin,  run  W.  as  far  as  the  river 
Varus  (Far),  and  then  N.  to  M.  Vesulus 
(Monte  Viso),  one  of  the  highest  points  of  the 
Alps.— 2.  ALPES  COTTIAB  or  COTTIANAE,  the 
Cottian  Alps  (so  called  from  a  king  Cottius 
in  the  time  of  Augustus),  from  Monte  Viso  to 
Mont  Cenis,  contained  M.  Matrona,  after- 
wards called  M.  Janus  or  Janua  (Mont  Gene- 
we},  across  which  Cottius  constructed  a  road, 
which  became  the  chief  means  of  communi- 
cation between  Italy  and  Gaul.— 3.  ALPES 
GRAIAE,  also  SALT  us  GBAIUS  (the  name  is 
probably  Celtic,  and  has  nothing  to  do  with 
Greece),  the  Graian  Alps,  from  Mont  Cenis 
to  the  Little  St.  Bernard  inclusive,  contained 
the  Jugura  Cremonis  (le  Orcvmont)  and  the 
Centronicae  Alpes,  apparently  the  Little  St. 
Bernard  and  the  surrounding  mountains. 
The  Little  St.  Bernard,  which  is  sometimes 
called  Alpis  Graia,  is  probably  the  pass  by 
which  Hannibal  crossed  the  Alps ;  the  road 
over  it,  which  was  improved  by  Augustus, 
led  to  Augusta  (Aosta)  in  the  territory  of  the 
Salassi.  —  4.  ALPES  PENNINAE,  the  Pennine 
Alps,  from  the  Great  St. Bernard  to  the  Sim- 
plon  inclusive,  the  highest  portion  of  the 
chain,  including  Mont  Blanc,  Monte  Rosa, 
and  Mont  Cervin.  The  Great  StBernard  was 
called  M.  PennTnus,  and  on  its  summit  the 
inhabitants  worshiped  a  deity  whom  the  Ro- 
mans called  Jupiter  Penninus.  The  name 
is  probably  derived  from  the  Celtic  pen,  "  a 
height." — 5.  ALPES  LEPONTIORUM  or  LEPON- 
TIAE,  the  Lepontian  or  Helvetian  Alps,  from 
the  Simplon  to  the  StGothard.— 6.  ALPEB 
RHAETIOAE,  the  Rlwetfan  Alps,  from  the  St. 
Gothard  to  the  Orteler  by  the  pass  of  the 
Stelvio.  M.  Adula  is  usually  supposed  to  be 
the  St.  Gothard.— 7.  ALPES  TBiDENTrNAE,  the 
mountains  of  southern  Tyrol,  in  which  the 
Athesis  (Adige)  rises,  with  the  pass  of  the 
Brenner.-— 8.  ALPES  NOEIOAE,  the  Noric  Alps, 
N.E.  of  the  Tridentine  Alps,  comprising  the 
mountains  in  the  neighborhood  of  Salzburg. 
—9.  ALPES  CAUNIOAE,  the  Carnio  Alps,  E.  of 
the  Tridentine,  and  S.  of  the  Noric,  to  Mount 
Terglu.— 10.  ALPES  JULIAE,  the  Juli 


ALPHESIBOEA. 


AMAZONES. 


from  Mount  Terglu  to  the  commencement  of 
the  Illyrian  or  Dalmatian  mountains,which 
are  known  by  the  name  of  the  Alpes  Dalrna- 
ticae,  farther  north  by  the  name  of  the  Alpes 
Pannonicae.  The  Alpes  Juliae  were  so  called 
because  Julius  Caesar  or  Augustus  construct- 
ed roads  across  them ;  they  are  also  called 
Alpes  Venetae. 

ALPHESIBOEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Phegens 
and  wife  of  Alcmaeon.  [ALCMAKON.] 

ALPHEUS  (-i),the  chief  river  of  Pelopon- 
nesus, rising  in  the  S.E.  of  Arcadia,  flowing 
through  Arcadia  and  Elis,  not  far  from  Olym- 
pia,  and  falling  into  the  Ionian  sea.  In  some 
parts  of  its  course  the  river  flows  under 
ground ;  and  this  subterranean  descent  gave 
rise  to  the  story  about  the  river-god  Alphous 
and  the  nymph  Arethusa.  The  latter,  pur- 
sued by  Alpheus,  was  changed  by  Artemis 
into  the  fountain  of  Arethusa  in  the  island  of 
Ortygia  at  Syracuse,  hut  the  god  continued  to 
pursue  her  under  the  sea,  and  attempted  to 
mingle  his  stream  with  the  fountain  in  Or- 
tygia. 

ALPINUS  (-i),  a  name  which  Horace  gives 
in  ridicule  to  a  bombastic  poet.  He  probably 
means  BIJBAOULTTS. 

ALSltTM  (-i).  one  of  the  most  ancient  Etrus- 
can towns  on  the  coast  near  Caere,  and  a  Ro- 
man colony  after  the  first  Punic  war. 

ALTHAEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Thestins,  wife 
of  Oeneus,  and  mother  of  MELTS  AGES,  upon 
whose  death  she  killed  herself. 

ALTTNtTM  (-i),  a  wealthy  town  of  the  Ve- 
neti  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Silis,  and  the  chief  emporium  for  all  the  goods 
which  were  sent  from  southern  Italy  to  the 
countries  of  the  north. 

ALTIS.    [OLYMPIA.] 

ALUNTIUM  or  HlLUNTlUM  (-i),  a  town 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  on  a  steep  hill,  cele- 
brated for  its  wine. 

ALTJS  or  HALTJS,  a  town  in  Phthiotis  in 
Thessaly,  at  the  extremity  of  M.  Othrys. 

&LYATT1S  (-is),  king  of  Lydia,  B.O.  617- 
560,  succeeded  his  father  Sadyattes,  and  was 
himself  succeeded  by  his  son  Croesus.  The 
tomb  of  Alyattes,  N.  of  Sardis,  near  the  lake 
Gygaea,  which  consisted  of  a  large  mound 
of  earth  raised  upon  a  foundation  of  great 
stones,  still  exists.  It  is  nearly  a  mile  in  cir- 
cumference. 

ALYZlA  or  ALYZSA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Acar- 
nania  near  the  sea  opposite  Leucas,  with  a 
harbor  and  a  temple  both  sacred  to  Her- 
cules. 

XMALTHEA  (-ae),  the  nurse  of  the  infant 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  in  Crete,  was,  according  to  some 
traditions,  the  goat  which  suckled  Zeus,  and 
MVB.&  rewarded  by  being  placed  among  the 
stars.  According  to  others,  Amalthea  was  a 
nymph  who  fed  Zeus  with  the  milk  of  a  goat. 
When  this  goat  broke  off  one  of  her  horns, 
Amalthea  filled  it  with  fresh  herbs  and  gave 
it  to  Zeus,  who  placed  it  among  the  stars. 
According  to  other  accounts,  Zeus  himself 
broke  off  one  of  the  horns  of  the  goat,  and  en- 
dowed it  with  the  wonderful  power  of  be- 
coming filled  with  whatever  the  possessor 
might  wish.  Hence  this  horn  was  commonly 


called  the  horn  of  plenty,  or  cornucopia,  and 
it  was  used  in  later  times  as  the  symbol  of 
plenty  in  genera]. 

IMALTHEUM  (-i)  or  AMALTHEA  (-ae),  a 
villa  of  Atticus  in  Epirus,  perhaps  originally 
a  shrine  of  the  nymph  Amalthea,  which  Atti- 
cus converted  into  a  beautiful  summer  re- 
treat. Cicero,  in  imitation,  constructed  a  sim- 
ilar retreat  on  his  estate  at  Arpinnm. 

IMANTIA  (-ae),  a  Greek  town  and  district 
in  Illyricum,  at  some  distance  from  the  coast, 
E.  of  Oricum. 

AMANUS  (-i),  a  branch  of  Mt.  Taurus, 
which  runs  from  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Issue 
N.E.  to  the  principal  chain,  dividing  Syria 
from  Cilicia  and  Cappadocia.  Its  inhabitants 
were  wild  banditti. 

AMARDI  or  MARDI  (orurn),  a  powerful, 
warlike,  and  predatory  tribe  who  dwelt  on 
the  S.  shore  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

IMARYNTHUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Euboea,7 
stadia  from  Eretria,  with  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Artemis  (Diana),  who  was  hence  called 
A'niarijnthia  or  Amary&ia. 

IMXSENUS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  Latium, 
which,  after  being  joined  by  the  Ufens,  falls 
into  the  sea  between  Circeii  and  Terracina, 
though  the  greater  part  of  its  waters  are  lost 
in  the  Pontine  marshes. 

iMASXA  (-ae)  or  -EA  (-ae),  the  capital  of 
the  kings  of  Poutus,  was  a  strongly  fortified 
city  on  T>oth  banks  of  the  river  Iris.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Mithridates  the  Great  and 
of  the  geographer  Strabo. 

AMASIS  (-is),  king  of  Egypt,  u.  o.  570-526, 
succeeded  Apries,  whom  he  dethroned.  Dur- 
ing his  long  reign  Egypt  was  in  a  very  pros- 
perous condition,  and  the  Greeks  were  brought 
mto  much  closer  intercourse  with  the  Egyp- 
tians than  had  existed  previously. 

AMASTRIS  (-is).  (1)  Wife  of  Xerxes  and 
mother  of  Artaxerxes  I.,  was  of  a  cruel  and 
vindictive  character.— -(2)  Also  called  AMAS- 
TKINE,  niece  of  Darius,  the  last  king  of  Persia. 
She  married,  1,  Craterus ;  2,  Dionysius,  tyrant 
of  Heraclea  in  Bithynia,  u.  o.  822 ;  and,  3,  Ly- 
simachus,  302.  She  was  drowned  by  her  two 
sons  about  288.— (3)  A  city  on  the  coast  of 
Paphlagonia,  built  by  Amastris  after  her  sep- 
aration from  Lysimachus. 

XMS.TA  (-ae),  wife  of  king  Latinus  and 
mother  of  Lavinia,  opposed  Laviuia  being 
given  in  marriage  to  Aeneas,  because  she  had 
already  promised  her  to  Turnus.  When  she 
heard  that  Turnus  had  fallen  in  battle,  she 
hung  herself. 

AMXTHtTS  (-untis),  an  ancient  town  on  the 
S.  coast  of  Cyprus,  with  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  who  was  hence  called 
Amathusfa.  There  were  copper-mines  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  town. 

AMlZONES  (-urn)  and  XMlZftNlDES 
(-um),  a  mythical  race  of  warlike  females,  are 
said  to  have  come  from  the  Caucasus,  and  to 
have  settled  in  Asia  Minor,  about  the  river 
Thermodon,  where  they  founded  the  city 
Themiscyra.  They  were  governed  by  a  queen, 
and  the  female  children  had  their  riprht  breasts 
cut  off  that  they  might  use  the  bow  with  more 
ease.  They  constantly  oc«ur  in  Greek  my 


AN  AMAZON.    (Berlin.) 
C2 


AMBARRI. 


35 


AMMON. 


thology.  One  of  the  labors  imposed  upon 
Hercules  was  to  take  from  Hippolyte,  the 
queen  of  the  Amazons,  her  girdle.  [HERCU- 
LES.] In  the  reign  of  Theseus  they  invaded 
Attica.  Toward  the  end  of  the  Trojan  war, 
they  came,  under  their  queen  Penthesilea,  to 
the  assistance  of  Priam ;  hut  she  was  killed 
by  Achilles. 


AMBARRI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Gaul,  on 
the  Arar  (Saone),  E.  of  Aedui. 

AMBllNI  (-orum),  a  Belgic  people,  be- 
tween the  Bellovaci  and  Atrebates,  conquer- 
ed by  Caesar  in  B.O.  57.  Their  chief  town 
was  Samarobrlva,  afterwards  Ambiani,  now 
Amiens. 

AMBlORIX  (-igis),  a  chief  of  the  Ebnrones 
in  Gaul,  who  cut  to  pieces  the  Eoman  troops 
under  Sabinus  and  Cotta,  B.C.  54. 

AMB1VARETI  (-orum),  the  clientes  or  vas- 
sals of  the  Aedui,  probably  dwelt  N.  of  the 
latter. 

AMBIVARITI  (-orum),  a  Gallic  people,  W 
of  the  Maas,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hamur. 

AMBRlCtA  (-ae :  Arta),  a  town  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Arachthus,  N.  of  the  Arabracian 
gulf,  was  originally  included  in  Acarnania, 
but  afterwards  in  Epirus.  It  was  colonized  by 
the  Corinthians  about  B.O.  660.  Pyrrhus  made 
it  the  capital  of  his  kingdom,  and  adorned  i 
with  public  buildings  and  statues.  At  a  later 
time  it  joined  the  Aetolian  League,  was  taken 
by  the  Romans  in  B.C.  189,  and  stripped  of  its 
works  of  art  Its  inhabitants  were  trans 
planted  to  the  new  city  of  NIOOPOLIS,  found 
ed  by  Augustus  after  the  battle  of  Actium 

B.0.31. 


AMBRlCiUS  SINTJS  «?.  of  Arta),  a  guff 
>f  the  Ionian  sea  between  Epirus  and  Acar- 
nania, 25  miles  long  and  10  wide, 

AMBRONES  (-urn),  a  Celtic  people,  who 
joined  the  Cimbri  and  Teuton!  in  their  inva- 
ion  of  the  Roman  dominions,  and  were  de- 
feated by  Marius  near  Aquae  Sextiae  (A  fa),  in 
B.C.  102. 

AMBRf  SUS  or  AMPHRYSTJS  (-i),  a  town 
in  Phocis,  S.  of  M.  Parnassus. 

XMfiNlNUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Sicily  near  Ca- 
tana,  only  flowed  occasionally. 

.IMERJA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Umbria, 
and  a  municipium,  the  birthplace  of  Sex! 
Roscius  defended  by  Cicero,  was  situate  in  a 
district  rich  in  vines. 

AMERIOLA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  land  of 
the  Sabines,  destroyed  by  the  Romans. 

AMESTRlTUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  N.  of 
Sicily  not  far  from  the  coast. 

AMJDA  (-ae),  a  city  in  Sophene  (Armenia 
Major)  on  the  upper  Tigris. 

XMILCAR.    [HA.MILOAB.] 

AM1SIA  or  1MISIUS  (-i :  Ems),  a  river  in 
northern  Germany  well  known  to  the  Ro- 
mans. 

1.MISUS  (-i),  a  large  city  on  the  coast  of 
Pontus,  on  a  bay  of  the  Euxine  Sea,  called 
after  it  (Amisenus  Sinus).  Mithridates  en- 
larged it,  and  made  it  one  of  his  residences. 

iMITERNUM  (4),  one  of  the  most  ancient 
towns  of  the  Sabines,  on  the  Aternus,  the 
birthplace  of  the  historian  Sallust. 

AMMtlNUS  MARCELLTNUS  (-i),  by  birth 
a  Greek,  and  a  native  of  Syrian  Antioch, 
served  among  the  imperial  body  guards.  He 
attended  the  emperor  Julian  in  his  campaign 
against  the  Persians  (A.D.  363).  He  wrote  a 
history  of  the  Roman  empire,  of  which  18 
books  are  extant,  embracing  the  period  from 
A.D.  353,  to  the  death  of  Valens,  3T8.  His  style 
is  harsh  and  inflated,  but  his  accuracy,  fidel- 
ity, and  impartiality  deserve  praise. 

AMM5N  (-onis),  an  Egyptian  divinity, 
whom  the  Greeks  identified  with  Zeus,  ana 


IHffffl  I- 


Image  of  Amman.    (From  the  Egyptian  Monuments.) 


AMNISUS. 


36 


AMPHISSA. 


tlie  Romans  with  Jupiter.  He  possessed  a 
celebrated  temple  and  oracle  in  the  oasis  of 
Ammonium  (Siwah)  in  the  Libyan  Desert, 
which  was  visited  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

AMNISUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  N.  of  Crete, 
and  the  harbor  of  Cnossus,  situated  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name. 

iMOR  (-Sris),  the  god  of  love,  had  no  place 
in  the  religion  of  the  Romans,  who  only  trans- 
late the  Greek  name  Eros  into  Amor.  CEsos.] 

iMORGUS  (-i),  an  island  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  one  of  the  Sporades,  the  birth- 
place of  Simonides.  and  under  the  Roman 
emperors  a  place  of  banishment. 

AMPfiLtTSIA  (-ae),  the  promontory  at  the 
W.  end  of  the  African  coast  of  the  Fretum 
Gaditanum  (Straits  of  Gibraltar). 

AMPHllRlUS  (-1),  son  of  Oicles  and  Hyp- 
ennnestra,  a  great  prophet  and  hero  at  Ar- 
gos.  By  his  wife  Eryphylo,the  sister  of  Adras- 
tns,  he  was  the  father  of  Alcmaeon,  Amphil- 
ochns,  Barydice,  and  Demonassa.  He  join- 
ed Adrastus  in  the  expedition  against  Thebes, 
although  he  foresaw  its  fatal  termination, 
through  the  persuasions  of  his  wife  Eriphyle, 
who  had  been  induced  to  persuade  her  hus- 
band by  the  necklace  of  Harmonia,  which 
Polynices  had  given  her.  On  leaving  Argos 
he  enjoined  his  sons  to  punish  their  mother 
for  his  death.  During  the  war  against  The- 
bes, Amphiaraus  fought  bravely,  but  could 
not  escape  his  fate.  Pursued  by  Periclyme- 
nus,  he  fled  towards  the  river  Ismenius,  and 
the  earth  swallowed  him  up,  together  with 
his  chariot,  before  he  was  overtaken  by  his 
enemy.  He  was  made  immortal,  and  was 
worshiped  as  a  hero.  His  oracle  between 
Potniae  and  Thebes,  where  he  was  said  to 
have  been  swallowed  up,  enjoyed  great  celeb- 
rity. His  son,  Alcmaeon,  is  called  AmpKUL 


AMPHICL35A  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  N.  of 
Phocis. 

AMPHICTtSN  (-5nis),  son  of  Deucalion 
and  Pyrrha,  believed  to  have  been  the  founder 
of  the  Amphictyonic  council. 

AMPHlLOCHlA  (-ae),  the  country  of  the 
Amphilochi.  an  Epirot  race,  at  the  E.  end  of 
the  Ambracian  gulf,  usually  included  in  Acar- 
nania.  Their  chief  town  was  Argos  Amphi- 
lochicum.  [AniPHiLOostrs.] 

AMPHlLOCHUS  (4),  son  of  Amphiaraus 
and  Eriphfle,  and  brother  of  Alcmaeon.  He 
took  part  in  the  expedition  of  the  Epigoni 
against  Thebes,  assisted  his  brother  in  the 
/nurder  of  their  mother  [AIXJMAEON],  and  aft- 
erwards fought  against  Troy.  Like  his  father, 
he  was  a  celebrated  seer.  He  was  killed  in 
single  combat  by  Mopsus,  who  was  also  a 
seer,  at  Hallos,  in  Cilicia.  According  to  some 
he  founded  Argos  Amphilochicum  on  the 
Ambraciau  gulf. 

AMPHI5N  (-onis),  son  of  Zens  (Jupiter) 
and  Antidpe,  and  twin-brother  of  Zethus. 
They  were  born  on  Mount  Cithaeron,  and 
grew  up  among  the  shepherds.  Having  be- 
come acquainted  with  their  origin  they  march- 
ed against  Thebes,  where  Lycus  reigned,  the 
husband  of  their  mother  Antiope,  who  had 
married  Dirce  in  her  stead.  They  took  the 


city,  and  killed  Lycus  and  Dirce  because  they 
had  treated  Antiope  with  great  cruelty.  They 
put  Dirce  to  death  by  tying  her  to  a  bull, 
who  dragged  her  about  till  she  perished; 
and  they  then  threw  her  body  into  a  fountain, 
which  was  from  this  time  called  the  fountain 
of  Dirce.  After  they  had  obtained  possession 
of  Thebes,  they  fortified  it  by  a  wall.  Am- 
phion  had  received  a  lyre  from  Hermes  (Mer- 
cury), on  which  he  played  with  such  magic 
skill  that  the  stones  moved  of  their  own  ac- 
cord and  formed  the  wall.  Amphion  after- 
wards married  Niobe,  who  bore  him  many 
sons  and  daughters,  all  of  whom  were  killed 
by  Apollo,  whereupon  he  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life.  [NiouB.] 


ZetbiiB  and  Amphion. 
(From  a  Bass-relief  at  Rome.) 

AMPHJP5LIS  (-is),  a  town  in  Macedonia 
on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Strymon,  about  3 
miles  from  the  sea.  The  Strymon  flowed  al- 
most round  the  town,  nearly  forming  a  circle, 
whence  its  name  Amphi-polis,  It  was  orig- 
inally called  Ennea  Hodoi,  the  "Nine Ways," 
and  belonged  to  the  Edonians,  a  Thracian 
people.  It  was  colonized  by  the  Athenians  in 
4*57,  who  drove  the  Edonians  out  of  the  place. 
It  was  one  of  the  most  important  of  the 
Athenian  possessions  in  the  N.  of  the  Aegaean 
sea.  Hence  their  indignation  when  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Brasidas  (424)  and  of  Philip 
(358).  The  port  of  Amphipolis  was  EION. 

AMPHISSA  (-ae),  one  of  the  chief  towns  of 
the  Locri  Ozolae  on  the  borders  of  Phocis.  7 
miles  from  Delphi.  In  consequence  of  the 


AMPHITKITE. 


37 


ANAXAGOEAS. 


Sacred  War  declared  against  Amphissa  by 
the  Ainphictyons,  the  town  was  destroyed  by 
Philip,  1*.  o.  B:J8,  but  was  afterwards  rebuilt. 

AMPH1TRITE  (-cs),  a  Nereid  or  an  Ocea- 
nid,  wife  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  goddess 
of  tbe  sea,  especially  of  the  Mediterranean. 
She  was  the  mother  of  Triton. 

AMPHITRYON  or  AMPHlTRtfa  (-onis), 
son  of  Alcaeus  and  Hippouome,  and  husband 
of  Alcmene.  For  details  see  ALOMENE.  Her- 
cules, the  son  of  Zens  (Jupiter)  and  Alcmene, 
is  called  Aniphltryonlddes  in  allusion  to  his 
reputed  father.  Amphitryon  fell  in  a  war 
against  Ergiuus,  king  of  the  Miuyans. 

AMPHRYSUS  (-i).  (1)  A  small  river  in 
Thessaly  which  flowed  into  the  Pagasaean 
gulf,  on  the  banks  of  which  Apollo  fed  the 
herds  of  Admetus.— (2)  See  AMBKYSUS. 

AMPSiGA  (-ae),  a  river  of  N.  Africa,  divid- 
ing Numidia  from  Mauretania  Sitifensis,  and 
flowing  past  the  town  of  Cirta. 

AMPSANCTUS  or  AMSANCTUS  LACUS, 
a  small,  lake  in  Sanmium  near  Aeculanum, 
from  which  mephitic  vapors  arose.  Hence 
it  was  regarded  as  an  entrance  to  the  lower 
world. 

AMPtCUS  (-i),  son  of  Pelias,  husband  of 
Chloris,  and  father  of  the  famous  seer  Mop- 
sus,  who  is  hence  called  Ampycbdes. 

iM'O'LlUS.    [RoMTiLtrs.] 

XMYCLAE  (-arum).  (l)'An  ancient  town 
of  Lacouia  on  the  Eurotas,  2£  miles  S.E.  of 
Sparta.  It  is  said  to  have  been  the  abode  of 
Tyndarus,  and  of  Castor  and  Pollux,  who  are 
hence  called  Amyclaei  Fratres.  After  the 
conquest  of  Peloponnesus  by  the  Dorians,  the 
Achaeans  maintained  themselves  in  Amyclae 
for  a  long  time ;  but  it  was  at  length  taken 
and  destroyed  by  the  Lacedaemonians  under 
Teleclus.  Amyclae  still  continued  memora- 
ble by  the  festival  of  the  Hyacinthia  celebrated 
at  the  place  annually,  and  by  the  colossal 
statue  of  Apollo,  who  was  hence  called  Amy- 
claeus.—(2)  An  ancient  town  of  Latium,  E.  of 
Terracina,  on  the  Sinus  Amyclanus,  claimed 
to  be  an  Achaean  colony  from  Laconia.  The 
inhabitants  were  said  to  have  deserted  it  on 
account  of  its  being  infested  by  serpents ; 
whence  Virgil  speaks  of  tatitae  Amyclae. 

XMYCLIDES  (-ae),  a  name  of  Hyacinthus, 
as  the  son  of  Amyclas,  the  founder  of  Amyclae. 

iM¥CTJS  (-i),  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune), 
king  of  the  Bebryces,  celebrated  for  his  skill 
in  boxing.  He  used  to  challenge  strangers 
to  box  with  him,  and  slay  them ;  but  when 
the  Argonauts  came  to  his  dominions,  Pollux 
killed  him  in  a  boxing-match. 

IMTM5NE  (-Gs),  one  of  the  60  daughters 
of  Danaus,  was  the  mother  by  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) of  Nauplius,  the  father  of  Palamedes. 
(The  fountain  of  Amymone  in  Argolis  was 
called  after  her. 

.X.MYNT&S  (-ae).  (1)  King  of  Macedonia, 
reigned  from  about  B.C.  540  to  500,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  son  Alexander  I.— (2)  King 
of  Macedonia,  son  of  Philip,  the  brother  of 
Perdiccas  II.,  reigned  393-369,  and  obtained 
the  crown  by  the  murder  of  the  usurper  Pau- 
eaniaa.  He  carefully  cultivated  the  friendship 
of  Athens.  He  left  by  his  wife  Eurydice  3 


sons,  Alexander,  Perdiccas,  and  the  famous 
Philip,  who  is  hence  called  by  Ovid  Amyn- 
tlddes. 

IMYNTOR  (-oris),king  of  the  Dolopes,  and 
father  of  Phoenix,  who  is  hence  called  Amyn- 
tdrldes.  [PHOENIX.] 

iM^THAON  (-onis),  son  of  Cretheus  and 
Tyro,  father  of  Bias  and  of  the  seer  Melam- 
pus,  who  is  hence  called  Amythutiriius. 

ANlCES  or  ANACTES,  i.  e.  "  the  Kings," 
a  name  frequently  given  to  Castor  and  Pollux. 

INICHARSIS  (-is),  a  Scythian  of  princely 
rank,  left  his  native  country  in  pursuit  of 
knowledge,  and  came  to  Athens,  about  B.O. 
594  He  became  acquainted  with  Solon,  and 
by  his  talents  and  acute  observations  he  ex- 
cited general  admiration.  He  was  killed  by 
his  brother  Saulius  on  his  return  to  his  native 
country.  The  letters  which  go  under  his 
name  are  spurious. 

ANACREON  (-ontis),  a  celebrated  lyric 
poet,  born  at  Teos,  an  Ionian  city  in  Asia 
Minor.  He  removed  to  Abdera,  in  Thrace, 
when  Teos  was  taken  by  the  Persians  (about 
B.O.  544),  but  he  lived  chiefly  at  Satnos,  under 
the  patronage  of  Polycrates.  After  the  death 
of  Polycrates  (522),  he  went  to  Athens  at  the 
invitation  of  the  tyrant  Hipparchus.  He  died 
at  the  age  of  85,  probably  about  478.  Of  his 
poems  only  a  few  genuine  fragments  have 
come  down  to  us;  for  the  " Odes"  attributed 
to  him  are  spurious.  In  his  poems  he  cele- 
brates the  praises  of  love  and  wine. 

1NACTQ  RlUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Acarnania, 
built  by  the  Corinthians,  upon  a  promontory 
of  the  same  name  at  the  entrance  of  the  Am- 
bracian  gulf. 

XNAGNlA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  of  the  Her- 
nici  in  Latium,  and  subsequently  both  a  muni- 
cipium  and  a  Roman  colony.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood Cicero  had  a  beautiful  estate,  Anag- 
ninum  (sc,  praediuw). 

INIPHB  (-Ss),  a  small  island  in  the  S.  of 
the  Aegean  sea,  E.  of  Thera. 

1N1PUS  (-1).  (1)  A  river  in  Acarnania, 
flowing  into  the  Achelous.—  (2)  A  river  in 
Sicily,  flowing  into  the  sea  S.  of  Syracuse 
through  marshes, 

ANARTES  (-ium)  or  -TI  (-orum),  a  people 
ofDacia,N.oftheTheiss. 

iNAS  (-ae:  Guadfana),  one  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  Spain,  forming  the  boundary  be- 
tween Lusitania  and  Baetica,  and  flowing  into 


XNAXlGORAS  (-ae),  a  celebrated  Greek 
philosopher  of  the  Ionian  school,  was  born  at 
Clazomenae  in  Ionia,  B.C.  500.  He  gave  up 
his  property  to  his  relations,  as  he  intended 
to  devote  his  life  to  higher  ends,  and  went  to 
Athens  at  the  age  of  20 ;  here  he  remained 
30  years,  and  became  the  intimate  friend  and 
teacher  of  Euripides  and  Pericles.  His  doc- 
trines gave  offense  to  the  religious  feelings 
of  the  Athenians ;  and  he  was  accused  of  im- 
piety, 450.  It  was  only  through  the  eloquence 
of  Pericles  that  he  was  not  put  to  death ;  bat 
he  was  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  of  5  talents 
and  to  quit  Athens.  He  retired  to  Lampsa- 
cus,  where  he  died  in  428,  at  the  age  of  72. 


ANAXANDRIDES. 


38 


ANDROGEOS. 


He  taught  that  a  supreme  intelligence  was 
the  cause  of  all  things. 

1NAXANDRIDES,  king  of  Sparta,  reigned 
from  about  u.o.  500  to  620.  Having  a  barren 
wife  whom  he  would  not  divorce,  the  ephors 
made  him  take  with  her  a  second.  By  her  he 
had  Cleomeues ;  and  after  this,  by  his  first 
wife,  Dorieus,  Leonidas,  and  Cleombrotus. 

ANAXARCHUS  (-i),  a  philosopher  of  Ab- 
dera,  of  the  school  of  Democritus,  accompa- 
nied Alexander  into  Asia  (B.O.  334).  After 
the  death  of  Alexander  (323),  Anaxarchus  was 
thrown  by  shipwreck  into  the  power  of  Nico- 
creon,  king  of  Cyprus,  to  whom  he  had  given 
offense,  and  who  had  him  pounded  to  death 
in  a  stone  mortar. 

ANAXARSTE  (-es),  a  maiden  of  Cyprus, 
treated  her  lover  Iphis  with  such  haughtiness 
that  he  hung  himself  at  her  door.  She  looked 
with  indifference  at  the  funeral  of  the  youth, 
but  Venus  changed  her  into  a  stone  statue. 

ANAXIMANDER  (-dri),  of  Miletus,  was 
born  B.G.  610,  and  died  647,  in  his  64th  year. 
He  was  one  of  the  earliest  philosophers  of  the 
Ionian  school,  and  the  immediate  successor 
of  Thales,  its  first  founder. 

ANAXiMENES  (-is),  of  Miletus,  the  third 
in  the  series  of  Ionian  philosophers,  flourish- 
ed about  B.C.  544;  but  as  he  was  the  teacher 
of  Anaxagoras,  B.C.  480,  he  must  have  lived  to 
a  great  age.  He  considered  air  to  be  the  first 
cause  of  all  things. 

ANAZARBUS  (-i)  or  -A  (-ae),  a  city  of  Cili- 
cia  Campestris,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  of 
the  same  name.  Augustus  conferred  upon 
it  the  name  of  Caesarea  (ad  Anazarbum). 

ANCAEUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  the  Arcadian  Ly- 
curgus,  and  father  of  Agapenor.  He  was  one 
of  the  Argonauts,  and  was  killed  by  the  Caly- 
donian  boar.-~(2)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Astypalaea,  also  one  of  the  Argonauts, 
and  the  helmsman  of  the  ship  Argo  after  the 
death  of  Tiphys. 

ANCHlUB  (-68)  and  -LUS  (-i).  (I)  A  town 
in  Thrace,  on  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  borders 
of  Moesia.— (2)  An  ancient  city  of  Cilicia,W. 
of  the  Cydnus  near  the  coast,  said  to  have 
been  built  by  Sardanapalus. 

ANCHIS1S  (-ae),son  ofCapys  and  Themis, 
the  daughter  of  Bus,  and  king  of  Dardanus  on 
Mount  Ida.  In  beauty  he  equaled  the  im- 
mortal gods,  and  was  beloved  by  Aphrodite 
(Venus),  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of 
Aeneas,  who  is  hence  called  AnclMddes. 
Having  boasted  of  his  intercourse  with  the 
goddess,  he  was  struck  by  a  flash  of  lightning, 
which  deprived  him  of  his  sight.  On  the 
capture  of  Troy  by  the  Greeks,  Aeneas  carried 
his  father  on  his  shoulders  from  the  burning 
city.  He  died  soon  after  the  arrival  of  Aeneas 
in  Sicily,  and  was  buried  on  mount  Eryx. 

ANCONA  (-ae)  or  ANCON  (-onis).  a  town 
in  Piceuum  on  the  Adriatic  sea,  lying  in  a 
bend  of  the  coast  between  two  promontories, 
and  hence  called  Aneon,  or  an  "elbow."  It 
was  built  by  the  Syracusans  in  the  time  of 
the  elder  Dionysius,  B.O.  392.  Th6  Romans 
made  it  a  colony.  It  possessed  an  excellent 
harbor,  completed  by  Trajan,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  important  sea-ports  of  the  Adriatic. 


ANCUS  MARClUS  (-i),fourthking  of  Rome, 
reigned  24  years,  B.O.  G40-61G,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  the  son  of  Numa's  daughter.  He 
took  many  Latin  towns,  transported  the  in- 
habitants to  Rome,  and  gave  them  the  Aven- 
tiue  to  dwell  on:  these  conquered  Latins  form- 
ed the  original  Plebs.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Tarquinius  Priscus. 

ANCYRA  (-ae).  (1)  A  city  of  Galatia  in  Asia 
Minor,  originally  the  chief  city  of  a  Gallic 
tribe  named  the  Tectosages,  who  came  from 
the  S.  of  France.  When  Augustus  recorded 
the  chief  events  of  his  life  on  bronze  tablets 
at  Rome,  the  citizens  of  Ancyra  had  a  copy 
made,  which  was  cut  on  marble  blocks,  and 
placed  at  Ancyra  in  a  temple  dedicated  to 
Augustus  and  Rome.  This  inscription  is  still 
extant,  and  called  the  Monumentum  Ancyrar 
num.—(2)  A  town  in  Phrygia  Epictetus  on 
the  borders  of  Mysia. 

ANDECAVI,  ANDEGAVI  (-orum),  or  AN- 
DES (-ium),  a  Gallic  people  N.  of  the  Loire, 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name,  also  called 
Juliomagus,  now  Angers. 

ANDES  (-ium),  a  village  near  Mantua,  the 
birthplace  of  Virgil. 

ANDOCtDES,  one  of  the  10  Attic  orators, 
son  of  Leogoras,  was  born  at  Athens  in  B.C. 
467.  He  belonged  to  a  noble  family,  and  was 
a  supporter  of  the  oligarchical  party  at  Ath- 
ens. In  415  he  became  involved  in  the  charge 
brought  against  Alcibiades  of  having  muti- 
lated the  Hermae,  and  was  thrown  into  pris- 
on ;  but.  he  recovered  his  liberty  by  denoun- 
cing the  real  or  pretended  perpetrators  of  the 
crime.  He  was  four  times  banished  from 
Athens,  and  after  leading  a  wandering  and 
disreputable  life,  died  in  exile.  Four  of  his 
orations  have  come  down  to  us. 

ANDRAEMON  (-5nis).  (1)  Husband  of 
Gorge,  daughter  ofOeneusking  of  Calydonin 
Aetolia,  whom  he  succeeded,  and  father  of 
Thoas,  who  is  hence  called  Andra&nionides.— 
(2)  Son  of  Oxylus,  and  husband  of  Dryope, 
who  was  mother  of  Amphissus  by  Apollo. 

ANDROCLUS  (-i)  or  -CLES  (-is),  the  slave 
of  a  Roman  consular,  was  sentenced  to  be  ex- 
posed to  the  wild  beasts  in  the  circus ;  but  a 
lion,  which  had  been  let  loose  upon  him,  ex- 
hibited signs  of  recognition,  and  began  lick- 
ing him.  Upon  inquiry  it  appeared  that  An- 
droclus  had  rim  away  from  his  master  in  Af- 
rica; and  that,  having  taken  refuge  in  a  cave, 
a  lion  entered,  went  up  to  him,  and  held  out 
his  paw.  Androclus  extracted  a  large  thorn 
which  had  entered  it.  Henceforth  they  lived 
together  for  some  time,  the  lion  catering  for 
his  benefactor.  But  at  last,  tired  of  this  sav- 
age life,  Androclus  left  the  cave,  was  appre- 
hended by  some  soldiers,  brought  to  Rome, 
and  condemned  to  the  wild  beasts.  He  was 
pardoned,  and  presented  with  the  lion,  which 
he  used  to  lead  about  the  city. 

ANDRpGEOS  (-o)  or  ANDROGEUS  (-i), 
son  of  Minos  and  Pasiphao,  conquered  all  his 
opponents  in  the  games  of  the  Paualhenaea 
at  Athens,  and  was  in  consequence  slain  at 
the  instigation  of  Aegeus.  Minos  made  war 
on  the  Athenians  to  avenge  the  death  of  his 
son,  and  compelled  them  to  send  every  year 


Procrc  AND  ANDBOMEDA.  (Marble  Relief,  Naples,) 


ANDROMACHE. 


39 


ANTHEMUS. 


to  Crete  7  youths  and  7  damsels  to  be  de- 
voured by  tbe  Minotaur.  From  this  shame- 
ful tribute  they  were  delivered  by  THESEUS. 

ANDROMACHE  (-es)  or  ANDROMlCHA 
(-ae),  daughter  of  Button,  king  of  the  Cilician 
Thebes,  and  wife  of  Hector,  by  whom  she  had 
a  son  Scamandrius  (Astyanax).  On  the  tak- 
ing of  Troy  her  son  was  hurled  from  the  walls 
of  the  city,  and  she  herself  fell  to  the  share 
of  Neoptolemus  (Pyrrhus),  the  son  of  Achil- 
les, who  took  her  to  Epirus.  She  afterwards 
married  Helenus,  a  brother  of  Hector,  who 
ruled  over  Chaonia. 

ANDROMEDA  '(-ae)  or  ANDROMEDE 
(•es),  daughter  of  Cepheus,  king  of  Aethiopia, 
and  CassiopGa.  In  consequence  of  her  moth- 
er boasting  that  the  beauty  of  her  daughter 
surpassed  that  of  the  Nereids,  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) sent  a  sea-monster  to  lay  waste  the 
country.  The  oracle  of  Ammon  promised  de- 
liverance if  Andromeda  was  given  up  to  the 
monster ;  and  Cepheus  was  obliged  to  chain 
his  daughter  to  a  rock.  Here  she  was  found 
and  saved  by  Perseus,  who  slew  the  monster 
and  obtained  her  as  his  wife.  She  had  been 
previously  promised  to  Phineus,  and  this  gave 
rise  to  the  famous  fight  of  Phineus  and  Per- 
seus at  the  wedding,  in  which  the  former  and 
all  his  associates  were  slain.  After  her  death 
she  was  placed  among  the  stars. 

ANDRONICUS  LIViUS.    LLivros.] 

ANDROSor-RTJS  (-i),  the  most  northerly 
and  one  of  the  largest  islands  of  the  Cyclades, 
S.  B.  of  Euboea,  21  miles  long  and  8  broad,  ear- 
ly attained  importance,  and  colonized  Acan- 
thus and  Stagira  about  B.O.  654.  It  was  cele- 
brated for  its  wine,  whence  the  whole  island 
was  regarded  as  sacred  to  Dionysus. 

ANGLI  or  ANGLII  (-orum),  a  German  peo- 
ple on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe,  who  passed 
over  with  the  Saxons  into  Britain,  which  was 
called  after  them  England.  [SAXONES.]  Some 
of  them  appear  to  have  settled  in  Atigeln  in 
Schleswig. 

ANGRIVARII  (-drum),  a  German  people 
dwelling  on  both  sides  of  theVisurgis(1F<3ser), 
separated  from  the  Cherusci  by  an  agger  or 
mound  of  earth. 

INIGRUS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  the  Tri- 
phylian  Elis,  the  Minyeius  of  Homer,  flowing 
into  the  Ionian  sea,  near  Samicum.  Its  wa- 
ters had  a  disagreeable  smell,  in  consequence, 
it  is  said,  of  the  Centaurs  having  washed  in 
them  after  they  had  been  wounded  by  Her- 
cules. 

INIO,  anciently  XNlEN  (hence  Gen.Anie- 
nis),  a  river  rising  in  the  mountains  of  the 
Hernici  near  Treba,  which,  after  receiving  the 
brook  Digentia,  forms  at  Tibur  beautiful  wa- 
ter-falls, and  flows  into  the  Tiber  3  miles 
above  Rome.  The  water  of  the  Anio  was  con- 
veyed to  Rome  by  two  aqueducts,  the  Anio 
vetuz  and  Anio  novus. 

ANIUS  (-5),  son  of  Apollo  by  Creusa,  and 
priest  of  Apollo  at  Delos.  By  Dry5pe  he  had 
three  daughters,  to  whom  Dionysus  gave  the 
power  of  producing  at  will  any  quantity  of 
wine,  corn,  and  oil— whence  they  were  called 
Oenotrtpae.  With,  these  necessaries  they  are 


said  to  have  supplied  the  Greeks  during  the 
first  9  years  of  the  Trojan  war. 

ANNA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Belus  and  sister 
of  Dido.  After  the  death  of  the  latter,  she  fled 
from  Carthage  to  Italy,  where  she  was  kind- 
ly received  by  Aeneas.  Here  she  excited  th« 
jealousy  of  Lavinia,  and,  being  warned  in  a 
dream  by  Dido,  she  fled  and  threw  herself  into 
the  river  Numicius.  Henceforth  she  was  wor- 
shiped as  the  nymph  of  that  river  under  the 
name  of  Anna  Perenna. 

ANNtUSMILO.    [MiLO.] 

ANSER  (-ens),  a  poet  of  the  Augustan  age, 
a  friend  of  the  triumvir  M.  Antonius,  and  one 
of  the  detractors  of  Virgil. 

ANSIBARK  or  AMPSIVARlI  <-5rum),  a 

erman  people,  originally  dwelling  between 
the  sources  of  the  Ems  and  the  weser,  and 
afterwards  in  the  interior  of  the  country  near 
the  Cherusci. 

ANTAE5POLIS  (-is),  an  ancient  city  of 
Upper  Egypt  (the  Thebais),  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Nile,  and  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the  wor- 
ship of  Osiris. 

ANTAEUS  (-i),  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Ge  (Earth),  a  mighty  giant  ana  wrestler 
in  Libya,  whose  strength  was  invincible  so 
long  as  he  remained  in  contact  with  his  moth- 
er earth.  Hercules  discovered  the  source  of 
his  strength,  lifted  him  from  the  earth,  and 
crushed  him  in  the  air. 

ANTALCIDAS  (-ae),  a  Spartan,  son  of  Le- 
on, is  chiefly  known  by  the  celebrated  treaty 
concluded  with  Persia  in  B.O.  387,  usually  call- 
ed the  peace  of  Antalcidas,  since  it  was  the 
fruit  of  his  diplomacy.  According  to  this 
treaty  all  the  Greek  cities  in  Asia  Minor  were 
to  belong  to  the  Persian  king ;  the  Athenians 
were  allowed  to  retain  only  Xiemnos,  Imbros, 
and  Scyros ;  and  all  the  other  Greek  cities 
were  to  be  independent 

ANTANDRUS  (-i),  a  city  of  Great  Mysia,  on 
the  Adramyttian  Gulf,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Ida;  an  Aeolian  colony. 

ANTlA  or  ANTIA.    [BELUSROPHON.] 

ANTEMNAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  Sabine 
town  at  the  junction  of  the  Anio  and  the  Ti- 
ber, destroyed  by  the  Romans  in  the  earliest 
times. 

ANTENOR  (-5ris),  a  Trojan,  son  of  Aesyetes 
and  Cleomestra,  and  husband  of  Theano.  He 
was  one  of  the  wisest  among  the  elders  at 
Troy ;  he  received  Menelaus  and  Ulysses  into 
his  house  when  they  came  to  Troy  as  embas- 
sadors ;  and  he  advised  his  fellow-citizens  to 
restore  Helen  to  Menelaus.  On  the  capture 
of  Troy,  Antenor  was  spared  by  the  Greeks. 
His  history  after  this  event  is  told  differently. 
Some  relate  that  he  went  with  the  Heneti  to 
the  western  coast  of  the  Adriatic,  where  he 
founded  Patavium.  His  sons  and  desceod- 
ants  were  called  Antenfiridae. 

ANTfiROS.    [EROS.] 

ANTHEDSN  (-onls),  a  town  of  Boeotia,  with 
a  harbor,  on  the  coast  of  the  Euboean  sea, 
said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  Anthedon, 
son  of  Glaucus,  who  was  here  changed  into  a 
god. 

ANTHfiMtTS  (-untis),  a  Macedonian  towm 
in  Chalcidice. 


ANTHEMUSIA. 


40 


ANTIOCHIA. 


ANTHEMtSlA  (-ae)  or  ANTHfiMtTS  (-an- 
tis),  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  S.  W.  of  Edessa, 
and  a  little  E.  of  the  Euphrates.  The  sur- 
rounding district  was  called  by  the  same 
name,  but  was  generally  included  under  the 
name  of  OSRHOEWE. 

ANTHENE  (-os),  a  place  in  Cyuuria,  in  the 
Peloponnesus. 

ANTHYLLA  (-ae),  a  considerable  city  of 
Lower  Egypt,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Canopic 
branch  of  the  Nile,  below  Naucratis. 

ANTIAS  (-iltis),  Q.  VALERIUS  (-1),  a  Ro- 
man historian,  flourished  about  n.c.  SO,  and 
wrote  the  history  of  Rome  from  the  earliest 
times  down  to  those  of  Sulla.  His  work  was 
full  of  falsehoods. 

ANTICLEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Autolycus, 
wife  of  Laertes,  and  mother  of  Ulysses,  died 
of  grief  at  the  long  absence  of  her  son.  It  is 
said  that  before  marrying  Laertes  she  lived 
on  intimate  terms  with  Sisyphus;  whence 
Ulysses  is  sometimes  called  a  son  of  Sisyphus. 

ANTlCfRA,  more  anciently  ANTICIR- 
RHA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in  Phocis,  on  a  bay  of 
the  Crissaean  gulf. —(2)  A  town  in  Thessaly, 
on  the  Spercheus,  not  far  from  its  mouth. 
Both  towns  were  celebrated  for  their  helle- 
bore, the  chief  remedy  in  antiquity  for  mad- 
ness :  hence  the  proverb  Naviget  Anticyram, 
when  a  person  acted  senselessly. 

ANTfGdNE  (-cs),  daughter  of  Oedipus  by 
his  mother  Jocaste,  and  sister  of  Ismene  and 
of  Eteocles  and  Polymces.  In  the  tragic  story 
of  Oedipus,  Antigone  appears  as  a  noble 
maiden,  with  a  truly  heroic  attachment  to  her 
father  and  brothers.  When  Oedipus  had  put 
out  his  eyes,  and  was  obliged  to  quit  Thebes, 
he  was  accompanied  by  Antigone,  who  re- 
mained with  him  till  he  died  at  Colonus,  and 
then  returned  to  Thebes.  After  her  two 
brothers  had  killed  each  other  in  battle,  and 
Creon,  the  king  of  Thebes,  would  not  allow 
Polynices  to  be  buried,  Antigone  alone  defied 
the  tyrant,  and  buried  the  body  of  her  brother. 
Creon  thereupon  ordered  her  to  be  shut  up  in 
a  subterranean  cave,  where  she  killed  herself. 
Her  lover  Haemon,  the  son  of  Creon,  killed 
himself  by  her  side. 

ANT!GQNEA  and  -IA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in 
Bpirns  (Illyricum)  at  the  junction  of  a  tribu- 
tary with  the  Aous,  and  near  a  narrow  pass 
of  the  Acroceraunian  mountains.-— (2)  A  town 
on  the  Orontes  in  Syria,  founded  by  Antigo- 
nus  as  the  capital  of  his  empire  (B.O.  306),  but 
most  of  its  inhabitants  were  transferred  by 
Seleucus  to  ANTIOOHIA,  which  was  built  in  its 
neigborhood. 

ANTIG5NUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  ASIA,  sm- 
named  the  One-eyed,  son  of  Philip  of  Elymio- 
tis,  and  father  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes  by 
Stratomce.  He  was  one  of  the  generals  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  and  in  the  division  of 
the  empire  after  the  death  of  the  latter  (B.O. 
323)  he  received  the  provinces  of  the  Greater 
PhrygJa,  Lycia,  and  Pamphylia.  On  the  death 
of  the  regent  Antipater,  in  319,  he  aspired  to 
the  sovereignty  of  Asia.  In  316  he  defeated 
and  put  Enmenes  to  death,  after  a  struggle 
of  nearly  3  years.  He  afterwards  carried  on 
war,  with  varying  success,  against  Seleucus,  i 


Ptolemy,  Cassander,  and  Lysimachus.  Aftei 
the  defeat  of  Ptolemy's  fleet  in  806,  Autigonut 
assumed  the  title  of  king,  and  his  example 
was  followed  by  Ptolemy,  Lysimachus,  and 
Seleucus.  Antigonus  and  his  sou  Demetrius 
were  at  length  defeated  by  Lysimachus  at  the 
decisive  battle  of  Ipsus  in  Phrygia,  in  301. 
Antigonus  fell  in  the  battle,  in  the  Slat  year  of 
his  age.— (2)  GONATAS,  son  of  Demetrius  Poll- 
orcetes,  and  grandson  of  the  preceding.  He 
assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Macedonia  after 
his  father's  death  in  Asia  in  283,  but  he  did 
not  obtain  possession  of  the  throne  till  277. 
He  was  driven  out  of  his  kingdom  by  Pyrrhus 
of  Epirus  in  273,  but  recovered  it.  in  the  follow- 
ing jear.  He  died  in  239.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Demetrius  II.  His  surname  Gouatus  is 
usually  derived  from  Gouuos  or  Gouui  in 
Thessaly ;  but  some  think  that  Gonatus  is  a 
Macedonian  word,  signifying  an  iron  plate 
protecting  the  knee.— (3)  DOSON  (so  called  be- 
cause he  was  always  about  to  give  but  never 
did),  son  of  Demetrius  of  Cyreiie,  and  grand- 
son of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes,  On  the  death 
of  Demetrius  II.,  in  229,  he  was  left  guardian 
of  his  son  Philip,  but  he  married  the  widow 
of  Demetrius,  and  became  king  of  Macedonia 
himself.  He  supported  Aratus  and  the  Achae- 
an League  against  Cleomeues,  king  of  Sparta, 
whom  he  defeated  at  Sellasia  in  221,  and  took 
Sparta.  He  died  220. 

ANTiLiBlNUS  (-i),  a  mountain  on  the 
confines  of  Palestine,  Phoenicia,  and  Syria, 
parallel  to  Libanus,  which  it  exceeds  in  height. 
Its  highest  summit  is  M.  Hermon. 

ANTlLOCHUS  (-i),  son  of  Nestor  and  An- 
axibia,  accompanied  his  father  to  Troy,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  bravery.  He  was 
slain  before  Troy  by  Memnon  the  Ethiopian. 

ANTIMlCHUS  (-i),  a  Greek  epic  and  ele- 
giac poet  of  Claros  or  Colophon,  flourished 
towards  the  end  of  the  Peloponnosian  war; 
his  chief  work  was  an  epic  poem  called  Tlte- 
bais. 

ANTIN05POLIS  (-is),  a  splendid  city,  built 
by  Hadrian,  in  memory  of  his  favorite  ANTI- 
NOUS,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Nile. 

ANTINOUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Euplthes  of 
Ithaca,  and  one  of  the  suitors  of  Penelope, 
was  slain  by  Ulysses.— -(2)  A  youth  of  extraor- 
dinary beauty,  born  at  Claudiopolis  in  Bithy- 
nia,  was  the  favorite  of  the  emperor  Hadrian, 
and  his  companion  in  all  his  journeys.  He 
was  drowned  in  the  Nile,  A.D.  122.  The  grief 
of  the  emperor  knew  no  bounds  He  enrolled 
Antinous  among  the  gods,  caused  a  temple  to 
be  erected  to  him  at  Man  tinea,  and  founded 
the  city  of  ANTINOOPOLIS  in  honor  of  him. 

ANTI5CHIA  and  -BA  (-ae).  (1)  The  cap- 
ital of  the  Greek  kingdom  of  Syria,  and  long 
the  chief  city  of  Asia,  stood  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Orontes,  about  20  miles  (geog.)  from 
the  sea,  in  a  beautiful  valley.  It  wasbuilt  by 
Seleucus  Nicator,  about  B.O.  300,  who  called  it 
Antiochia  in  honor  of  his  father  Antiochus, 
and  peopled  it  chiefly  from  the  neighboring 
city  of  ANTIGONIA.  It  was  one  of  the  earliest 
strongholds  of  the  Christian  fjiith ;  the  first 
place  where  the  Christian  name  was  used 
(Acts  xi.  26) ;  and  the  see  of  one  of  the  four 


ANTIOCHUS. 


41 


ANTIOCHUS. 


chief  bishops,  who  were  called  Patriarchs. — 
(2)  A.  AD  MAEANDRTJM,  a  city  of  Caria,  on  the 
Maeander,  built  by  Antiochus  I.  Soter  on  the 
site  of  the  old  city  of  Pythopolis — (3)  A  city 
on  the  borders  of  Phrygia  and  Pisidia ;  built 
by  colonists  from  Magnesia ;  made  a  colony 
ander  Augustus,  and  called  Cneearoa.— The 
other  cities  of  the  name  of  Antioch  are  better 
known  under  other  designations. 

ANTIOCHUS  (-i).  I.  Kings  of  Syria.— (1) 
SOTER  (reigned  B.O.  2SO-261),  was  the  son  of 
Seleucus  I.,  the  founder  of  the  Syrian  king- 
dom of  the  Seleucidae.  He  married  his  step- 
mother Stratonlce,  with  whom  he  fell  violent- 
ly in  love,  and  whom  his  father  surrendered 
to  him.  He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Gauls 
in  2C1.— (2)  THEOS  (B.O.  201-246),  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  No.  I.  The  Milesians  gave  him  his 
surname  of  Tfteos,  because  he  delivered  them 
from  their  tyrant,  Timarhus.  He 
carried  on  war  with  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus,  king  of  Egypt,  which  was 
brought  to  a  close  by  his  putting 
awav  his  wife  LaodicG,  and  marry- 
ing l&eremce,  the  daughter  of  Ptol- 
emy. After  the  death  of  Ptolemy, 
he  recalled  LaodicG,  but,  in  revenge 
for  the  insult  she  had  received,  she 
caused  Antiochus  and  Berenice  to 
be  murdered.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Selencns  Callinfctui.  His 
younger  sonAntiochusHierax  also 
assumed  the  crown,  nnd  carried  on 
war  some  years  wirh  his  brother, 
s  II. J— (3)  The  GREAT  (B.O. 


223-18T),  son  and  successor  of  Seleucus  Callini- 
cus.  He  carried  on  war  against  Ptolemy  Phi- 
lopator,  king  of  Egypt,  in  order  to  obtain 
Coele-Syria, Phoenicia,  and  Palestine,  but  was 
obliged  to  cede  these  provinces  to  Ptolemy, 
in  consequence  of  his  defeat  at  the  battle  of 
Eaphia,  near  Gaza,  in  217.  He  was  after- 
wards engaged  for  1  years  (212-205)  in  an  at- 
tempt to  regain  the  eastern  provinces  of  Asia, 
which  had  revolted  during  the  reign  of  An- 
tiochus II. ;  but,  though  he  met  with  great 
success,  he  found  it  hopeless  to  effect  the  sub- 
jugation of  the  Parthian  and  Bactrian  king- 
doms, and  accordingly  concluded  a  peace  with 
them.  In  198  he  conquered  Palestine  and 
Coele-Syria,  which  he  afterwards  gave  as  a 
dowry  with  his  daughter  Cleopatra  upon  her 
marriage  with  Ptolemy  Eoiphanes.  He  aft- 
erwards became  involved  in  hostilities  with 


Coin  of  Antiochus  the  Great. 


ANTIOCHUS. 


ANTIPATER. 


the  Romans,  and  was  urged  by  Hannibal,  who 
arrived  at  his  court,  to  invade  Italy  without 
loss  of  time ;  bat  Antiochus  did  not  follow 
bis  advice.  In  192  he  crossed  over  into  Greece : 
and  in  191  he  was  defeated  by  the  Romans 
at  Thermopylae,  and  compelled  to  return  to 
Asia.  In  190  he  was  again  defeated  by  the 
Romans  under  L.  Scipio,  at  Mount  Sipylus, 
near  Magnesia,  and  compelled  to  sue  for  peace, 
which  was  granted  in  188,  on  condition  of  his 
ceding  all  his  dominions  E.  of  Mount  Tau- 
rus, and  paying  15,000  Euboic  talents.  In  or- 
der to  raise  the  money  to  pay  the  Romans, 
he  attacked  a  wealthy  temple  in  Elymais,  but 
was  killed  by  the  people  of  the  place  (1ST). 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Seleucus  Philop- 
ator.— (4)  EPIPEIANES  (B.O.  175-164),  son  of  An- 
tiochus III.,  succeeded  his  brother  Seleucus 
Philopator  in  175.  He  carried  on  war  against 


Coin  of  Antiochus  Epiphaues,  with  the  Figure  of  Jupiter. 

Egypt  (171-168)  with  great  success,  and  he 
was  preparing  to  lay  siege  to  Alexandria  in 
168,  when  the  Romans  compelled  him  to  re- 
tire. He  endeavored  to  root  out  the  Jewish 
religion  and  to  introduce  the  worship  of  the 
Greek  divinities ;  but  this  attempt  led  to  a 


rising  of  the  Jewish  people,  under  Mattathias 
and  his  heroic  sons,  the  Maccabees,  which  An- 
tiochus was  unable  to  put  down.  He  attempt- 
ed to  plunder  a  temple  in  Elymais  in  164,  but 
lie  was  repulsed,  and  died  shortly  afterwards 
in  a  state  of  raving  madness,  which  the  Jews 
and  Greeks  equally  attributed  to  his  sacri- 
legious crimes.  His  subjects  gave  him  the 
name  of  Epimanes  (the  *•  madman"),  in  parody 
of Epipfumes.— (5)  EUPATOR  (B.O.  164-162),  son 
and  successor  of  Epiphanes,  was  9  years  old 
at  his  father's  death.  He  was  dethroned  and 
put  to  death  by  Demetrius  Soter,  the  son  of 
Seleucus  Philopator.— (6)  THEOS,  son  of  Alex- 
ander Balas.  He  was  brought  forward  as  a 
claimant  to  the  crown  in  144,  against  Deme- 
trius Nicator.  by  Tryphon,  but  he  was  mur- 
dered by  the  latter,  who  ascended  the  throne 
himself  in  142.—(7)  SIDETES  (B.O.  137-128),  so 
called  from  Side,  in  Pamphylia,  where  he  was 
brought  up,  younger  son  of  Demetrius  Soter, 
succeeded  Tryphon.  He  was  defeated  and 
slain  in  battle  by  the  Parthians  in  128.— (8) 
GLYPHS,  or  Hook-nosed  (B.O.  125-96),  second 
son  of  Demetrius  Nicator  and  Cleopatra.  He 
carried  on  war  for  some  years  with  his  half- 
brother,  A.  IX.  Cyzicenus.  At  length,  in  112, 
the  two  brothers  agreed  to  share  the  kingdom 
between  them,  A.  Cyzicenus  having  Coele-Sy- 
ria  and  Phoenicia,  and  A.  Grypus  the  remain- 
der of  the  provinces.  Grypus  was  assassin- 
ated in  96.— (9)  CTZIOENTTS,  from  Cyzicus, 


where  he  was  brought  up,  brother  of  No.  8, 
reigned  over  Coele-Syria  and  Phoenicia  from 
112  to  96,  but  fell  in  battle  in  95  against  Seleu- 
cus Epiphanes,  son  of  A.  VIII.  Grypus.  —  (10) 
EUSEJJES,  son  of  Cyzicenus.  defeated  Seleucus 
Epiphanes,  and  maintained  the  throne  against 
the  brothers  of  Seleucus.  He  succeeded  his 
father  in  95.—  (11)  EI»IPHANES,  sou  of  Grypus 
and  brother  of  Seleucus  Epiphanes,  carried 
on  war  against  Eusebes,  but  was  defeated  by 
the  latter,  and  drowned  in  the  river  Orontes. 
—  (12)  DIONYSUS,  brother  of  No.  11,  held  the 
crown  for  a  short  time,but  fell  in  battle  against 
Aretas,  king  of  the  Arabians.  The  Syrians, 
worn  out  with  the  civil  broils  of  the  Seleuci- 
dae,  offered  the  kingdom  to  Tigranes,  king  of 
Armeuia,  who  united  Syria  to  his  own  domin- 
ions in  83,  and  held  it  till  his  defeat  by  the 
Romans  in  69.  —  (13)  ASIATIOTTS,  son  of  Eu- 
sebes, became  king  of  Syria  on  the 
defeat  of  Tigranes  by  Lucullus  in  69  ; 
but  he  was  deprived  of  it  in  65  by 
Pompey;  who  reduced  Syria  to  a  Ro- 
man province.  In  this  year  the  Se- 
lencidae  ceased  to  reign. 

II.  Kings  ofCom'magene.—('L)  Made 
an  alliance  with  the  Romans,  about 
u.o.  64.    He  assisted  Pompey  with 
troops  in  49,  and  was  attacked  by 
Antony  in  38.   He  was  succeeded  by 
Mithridates  I.  about  31  —  (2)  Suc- 
ceeded Mithridates  I.,  and  was  put 
to  death  at  Rome  by  Augustus  in  29. 
—(3)  Succeeded  Mithridates  II.,  and 
died  in  A.I>.  17.    Upon  his  death,  Comma- 
gene  became  a  Roman  province,  and  remain- 
ed so  till  A.D.  38.—  (4)  Surnamed  EPIPHANKS, 
received  his  paternal  dominion  from  Calig- 
ula in  A.  D.  38.    He  assisted  the  Romans  in 
their  wars  against  the  Parthians  under  Nero, 


and  against  the  Jews  under  Vespasian.  In 
72  he  was  accused  of  conspiring  with  the 
Parthians  against  the  Romans,  was  deprived 
of  his  kingdom,  and  retired  to  Rome,  where 
he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

III.  Literary.  —  Of  ASOALON,  the  founder  of 
the  fifth  Academy,  was  a  friend  of  Lucullus 
and  the  teacher  of  Cicero  during  his  studies 
at  Athens  (B.O.  79). 

ANTlOPi  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Nycteus, 
and  mother  by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  of  Amphion  and 
Zethus.  For  details  see  AMPIUON.  —  (2)  An 
Amazon,  sister  of  Hippolyte,  wife  of  Theseus, 
and  mother  of  Hippolytus. 


Antiope. 

ANTlPlTER  (-tri).    (l)  The  Macedonian, 


ANTIPATER. 


ANTONIA  TURRIS, 


an  officer  greatly  trusted  "by  Philip  and  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  was  loft  by  the  latter  regent 
in  Macedonia  when  he  crossed  over  into  Asia 
in  B.O.  334.  On  the  death  of  Alexander  (323), 
Antipater,  in  conjunction  with  Craterus,  car- 
ried on  war  against  the  Greeks,  who  endeav- 
ored to  recover  their  independence.  This 
war,  usually  called  the  Lamian  war,  from  La- 
mia, where  Antipater  was  besieged  in  323, 
was  terminated  by  Antipater's  victory  over 
wlle  confederates  at  Craunon  in  322.  This  was 
followed  by  the  submission  of  Athens  and  the 
death  of  D KMosTnEN  EB.  Antipater  died  in  310, 
after  appointing  Polysperchou  regent,  and  his 
own  son  C  ASS  AN  DEB  to  a  subordinate  position. 
—(2)  Grandson  of  the  preceding,  and  second 
son  of  Cassander  and  Thcssaloulca.  He  and 
his  brother  Alexander  quarreled  for  the  pos- 
gession  of  Macedonia ;  and  Demetrius  Polior- 
cetes  availed  himself  of  their  dissensions  to 
obtain  the  kingdom,  and  to  put  to  death  the 
two  brothers. — (3)  Father  of  Herod  the  Great, 
son  of  a  noble  Idumaeau  of  the  same  name, 
espoused  the  cause  of  Hyrcanus  against  his 
brother  Aristobulus.  He  was  appointed  by 
Caesar  in  B.C.  47  procurator  of  Judaea,  which 
appointment  he  held  till  his  death  in  43,  when 
he  was  poisoned. — (4)  Eldest  son  of  Herod  the 
Great  by  his  first  wife,  conspired  against  his 
father's  life,  and  was  executed  five  days  be- 
fore Herod's  death (5)  Of  Tarsus,  a  Stoic  phi- 
losopher, the  successor  of  Diogenes  and  the 
teacher  of  Panaetius,  about  B.O.  144. 

ANTlPlTER,  L.  CAELIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
historian,  and  a  contemporary  of  C.  Gracchus 
(B.O.  123),  wrote  Awnales,  which  contained  a 
valuable  account  of  the  second  Punic  war. 

ANTlP  ATRIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Illyricum  on 
the  borders  of  Macedonia,  on  the  Apsus. 

ANTlPHlTSS  (-ae),  king  of  the  mythical 
Laestrygones  in  Sicily,  who  are  represented 
as  giants  and  cannibals.  They  destroyed  11 
ef  the  ships  of  Ulysses,  who  escaped  with 
only  one  vessel.  Formiae  is  called  by  Ovid 
Antipfiatae  domus.  because  it  is  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  the  Laestrygones. 
ANTIPHELLUS.  [PHELLUS.] 
ANTIPHILUS  (-i),  of  Egypt,  a  distinguish- 
ed painter,  the  rival  of  Apelles,  painted  for 
Philip  and  Alexander  the  Great. 

ANTIPHON  (-Onis),  the  most  ancient  of 
the  10  orators,  born  at  Rhamnus  in  Attica, 
B.C.  480.  He  belonged  to  the  oligarchical 
party  at  Athens,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
the  establishment  of  the  government  of  the 
Four  Hundred  (B.O.  411),  after  the  overthrow 
of  which  he  was  brought  to  trial,  condemned, 
and  put  to  death.  Antiphon  introduced  greal 
improvements  in  public  speaking ;  he  openec 
a  school  in  which  he  taught  rhetoric,  and  the 
historian  Thucydides  was  one  of  his  pupils. 
The  orations  which  he  composed  were  written 
for  others ;  and  the  only  time  that  he  spoke 
in  public  himself  was  when  he  was  accused 
and  condemned  to  death.  This  speech  is  now 
lost.  We  still  possess  15  of  his  orations,  3  of 
which  were  written  by  him  for  others,  and 
the  remaining  12  as  specimens  for  his  school, 
or  exercises  on  fictitious  cases. 

s:  Antibes^  &  town  in Gallia 


Sarbonensis  on  the  coast,  a  few  miles  W.  of 
Nicaea,  founded  by  Massilia. 

ANTIRRHIITM.    [RniUM.] 

ANTISSA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Lesbos,  on  th« 
W.  coast  between  Methymua,  and  the  prom- 
ontory Sigrinm,  was  originally  on  a  small 
island  opposite  Lesbos,  which  was  afterwards 
united  with  Lesbos. 

ANTISTHfiNBS  (-is  and  -ae),  an  Athenian, 
'ounder  of  the  sect  of  the  Cynic  philosophers. 
His  mother  was  a  Thracian.  In  his  youth  he 
fought  at  Tanagra  (B.O.  426),  and  was  a  dis- 
ciple first  of  Gorgias,  and  then  of  Socrates, 
whom  he  never  quitted,  and  at  whose  death 
he  was  present.  He  died  at  Athens,  at  the 
age  of  70.  He  taught  in  the  Cynosarges,  a 
gymnasium  for  the  use  of  Athenians  born  of 
foreign  mothers ;  whence  probably  his  follow- 
ers were  called  Cynics,  though  others  derive 
their  name  from  their  dog-like  neglect  of  all 
forms  and  usages  of  society.  He  was  an  en- 
emy to  all  speculation,  and  thus  was  opposed 
to  Plato.  He  taught  that  virtue  is  the  sole 
thing  necessary.  Prom  his  school  the  Stoics 
subsequently  sprung. 

ANTISTKJS  LABEO.    [LABEO.] 

ANTITATJRUS  (-i:  Ali-Dagh),  a  chain  of 
mountains,  which  strikes  off  N.E.  from  the 
main  chain  of  the  Taurus  on  the  S.  border  of 
Cappadocia,  in  the  centre  of  which  district  it 
turns  to  the  E.  and  runs  parallel  to  the  Tau- 
rus as  far  as  the  Euphrates.  Its  average 
height  exceeds  that  of  the  Taurus. 

ANTIUM  (-i),  a  very  ancient  town  of  Lathim, 
on  a  rocky  promontory  running  out  some  dis- 
tance into  the  Tyrrhenian  sea.  It  was  found- 
ed by  the  Tyrrhenians  and  Pelasgians,  and 
was  noted  for  its  piracy.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Romans  in  B.c.468,  and  a  colony  was  sent 
thither ;  but  it  revolted,  was  taken  a  second 
time  by  the  Romans  in  338,  was  deprived  of 
all  its  ships,  the  beaks  of  which  (Rostra)  served 
to  ornament  the  platform  of  the  speakers  in 
the  Roman  forum,  and  received  another  Ro- 
man colony.  In  the  latter  times  of  the  re- 
public, and  under  the  empire,  it  was  a  favorite 
residence  of  many  of  the  Roman  nobles  and 
emperors.  The  emperor  Nero  was  born  here, 
and  in  the  remains  of  his  palace  the  Apollo 
Belvedere  was  found.  Antium  possessed 
temples  of  Fortune  and  Neptune. 

ANT5NlA(-ae).  (1)  MAJOR,  elder  daughter 
of  M.  Antonius  and  Octavia,  wife  of  L.  Do- 
mitius  Ahenobarbns,  and  mother  of  Gn.  Do- 
mitias,  the  father  of  the  emperor  Nero— 
(2)  MINOR,  younger  sister  of  the  preceding, 
wife  of  Drusus,  the  brother  of  the  emperor 
Tiberius,  and  mother  of  Germanicus,  the 
father  of  the  emperor  Caligula,  of  Livia,  or 
Livilla,  and  of  the  emperor  Claudius.  She 
died  A.D.  38,  soon  after  the  accession  of  her 
grandson  Caligula.  She  was  celebrated  for 
her  beauty,  virtue,  and  chastity.— (3)  Daughter 
of  the  emperor  Claudius,  was  put  to  death  by 
Nero,  A.D.  60,  because  she  refused  to  marry 
him. 

ANT(3NtA  TURRTS,  a  castle  on  a  rock  at 
the  N.W.  corner  of  the  Temple  at  Jerusalem, 
which  commanded  both  the  temple  and  the 
city.  It  was  at  first  called  Baris :  Herod  the 


ANTONINOPOLIS. 


44 


ANTONIUS. 


Great  changed  its  name  in  honor  of  M.  Anto- 
nius.  It  contained  the  residence  of  the  Pro- 
curator Jndaeae. 

ANT5NIN5P6LIS  (-is),  a  city  of  Mesopo- 
tamia, between  Edessa  and  Dara,  aft.  Maxim- 
ianopohs,  and  aft.  Constantia. 

ANTONINUS,  M.  AURHLJUS.    [M.  AUBE- 

LITTB.] 

ANTONINUS  PIUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor, 
A.D.  138-161,  born  near  Lanuvium,  A.I>.  Sti,  was 
adopted  by  Hadrian  in  IBS,  and  succeeded  the 
latter  in  the  same  year.  The  senate  conferred 
upon  him  the  title  of  Pms,  or  the  dutifully  af- 


Apotheosis  of  Antoninus  Pius  and  Faustina. 
(From  the  Pedestal  of  the  Column  of  Antoninus  Pius.) 

fectionate,  because  he  persuaded  them  to  grant 
to  his  father  Hadrian  the  apotheosis  and  the 
other  honors  usually  paid  to  deceased  emper- 
ors. The  reign  of  Antoninus  is  almost  a  blank 
in  history— a  blank  caused  by  the  suspension 
for  a  time  of  war,  violence,  and  crime.  He 
was  one  of  the  best  princes  that  ever  mount- 
ed a  throne,  and  all  his  thoughts  and  ener- 
gies were  dedicated  to  the  happiness  of  his 
people.  He  died  1C1,  in  his  75th  year.  He 
was  succeeded  by  M.  Aurelius,  whom  he  had 
adopted,  when  he  himself  was  adopted  by 
Hadrian,  and  to  whom  he  gave  his  daughter 
FAUSTINA  in  marriage. 

ANT5NIUS  (-i).  (1)  M.,  the  orator,  born  B.O. 
143 ;  quaestor  in  113 ;  praetor  in  104,  when  he 
fought  against  the  pirates  in  Cilicia;  consul 
in  99 ;  and  censor  in  97.  He  belonged  to  Sul- 
la's party,  and  was  put  to  death  by  Harms 
and  Cinua,  when  they  entered  Borne  in  87: 
his  head  was  cut  off  and  placed  on  the  Rostra. 
Cicero  mentions  him  and  L.  Crassus  as  the 
most  distinguished  orators  of  their  age?  and 
he  is  introduced  as  one  of  the  speakers  in 
Cicero's  De  Orators.— (2)  M.,  surnamed  CBETI- 
cus,  elder  son  of  the  orator,  and  father  of  the 
triumvir,  was  praetor  in  75,  and  received  the 
command  of  the  fleet  and  all  the  coasts  of  the 
Mediterranean,  in  order  to  clear  the  sea  of 
pirates ;  but  he  did  not  succeed  in  his  object, 
and  used  his  power  to  plunder  the  provinces. 
He  died  shortly  afterwards  in  Crete,  and  was 
called  Creticus  in  derision.— (3)  C.,  younger 
son  of  the  orator,  and  uncle  of  the  triumvir, 
was  expelled  the  senate  in  70,  and  was  the 
colleague  of  Cicero  in  the  praetorship  (65)  and 


consulship  (68).  He  was  one  of  Catiline's  con- 
spirators, but  deserted  the  latter  by  Cicero's 
promising  him  the  province  of  Macedonia. 
He  had  to  lead  an  army  against  Catiline,  but, 
unwilling  to  fight  against  his  former  friend, 
he  gave  the  command  on  the  day  of  battle  to 
his  legate,  M.Petreius.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  war  Antony  went  into  his  province,  which 
he  plundered  shamefully ;  and  on  his  return  to 
Rome  in  59  was  accused  both  of  taking  part  in 
Catiline's  conspiracy  and  of  extortion  in  his 
province.  He  was  defended  by  Cicero,  but  was 
condemned,  and  retired  to  the  island  of  Ceph- 
alleuia.  He  was  subsequently  recalled,  prob- 
ably by  Caesar,  and  was  in  Rome  at  the 
beginning  of  44.— (4)  M.,  the  TRIUMVIU, 
was  son  of  No.  2.  and  Julia,  the  sister  of 
Julius  Caesar,  consul  in  (54,  and  was  born 
about  83.  Hia  father  died  while  he  was 
still  young,  and  he  was  brought  up  by 
Lentultis,  who  married  his  mother  Julia, 
and  who  was  put  to  death  by  Cicero  in 
63  as  one  of  Catiline's  conspirators: 
hence  Antony  became  a  personal  enemy 
of  Cicero.  Antony  indulged  in  his  ear- 
liest youth  in  every  kind  of  dissipation, 
and  his  affairs  soon  became  deeply  in- 
volved. In  58  he  went  to  Syria,  where 
he  served  with  distinction  under  A.  Ga- 
binius.  In  54  he  went  to  Caesar  in  Gaul, 
and  by  the  influence  of  the  latter  was 
elected  quaestor  (52).  He  now  became 
one  of  the  most  active  partisans  of  Cae- 
sar. He  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  in  49, 
and  in  January  fled  to  Caesar's  camp  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  after  putting  his  veto 
upon  the  decree  of  the  senate  which  deprived 
Caesar  of  his  command.  In  48  Antony  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  where  he 
commanded  the  left  wing.  In  44  he  was  con- 
sul with  Caesar,  when  ne  offered  him  the 
kingly  diadem  at  the  festival  of  the  Luperca- 
lia.  After  Caesar's  murder  on  the  15th  of 


M.  Antonitia. 


ANTONIUS. 


45 


ANUBIS. 


March,  Antony  endeavored  to  succeed  to 
his  power.  He  pronounced  the  speech 
over  Caesar's  body,  and  read  his  will  to 
the  people ;  and  he  also  obtained  the  pa- 
pers and  private  property  of  Caesar.  But 
he  found  a  new  and  unexpected  rival  in 
young  Octavianus,  the  adopted  sou  and 
great-nephew  of  the  dictator,  who  at  first 
joined  the  senate  in  order  to  crush  An- 
tony. Towards  the  end  of  the  year  An- 
tony proceeded  to  Cisalpine  Gaul,  which  _  _  _ 

had  been  previously  granted  him  by  the  Coin  of  Autony,  with  Symbols  of  Worship  of  Bacchus  and  Venus, 
senate :  but  Dec.  Brutus  refused  to  sur- 
render the  province  to  Antony,  and  threw 


himself  into  Mutina,  where  he  was  besieged 
by  Antony.  The  senate  approved  of  the 
conduct  of  Brutus,  declared  Antony  a  pub- 
lic enemy,  and  intrusted  the  conduct  of  the 
war  against,  him  to  Octavianus.  Antony  was 
defeated  at  the  battle  of  Mutina,  in  April,  43, 
and  was  obliged  to  cross  the  Alps.  Both  the 
consuls,  however,  had  fallen,  and  the  sena- 
tors now  began  to  show  their  jealousy  of  Oc- 
tavianns.  Meantime  Antony  was  joined  by 
Lepidus  with  a  powerful  army;  Octavianus 
became  reconciled  to  Antony;  and  it  was 
agreed  that  the  government  of  the  state 
should  be  vested  in  Antony,  Octavianus,  and 
Lepidus,  under  the  title  of  Triumviri  Re~ 
publteae  Constitttendde,  for  the  next  5  years. 
The  mutual  enemies  of  each  were  proscribed, 
and  in  the  numerous  executions  that  follow- 
ed, Cicero,  who  had  attacked  Antony  in  his 
Philippic  Orations,  fell  a  victim  to  Antony. 
In  42  Antony  and  Octavianus  crushed  the  re- 
publican party  by  the  battle  of  Philippi,  in 
which  Brutus  and  Cassius  fell.  Antony  then 
went  to  Asia,  which  he  had  received  as  his 
share  of  the  Roman  world.  In  Cilicia  he  met 


us,  made  war  upon  Octavianus  in  Italy.  An- 
touy  prepared  to  support  his  relatives,  but 
the  war  was  brought  to  a  close  at  the  begin- 
ning of  40,  before  Antony  could  reach  Italy. 
The  opportune  death  of  Fulvia  facilitated  the 
reconciliation  of  Antony  and  Octaviauus, 
which  was  cemented  by  Antony  marrying 
Octavia,  the  sister  of  Octaviauus.  Antony  re- 
mained in  Italy  till  39,  when  the  triumvirs 
concluded  a  peace  with  Sext.  Pompey,  and  he 
afterwards  went  to  his  provinces  in  the  East. 
In  this  year  and  the  following,  Ventidius,  the 
lieutenant  of  Antony,  defeated  the  Parthians. 
In  37  Antony  crossed  over  to  Italy,  when  the 
triumvirate  was  renewed  for  5  years.  He  then 
returned  to  the  East,  and  shortly  afterwards 
sent  Ocfcavia  back  to  her  brother,  an$  sur- 
rendered himself  entirely  to  the  charms  of 
Cleopatra.  In  36  he  invaded  Parthia,  but  he 


lost  a  great  number  of  his  troops,  and  was 


Coin  of  Antony,  struck  at  Antioch. 


obliged  to  retreat.  He  was  more  successful 
in  his  invasion  of  Armenia  in  34,  for  he  ob- 
tained possession  of  the  person  of  Artavas- 
des,  the  Armenian  king,  and  carried  him  to 
Alexandria.  Antony  now  laid  aside  entirely 
the  character  of  a  Roman  citizen,  and  assumed 
the  pomp  and  ceremony  of  an  Eastern  despot. 
His  conduct,  and  the  unbounded  influence 
which  Cleopatra  had  acquired  over  him,  al- 
ienated many  of  his  friends  and  supporters? 
and  Octavianus  saw  that  the  time  had  now 
come  for  crushing  his  rival.  The  contest  was 
decided  by  the  memorable  sea-fight  off  Ac- 
tinm,  September  2d,  31,  in  which  Antony's 
fleet  was  completely  defeated.  Antony,  ac- 
companied Toy  Cleopatra,  fled  to  Alexandria, 
where  he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life  in  the 
following  year  (30),  when  Octavianus  appear- 
ed before  the  city.— (5)  C.,  brother  of  the  tri- 
umvir, was  praetor  in  Macedonia  in  44,  fell 
into  the  hands  of  M.  Brutus  in  43,  and  was 
put  to  death  by  Brutus  in  42,  to  revenge  the 
murder  of  Cicero.— (6)  L.,  youngest  brother 
of  the  triumvir,  was  consul  in  41,  when  he  en- 
gaged in  war  against  Octavianus  at  the  insti- 
gation of  Fulvia,  his  brother's  wife.  He  threw 
himself  into  the  town  of  Perusia,  which  he  was 
obliged  to  surrender  in  the  following  year. 
His  life  was  spared,  and  he  was  afterwards 
appointed  by  Octavianus  to  the  command  of 
Iberia.-(7)  M.,  elder  son  of  the  triumvir  by 
Fulvia,  was  executed  by  order  of  Octavianus, 
after  the  death  of  his  father  in  30.— (8)  JULUS, 
younger  son  of  the  triumvir  by  Fulvia,  was 
brought  up  by  his  step -mother  Octavia  at 
Rome,  and  received  great  marks  of  favor  from 
Augustus.  He  was  consul  in  B.O.  10,  but  was 
put  to  death  in  2,  in  consequence  of  his  adult" 
erous  intercourse  with  Julia, 
the  daughter  of  Augustus. 

ANT5NIUS  FELIX.  [Fa- 
ux.] 

AOT5NIUS  MUSA.  Plxr- 
SA.] 

ANTDNIUS  PRIMUS. 
[PRIMUS.] 

ANTRON  (-5nis),  a  town  in 
Phthiotis  in  Thessaly,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Sinus  Malia- 
cus. 

IN^BIS  <-is),  an  Egyptian 
divinity,  worshiped   in    the 
form  of  a  human  being  with  a 
dog's  head.  The  Greeks  iden- 
tified him  with  their  own  Her- 
mes (the  Roman  Mercury),  an  d  I 
thus  speak  of  Hermanuphis  ' 
in  the  same  manner  as  of  Zeus  image  of  Anubia. 


ANXUK 


APHRODITE. 


(Jupiter)  Ammon.  His  worship  was  intro- 
duced at  Rome  towards  the  end  of  the  republic. 

ATSfXUE.    [TARRAOINA.] 

XN¥TUS  <-i),  a  wealthy  Athenian,  the  most 
influential  and  formidable  of  the  accusers  of 
Socrates,  B.C.  399.  He  was  a  leading  man  of 
the  democratical  party,  and  took  an  active 
part,  along  with  Thrasybulus,  in  the  over- 
throw of  the  30  Tyrants. 

.1  ONES  (-um),  an  ancient  race  in  Boeotia. 
Hence  the  poets  frequently  nse  Aonius  as 
equivalent  to  Boeotian.  As 'Mount  Helicon 
and  the  fountain  Aganippe  were  in  Aonia,  the 
Muses  are  called  Awtides. 

AORSI  or  ADORSI  (-orum),  a  powerful  peo- 
ple of  Asiatic  Sarmatia,  chiefly  found  between 
the  Palus  Maeotis  (Sea  of  Azof)  and  the  Cas- 
pian, whence  they  spread  far  into  European 
Sarmatia. 

15US  (-i)  or  AEAS  (-antis),  the  principal 
river  of  the  Greek  part  of  Illyricum,  rising  in 
M.  Lacmon,  and  flowing  into  the  Ionian  sea 
near  Apollonia. 

APX.MEA  or  -IA  (-ae).  (1)  A.  AD  OBONTEM 
a  city  of  Syria,  built  by  Seleucus  Nicator  on 
the  site  of  the  older  city  of  PBLLA,  in  a  very 
strong  position  on  the  river  Orontes  or  Axius, 
and  named  in  honor  of  his  wife  Apama.— (2) 
A.  CiBSTirs  or  AD  MAEANDRUM,  a  great  city 


Medal  of  Apamca  Cibotus. 

of  Phrygia,  on  the  Maeander,  close  above  its 
confluence  with  the  Marsyas.  It  was  built  by 
Antiochus  I.  Soter,  who  named  it  in  honor  of 
his  mother  Apama.— (3)  A  MYBLBON,  in  Bi- 
thynia.  [MYRT.KA.] 

APELLfiS  (-is),  the  most  celebrated  of  Gre- 
cian painters,  was  born,  most  probably,  atCo- 
»ophon  in  Ionia,  though  some  ancient  writers 
call  him  a  Ooan  and  others  an  Ephesian.  He 
was  the  contemporary  of  Alexander  the  Great 
(B.O.  336-323),  who  entertained  so  high  an 
opinion  of  him,  that  he  was  the  only  person 
whom  Alexander  would  permit  to  take  his 
portrait.  We  are  not  told  when  or  where  he 
died.  Throughout  his  life  Apelles  labored  to 
improve  himself,  especially  in  drawing,  which 
he  never  spent  a  day  without  practising. 
Hence  the  proverb  Nulfa  dies  sine  tinea.  Of 
his  portraits  the  most  celebrated  was  that  of 
Alexander  wielding  a  thunderbolt;  bnt  the 
most  admired  of  all  his  pictures  was  the  "  Ve- 


nils  Anadyomene,"  or  Venus  rising  out  of  the 
sea.  The  goddess  was  wringing  her  hair,  and 
the  falling  drops  of  water  formed  a  transpar- 
ent silver  veil  around  her  form. 

APELLICON,  of  Teos,  a  Peripatetic  philos- 
opher and  great  collector  of  books.  His  val- 
uable library  at  Athens,  containing  the  auto- 
graphs of  Aristotle's  works,  was  carried  to 
Rome  by  Sulla  (B.O.  83) :  Apellicon  had  died 
just  before. 

JLPENI^INUS  (-i)  MONS,  (probably  from 
the  Celtic  Pen,  "a  height"),  the  Apennines,  a 
chain  of  mountains  running  throughout  Italy 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  forming  the  backbone  of 
the  peninsula.  It  is  a  continuation  of  the 
Maritime  Alps  [ALPEB],  and  begins  near  Gen- 
ua.  At  the  ooundaries  of  Samnium,  Apulia, 
andLacania,  it  divides  into  two  main  branch- 
es, one  of  which  runs  E.  through  Apulia  and 
Calabria,  and  terminates  at  the  Salentine 
promontory,  and  the  other  W.  through  Brut- 
tium,  terminating  apparently  at  Rhegium  and 
the  straits  of  Messina,  but  m  reality  contin- 
ued throughout  Sicily. 

iPER  (-ri),  ARRiUS  (-i),  praetorian  pre- 
fect, and  son-in-law  of  the  emperor  Numerian, 
whom  he  was  said  to  have  murdered :  he  was 
himself  put  to  death  by  Diocletian  on  his  ac- 
cession in  A.D.  284. 

APERANTlA  (-ae),  a  town  and  district  of 
Aetolia,  near  the  Achelous,  inhabited  by  the 
Aperantii. 

iPHACA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Coele-Syria,  be- 
tween Heliopolis  and  Byblus,  celebrated  for 
the  worship  and  oracle  of  Aphrodite  (Venus). 

IPHIREUS  (-ei),  father  of  Idas  and  Lyn- 
ceus,  the  Aph&retMae  (also  Aphdr&ia  proles), 
celebrated  for  their  fight  with  Castor  and  Pol- 
lux. 

APHINDA  (-ae),  an  Attic  demus  not  far 
from  Decelea,  was  originally  one  of  the  12 
towns  and  districts  into  which  Cecrops  is 
said  to  have  divided  Attica.  Here  Theseus 
concealed  Helen,  but  her  brothers  Castor  and 
Pollux  took  the  place  and  rescued  their  sister. 

APHODTRSlAS  (-adis),  the  name  of  several 
places  famous  for  the  worship  of  Aphrodite* 
(Venus).— (1)  A  town  in  Caria  on  the  site  of 
an  old  town  of  the  Leleges,  named  NinOe:  un- 
der the  Romans  a  free  city  and  asylum,  and 
a  flourishing  school  of  art.— (2)  Also  called 
VENERIB  OPPIPUM,  a  town,  harbor,  and  island 
on  the  coast  of  Cilicia,  opposite  to  Cyprus. 

APHRODITE  (-5s),  called  VENUS  (-5ris),by 
the  Romans,  the  goddess  of  love  and  beauty. 
In  the  Iliad  she  is  represented  as  the  daughter 
of  Zeus  andDiono ;  but  later  poets  frequently 
relate  that  she  was  sprung  from  the  foam  of 
the  sea,  whence  they  derive  her  name.  She 
was  the  wife  of  Hephaestos  (Vulcan) ;  but  she 
proved  faithless  to  her  husband,  and  was  in 
love  with  Ares  (Mars)  the  god  of  war.  She 
also  loved  the  gods  Dionysus  (Bacchus),  Her- 
mes (Mercury),  and  Poseidon  (Neptune),  and 
the  mortals  ANOHISES  and  ADONIS.  She  sur- 
passed all  the  other  goddesses  in  beauty,  and 
hence  received  the  prize  of  beauty  from 'Paris. 
[PABIS.]  She  likewise  had  the  power  of  grant- 
ing beauty  and  invincible  charms  to  others, 
and  whoever  wore  her  magic  girdle  imrnedi- 


VENUS  (APHBOBITB)  OP  MILO.    (Louvr&J 

D 


APHTHONIUS. 


APIS. 


Aphrodite  (Venus)  and  Eros  (Cupid). 
(Cause!  Museum  Roraanum,  vol.  I.  tav.  40.) 

ately  became  an  object  of  love  and  desire. 
In  the  vegetable  kingdom  the  myrtle,  rose, 
apple,_poppy,  etc.,  were  sacred  to 
her.  The  animals  sacred  to  her, 
which  are  often  mentioned  as 
drawing  her  chariot  or  serving  as 
her  messengers,  are  the  sparrow, 
the  dove,  the  swan,  the  swallow, 
and  a  bird  called  lynx.  She  is  gen- 
erally represented  in  works  of  art 
with  her  son  Eros  (Cupid).  The 
principal  places  of  her  worship  in 
Greece  were  the  islands  of  Cyprus 
and  Cythera.  Her  worship  was  of 
Eastern  origin,  and  probably  in- 
troduced by  the  Phoenicians  to 
the  islands  of  Cyprus  and  Cythera, 
from  whence  it  spread  all  over 
Greece.  She  appears  to  have  been 
originally  identical  with  Astarte, 
called  by  the  Hebrews  Ashtoreth. 

APHTHONfrJS  (-i),  of  Antioch, 
a  Greek  rhetorician,  lived  about 
A.I).  315,  and  wrote  the  introduc- 
tion to  the  study  of  rhetoric,  en- 
titled Progymiiasmata.  It  was  used 
as  the  common  school-book  in  this 
branch  of  education  for  several 
centuries. 

APHSTIS  (-is),  a  town  in  the  peninsula 
Pallene  in  Macedonia,  with  a  celebrated  tem- 
ple and  oracle  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  Ammon. 

APIA.    [Ans.] 

XPXClUS  (-i).  the  name  of  three  notorious 
gluttons.— (1)  The  first  lived  in  the  time  of 
Sulla. — (2)  The  second  and  most  renowned, 


M.  Gabius  Apicius,  flourished  under 
Tiberius.  Having  squandered  his 
fortune  on  the  pleasures  of  the  table, 
he  hanged  himself.— (3)  A  contempo- 
rary of  Trajan,  sent  to  this  emperor, 
when  he  was  in  Parthia,  fresh  oys- 
ters, preserved  by  a  skillful  process 
of  his  own.— The  work  011  Cookery 
ascribed  to  Apicius  was  probably 
compiled  at  a  late  period  by  some  one 
who  prefixed  the  name  of  Apicius 
in  order  to  insure  the  circulation  of 
his  book. 

APIDANUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Thes- 
saly,  flowing  into  the  Enipeus  near 
Pharsalus. 

APlOLAE  (-arum),  a  town  of  La- 
tium,  destroyed  by  Tarquinius  Pris- 
cus. 

API5N,  a  Greek  grammarian,  and 
a  native  of  Oasis  in  Egypt,  taught 
rhetoric  at  Rome  in  the  reigns  of 
Tiberius  and  Claudius.  He  wrote  a 
work  against  the  Jews,  to  which  Jo- 
sephus  replied  in  his  treatise  Against 
Apion. 

APION  PTOLEMAEUS.    [PTOLB- 

APIS  (-is).    (1)  Son  of  Phoroneus 
and  LaodicG,  king  of  Argos,  from 
whom  Peloponnesus,  and  more  es- 
pecially Argos,  was  called  APIA.— (2) 
The  sacred  Bull  of  Memphis,  wor- 
shiped as  a  god  among  the  Egyp- 
I  tians.    There  were  certain  signs  oy  which  he 
|  was  recognized  to  be  the  god.    At  Memphis 


Figure  of  Apis. 
(From  the  Egyptian  Monuments.)  ^ 

he  had  a  splendid  residence,  containing  ex- 
tensive walks  and  courts  for  his  amusement. 
His  birthday,  which  was  celebrated  every 
year,  was  a  day  of  rejoicing  for  all  Egypt 
His  death  was  a  season  of  public  mourn- 
ing, which  continued  till  another  sacred  bull 
was  discovered  by  the  priests. 


APODOTI. 


48 


APOLLO. 


IPOD5TI  (-drum),  a  people  in  the  S.B.  of 
Aetolia,  between  the  Evenus  and  Hylaethus. 

1POLI3N1RIS,  SIDONIUS.    [SIDONIUS.] 
iPOLLlNIS  PR.,  a  promontory  in  N.  Af- 
rica, forming  the  W .  point  of  the  gulf  of  Car- 
thage. 

IPOLLO  (-Inis),  one  of  the  great  divinities 
of  the  Greeks,  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto 
(Latona)  and  twin  brother  of  Artemis  (Diana), 
was  born  in  the  island  of  Delos,  whither  Leto 
had  fled  from  the  jealous  Hera  (Juno).  [Lp/ro.] 
The  powers  ascribed  to  Apollo  are  apparently 
of  different  kinds,  but  are  all  connected  with 
one  another,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  follow- 
ing classification.  He  is— 1.  The  god  ivho  pun- 
ishes, whence  he  is  represented  with  a  bow 
and  arrows.  All  sudden  deaths  were  believed 
to  be  the  effect  of  his  arrows ;  and  with  them 
he  sent  the  plague  into  the  camp  of  the  Greeks 
before  Troy.— 2.  The  god  who  affords  help,  and 
wards  off  evil.  As  he  had  the  power  of  pun- 
ishing men,  so  he  was  also  able  to  deliver 
men,  if  duly  propitiated.  From  his  being  the 
god  who  afforded  help,  he  is  the  father  of 
Aesculapius,  the  god  of  the  healing  art,  and 
was  also  identified  in  later  times  with  PaeSon, 
the  god  of  the  healing  art  in  Homer.— 3.  The 
god  of  prophecy.  Apollo  exercised  this  power 
in  his  numerous  oracles,  and  especially  in  that 
of  Delphi.  Hence  he  is  frequently  called  the 
Pythian  Apollo,  from  Pytho,  the  ancient  name 
of  Delphi.  He  had  the  power  of  communicat- 
ing the  gift  of  prophecy  both  to  gods  and 
men,  and  all  the  ancient  seers  and  prophets 
are  placed  in  some  relationship  to  him. — 4. 
The  god  of  song  and  music.  *We  find  him  in 
the  Iliad  delighting  the  immortal  gods  with 
his  phonninx;  and  the  Homeric  bards  de- 
rived their  art  of  song  either  from  Apollo  or 


Apollo  M nsogetes. 
COaterley  Denk.  der  alten  Kunal,  tav.  32.) 


the  Muses.  Hence  he  is  placed  in  close  con- 
nection with  the  Muses,  and  is  called  Musa- 
netes,  as  leader  of  the  choir  of  the  Muses. 
Later  tradition  ascribed  to  Apollo  even  the 
invention  of  the  flute  and  lyre,  while  it  is 
more  commonly  related  that  he  received  the 
lyre  from  Hermes  (Mercury).  Respecting  his 
musical  contests,  see  MAHSYAS,  MIPAS.— -5.  The 
god  who  protects  the  flocks  and  cattle.  There 
are  in  Homer  only  a  few  allusions  to  this 
feature  in  the  character  of  Apollo,  but  in  later 
writers  it  assumes  a  very  prominent  form, 
and  in  the  story  of  Apollo  tending  the  flocks 
of  Admetus  at  Pherae,  in  Thessaly,  the  idea 


The  Pythian  Apollo. 
(Andran,  Proportion  du  Corps  Humafn,  pi.  18.) 

reaches  its  height— 6.  The  god  who  delights  in 
the,  foundation  of  towns  ana  the  establishment 
of  Ml  constitutions.  Hence  a  town  or  a  col- 
ony was  never  founded  by  the  Greeks  with- 
out consulting  an  oracle  of  Apollo,  so  that  in 
every  case  he  oecame.  as  it  were,  their  spirit- 
ual leader.— J.  The  god  of  the  Sun.  In  Homer, 
Apollo  and  Helios,  or  the  Sun,  are  perfectly 
distinct,  and  his  identification  with  the  Sun, 
though  almost  universal  among  later  writers, 
was  the  result  of  later  speculations,  and  of 
foreign,  chiefly  Egyptian,  influence.— Apollo 
had  more  influence  upon  the  Greeks  than  any 
other  god.  It  may  safely  be  asserted  that  the 
Greeks  would  never  have  become  what  they 
were,  without  the  worship  of  Apollo :  in  him 
the  brightest  side  of  the  Grecian  mind  is  re- 
flected. In  the  religion  of  the  early  Romans 
there  is  no  trace  of  the  worship  of  Apollo. 
The  Romans  became  acquainted  with  this  di- 
vinity through  the  Greeks,  and  adopted  all 
their  notions  about  him  from  the  latter  peo- 
ple. During  the  second  Punic  war,  in  212, 
:he  ludi  Apollinares  were  instituted  in  his 
ionor.— The  most  beautiful  among  the  ex- 
tant representations  of  Apollo  is  the  Apollo 
Belvedere  at  Rome,  in  which  he  appears  as 
the  perfect  ideal  of  youthful  manliness. 


APOLLO  ClTHABOEPtTS.     (Munich.) 


APOLLODOKUS. 


49 


APPIANUS. 


XPOLLOD5RUS  (-i),  of  Athens,  flourished 
about  B.O.  140.  His  work,  entitled  Bibliotlieca, 
contains  a  well-arrauged  account  of  the  Greek 
mythology. 

XPOLLONlA  (-ae).  (1)  An  important  town 
in  Illyria,  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  the  Aous, 
and  60  stadia  from  the  sea.  It  was  founded 
by  the  Corinthians  and  Corcyraeans,  and  was 
equally  celebrated  as  a  place  of  commerce  and 
of  learning.  Many  distinguished  Romans, 
among  others  the  young  Octavius,  afterwards 
the  emperor  Augustus,  pursued  their  studies 
here.  Persons  traveling  from  Italy  to  Greece 
and  the  East  usually  landed  either  at  Apol- 
lonia  or  Dyrrhacium.  —  (2)  A  town  in  Mace- 
donia, on  the  Via  Eguatia,  between  Thessa- 
lonica  and  AmphipoTis,  and  S.  of  the  lake  of 
Bolbe.— (3)  a  town  in  Thrace  on  the  Black 
Sea,  a  colony  of  Miletus,  had  a  celebrated  tem- 
ple of  Apollo,  from  which  Lucullus  carried 
away  a  collossus  of  this  god,  and  erected  it 
on  the  Capitol  at  Rome. —(4)  A  castle  or  for- 
tified town  of  the  Locri  Ozolae,  near  Naupac- 
tus. — (5)  A  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily. — 
(6)  A  town  in  Bithynia  on  the  lake  Apolloni- 
atis,  through  which  the  river  Rhyndacus  flows. 
—(7)  A  town  in  Cyreuaica  and  the  harbor  of 
Cyrene,  one  of  the  5  towns  of  the  Peutapolis 
in  Libya:  it  was  the  birthplace  of  Eratosthe- 
nes. 

iPOLL(5NIS  (-is),  a  city  in  Lydia,  between 
Pergamus  and  Sardis,  named  after  Apollonis, 
the  mother  of  king  Eumenes. 

iPOLLONItJS  (-i).  (1)  Of  ALABANDA  in  Ca- 
ria,  a  rhetorician,  taught  rhetoric  at  Rhodes, 
about  B.O.  100.  —  (2)  Of  ALABANDA,  surnamed 
MOLO,  likewise  a  rhetorician,  taught  rhetoric 
at  Rhodes.  In  B.O.  81,  Apollouius  came  to 
Rome  as  embassador  of  the  Rhodians,  on 
which  occasion  Cicero  heard  him;  Cicero 
also  received  instruction  from  Apollonius  at 
Rhodes  a  few  years  later.  —  (3)  PEKGAEUS, 
from  Perga  in  Pamphylia,  one  of  the  great- 
est mathematicians  of  antiquitj',  commonly 


called  the  "Great  Geometer,"  was  educated 
at  Alexandria  under  the  successors  of  Euclid, 
and  nourished  about  B. o.  250-220.— • (4)  RHODI- 
us,  a  poet  and  grammarian,  was  born  at  Alex- 
andria, and  flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Ptol- 
emy Philopator  and  Ptolemy  Epiphanes  (B.C. 
222-181).  In  his  youth  he  was  instructed  by 
Callimachus ;  but  they  afterwards  became  bit- 
ter enemies.  Apollonius  taught  rhetoric  at 
Rhodes  with  so  much  success  that  the  Rho- 
dians honoredhim  with  their  franchise;  hence 
he  was  called  the  "  Rhodian."  He  afterwards 
returned  to  Alexandria,  where  he  succeeded 
Eratosthenes  as  chief  librarian  at  Alexan- 
dria. His  poem,  called  the  Argonautica,  gives 
a  description  of  the  adventures  of  the  Argo- 
nauts.—(5)  TYANBNSIB  or  TYANAEUS,  i.e.  of 
Tyana  in  Cappadocia,  a  Pythagorean  philos- 
opher, was  born  about  4  years  before  the 
Christian  era.  Apollonius  obtained  great  in- 
fluence by  pretending  to  miraculous  powers. 
His  life  is  written  T>y  Philostratus.  After 
traveling  through  the  greater  part  of  the  then 
known  world,  he  settled  down  at  Ephesus, 
where  he  is  said  to  have  proclaimed  the  death 
of  the  tyrant  Domitian  the  instant  it  took 
place. 

IPSNUS  or  IPONI  FONS,  warm  medici- 
nal springs,  near  Patavium,  hence  called  Aquae 
Patavinae,  were  much  frequented  by  the  sick, 

APPlA  VIA  (-ae),  the  most  celebrated  of 
the  Roman  roads,  was  commenced  by  Ap. 
Claudius  Caecus,  when  censor,  B.O.  312,  and 
was  the  great  line  of  communication  between 
Rome  and  southern  Italy.  It  issued  from  the 
Porta  Capeua,  and  terminated  at  Capua,  but 
was  eventually  extended  to  Brundusium. 

APPllNUS  (-i),  the  Roman  historian,  a 
native  of  Alexandria,  lived  at  Rome  during 
the  reigns  of  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  Antoninus 
Pius.  He  wrote  a  Roman  history  in  24  books, 
of  which  only  part  has  come  down  to  us.  His 
style  is  clear ;  but  he  possesses  few  merits  as 
a  historian. 


Appinn  Way. 


APPIAS. 


50 


ARABIA. 


APPlAS  (-adis),  a  nymph  of  the  Appian 
well,  which  was  situated  near  the  temple  of 
Venus  Genetrix  in  the  forum  of  Julius  Caesar. 
It  was  surrounded  by  statues  of  nymphs  called 
Appiades. 

APPII  FORUM.    [FOBUM  APPII.] 

APPEXEIUS  or  APULEIUS  (-i),  of  Madura 
in  Africa,  born  about  A.D.  130,  received  the 
first  rudiments  of  education  at  Carthage,  and 
afterwards  studied  the  Platonic  philosophy  at 
Athens.  He  next  traveled  extensively,  visit- 
ing Italy,  Greece,  and  Asia.  After  his  return 
to  Africa  he  married  a  very  rich  widow.  His 
most  important  work  is  the  Golden  Ass,  which 
is  a  kind  of  romance.  The  well-known  and 
beautiful  tale  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  forms  an 
episode  iu  this  work. 

APPtJXElUS  SATURNXNUS.  [SATUBNI- 
NTTS.] 

APRIKS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  the  Pharaoh- 
Hophra  of  Scripture,  succeeded  his  father 
Psammis,  and  reigned  B.O.  595-570,  He  was 
dethroned  and  put  to  death  by  AMASIS. 

APSUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Illyria,  flowing  into 
the  Ionian  sea. 

APSYRTUS.    [ABSYBTUS.] 

APU5.NI  (-orum),  a  Ligurian  people  on  the 
Macra,  subdued  by  the  Romans  after  a  long 
resistance,  and  transplanted  to  Samnium,  B.C. 
ISO. 

APtTLEIUS.    [APPTTLEIUS.] 

APULIA  (-ae),  included,  in  its  widest  sig- 
nification, the  whole  of  the  S.E.  of  Italy  from 
the  river  Frento  to  the  promontory  lapygium. 
In  its  narrower  sense  it  was  the  country  E. 
of  Samnium  on  both  sides  of  the  Aufidus,  the 
Daunia  and  Peucetia  of  the  Greeks :  the  S.  E. 
part  was  called  Calabria  by  the  Romans.  The 
Greeks  gave  the  name  of  Daunia  to  the  N. 
part  of  the  country  from  the  Frento  to  the 
Aufidus,  of  Peucetia  to  the  country  from  the 
Aufidus  to  Tarentum  and  Brundusium,  and 
of  lapygia  or  Messapia  to  the  whole  of  the 
remaining  S.  part ;  though  they  sometimes 
included  under  lapygia  all  Apulia  in  its  wid- 
est meaning.  The  country  was  very  fertile, 
especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  Tarentum, 
and  the  mountains  afforded  excellent  pastur- 
age. The  population  was  of  a  mixed  nature : 
they  were  for  the  most  part  of  Illyrian  origin, 
and  are  said  to  have  settled  in  the  country 
under  the  guidance  of  lapyx,  Daunius,  and 
Peucetius,  three  sons  of  an  Illyrian  king,  Ly- 
caon.  Subsequently  many  towns  were  found- 
ed by  Greek  colonists.  The  Apulians  joined 
the  Samnites  against  the  Romans,  and  be- 
came subject  to  the  latter  on  the  conquest  of 
the  Samnites. 

I.QUAE  (-arum),  the  name  given  by  the 
Romans  to  many  medicinal  springs  and  bath- 
ing-places :— (1)  CTTTILIAB,  mineral  springs  in 
Samnium  near  the  ancient  town  of  Cutilia, 
which  perished  in  early  times,  and  E.  of  Reate. 
There  was  a  celebrated  lake  in  its  neighbor- 
hood, with  a  floating  island,  which  was  re- 
garded as  the  umbilicus  or  centre  of  Italy. 
Vespasian  died  at  this  place.— (2)  PATAVINAE. 
[APONI  FONB.]— (3)  SEXTIAE  (Aix).  a  Roman 
colony  in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  founded  by  Sex- 
tius  Calvimis,  B.C.  122 ;  its  mineral  waters 


were  long  celebrated.  Near  this  place  Mark 
us  defeated  the  Teutoni,  B.O.  102.— (i)  STATI- 
EIXAE,  a  town  of  the  Statielli  in  Liguria,  cel- 
ebrated for  its  warm  baths. 

AQUlLA"  R?A  <-ae),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Zeugitana  in  Africa,  on  the  W.  side  of  Her- 
maeum  Pr.  (C.Bon).  It  was  a  good  landing- 
place  in  summer. 

AQUILSIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  GalHa  Transpa- 
dana  at  the  very  top  of  the  Adriatic,  about  60 
stadia  from  the  sea.  It  wa"s  founded  by  the 
Romans  in  B.C.  182,  as  a  bulwark  against  the 
northern  barbarians,  and  was  one  of  the 
strongest  fortresses  of  the  Romans.  It  was 
also  a  flourishing  place  of  commerce.  It  was 
taken  and  completely  destroyed  by  Attila  in 
A.D.  452 :  its  inhabitants  escaped  to  the  La- 
goons, where  Venice  was  afterwards  built. 

IQUILLIA  VIA  (-ae),  began  at  Capua,  and 
ran  S.  through  the  very  heart  of  Lucania  and 
Bruttii  to  Rhegium. 

iQUILLf  US  or  iQUIIlUS  (-i).  (1)  Con- 
snl,  B.O.  129,  finished  the  war  against  Aria- 
tonicus,  son  of  Eumenes  of  Pergamus — (2) 
Consul,  B.O.  101,  finished  the  Servile  war  in 
Sicily.  In  88  he  was  defeated  by  Mithridates, 
who  put  him  to  death  by  pouring  molten  gold 
down  his  throat. 

iQUILONlA.  (-ae),  a  town  of  Samninm,  E. 
of  Bovianum,  destroyed  by  the  Romans  in 
the  Samnite  wars. 

IQQINUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Volscians  in 
Latium;  a  Roman  municipium  and  after- 
wards  a  colony;  the  birthplace  of  Juvenal; 
celebrated  for  its  purple  dye. 

XQUiTlNlA  (-ae).  (1)  The  country  of 
the  Aquitaui,  extended  from  the  Garumna 
(Garonne)  to  the  Pyrenees.  It  was  first  con- 
quered by  Caesar's  legates. — (2)  The  Roman 
province  of  Aquitania,  formed  in  the  reign  of 
Augustus,  extended  from  the  Ligeris  (JGoire), 
to  the  Pyrenees,  and  was  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  Mons  Cevenna,  which  separated  it 
from  Gallia  Narbouensis.  The  Aquitani  were 
of  Iberian  or  Spanish  origin. 

A"RA  UBK5RUM,  a  place  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Bonn  in  Germany,  perhaps  Godesb&rg. 

ARABIA  (-ae),  a  country  at  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Asia,  forming  a  large  peninsula,  of 
a  sort  of  hatchet  shape,  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
the  AEABIOUS  SINUS  (Red  Sea),  on  the  S.  and 
S.E.by  the  EBYTHBAETTM  MAKE  (Gulf  of  Bab- 
el-Mandeb  and  Indian  Ocean),  and  on  the  N.E. 
by  the  Persicus  Sinus  (Persian  Gulf).  On  the 
N.  or  land  side  its  boundaries  were  somewhat 
indefinite,  but  it  seems  to  have  included  the 
whole  of  the  desert  country  between  -Egypt 
and  Syria,  on  the  one  side,  and  the  banks  of 
the  Euphrates  on  the  other.  It  was  divided 
into  3  parts :  (1)  ABABIA  PETBABA,  including 
the  triangular  piece  of  land  between  the  two 
heads  of  the  Red  Sea  (the  peninsula  of  M. 
Sinai)  and  the  country  immediately  to  the  N. 
and  N.E.,  and  called  from  its  capital  Petra; 
while  the  literal  signification  of  the  name 
"Rocky  Arabia"  agrees  also  with  the  nature 
of  the  country ;  (2)  ABABIA  DESEBTA,  includ- 
ing the  great  Syrian  Desert  and  a  portion  of 
the  interior  of  the  Arabian  peninsula;  (3) 
ABABIA  FELIX,  consisting  of  the  whole  conn- 


ARABICUS  SINUS. 


51 


ARBELA. 


try  not  included  in  the  two  other  divisions. 
The  ignorance  of  the  ancients  respecting  the 
interior  of  the  peninsula  led  them  to  class  it 
with  Arabia  Felix,  although  it  properly  be- 
longs to  Arabia  Deserta,  for  it  consists  of  a 
sandy  desert.  There  is  only  on  the  W.  coast 
a  belt  of  fertile  land,  which  caused  the  an- 
cients to  apply  the  epithet  of  Felix  to  the 
whole  peninsula.— The  inhabitants  of  Arabia 
were  of  the  race  called  Semitic  or  Aramaean, 
and  closely  related  to  the  Israelites.  The 
N.W.  district  (Arabea  Petraea)  was  inhabited 
by  the  various  tribes  which  constantly  appear 
in  Jewish  history:  the  Amalekites,  Midian- 
ites,  Edomites,  Moabites,  Ammonites,  etc. 
The  Greeks  and  Romans  called  the  inhabit- 
ants by  the  name  of  NABATUAEI,  whose  cap- 
ital was  Petra.  The  people  of  Arabia  Deserta 
were  called  Arabos  Scenitae,  from  their  dwell- 
ing in  tents,  and  Arabes  Nomadae,  from  their 
mode  of  life.  From  the  earliest  known  period 
a  considerable  tramc  was  carried  on  by  the 
people  in  the  N.  (especially  the  Nabathaei) 
by  means  of  caravans,  and  by  those  on  the  S. 
and  B.  coast  by  sea,  in  the  productions  of 
their  own  country  (chiefly  gums,  spices,  and 
precious  stones),  and  in  those  of  India  and 
Arabia.  The  only  part  of  Arabia  ever  con- 
quered was  Arabia  Petraea,  which  became  un- 
der Trajan  a  Roman  province.  Christianity 
was  early  introduced  into  Arabia,  where  it 
spread  to  a  great  extent,  and  continued  to 
exist  side  by  side  with  the  old  religion  (which 
was  Sabaeism,  or  the  worship  of  heavenly 
bodies),  and  with  some  admixture  of  Judaism, 
until  the  total  revolution  produced  by  the  rise 
of  Mohammedanism  in  622. 

IRIBICUS  SINUS  (-i:  Red  Sea),  a  long 
narrow  gulf  between  Africa  and  Arabia,  con- 
nected on  the  S.  with  the  Indian  Ocean  by  the 
Strait  of  Bab-el~Mandeb,  and  on  the  N.  di- 
vided into  two  heads  by  the  peninsula  of 
Arabia  Petraea  (Penins.  of  Sinai),  the  E.  of 
which  was  called  Sinus  Aelanites  or  Aelani- 
ticus  (Gulf  of  Akaba),  and  the  W.  Sinus  He- 
roopolites  or  Heroopoliticus  (Oulf  of  Suez). 
Respecting  its  other  name  see  EBYTIIRAEUM 


iRlBlS  (-is),  a  river  of  Gedrosia  falling 
into  the  Indian  Ocean,  W.  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Indus,  and  dividing  the  Oritae  on  its  W. 
from  the  Arabltae  or  Arbles  on  its  E. 

ARACHNl  (-es),  a  Lydian  maiden,  daughter 
of  Idmon  of  Colophon,  a  famous  dyer  in  pur- 
ple. Arachne  excelled  in  the  art  of  weaving, 
and,  proud  of  her  talent,  ventured  to  chal- 
lenge Athena  (Minerva)  to  compete  with  her 
The  maiden  produced  a  piece  of  cloth  in 
which  the  amours  of  the  gods  were  woven 
and  as  the  goddess  could  find  no  fault  with  it 
she  tore  the  work  to  pieces.  Arachne,  in  de 
spair,  hung  herself:  Athena  loosened  the  rope 
and  saved  her  life,  but  the  rope  was  changed 
into  a  cobweb,  and  ArachnS  herself  into  a 
spider  (Arachne).  This  fable  seems  to  Bug 
gest  that  man  learned  the  art  of  weaving  from 
the  spider,  and  that  it  was  invented  in  Lydia 

ARACH5S1A  (-ae),  one  of  the  E.  provinces 
of  the  Persian  (and  afterwards  of  the  Parthian 
Empire,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Indus,  on 
the  N.  by  the  Paropamisadae,  on  the  W.  by 


Drangiana,  and  on  the  S.  by  Gedrosia.    It  was 

fertile  country. 

IRACHTHUS  (-i)  or  ATtfiTPO  (-onis),  a 
Iver  of  Epirus,  rising  in  M.  Lacmon  or  the 
Pymphean  mountains,  and  flowing  into  the 
Ambraciau  gulf. 

ARACYNTHUS  (-i),  a  mountain  on  the 
o.W.  coast  of  Aetolia,  near  Pleurou,  some- 
imes  placed  in  Acarnania.  Later  writers  er- 
roneously make  it  a  mountain  between  Boe- 
otia  and  Attica,  and  hence  mention  it  in  con- 
nection with  Amphion,  tho  Boeotian  hero.  * 

ARADUS  (-i:  in  0,  T.  Arvad),  a  small  island 
off  the  coast  of  Phoenicia,  with  a  flourishing 
city,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  exiles  from 
Sidon.  It  possessed  a  harbor  on  the  main- 
land, called  Antaradus. 

ARAE  PHILAENC5RUM.    [PniLAEWL] 

ARlR  or  ARARIS  (-is:  Saone),  a  river  of 
Gaul,  rises  in  the  Vosges,  receives  the  Dubis 
(Doubs)  from  the  E.,  after  which  it  becomes 
navigable,  and  flows  with  a  quiet  stream  into 
the  Rhone  at  Lugdunum  (Lyon). 

ARlTUS  (-i).  (1)  The  celebrated  general 
of  the  Achaeans,  son  of  Clinias,  was  born  at 
Sicyon,  B.O.  271.  His  father  was  murdered 
when  he  was  a  child,  and  was  brought  up  at 
Argos.  At  20  years  of  age  he  delivered  Sicyon. 
from  the  rule  of  its  tyrant,  and  united  the  city 
to  the  Achaean  League,  which  gained  in  con- 
sequence a  great  accession  of  power,  B.O.  251. 
[AoHAEt.]  In  245  he  was  elected  general  of 
the  league,  which  ofllce  he  frequently  held  in 
subsequent  years.  But  he  excelled  more  in 
negotiation  than  in  war ;  and  in  his  war  with 
the  Aetolians  and  Spartans  he  was  often  de- 
feated. In  order  to  resist  these  enemies  he 
cultivated  the  friendship  of  Antigonns  Boson, 
king  of  Macedonia,  and  of  his  successor  Phil- 
ip ;  but  as  Philip  was  evidently  anxious  to 
make  himself  master  of  all  Greece,  dissensions 
arose  between  him  and  Aratus,  and  the  latter 
was  eventually  poisoned  in  213  by  the  king's 
order.— (2)  Of  Soli,  afterwards  Pompeiopofis, 
in  Cilicia,  flourished  B.O.  2TO,  and  spent  the  lat- 
ter part  of  his  life  at  the  court  of  Antigonns 
Gonatas,  king  of  Macedonia,  He  wrote  two 
astronomical  poems,  entitled  Phaenomena  and 
Diosemeia,  which  were  very  popular  in  an- 
cient times.  They  were  translated  into  Latin 
by  Cicero,  by  Caesar  Germauicus,  the  grand- 
son of  Augustus,  and  by  Festns  Avienus. 

PRAXES  (-is),  the  name  of  several  rivers. 
— (1)  In  Armenia,  rising  in  M.  Aba  or  Abus, 
joining  the  Cyrus,  and  falling  with  it  into 
the  Caspian  sea.  The  Araxes  was  proverbial 
for  the  force  of  its  current— -(2)  In  Mesopota- 
mia. [ABORRHAS.]— (3)  In  Persia,  the  river  on 
which  Persepolis  stood,  flowing  into  a  salt 
lake  not  far  below  Persepolis — (4)  It  is  doubt- 
ful whether  the  Araxes  of  Herodotus  is  the 
same  as  the  Oxus,  JAXABTES,  or  Volga. 

ARBACES  (-is),  the  founder  of  the  Median 
empire,  according  to  Ctesias,  is  said  to  have 
taken  Nineveh  in  conjunction  with  Belesis, 
the  Babylonian,  and  to  have  destroyed  the 
old  Assyrian  empire  under  the  reign  of  Sar- 
danapalus,B.o.  876. 

ARBELA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Adiabene  in  As- 
syria, celebrated  as  the  head-quarters 


AEBUSCULA. 


52 


ARCHILOCHUS. 


rius  Codomaiinus,  before  the  last  battle  iii 
which  he  was  overthrown  by  Alexander  (B.C. 
331),  which  is  hence  frequently  called  the  bat- 
tle of  Arbela,  though  it  was  really  fought  near 
GAUGAMELA,  about  50  miles  W.  of  Arbela. 

ARBUSCtTLA  (-ae),  a  celebrated  female  ac- 
tor in  pantomimes  in  the  time  of  Cicero. 

ARCA  (-ae),  or-AE  (-arum),  au  ancient  city 
in  the  N.  of  Phoenicia ;  the  birthplace  of  the 
emperor  Alexander  Severus. 

ARCADIA  (-ae),  a  country  in  the  middle 
of  Peloponnesus,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by 
mountains,  the  Switzerland  of  Greece.  The 
Achelons,  the  greatest  river  of  Peloponnesus, 
rises  in  Arcadia.  The  N.  and  E.  parts  of  the 
country  were  barren  and  unproductive ;  the 
W.  and  S.  were  more  fertile,  with  numerous 
valleys  where  com  was  grown.  The  Arcadi- 
ans regarded  themselves  as  the  most  ancient 
people  in  Greece :  the  Greek  writers  call  them 
indigenous  an d  Pelasgians.  They  were  chiefly 
employed  in  hunting  and  the  tending  of  cattle, 
whence  their  worship  of  Pan,  who  was  espe- 
cially the  god  of  Arcadia  and  of  Artemis. 
They  were  passionately  fond  of  music,  and 
cultivated  it  with  success.  The  Arcadians  ex- 
perienced fewer  changes  than  any  other  peo- 
ple in  Greece,  and  retained  possession  of  their 
country  upon  the  conquest  of  the  rest  of  Pe- 
loponnesus by  the  Dorians.  After  the  second 
Messenian  war,  the  different  towns  became 
independent  republics,  of  which  the  most  im- 
portant were  MANTINEA,  TEGEA,  OEOHOMENUS, 
PBOPHIS,  and  PHENETJS.  Like  the  Swiss,  the 
Arcadians  frequently  served  as  mercenaries. 
The  Lacedaemonians  made  many  attempts  to 
obtain  possession  of  parts  of  Arcadia,  but 
these  attempts  were  finally  frustrated  by  the 
battle  of  Leuctra  (B.O.  371) ;  and  in  order  to 
resist  all  future  aggressions  on  the  part  of 
Sparta,  the  Arcadians,  upon  the  advice  of 
Epaminondas,  built  the  city  of  MEGALOPOLIS. 
They  subsequentlyj  oined  the  Achaean  League, 
and  finally  became  subject  to  the  Romans. 

ARCADITJS  (-i),  emperor  of  the  East,elder 
son  of  Theodosius  L,  and  brother  of  Hono- 
rius,  reigned  A.D.  395-408. 

ARC  AS  (-tldis),  king  of  the  Arcadians,  son 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Callisto,  from  whom  Ar- 
cadia was  supposed  to  have  derived  its  name. 

ARCEStLiUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Greek  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Pitane,  in  Aeolis,  succeeded 
Crates  about  B.C.  241  in  the  chair  of  the 
Academy  at  Athens,  and  became  the  founder 
of  the  secon  d  or  mi  ddle  Academy.  He  is  said 
to  have  died  iu  his  76th  year  from  a  fit  of 
drunkenness. — (2)  The  name  of  four  kings  of 
Gyrene.  [BATTIADAK] 

ARCESIUS  (-i),  father  of  Laertes,  and  grand- 
father of  Ulysses,  who  is  hence  called  Arcesi^ 
odes. 

ARCEELlUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  HEBOD  the 
Great,  was  appointed  by  his  father  as  his  suc- 
cessor, and  received  from  Augustus  Judaea, 
Samaria,  and  Idumaea,  with  the  title  of  eth- 
narch.  In  consequence  of  his  tyrannical  gov- 
ernment Augustus  banished  him  in  A.D/7  to 
Vienna  in  Gaul,  where  he  died.— (2)  King  of 
MACEDONIA  (B.O.  413-399),  an  illegitimate  son 
of  Perdiccas  II.,  obtained  the  throne  by  the 


murder  of  his  half-brother.  He  was  a  warm, 
patron  of  art  and  literature.  His  palace  was 
adorned  with  paintings  by  Zeuxis ;  and  Eu- 
ripides, Agathon,  and  other  men  of  eminence, 
were  among  his  guests. — (3)  A  distinguished 
general  of  MITHUIPATES,  defeated  by  Sulla  in 
Boeotia,  B.O.  86.  He  deserted  to  the  Romans 
B.O.  81.— (4)  Son  of  the  preceding,  was  raised 
by  Pompey,  in  B.C.  63,  to  the  dignity  of  priest 
of  the  goddess  at  Comana  in  Pontus  or  Cap- 
padocia. In  56  or  55  Archelaus  became  king 
of  Egypt  by  marrying  Berenice,  the  daughter 
of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  who,  after  the  expulsion 
of  her  father,  had  obtained  the  sovereignty 
of  Egypt.  But  at  the  end  of  6  months  he  was 
defeated  and  slain  in  battle  by  Gabinius,  who 
had  marched  with  an  army  into  Egypt  in  or- 
der to  restore  Ptolemy  Auletes.— (5)  Son  of 
No.  4,  and  his  successor  in  the  omce  of  high- 
priest  of  Comana,  was  deprived  of  his  dignity 
by  Julius  Caesar  in  47.— (6)  Son  of  No.  5,  re- 
ceived from  Antony,  in  B.O.  36,  the  kingdom 
of  Cappadocia— a  favor  which  he  owed  to  the 
charms  of  his  mother  Glaphyra.  He  was  de- 
prived of  his  kingdom  by  Tiberius,  A.D.  IT ; 
and  Cappadocia  was  then  made  a  Roman 
province.  —  (7)  A  philosopher  of  the  Ionic 
school,  born  either  at  Athens  or  at  Miletus. 
He  flourished  about  B.C.  450. 

ARCHlAS  (-ae).  (1)  An  Heraclid  of  Co- 
rinth, who  founded  Syracuse,  B.O.  734.— (2)  A. 
LiorNius  ABOHIAS,  a  Greek  poet,  born  at  An- 
tioch  in  Syria,  about  B.O.  120,  came  to  Rome 
in  102,  and  was  received  in  the  most  friendly 
way  by  the  Luculli,  from  whom  he  obtained 
the  gentile  name  of  Licinius.  He  was  enrolled 
as  a  citizen  at  Heraclea  in  Lucania ;  and  as 
this  town  was  united  with  Rome  by  afoedus, 
he  subsequently  obtained  the  Roman  fran- 
chise in  accordance  with  the  lex  Plautia  Pa- 
piria  passed  in  B.C.  89.  In  61  he  was  accused 
of  assuming  the  citizenship  illegally.  He  was 
defended  by  his  friend  M.  Cicero  in  the  extant 
speech  Pro  Archfa,  in  which  the  orator,  after 
briefly  discussing  the  legal  points  of  the  case, 
rests  the  defense  of  his  client  upon  his  merits 
as  a  poet,  which  entitled  him  to  the  Roman 
citizenship. 

ARCHlDlMTJS  (-i),  the  name  of  5  kings  of 
Sparta.— (1)  Son  of  Anaxidamus,  contempo- 
rary with  the  Tegeatan  war,  which  followed 
soon  after  the  second  Messenian,  B.O.  668.— (2) 
Son  of  Zenxidamus,  succeeded  his  grandfather 
Leotychides,  and  reigned  B.O. 469-427.  He  op. 
posed  making  war  upon  the  Athenians ;  but 
after  the  Peloponnesian  war  broke  out  (B.C. 
431),  he  invaded  Attica,  and  held  the  supreme 
command  of  the  Peloponnesiau  forces  till  his 
death  in  429.— (3)  Grandson  of  No.  2,  and  son 
of  Agesilaus  IL,  reigned  B.C.  361-338.  In  338 
he  went  to  Italy  to  aid  the  Tarentines  against 
the  Lucanians,  and  there  fell  in  battle.— (4) 
Grandson  of  No.  3,  and  son  of  Eudamidas  I., 
was  king  in  B.O.  296,  when  he  was  defeated  by 
"Demetrius  Poliorcetes. — (5)  Son  of  Eudamidas 
II. ,  and  the  brother  of  Agis  IV.  He  was  slain 
soon  after  his  accession,  u.o.  240.  He  was  th« 
last  king  of  the  Eurypontid  race. 

ARCHiLOCHUS  (-i),  of  Paros,  was  one  of 
the  earliest  lyric  poets,  and  the  first  who  com- 
posed Iambic  verses.  He  flourished  about 


OF  Anns  (MA.KS).    (Glyptothek,  Munich.) 


ARCHIMEDES. 


53 


ARES. 


B.O.  714-676.  He  went  from  Paros  to  Thasos 
with  a  colony,  but  afterwards  returned  to  Pa- 
ros, and  fell  in  battle  in  a  war  against  the 
Naxians.  His  fame  was  chiefly  founded  on 
his  satiric  iambic  poetry.  He  had  been  a 
suitor  to  Neobule,  one  of  the  daughters  of 
Lycambes,  who  first  promised  and  afterwards 
refused  to  give  his  daughter  to  the  poet.  En- 
raged at  this  treatment,  Archilochus  attacked 
the  whole  family  in  an  iambic  poem,  with 
such  effect  that  the  daughters  of  Lycambes 
are  said  to  have  hung  themselves  through 
shame.  While  at  Thasos,  he  incurred  the  dis- 
grace of  losing  his  shield  in  an  engagement 
with  the  Thracians  of  the  opposite  continent ; 
but,  instead  of  being  ashamed  of  the  disaster, 
he  recorded  it  in  his  verse. 

ARCHIMEDES  (-i  and  is),  of  Syracuse,  the 
most  famous  of  ancient  mathematicians,  was 
born  B.O.  287.  He  was  a  friend,  if  not  a  kins- 
man, of  Hiero,  for  whom  he  constructed  vari- 
ous engines  of  war,  which,  many  years  after- 
wards, were  so  far  effectual  in  the  defense  of 
Syracuse  against  Marcellus,  as  to  convert  the 
siege  into  a  blockade.  The  accounts  of  the 
performances  of  these  engines  are  evidently 
exaggerated ;  and  the  story  of  the  burning  of 
the  Roman  ships  by  the  reflected  rays  of  the 
sun  is  probably  a  fiction.  When  Syracuse 
was  taken  (B.O.  212),  Archimedes  was  killed 
by  the  Roman  soldiers,  being  at  the  time  in- 
tent upon  a  mathematical  problem.  Some  of 
his  works  have  come  down  to  us. 

ARCHYTAS  (-ae),  of  Tarentum,  a  distin- 
guished philosopher,  mathematician,  general, 
and  statesman,  lived  about  B.C.  400,  and  on- 
wards. He  -was  contemporary  with  Plato, 
whose  life  he  is  said  to  have  saved  by  his  in- 
fluence with  the  tyrant  Dionysius.  He  was 
drowned  while  upon  a  voyage  on  the  Adri- 
atic. As  a  philosopher,  he  belonged  to  the 
Pythagorean  school. 

ARCONNESUS  (-i).  (1)  An  island  off  the 
coast  of  Ionia,  near  Lebedus,  also  called  Aspia 
and  Jfocrfe.— (2)  An  island  off  the  coast  of 
Caria,  opposite  Halicarnassus,  of  which  it 
formed  the  harbor. 

ARCTINUS  (-i),  of  Miletus,  the  most  dis- 
tinguished among  the  cyclic  poets,  probably 
lived  about  B.O.  776. 
ARCTDPHtLAX.  [Aaoros.] 
ARCTOS  (-i),  "the  Bear,"  two  constella- 
tions near  the  N.Pole.— (1)  THE  GEE  AT  BKAE 
(Ursa  Major),  also  called  the  Wagon  (plans- 
trum).  The  ancient  Italian  name  of  this  con- 
stellation was  Septem  Triones,  that  is,  the  Seven 
Plowing  Oxen,  also  Septentrio,  and  with  the 
epithet  Major  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Sep- 
tentrio Minor,  or  Lesser  Sear.— (2)  THE  LESSEE 
or  LITTLE  BEAK  (Ursa  Minor),  likewise  called 
the  Wagon,  and  Cynosura  (dog's  tail)  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  constellation  to  the  up 
turned  curl  of  a  dog's  tail.  The  constellation 
before  the  Great  Bear  was  called  Bootes,  Areto 
phfllax,  or  Arcttirus.  At  a  later  time  Areto 
phylax  became  the  general  name  of  the  con 
stellation,  and  the  word  Arcturu*  was  con 
fined  to  the  chief  star  in  it  All  these  con 
otellatinns  are  connected  in  mythology  with 
the  Arcadian  nymph  CALLIBTO,  the  daughte 


of  Lycaon.  Metamorphosed  by  Zeus  (Jupiter} 
upon  the  earth  into  a  she-bear,  Callisto  wasi 
pursued  by  her  sou  Areas  in  the  chase,  and 
when  he  was  on  the  point  of  killing  her,  Zeus 
>laced  them  both  among  the  stars,  Callisto 
>ecoming  the  Great  Bear,  and  Areas  the  Little 
Jear  or  Bootes.  In  the  poets  the  epithets  of 
these  stars  have  constant  reference  to  the 
'amily  and  country  of  Callisto :  thus  we  find 
,hem  called  Lycaonis  Arctos;  Maenalia  Arc- 
tos  and  Maenalis  Ursa  (from  M.  Maenalus  in 
Arcadia) ;  Erymanthis  Ursa  (fromM.  Eryman- 
;hus  in  Arcadia) ;  Parrhasides  stellae  (from 
;he  Arcadian  town  Parrhasia.) — Though  most 
traditions  identified  Bootes  with  Areas,  others 
jronounced  him  to  be  Icarus  or  his  daughter 
Srigone.  Hence  the  Septentriones  are  called 
Boves  Icarii. 

ARCTtTRUS.    [ABOTOS.] 

ARDfiA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  of  the  Rutull 
n  Latium,  situated  about  3  miles  from  the 
sea,  one  of  the  most  ancient  places  in  Italy, 
and  the  capital  of  Turnus.  It  was  conquered 
and  colonized  by  the  Romans,  B.C.  442. 

ARDtfENNA  SILVA  (-ae),  the  Ardennes,  a 
vast  forest  in  the  N.W.  of  Gaul,  extending 
from  the  Rhine  and  the  Treviri  to  the  Nervu 
and  Remi,  and  N.  as  far  as  the  Scheldt. 

ARDYS,  son  of  Gyges,  king  of  Lydia,  reign- 
ed B.O.  678-629. 

ARELATE  (-6s),  IRELAS  (-atis),  or  iRfi- 
LlTUM  (-i)  (Aries),  a  town  in  Gallia  Narbo- 
nensis,  at  the  head  of  the  Delta  of  the  Rhone 
on  the  left  bank,  and  a  Roman  colony.  The 
Roman  remains  at  Aries  attest  the  greatness 
of  the  ancient  city:  there  are  still  the  ruint 
of  an  aqueduct,  theatre,  amphitheatre,  etc. 

[ATHENAE.] 

(-is),  called  MARS  (-rtis),  by  the  Ro- 
mans, the  Greek  god  of  war,  and  one  of  the 
great  Olympian  gods,  is  called  the  son  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Hera  (Juno).  He  is  repre- 
sented as  delighting  in  the  din  and  roar  of 
battles,  in  the  slaughter  of  men,  and  in  the 
destruction  of  towns.  His  savage  and  san- 
guinary character  makes  him  hated  by  the 
other  gods  and  by  his  own  parents.  He  was 
wounded  by  Diomedes,  who  was  assisted  by 
Athena  (Minerva),  anil  in  his  fall  he  roared 
like  ten  thousand  warriors.  The  gigantic 
Aloldae  had  likewise  conquered  him,  and  kept 
him  a  prisoner  for  13  months,  until  he  was 
delivered  by  Hermes  (Mercury).  He  was  also 
conquered  by  Hercules,  with  whom  he  fought 
on  account  of  his  son  Cycnus,  and  was  obliged 
to  return  to  Olympus.  This  fierce  and  gigan- 
tic, but  withal  handsome  god,  loved  and  was 
beloved  by  Aphrodite  (Venus).  [APHRODITE.] 
According  to  a  late  tradition,  Ares  slew  Ha- 
lirrhothius,  the  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune), 
when  he  was  offeringviolence  to  Alcippe, the 
daughter  of  Ares.  Hereupon  Poseidon  ac- 
cused Ares  in  the  Areopagus,  where  the  Olym- 
pian gods  were  assembled  in  court.  Ares  was 
acquitted,  and  this  event  was  believed  to  have 
given  rise  to  the  name  Areopagus.  In  Greece 
the  worship  of  Ares  was  not  very  general, 
and  it  was  probably  introduced  from  Thrace. 
Respecting  the  Roman  god  of  war,  see 
MAES. 


AKESTOR. 


ABGOS. 


IRESTOR  <-5ris),  father  of  Argus,  the  guard- 
ian of  lo,  who  is  therefore  called  Arestorldes. 

I.RETAS,  the  name  of  several  kings  of  Ara- 
bia Petraea.  —  (1)  A  contemporary  of  Pom- 
pey,  invaded  Judaea  in  B.O.  65,  in  order  to 
place  Hyrcanus  on  the  throne,  but  was  driven 
back  by  the  Romans,  who  espoused  the  cause 
of  Aristobulus.  His  dominions  were  subse- 
quently invaded  by  Scaurus,  the  lieutenant 
of  Pompey.—  (2)  The  father-in-law  of  Herod 
Antipas,  invaded  Judaea  because  Herod  had 
dismissed  the  daughter  of  Aretas  in  conse- 
quence of  his  connection  with  Herodias.  This 
Aretas  seems  to  have  been  the  same  who  had 
possession  of  Damascus  at  the  time  of  the 
conversion  of  the  Apostle  Paul,  A.D.  81. 

iRfiTHtTSA  (-ae),  one  of  the  Nereids,  and 
the  nymph  of  the  famous  fountain  of  Are- 
thusa  in  the  island  of  Ortygia,  near  Syracuse. 
For  details,  see  ALPHEUS. 

5.RST3CUM.    CABBETIDM.] 

AREUS  (-i),  king  of  Sparta,  succeeded  his 
grandfather,  Cleomenes  n.,  and  reigned  u.o. 
809-265.  He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Mace- 
donians. 

XRS  VlCAE  (-arum),  or  iRg  VlCI  (-pram), 
the  most  powerful  tribe  of  the  Celtiberians  in 
Spain,  near  the  sources  of  the  Tagus,  derived 
their  name  from  the  river  Areva,  a  tributary 
of  the  Durius. 

ARGENTORlTUM  (-i),  or  -TUS  (-i), 
(Straaburg),  an  important  town  on  the  Rhine 
in  Gallia  Belgica,  and  a  Roman  mvmicipium. 

ARGES.    [CYCLOPES.] 

ARGI.    [ARGOS.3 

ARGIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Adrastus  and 
Amphithea,  and  wife  of  Polymces. 

ARGILETUM  (-i),  a  district  in  Rome,  ex- 
tending from  the  S.  of  the  Quiriual  to  the  Cap- 
itoliue  and  the  Forum.  It  was  chiefly  inhab- 
ited by  mechanics  and  booksellers. 

ARGILUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Macedonia  be- 
tween Amphipolis  and  Bromiscns,  a  colony 
of  Andros. 

ARGINtfSAE  (-arum),  3  small  islands  off 
the  coast  of  Aeolis,  opposite  Mytilcne  in  Les- 
bos, celebrated  for  the  naval  victory  of  the 
Athenians  over  the  Lacedaemonians  under 
Callicratidas,B.o.  406. 

ARGIPHONTlS  (-is),  "the  slayer  of  Ar- 
gus," a  surname  of  Hermes  (Mercury). 

ARGIPPAEI  (-Drum),  a  Scythian  tribe  in 
Sarmatia  Asiatica,  who  appear  to  have  been 
of  the  Calmnck  race. 

ARGITHEA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  of  Atha- 
mania  in  Epirns. 

ARGIVA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Hera  or  Juno 
from  Argos,  where  she  was  especially  hon- 
ored. [ARGOS.] 

ARGXVI.    [ABGOS.] 

ARGO.      CAEGONATITAB.3 

ARGOLIS. 


.  . 

ARGONAUTAE  (-arum),  the  Argonauts, 
"the  sailors  of  the  Argo,"  were  the  heroes 
who  sailed  to  Aea  (afterwards  called  Colchis) 
for  the  purpose  of  fetching  the  golden  fleece. 
In  order  to  get,  rid  of  Jason  [JASON],  Pelias, 
king  of  lolcns  in  Thessaly,  persuaded  him  to 
fetch  the  golden  fleece,  which  was  suspended 
on  an  oak-tree  in  the  grove  of  Ares  (Mars)  in 


Colchis,  and  was  guarded  day  and  night  by  5 
dragon.  Jason  undertook  the  enterprise,  and 
commanded  Argus,  the  son  of  Phrixus,  to 
build  a  ship  with  50  oars,  which  was  called 
Argo  after  the  name  of  the  builder.  The 
goddess  Athoua  (Minerva)  is  represented  in 
works  of  art  superintending  the  building  of 
the  ship,  Jason  was  accompanied  by  all  the 
great  heroes  of  the  age,  such  as  Hercules, 
Castor  and  Pollux,  Theseus,  etc. :  their  num- 
ber is  said  to  have  been  50.  After  meeting 
with  many  adventures,  they  at  length  arrived 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Phasis.  The  Col- 
chian  king  Aectes  promised  to  give  up  the 
golden  fleece,  if  Jason  would  yoke  to  a  plow 
two  fire-breathing  oxen  with  brazen  feet,  and 
sow  the  teeth  of  the  dragon  which  had  not 
been  used  by  Cadmus  at  Thebes.  Medea,  the 
daughter  of  Aectes,  fell  in  love  with  Jason, 
and,  on  his  promising  to  marry  her,  she  fur- 
nished him  with  the  means  of  resisting  fire 
and  steel,  and  sent  to  sleep  the  dragon  that 
guarded  the  golden  fleece.  After  Jason  had 
taken  the  treasure,  he  and  his  Argonauts  em- 
barked by  night,  along  with  Medea,  and  sailed 
away.  On  their  return  they  were  driven  by 
a  storm  to  the  W.  of  Italy ;  and,  after  wan- 
dering about  the  western  coasts  of  the  Med- 
iterranean, they  at  length  arrived  at  lolcus. 
[MEDEA;  JASON.]  The  tale  of  the  Argonauts 
may  have  arisen  from  the  commercial  enter- 
prises which  the  wealthy  Minyans,  who  lived 
in  the  neighborhood  of  lolcus,  made  to  the 
coasts  of  the  Euxine. 

ARGOS  is  said  to  have  signified  a  plain  in 
the  language  of  the  Macedonians  and  Thessa- 
lians,  and  it  may  therefore  contain  the  same 
root  as  the  Latin  word  agw.  In  Homer  we 
find  mention  of  the  Pelasgio  Argos,  that  is,  a 
town  or  district  of  Thessaly,  and  of  the  Achae- 
an Argos,  by  which  he  means  sometimes  the 
whole  Peloponnesus,  sometimes  Agamem- 
non's kingdom  of  Argos,  of  which  Mycenae 
was  the  capital,  and  sometimes  the  town  of 
Argos.  As  Argos  frequently  signifies  the 
whole  Peloponnesus,  the  most  important  part 
of  Greece,  so  the  'Ap-yetbt  often  occur  in  Ho- 
mer as  a  name  of  the  whole  body  of  the 
Greeks,  in  which  sense  the  Roman  poets  also 
use  ArgivL—  (1)  ABGOS,  a  district  of  Pelopon- 
nesus, also  called  by  Greek  writers  Argla,  or 
Arg&lfae,  or  Argdlte.  Under  the  Romans  Ar- 
golis  became  the  usual  name  of  the  country, 
while  the  word  Argos  or  Argi  was  confined 
to  the  town.  The  Roman  Argolis  was  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  Corinthian  territory,  on 
the  W.  by  Arcadia,  on  the  S.  by  Laconia,  and 
included  towards  the  E.  the  whole  peninsula 
between  the  Saronic  and  Argolic  gulfs;  but 
during  the  time  of  Grecian  independence  Ar- 
golis or  Argos  was  only  the  country  lying 
round  the  Argolic  gulf,  bounded  on  the  w. 
by  the  Arcadian  mountains,  and  separated  on 
the  N.  by  a  range  of  mountains  from  Corinth, 
Cleonae,  and  Phlius.  The  country  was  divi- 
ded into  the  districts  of  Argla  or  Argos  proper, 
EPIDATJRIA,  TBOEZENIA,  and  HEBMIONIS.  The 
main  part  of  the  population  consisted  of  Pe- 
lasgi  and  Achaei,  to  whom  Dorians  were  add- 
ed after  the  conquest  of  Peloponnesus  by  the 
Dorians.  See  below,  No.  2 — (2)  ABGOB,  or 
ARGI,  -OBUM,  in  the  Latin  writers,  the  capital 


ARGUS. 


55 


AKIANA. 


Athena  (Minerva)  superintending  the  Building  or  the  Argo.    (ZoSga,  Baasi  rilievi,  tav.  45.) 


of  Argolis,  and,  next  to  Sparta,  the  most  im- 
portant town  in  Peloponnesus,  situated  in  a 
level  plain  a  little  to  the  W.  of  the  Inachus. 
It  had  an  ancient  Pelasgic  citadel,  called  La- 
rissa,  and  another  built  subsequently  on  an- 
other height  It  was  particularly  celebrated 


of  the  cow  into  which  lo  had  heen  metamoiv 
phosed  ;  bnt  Hermes  (Mercury),  at  the  com- 
mand of  Zeus,  sent  him  to  sleep  by  the  sweet 
notes  of  his  flute,  and  then  cut  off  his  head. 
Hera  transplanted  his  eyes  to  the  tail  of  the 


peacock,  her  favorite  bird.—  (3)  The  builder 
of  the  Argo,  son  of  Phrixus. 
ARGtRlPA.    [AB*r.] 


for  the  worship  of  Hera  (Juno),  whose  great 
temple,  H&ra&wm,  lay  between  Argos  anclMy-  ! 

cenae.  The  city  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  =  XKU  or  .IA  (.ae)  tne  most  important  of 
INAOHUS,  or  his  son  ;  PHOEONEUS,  ^or  grandson  the  eagtem  province»8  of  the  ancie£t  Pershm 
AEGTTS.  The  descendants  of  Inachus  were  de-  empire,  was  bounded  on  the  B.  by  the  Paro- 
prived  of  the  sovereignty  by  DANAUS.  who  is  pamisaaae,  on  the  N.  by  Margiaua  and  Hvr- 
said  to  have  come  from  %ypt.  The  descend-  g^aTcE  ithe  W.by  ^arthla:  af  d  on  the  S.  ly 
ants  of  Danaus  were  in  their  turn  obliged  to  the  desert  of  Carmania.  From  Aria  was  <S 
submit  to  the  Achaean  race  .of  the  Pelopidae.  ,  rived  tne  name  under  which  all  the  eastern 
Under  the  rule  of  the  Pelopidae  Mycenae  be-  provincea  were  included.  [ARIANA.] 

/»flrn<»  fhft  nsmit.nl  nf  thft  IHnovlrtrn    unil    Arams     e  ~  ___     _      _  «_*..  ___ 


came  the  capital  of  the  kingdom,  and  Argos 
was  a  dependent  state.  Thus  Mycenae  was 
the  royal  residence  of  Atreus  and  of  his  son 
Agamemnon ;  but  under  Orestes  Argos  again 
recovered  its  supremacy.  Upon  the  conquest 
of  Peloponnesus  by  the  Dorians  Argos  fell 
to  the  share  of  Temenus,  whose  descendants 
ruled  over  the  country.  All  these  events  be- 
long to  mythology ;  and  Argos  first  appears 
in  m'story  about  B.O.  T50,  as  the  chief  state  of 
Peloponnesus,  under  its  ruler  PHIDON.  Aft- 
er the  time  of  Phidon  its  influence  declined ; 
and  its  power  was  greatly  weakened  by  its 
wars  with  Sparta.  In  consequence  of  its  jeal- 
ousy of  Sparta,  Argos  took  no  part  in  the  Per- 
sian war.  In  the  Peloponnesian  war  it  sided 
with  Athens  against  Sparta.  At  this  time  its 
•government  was  a  democracy,  but  at  a  later 
period  it  fell  under  the  power  of  tyrants.  In 
243  it  joined  the  Achaean  League,  and  on  the 
conquest  of  the  latter  by  the  Romans,  146,  it  be- 
came a  part  of  the  Roman  province  of  Achaia. 
ARGUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and 


IRIADNE  (-es),  or  iRlADNA  (-ae),  daugh- 
ter of  Minos  and  Pasiphae,  fell  in  love  with 
Theseus,  when  he  was-  sent  by  his  father  to 
convey  the  tribute  of  the  Athenians  to  the 
Minotaur,  and  gave  him  the  clew  of  thread 
by  means  of  which  he  found  his  way  out  of 
the  Labyrinth.  Theseus  in  return  promised 
to  marry  her,  and  she  accordingly  left  Crete 
with  him ;  but  on  their  arrival  m  the  island 
of  Dia  (Naxos),  she  was  killed  by  Artemis 
(Diana).  This  is  the  Homeric  account;  but 
the  more  common  tradition  related  that  The- 
seus deserted  Ariadne  in  Naxos,  where  she 
was  found  by  Dionysus,  who  made  her  his 
wife,  and  placed  among  the  stars  the  crown 
which  he  gave  her  at  their  marriage. 

JLRlAEUS  (-i),  the  friend  of  Cyrus,  com- 
manded the  left  wing  of  the  army  at  the  battle 
of  Ounaxa,  B.C.  401.  After  the  death  of  Cyrus 


he  purchased  his  pardon  from  Artaxerxes  by 

deserting  the  Greeks. 

.n.ju,v*uo  v*1/*  w  £>uu  ui  zjisus  ^uupibci;  auu  ARIANA  (-ae),  derived  from  ARIA,  from  the 
Niobe,3d  king  of  Argos.— (2)  Surnamed  PAN-  i  specific  sense  of  which  it  must  be  carefully 
OPTKS,  "the  all-seeing'*  because  he  had  a hun-i  distinguished,  was  the  general  name  of  the 
dred  eyes,  sou  of  Agenor,  or  Ares'tor,  or  Ina-  eastern  provinces  of  the  Persian  empire,  in- 
chus.  Hera  (Juno)  appointed  him  guardian !  eluding  Parthia,  Aria,  the  Paropamiaadae, 


ARIABATHES. 


56 


A1IIOBAEZANES. 


Dannecker's  Ariadne.   (Frankfort.) 

Arachosia,  Drangiana,  Gedrosia,  and    Car- 
mania. 

XRlARlTHSS  (-i),  the  name  of  several 
kings  of  Cappadocia.  — (1)  Son  of  Ariamnes 
I.,  defeated  by  Perdiccas,  and  crucified,  B.O. 
322.  Eumenes  then  obtained  possession  of 
Cappadocia.  —  (2)  Son  of  Holophernes,  and 
nephew  of  Ariarathes  I.,  recovered  Cappado- 
cia after  the  death  of  Eumenes,  315.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Ariamnes  II.— (3)  Son  of  Ariam- 
nes n.,  and  grandson  of  No.  2,  married  Stra- 
tonlce,  daughter  of  Antiochus  n.,  king  of  Sy- 
ria.—(4)  Son  of  No.  3,  reigned  220-162.  He 
married  Antiochis,  the  daughter  of  Antiochus 
the  Great,  and  assisted  Antiochus  in  his  war 
against  the  Romans.  After  the  defeat  of 
Antiochus,  Ariarathes  sued  for  peace  in  188, 
which  he  obtained  on  favorable  terms.  — (5) 
Son  of  No.  4,  surnamed  Philopator,  reigned 
163-130.  He  assisted  the  Romans  in  their  war 
against  Aristonicus  of  Pergamus,  and  fell 
in  this  war,  130.— (6)  Son  of  No.  5,  reigned 
130-96.  He  married  Laodice,  sister  of  Mith- 
ridates VI.,  king  of  Pontus,  and  was  put  to 
death  by  Mithridates.— (7)  Son  of  No.  6,  also 
murdered  by  Mithridates,  who  now  took  pos- 
session of  his  kingdom.  The  Cappadocians 
rebelled  against  Mithridates,  and  placed  upon 
the  throne,— (8)  Second  son  of  No.  6 ;  but  he 
was  speedily  driven  out  of  the  kingdom  by 
Mithridates,  and  shortly  afterwards  died.— 
(9)  Son  of  Ariobarzanes  II.,  reigned  42-36.  He 
was  deposed  and  put  to  death  by  Antony,  who 
appointed  Archelaus  as  Ms  successor. 


ARIASPAE  or  AGRI- 
ASPAE  (-arum),  a  people 
in  the  S.  part  of  the  Persian 
province  of  Drangiana,  ou 
the  borders  of  Gedrosia, 

XRICIA(-ae),  an  ancient 
town  of  Latium  at  the  foot 
of  the  Alban  Mount,  on  the 
Appian  Way,  16  miles  from 
Rome.  It  was  subdued  by 
the  Romans,  with  the  other 
Latin  towns,  in  B.O.  338, 
and  received  the  Roman 
franchise.  In  its  neigh- 
borhood was  the  celebra- 
ted grove  and  temple  of 
Diana  Ariclna,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Lacus  Nemo- 
rensis.  Diana  was  wor- 
shiped here  with  barbar- 
ous customs:  her  priest, 
called  rex  n&morensts,  was 
always  a  runaway  slave, 
who  obtained  his  office  by 
killing  his  predecessor  in 
single  combat. 

XRIMASPI  (-orum),  a 
people  in  the  N.  of  Scythia, 
represented  as  men  with 
only  one  eye,  who  fought 
with  the  griffins  for  the 
possession  of  the  gold  in 
their  neighborhood.  The 
germ  of  the  fable  is  per- 
haps to  be  recognized  in 
the  fact  that  the  Ural 
•  _  mountains  abound  in  gold. 

IRIMI  (-orum),  and  ARiMA  (-orum),  the 
names  of  a  mythical  people,  district,  and 
range  of  mountains  in  Asia  Minor,  which  the 
old  Greek  poets  made  the  scene  of  the  pun- 
ishment of  the  monster  Typhoeus. 

IRIMINUM  (-i:  Rimini),  a  town  in  Um- 
bria,  at  the  mouth  of  the  little  river  Arimi- 
nus.  It  was  originally  inhabited  by  Umbri- 
ans  and  Pelasgians,  was  afterwards  in  the 
possession  of  the  Senones,  and  was  colonized 
by  the  Romans  in  B.C.  268,  from  which  time 
it  appears  as  a  flourishing  place.  After  leav- 
ing Cisalpine  Gaul,  it  was  the  first  town  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Italy  which  a  person  ar- 
rived at  in  Italia  proper. 

lRK5BARZlNBS(-is).  1  Kings  or  Satraps 
of  Pontus.— (1)  Betrayed  by  his  son  Mithri- 
dates to  the  Persian  king,  about  B.C.  400.— (2) 
Son  of  Mithridates  I.,  reigned  363-337.  He 
revolted  from  Artaxerxes  in  362,  and  may  be 
regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  kingdom  of 
Pontus.— (3)  Son  of  Mithridates  III.,  reigned 
266-240,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mithridates 
IV.  II.  Kings  of  Cappadocia.— (1)  Snmamed 
PHILOKOMAEUS,  reigned  B.C.  93-63,  and  was 
elected  king  by  the  Cappadocians,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Romans.  He  was  several 
times  expelled  from  his  kingdom  by  Mithri- 
dates, but  was  finally  restored  by  Pompey  in 
63,  shortly  before  his  death.— (2)  Surnamed 
PHILOPATOR,  succeeded,  his  father  in  63.— (3) 
Snraaraed  EUSEBUS  and  PHTLOROMAETTS,  son 
of  No.  2.  whom  he  succeeded  about  51.  He  as- 
sisted Pompey  against  Caesar,  who  not  only 


ARION. 


57 


ARISTIDES. 


pardoned  him,  but  even  enlarged  his  territo- 
ries.   He  was  slain  in  42  by  Cassius. 

ARION  (-5nis).  (1)  Of  Methymna  in  Les- 
bos, a  celebrated  lyric  poet  and  player  on  the 
cithara,  and  the  inventor  of  dithyrambic  po- 
etry. He  lived  about  B.C.  625,  and  spent  a 
great  part  of  his  life  at  the  court  of  Periander, 
tyrant  of  Corinth.  On  one  occasion,  we  are 
told,  Arion  went  to  Sicily  to  take  part  in  some 
musical  contest.  He  won  the  prize,  and,  laden 
with  presents,  he  embarked  in  a  Corinthian 
ship  to  return  to  his  friend  Periander.  The 
rude  sailors  coveted  his  treasures,  and  medi- 
tated his  murder.  After  trying  in  vain  to 
save  his  life,  he  at  length  obtained  permission 
once  more  to  play  on  the  cithara,  and,  as  soon 
as  ho  had  invoked  the  gods  in  inspired  strains, 
he  threw  himself  into  the  sea.  But  many 
song-loving  dolphins  had  assembled  round 
the  vessel,  and  one  of  them  now  took  the  bard 
on  its  back  and  carried  him  to  Taenarus,  from 
whence  he  returned  to  Corinth  in  safety,  and 
related  his  adventure  to  Periander.  Upon  the 
arrival  of  the  Corinthian  vessel,  Periander  in- 
quired of  the  sailors  after  Arion,  who  replied 
that  he  had  remained  behind  at  Tareutnra ; 
but  when  Arion,  at  the  bidding  of  Periander, 
came  forwardt  the  sailors  owned  their  guilt, 
and  were  punished  according  to  their  desert. 
— (2)  A  fabulous  horse,  which  is  said  to  have 
been  begotten  by  Poseidon  (Neptune). 

ARIOVISTUS  (-i),  a  German  chief,  who  had 
conquered  a  great  part  of  Gaul,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Caesar,  and  driven  across  the  Rhine, 
B.C.  58.  Ariovistus  escaped  across  the  river 
in  a  small  boat. 

ARISTAEUS  (-i),  son  of  Apollo  and  Cyrene, 
was  born  in  Libya.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Thrace,  where  he  fell  in  love  with  Bury  dice, 
the  wife  of  Orpheus.  The  latter,  while  fleeing 
from  him,  perished  by  the  bite  of  a  serpent ; 
whereupon  the  Nymphs,  in  anger,  destroyed 
the  bees  of  Aristaeus.  The  way  in  which  he 
recovered  his  bees  is  related  in  the  fourth 
Georgic  of  Virgil.  After  his  death  he  was 
worshiped  as  a  god  on  account  of  the  benefits 
he  had  conferred  upon  mankind.  He  was  re- 
garded as  the  protector  of  flocks  and  shep- 
herds, of  vine  and  olive  plantations:  he  taught 
men  to  keep  bees,  and  averted  from  the  fields 
the  burning  heat  of  the  sun  and  other  causes 
of  destruction. 

XRISTAG5RAS  <-ae),  of  Miletus,  brother- 
in-law  of  Histiaeus,  was  left  by  the  latter  dur- 
ing his  stay  at  the  Persian  court  in  charge  of 
the  government  of  Miletus.  Having  failed  in 
an  attempt  upon  Naxos  (B.C.  501),  which  he 
had  promised  to  subdue  for  the  Persians,  and 
fearing  the  consequences  of  his  failure,  he  in- 
duced the  Ionian  cities  to  revolt  from  Persia. 
He  applied  for  assistance  to  the  Spartans  and 
Athenians :  the  former  refused,  but  the  latter 
sent  him  20  ships  and  some  troops.  In  499 
his  army  captured  and  burned  Sardis.  but  was 
finally  chased  back  to  the  coast.  The  Athe- 
nians now  departed ;  the  Persians  conquered 
most  of  the  Ionian  cities ;  and  Aristagoras  in 
despair  fled  to  Thrace,  where  he  was  slain  by 
the  Edonians  in  497. 

ARISTARCHUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Samos,  an  emi- 
nent mathematician  and  astronomer  at  Alex- 


andria, flourished  between  B.C.  280  and  264.— 
(2)  Of  Samothrace,  the  celebrated  gramma* 
riau,  flourished  B.O.  156.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Aristophanes,  and  founded  at  Alexandria  a 
grammatical  and  critical  school.  At  an  ad- 
vanced age  he  went  to  Cyprus,  where  he  died 
at  the  age  of  72,  of  voluntary  starvation,  be- 
cause he  was  suffering  from  incurable  dropsy. 
Aristarchus  was  the  greatest  critic  of  antiq- 
uity. His  labors  were  chiefly  devoted  to  the 
Homeric  poems,  of  which  he  published  an 
edition  which  has  been  the  basis  of  the 
text  from  his  time  to  the  present  day.  He  di- 
vided the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  into  24  books 
each. 

ARISTSAS,  of  Procounesns,  an  epic  poet 
of  whose  life  we  have  only  fabulous  accounts. 
His  date  is  quite  uncertain.  He  is  represent- 
ed as  a  magician,  whose  soul  could  leave  au<i 
re-enter  its  body  according  to  its  pleasure. 
He  was  connected  with  the  worship  of  Apollo, 
which  h«  was  said  to  have  introduced  at  Met- 
apontum. 

ARISTIDES  (-is).  (1)  An  Athenian,  son  of 
Lysimachugi,  suruamed  the  "Just,"  was  of  an 
ancient  and  noble  family.  He  fought  as  the 
commander  of  his  tribe  at  the  battle  of  Mara- 
thon, B.O.  490;  and  the  next  year,  489,  he  was 
archoii.  He  was  the  great  rival  of  Themisto- 
cles,  and  it  was  through  the  influence  of  the 
latter  with  the  people  that  he  suffered  ostra- 
cism in  483  or  482.  He  was  still  in  exile  in 
480  at  the  battle  of  Salamis,  where  he  did 
good  service  by  dislodging  the  enemy,  with  a 
band  raised  and  armed  by  himself,  from  the 
islet  of  Psy  ttalea.  He  was  recalled  from  ban- 
ishment after  the  battle,  was  appointed  gen- 
eral in  the  following  year  (479),  and  com- 
manded the  Athenians  at  the  battle  of  Pla- 
taea.  In  477,  when  the  allies  had  become  dis- 
gusted with  the  conduct  of  Pausanias  and  the 
Spartans,  he  and  his  colleague  Cimon  had  the 
glory  of  obtaining  for  Athens  the  command 
of  the  maritime  confederacy;  and  to  Aristides 
was  by  general  consent  intrusted  the  task  of 
drawing  up  its  laws  and  fixing  its  assess- 
ments. The  first  tribute  of  460  talents,  paid 
into  a  common  treasury  at  Delos,  bore  his 
name,  and  was  regarded  by  the  allies  in  after 
times  as  marking  their  Saturnian  age.  This 
is  his  last  recorded  act.  He  probably  died  in 
468.  He  died  so  poor  that  he  did  not  leave 
enough  to  pay  for  his  funeral :  his  daughters 
were  portioned  by  the  state,  and  his  son  Lysim- 
achus  received  a  grant  of  land  and  of  money. 
—(2)  The  author  of  a  licentious  romance,  in 
prose,  entitled  Milesiaca,  having  Miletus  for 
its  scene.  It  was  translated  into  Latin  by  L. 
Cornelius  Sisenna,  a  contemporary  of  Sulla, 
and  became  popular  with  the  Romans.  The 
title  of  his  work  gave  rise  to  the  term  Mile- 
/mm,  as  applied  to  works  of  fiction. — (3)  Of 
Thebes,  a  celebrated  Greek  painter,  flourished 
about  B.O.  860-830.  His  pictures  were  so  much 
valued  that  lone:  after  his  death  Attains,  king 
of  Pergamus,  offered  600,000  sesterces  for  one 
of  them.-— (4)  P.  AKLITTS  ARISTIBKS,  surnamed 
TREODORUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  rhetorician, 
was  born  at  Adriani,  in  Mysia,  in  A.I>.  117. 
After  traveling  through  various  countries, 
he  settled  at  Smyrna,  where  he  died  about 


ARISTION. 


58 


AEISTOTELES. 


A.D.  180.  Several  of  his  works  have  come 
down  to  us. 

XRISTI5N,  a  philosopher,  who  made  him- 
self tyrant  of  Athens  through  the  influence 
of  Mithridates.  He  was  put  to  death  by  Sulla, 
on  the  capture  of  Athens  by  the  latter,  B,O.  8T. 

X.RISTIPPUS  (-i),  a  native  of  Cyrene,  and 
founder  of  the  Cyrenaic  school  of  philosophy, 
flourished  about  B.O.  370.  The  fame  of  Socra- 
tes brought  him  to  Athens,  and  he  remained 
with  the  latter  almost  up  to  the  time  of  his 
execution,  B.O.  399.  Though  a  disciple  of  Soc- 
rates, he  was  luxurious  in  his  mode  of  liv- 
ing, and  he  took  money  for  his  teaching. 

nysms,  tyrant  of  Syracuse;  but  he  appears  at 
last  to  have  returned  to  Cyrene,  and  there  to 
have  spent  his  old  age.  He  imparted  his 
doctrine  to  his  daughter  AretG,  by  whom  it 
was  communicated  to  her  son,  the  younger 
Aristippus. 

ARISTQBtTLUS  (-i).  (1)  The  name  of  sev- 
eral princes  of  Judaea.  Of  these  the  best 
known  in  history  is  the  brother  of  Hyrcanus, 
of  whom  an  account  is  given  under  HYBOA- 
NUS.— (2)  Of  Cassandrea,  served  under  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  Asia,  and  wrote  a  history 
of  Alexander,  which  was  one  of  the  chief 
sources  used  by  Arrian  in  the  composition  of 
his  work. 

ARISTODEMUS  (-i).  (1)  A  descendant  of 
Hercules,  son  of  Aristomachus,  brother  of 
Temenus  and  Cresphontes,  an'd  father  of 
Eurysthenes  and  Procles.  He  was  killed  at 
Naupactns  by  a  flash  of  lightning,  just  as  he 
was  setting  out  on  the  expedition  into  Pelo- 
ponnesus, and  his  two  sons  obtained  Sparta, 
which  would  have  fallen  to  him,— (2)  A  Mes- 
senian,  the  chief  hero  in  the  first  Messenian 
war.  He  sacrificed  his  own  daughter  to  save 
his  country.  He  was  afterwards  elected  king 
in  place  oiEuphaes;  and  continued  the  war 
against  the  Spartans,  till  at  length,  finding  re- 
sistance hopeless,  he  put  an  end  to  his  life  on 
the  tomb  of  his  daughter,  about  B.O.  723. 

ARISTOGXTON.    CHABMODIUS.] 

ARIST5MICHUS  <-i),  son  of  Cleodemus  or 
Cleodaeus,  grandson  of  Hyllus,  great-grand- 
son of  Hercules,  and  father  of  Temenus,  Cres- 
phontes, and  Aristodemus.  He  fell  in  battle 
when  he  invaded  Peloponnesus;  but  his  E 
sons  were  more  successful,  and  conquered 
Peloponnesus. 

iRISTOMfiNSS  (-is),  the  Messeniaa,  the 
hero  of  the  second  war  with  Sparta,  belongs 
more  to  legend  than  to  history.  He  was  a 
native  of  Andania,  and  was  sprung  from  the 
royal  line  of  Aepytus.  Tired  of  the  yoke  of 
Sparta,  he  began  the  war  in  B.O.  685.  After 
the  defeat  of  the  Messenian s  In  the  third  year 
of  the  war,  Aristomenes  retreated  to  the 
mountain  fortress  of  Ira,  and  there  maintain- 
ed the  war  for  11  years,  constantly  ravaging 
the  land  of  Laconia.  In  one  of  his  incursions 
the  Spartans  overpowered  him  with  superior 
numbers,  and,  carrying  him  with  50  of  his 
comrades  to  Sparta,  cast  them  into  the  pit 
where  condemned  criminals  were  thrown. 
The  rest  perished ;  not  so  Aristomenes,  the 
favorite  of  the  gods ;  for  legends  told  how  an 


eagle  bore  him  up  on  its  wings  as  he  fell,  and 
a  fox  guided  him  on  the  third  day  from  the 
cavern.  But  the  city  of  Ira,  which  he  had  so 
long  successfully  defended,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Spartans,  who  again  became  masters 
of  Messenia,  B.O.  608.  Aristomenes  settled  at 
lalysus,  in  Rhodes,  where  he  married  his 
daughter  to  Darnagetus,  king  of  lalysus. 

IRIST5N.  (1)  Of  Chios,  a  Stoic  philoso- 
pher, and  a  disciple  of  Zeno,  flourished  about 
B.O.  260.— (2)  A  Peripatetic  philosopher  of  lu- 
lis,  in  the  island  of  Ceos,  succeeded  Lycon  as 
head  of  the  Peripatetic  school,  about  B.O.  230. 

IRISTONICUS  (-i),  a  natural  sou  of  Eu- 
menes  II.,  of  Pergaimis.  Upon  the  death  of 
his  brother  Attalus  III.,  M.O.  133,  who  left  his 
kingdom  to  the  Romans,  Aristonicus  laid 
claim  to  the  crown.  He  defeated  in  131  the 
consul  P.  Licinius  Crassus ;  but  in  130  he  was 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by  M.  Perperna, 
was  carried  to  Rome  by  M.  Aquillus  in  129, 
and  was  there  put  to  death. 

XRISTOPHlNfiS  (-is).  (1)  The  celebrated 
comic  poet,  was  born  about  B.O.  444,  and  prob- 
ably at  Athens.  His  father  Philippus  had 
possessions  in  Aegina,  and  may  originally 
nave  come  from  that  island,  whence  a  ques- 
tion arose  whether  Aristophanes  was  a  gen- 
uine Athenian  citizen:  his  enemy  Cleon 
brought  against  him  more  than  one  accusa- 
tion to  deprive  him  of  his  civic  rights,  but 
without  success.  He  had  three  sons,  Philip- 
pus,  Araros,  and  Nicostratus,  but  of  his  pri- 
vate history  we  know  nothing.-  He  died 
about  B.O.  380.  The  comedies  of  Aristopha- 
nes are  of  the  highest  historical  interest,  con- 
taining as  they  do  an  admirable  series  of  car- 
icatures on  the  leading  men  of  the  day.  The 
first  great  evil  of  his  own  time  against  which 
he  inveighs  was  the  Peloponnesian  war,  to 
which  he  ascribes  the  influence  of  dema- 
gogues like  Cleon  at  Athens.  His  play,  call- 
ed the  Knights,  was  especially  directed  against 
Cleon.  Another  great  object  of  his  indigna- 
tion was  the  system  of  education  which  had 
been  introduced  by  the  Sophists,  and  which 
he  attacks  in  the  Clouds,  making  Socrates  the 
representative  of  the  Sophists.  Another  feat- 
ure of  the  times  was  the  excessive  love  for 
litigation  at  Athens,  which  he  ridicules  in  the 
Wasps.  Eleven  of  the  plays  of  Aristophanes 
have  come  down  to  us.  As  a  poet  he  pos- 
sessed merits  of  the  highest  orcfer.  He  was 
a  complete  master  of  the  Attic  dialect,  which 
appears  in  his  works  in  its  greatest  perfection. 
—(2)  Of  Byzantium,  an  eminent  Greek  gram- 
marian, was  a  pupil  of  Zenodotus  and  Era- 
tosthenes, and  teacher  of  the  celebrated  Aris- 
tarchus.  He  lived  about  B.O.  264,  and  had 
the  management  of  the  library  at  Alexandria. 
He  was  the  first  who  introduced  the  use  of 
accents  in  the  Greek  language. 

1RIST5TELSS  (-is),  the  philosopher,  was 
born  at  Staglra,  a  town  in  Chalcidice  in  Mac- 
edonia, B.O.  384.  His  father,  Nicomachus,  was 
physician  in  ordinary  to  Amyntas  II.,  king 
of  Macedonia ;  his  mother's  name  was  Phaes- 
tis  or  Phaestias.  In  367  he  went  to  Athens 
to  pursue  his  studies,  and  there  became  a 
pupil  of  Plato,  who  named  him  the  "intellect 
of  his  school,"  and  his  house,  the  house  of 


ARISTOTELES. 


59 


ARMINIUS. 


the  "reader."  He  lived  at  Athens  for  20 
years,  but  quitted  the  city  upon  the  death  of 
Plato  (347),  and  repaired  to  his  friend  Her- 
mias  at  Atarneus,  where  he  married  Pythias, 
the  adoptive  daughter  of  the  prince.  On  the 
death  of  HEKMIA.S,  who  was  killed  by  the  Per- 
sians (344),  Aristotle  fled  from  Atarneus  to 
Mytilene.  Two  years  afterwards  (342)  he  ac- 
cepted an  invitation  from  Philip  of  Macedo- 
nia to  undertake  the  instruction  of  his  son 
Alexander,  then  IS  years  of  age.  Here  Aris- 
totle was  treated  with  the  most  marked  re- 
spect. His  native  city,  Staglra,  which  had 
been  destroyed  by  Philip,  was  rebuilt  at  his 


request.  Aristotle  spent  7  years  in  Macedo- 
nia. On  Alexander's  accession  to  the  throne 
in  335,  Aristotle  returned  to  Athens.  Here 
he  had  the  Lyceum,  a  gymnasium  sacred  to 
Apollo  Lyceus,  assigned  to  him  by  the  state. 
He  assembled  round  him  a  large  number  of 
scholars,  to  whom  he  delivered  lectures  on 
philosophy  in  the  shady  walks  (irepiira-roi) 
•which  surrounded  the  Lycoum,  while  walk- 
ing up  and  down  (Treptirarffii/),  and  not  sitting, 
which  was  the  general  practice  of  the  philos- 
ophers. From  one  or  other  of  these  circum- 
stances the  name  Peripatetic  is  derived,  which 
was  afterwards  given  to  his  school.  He  gave 
two  different  courses  of  lectures  every  day. 
Those  which  he  delivered  in  the  morning 
(called  esoteric),  to  a  narrower  circle  of  hear- 
ers, embraced  subjects  connected  with  the 
more  abstruse  philosophy,  physics,  and  dia- 
lectics. Those  which  he  delivered  in  the  aft- 
ernoon, to  a  more  promiscuous  circle  (called 
exoteric),  extended  to  rhetoric,  sophistics,  and 
politics.  He  presided  over  his  school  for  13 
years  (336-323).  Paring  this  time  he  also 
composed  the  greater  part  of  his.  works.  In 
these  labors  he  was  assisted  by  the  kingly 
liberality  of  his  former  pupil,  who  caused 
large  collections  of  natural  curiosities  to  be 
made  for  him,  to  which  posterity  is  indebted 
for  one  of  his  most  excellent  works,  the  His- 
tory of  Animate.  After  the  death  of  Alex- 
ander (323),  Aristotle  was  looked  upon  with 
suspicion  at  Athens  as  a  friend  of  Macedonia ; 
but  as  it  was  not  easy  to  bring  any  political 
accusation  against  him,  he  was  accused  of 
impiety.  He  withdrew  from  Athens  before 
his  trial,  and  escaped  in  the  beginning  of  322 
to  Chalcis  in  Euboea,  where  he  died  in  the 


course  of  the  same  year,  in  the  63d  year  of  his 
age.  He  bequeathed  to  Theophrastus  his 
well-stored  library  and  the  originals  of  his 
writings.  He  is  described  as  having  been  of 
weak  health,  which,  considering  the  aston- 
ishing extent  of  his  studies,  shows  all  the 
more  the  energy  of  his  mind.  His  works, 
which  treated  of  almost  all  the  subjects  of 
human  knowledge  cultivated  in  his  time,  have 
exercised  a  powerful  influence  upon  the  hu- 
man mind  ;  and  his  treatises  on  philosophy 
and  logic  still  claim  the  attention  of  eveiy 
student  of  those  sciences. 

ARISTQXENUS  (-i),  of  Tarentum,  a  Peri- 
patetic philosopher  and  a  musician,  flourished 
about  B.C.  318.  He  wrote  numerous  works, 
of  which  one  on  music  is  still  extant. 


(-ae),  a  district  on  the  N.  coast 
of  Chios,  where  the  best  wine  in  the  island 
was  grown. 

AEMBNE  (-es),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Paphlagouia,  a  little  to  the  W.  of  Sinope. 

ARMENIA  (-ae),  a  country  of  Asia,  lying 
between  Asia  Minor  and  the  Caspian,  is  a 
lofty  table-land,  backed  by  the  chain  of  the 
Caucasus,  watered  by  the  rivers  Cyrus  and 
Araxes,  and  containing  the  sources  of  the 
Tigris  and  of  the  Euphrates,  the  latter  of 
which  divides  the  country  into  2  unequal 
parts,  which  were  called  Major  and  Minor.— 
The  people  of  Armenia  were  one  of  the  most 
ancient  families  of  that  branch  of  the  human 
race  which  is  called  Caucasian.  They  were 
conquered  by  the  Assyrians  and  Persians,  and 
were  at  a  later  time  subject  to  the  Greek 
kings  of  Syria.  When  Antiochus  the  Great 
was  defeated  by  the  Romans  (B.O.  190),  the 
country  regained  its  independence,  and  was 
at  this  period  divided  into  the  two  kingdoms 
of  Armenia  Major  and  Minor.  Ultimately, 
Armenia  Minor  was  made  a  Roman  province 
by  Trajan  ;  and  Armenia  Major,  after  being 
a  perpetual  object  of  contention  between  the 
Romans  and  the  Parthians,  was  subjected  to 
the  revived  Persian  empire  by  its  first  king 
Artaxerxes  iu  A.D.  226. 

ARMlNtUS  (-i:  the  Latinized  form  of  Her- 
mann, "the  chieftain11),  son  of  Sighner,  and 
chief  of  the  tribe  of  the  Cherusci,  who  inhab- 
ited the  country  to  the  N.  of  the  Hartz  mount- 
ains, now  forming  the  S.  of  Hanover  and 
Brunswick.  He  was  born  in  B.O.  18  ;  and  iu 
his  youth  he  led  the  Cherusci  as  auxiliaries 
of  the  Roman  legions  iu  Germany,  where  he 
learned  the  Roman  language,  was  admitted 
to  the  freedom  of  the  city,  and  enrolled  among 
the  equites.  In  A.D.  9,  Arminius  persuaded 
his  countrymen  to  rise  against  the  Romans, 
who  were  now  masters  of  this  part  of  Ger- 
many. His  attempt  was  crowned  with  suc- 
cess. Qnintilius  varus,  who  was  stationed 
in  the  country  with  3  legions,  was  destroyed 
with  almost  all  his  troops  [VABUS]  ;  and  the 
Romans  had  to  relinquish  all  their  posses- 
sions beyond  the  Rhine.  In  14,  Arminius  had 
to  defend  his  country  against  Germanicus. 
At  first  he  was  successful  ;  but  Germanicus 
made  good  his  retreat  to  the  Rhine.  It  was 
in  the  course  of  this  campaign  that  Thus- 
nelda,  the  wife  of  Arminius,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Romans.  In  16,  Armiuins  was 


ARMORICA. 


60 


ARSACES. 


defeated  by  Gerraanicus,  and  his  country  was 
probably  only  saved  from  subjection  by  the 
jealousy  of  Tiberius,  who  recalled  Gerroani- 
cus  in  the  following  year.  At  length  Armin- 
ius  aimed  at  absolute  power,  and  was  in  con- 
sequence cut  off  by  his  own  relations  in  the 
8Tth  year  of  his  age,  A.D.  19. 

ARMORICA  or  AREMORlCA  (-ae),  the 
name  of  the  N.W.  coast  of  Gaul  from  the  Li- 
geris  (Loire)  to  the  Sequana  (Seine),  derived 
from  the  Celtic  ar,  air,  "  upon,"  ntuir,  m&r, 
"the  sea." 

ARNA  (-ae),  a  town  in  TJmbria,  near  Pe- 
rusia. 

ARNA  E  (-arum),  a  town  in  Chalcidice  in 
Macedonia,  S.  of  Aulon  and  Bromiscus. 

ARNISSA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Eordaea  in  Mac- 
edonia. 

ARNUS  (-i :  Arno),  the  chief  river  of  Etru- 
ria,  rising  in  the  Apennines,  flowing  by  Pisae, 
and  falling  into  the  Tyrrhenian  sea. 

AROMATA  (-dram),  the  E.-most  promon- 
tory of  Africa,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Ara- 
bian Gulf. 

ARPI  (-prum),  an  inland  town  in  the  Dau- 
nian  Apulia,  founded,  according  to  tradition, 
by  Diomedes,  who  called  it  Argos  Hippium, 
from  which  its  later  names  of  Argyrippa  or 
Argynpa  and  Arpi  are  said  to  have  arisen. 
It  revolted  to  Hannibal  after  the  battle  of 
Cannae,  B.O.  216,  but  was  retaken  by  the  Ro- 
mans in  213. 

ARPINUM  (-i),  a  town  of  Latium  on  the 
small  river  Pibrenus,  originally  belonging  to 
the  Volscians  and  afterwards  to  the  Samnftes, 
was  a  Roman  municipium,  and  received  the 
jus  su/ragii,  or  right  of  votiug  in  tho  Roman 
comitia,  B.O.  1S8.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Marius  and  Cicero. 


Gateof  Arpinurn. 

M  or  UfcETlUM  (-i:  Arezzo\ 
one  of  the  most  important  of  the  12  cities  of 
Etruria,  was  situated  in  the  N.E.  of  the  coun- 
try at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  and  pos- 
sessed a  fertile  territory  near  the  sources  of 
the  Arnus  and  the  Tiber,  producing  good 
wine  and  corn.  It  was  particularly  celebrated 
for  its  pottery,  which  was  of  red  ware.  The 
Cilnii,  from  whom  Maecenas  was  descended, 
were  a  noble  family  of  Arrotinm. 

AR11HIDAEUS  or  ARIDAEUS  (-i),  son  of 
Philip  and  a  female  dancer,  Philinna  of  La- 
rissa,  was  of  imbecile  understanding.  On  the 
death  of  Alexander,  B.O.  323,  he  was  elected 


king  under  the  name  of  Philip,  and  in  322  he 
married  Eurydice.  On  their  return  to  Mace- 
donia, he  and  his  wife  were  made  prisoners, 
and  put  to  death  by  order  of  Olympias,  317. 

AKRIANUS  (-i),  a  Greek  historian  and  phi- 
losopher, was  born  at  Nicomedia  in  JBithyuia. 
about  A.D.  90.  He  was  a  pupil  and  friend  of 
Epictetus,  whose  lectures  he  published  at 
Athens.  In  124,  he  received  from  Hadrian 
the  Roman  citizenship,  and  from  this  time 
assumed  the  name  of  Flavins.  In  136,  he  was 
appointed  praefect  of  Cappadocia,  which  was 
invaded  in  the  year  after  by  the  Alani  or  Mas- 
sagetae,  whom  he  defeated.  Under  Antoni- 
nus Pius,  in  146,  he  was  consul ;  and  he  died 
at  an  advanced  age  in  the  reign  of  M.  Aure- 
lius.  Arrian  was  one  of  the  best  writers  of 
his  time.  He  was  a  close  imitator  of  Xeno- 
phou  both  in  the  subjects  of  his  works  and 
in  the  style  in  which  they  were  written.  The 
most  important  of  them  is  his  History  of  the 
expedition  of  Alexander  the  Great,  in  7  books, 
which  was  based  upon  the  most  trustworthy 
histories  written  by  the  contemporaries  of 
Alexander. 

ARSiCES  (-is),  the  name  of  the  founder  of 
the  Parthian  empire,  which  was  also  borne 
by  all  his  successors,  who  were  hence  called 
the  Ars&cfrdae.— (1)  He  was  of  obscure  origin, 
but  he  induced  the  Parthians  to  revolt  from 
Antiochus  II.,  king  of  Syria,  and  became  the 
first  monarch  of  the  Parthians,  about  B.O.  250. 
The  events  which  immediately  followed  are 
stated  very  differently  by  different  historians. 
He  reigned  only  2  years,  and  was  succeeded 
by;  his  brother  Tiriclates.  —  (2)  TEKIPATES, 
reigned  37  years,  B.O.  284-211,  and  defeated 
Seleucus  Callinicus,  the  successor  of  Antio- 
chus II.— (3)  ARTABANUS  L,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  attacked  by  Antiochus  III.  (the 
Great),  who,  however,  at  length  recognized 
him  as  king,  about  210.— (4)  FKIAPATIUS,  son 
of  the  preceding,  reigned  15  years,  and  left  3 
sons,  Phraates,  Mithridates,  and  Artabanus. 
•—(5)  PJIRAATKS  I.,  was  succeeded  by  his  broth- 
er.—-(6)  MITHRIDATES  L,  who  greatly  enlarged 
the  Parthian  empire  by  his  conquests.  He 
defeated  Demetrius  Nicator,  king  of  Syria, 


Coin  of  Amcea  VI.  (Mithridates  I.). 

and  took  him  prisoner  in  138.  He  died  dur- 
ing the  captivity  of  Demetrius,  between  138 
and  ISO.— (7)  PJIRAATKS  II.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing defeated  and  slew  in  battle  'Antiochus 
VII.  Sidetes,  n.o.  128.  Phraates  himself  was 
shortly  after  killed  by  the  Scythians.— (8)  AB- 
TABANUS  II.,  youngest  son  of  No.  4,  fell  in 
battle  against  the  Thognrii  or  Tocharii,  ap- 
parently after  a  short  reign,— (9)  MITIIUIDA* 
TES  II.,  son  of  the  preceding,  added  many 


ABSACES. 


61 


ARSACIDAE. 


nations  to  the  Parthian  empire,  whence  he 
obtained  the  surname  of  Great.  He  sent  an 
ambassador  to  Sulla,  B.C.  92.  — (10)  MNASOI- 
BES  (?),the  successor  of  the  preceding,  of  whom 
nothing  is  known.— (11)  SANATF.OCES,  reigned 
7  years,  and  died  about  B.O.  TO.— (12)  PHRAATES 
III.,  son  of  the  preceding,  lived  at  the  time 
of  the  war  between  the  Romans  and  Mithri- 
dates  of  Poutus,  by  both  of  whom  he  was 
courted.  He  was  murdered  by  his  two  sons, 
Jtfithridates  and  Orodes.— (13)  MITUKIDATES 
III.,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  expelled  from 
the  throne  on  account  of  his  cruelty,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  brother  Orodes.— (14)  OKO- 
DES  I.,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  the  Par- 
thian king  whose  geiieral  Surenas  defeated 
Crassns  and  the  Romans,  B.C.  53.  [CKA-SBUS.] 
After  the  death  of  Crassus,  Orodes  gave  the 
command  of  the  army  to  his  sou  Pacorus, 
who  invaded  Syria  both  in  51  and  50,  but  was 
in  each 'year  driven  back  by  Cassius.  In  40, 
the  Parthians  again  invaded  Syria,  under  the 
command  of  Pacorus  and  Labienus,  but  were 
defeated  in  39  by  Ventidius  Bassus,  one  of 
Antony's  legates.  In  38,  Pacorus  once  more 
invaded  Syria,  but  was  completely  defeated 
and  fell  in  the  battle.  This  defeat  was  a  se- 
vere blow  to  the  aged  king  Orodes,  who  short- 
ly afterwards  surrendered  the  crown  to  his 
son,  Phraates,during  his  life- time. —(15)  PIIUA- 
ATES  IV.,  was  a  cruel  tyrant.  In  36,  Antony 
invaded  Parthia,  but  was  obliged  to  retreat 
after  losing  a  great  part  of  his  army.  A  few 
years  afterwards  Phraates  was  driven  out  of 
the  country  by  his  subjects,  and  Tiridates  pro- 
claimed king  in  his  stead.  Phraates,  how- 
ever, was  soon  restored  by  the  Scythians,  and 
Tiridates  fled  to  Augustus,  carrying  with  him 
the  youngest  sou  of  Phraates.  Augustus  re- 
stored his  son  to  Phraates,  on  condition  of 
his  surrendering  the  Roman  standards  and 
prisoners  taken  in  the  war  with  Crassus  and 
Antony.  They  were  given  up  in  20,  and  their 
restoration  was  celebrated  not  only  by  the 
poets,  but  by  festivals  and  commemorative 
monuments.  Phraates  also  sent  to  Augustus 
as  hostages  his  4  sons.  In  A.T>.  2,  Phraates 
was  poisoned  by,  his  wife  Thermusa,  and  her 
son  Phraataces. — (16)  PHRAATACES,  reigned 
only  a  short  time,  as  he  was  expelled  by  his 
subjects  on  account  of  his  crimes.  The  Par- 
thian nobles  then  elected  as  king  Orodes,  who 
was  of  the  family  of  the  Arsacidae.-— (17)  OEO- 
DKB  II.,  also  reigned  only  a  short  time,  as  he 
was  killed  by  the  Parthians  on  account  of  his 
cruelty.  Upon  his  death  the  Parthians  ap- 
plied to  the  Romans  for  Vonones,  one  of  the 
sons  of  Phraates  IV.,  who  was 
accordingly  granted  to  them.— 
(18)  VONONES  L,  son  of  Phraates 
IV.,  was  also  disliked  by  his  sub- 
jects, who  therefore  invited  Ar- 
tabanus,  king  of  Media,  to  take 
possession  orthe  kingdom.  Ar- 
tabanus  drove  Vonones  out  of 
Parthia,  who  resided  first  in  Ar- 
menia, next  in  Syria,  and  subse- 
quently in  Cilicia.  He  was  put  to 
death  in  A.D.19.— (19)  AETABANUS 
III.,  obtained  the  Parthian  king- 
dom soon  after  the  expulsion  of 
Vonones,  about  A.D.  16.  Artaba- 


nns  was  involved  in  hostilities  with  the  Ro- 
mans, and  was  expelled  more  than  once  by 
his  subjects.  —  (20)  GOTAKZES,  succeeded  his 
father,  Artabauus  III.,  but  was  defeated  by  his 
brother  Bardanes  and  retired  into  Hyrcania.— 
(21)  BAUDANEB,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
put  to  death  by  his  subjects  in  47,  whereupon 
Gotarzes  again  obtained  tho  crown.—  (22)  VO- 
NONES II.,  fciicceeded  Gotarzes  about  50.  His 
reigu  was  short.—  (23)  VOLOGESES  I.,  son  of 
Vonoues  II.  or  Artabaiins  III.  Soon  after  his 
accession  he  conquered  Armenia,  which  he 
gave  to  his  brother  Tiridates.  He  carried  on 
war  with  the  Romans,  but  was  defeated  by 
Domitius  Corbulo,  aud  at  length  made  peace 
with  the  Romans  on  condition  that  Tiridutes 
should  receive  Armenia  as  a  gift  from  the 
Roman  emperor.  Accordingly  Tiridates  came 
to  Rome  in  63,  and  obtained  from  Nero  the 
Armenian  crown.  —  (24)  PAOORUS,  succeeded 
his  father  Vologeses  L,  and  was  a  contempo- 
rary of  Domitiaii  and  Trajan.  —  (25)  CHUSBOKS 
or  OSEOES,  succeeded  his  brother  Pacorns 
during  the  reign  of  Trajan.  His  conquest 
of  Armenia  occasioned  the  invasion  of  Par- 
thia by  Trajan,  who  stripped  it  of  many  of 
its  provinces,  aud  made  the  Parthians  for  a 
time  subject  to  Rome.  [TKAJAWUS.]  Upon 
the  death  of  Trajan,  in  A.D.  117,  Hadrian  re- 
linquished the  conquests  of  Trajan,  and  made 
the  Euphrates,  as  before,  the  eastern  bound- 
ary of  the  Roman  empire.  —  (25)  VOLOGESES 
II.,  succeeded  his  father  Chosroes,  and  reign- 
ed from  about  A.I>.  122  to  149.—  (27)  VOLOGE- 
SES III.,  was  defeated  by  the  generals  of  the 
emperor  Verus,  and  purchased  peace  by  ceding 
Mesopotamia  to  the  Romans.  From  this  time 
to  the  downfall  of  the  Parthian  empire  there 
is  great  confusion  in  the  list  of  kings.  The 
last  king  of  Parthia  was  AUTABANUS  IV.,  in 
whose  reign  the  Persians  recovered  their 
long-lost  independence.  They  were  led  by 
Artaxerxes,  the  son  of  Sassau,  and  defeated 
the  Parthians  in  three  great  battles,  in  the 
last  of  which  Artabauus  was  taken  prisoner 
and  killed,  A.D.  226.  Thus  ended  the  Parthian 
empire  of  the  Arsacidae,  after  it  had  existed 
47C  years.  The  Parthiaus  were  now  obliged 
to  submit  to  Artaxerxes,  the  founder  of  the 
dynasty  of  the  Sassanidae,  which  continued 
to  reign  till  A.T>.  651. 

ARSACIA. 


ARSXClDAE  (-urum),  the  name  of  z.  dy- 
nasty of  Parthian  kings.  [AESAOES.]  It  was 
also  the  name  of  a'  dynasty  of  Armenian 
kings,  who  reigned  in  Armenia  from  B.C.  149 


Coin  of  Parthian  Arsacidae. 


AUSAMOSATA. 


ARTAXERXES. 


to  A.P.  428.  This  dynasty  was  founded  by 
ABTAXIAB  L,  who  was  related  to  the  .Parthian 
Arsacidae. 

ARSAM<3SXTA,  a  town  and  strong  fortress 
in  Armenia  Major,  between  the  Euphrates 
and  the  sources  of  the  Tigris. 

ARSlNIAS  (-ae),  -IUS  or  -US  (-1),  the 
name  of  two  rivers  of  Great  Armenia.— (1) 
The  S.  arm  of  the  Euphrates.  [KUPIIBATES.] 
—(2)  A  small  stream  flowing  W.  into  the  Eu- 
phrates near  Melitene. 

ARSES,  NARSES,  or  OARSES,  youngest 
son  of  king  Artaxerxes  III.  Ochus,  was  raised 
to  the  Persian  throne  by  the  eunuch  Bagoas 
after  he  had  poisoned  Artaxerxes,  B.O.  389,  but 
he  was  murdered  by  Bagoas  in  the  3d  year  of 
his  reign.  After  the  death  of  Arses,  Bagoas 
made  Darius  III.  king. 

ARSlA  (-ae),  a  river  in  Istria,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Upper  Italy  and Illyricum, 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name  upon  it. 

ARSIA  SILVA,  a  wood  in  Etruria  cele- 
brated for  the  battle  between  the  Tarquins 
and  the  Romans. 

ARSINOS  (-es).  (1)  Mother  of  Ptolemy  I., 
was  a  concubine  of  Philip,  father  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great,  and  married  Lagus  while  she 
was  pregnant  with  Ptolemy.-— (2)  Daughter 
of  Ptolemy  I.  and  Berenice ;  married  first  Ly- 
simachus,  king  of  Thrace,  in  B.O.  800 ;  2dly, 
her  half-brother,  Ptolemy  Ceraunus,  who  mur- 
dered her  children  by  Lysimachus ;  and,  3dly, 
her  own  brother  Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphus  in 
2T9.  Though  Arsinoe  bore  Ptolemy  no  chil- 
dren, she  was  exceedingly  beloved  by  him ; 
he  gave  her  name  to  several  cities,  called  a 
district  of  Egypt,  Arsinoites,  after  her,  and 
honored  her  memory  in  various  ways. — (3) 
Daughter  of  Lysimachus,  married  Ptolemy  II, 
Philadelphus  soon  after  his  accession,  B.O. 
285.  In  consequence  of  her  plotting  against 
her  namesake  [No.  2],  when  Ptolemy  fell  in 
love  with  her,  she  was  banished  to  Coptos,  in 
Upper  Egypt.  She  had  by  Ptolemy  three 
children,  Ptolemy  III.  Evergetes.  Lysimachus, 
and  BeremcS.— (4)  Also  called  EURYDIOE  and 
CLEOPATRA,  daughter  of  Ptolemy  III.  Everge- 
tes, wife  of  her  brother  Ptolemy  IV.  Philopa- 
tor,  and  mother  of  Ptolemy  V.  Epiphanes. 
She  was  killed  by  order  of  her  husband.— (5) 
Daughter  of  Ptolemy  XL  Auletes,  was  carried 
to  Rome  hy  Caesar  after  the  capture  of  Alex- 
andria, and  led  in  triumph  by  him  in  46.,-  She 
afterwards  returned  to  Alexandria;  but  her 
sister  Cleopatra  persuaded  Antony  to  have 
her  put  to  death  in  41. 

ARSlNOS  (-Ss),  the  name  of  several  cities, 
each  called  after  one  or  other  of  the  persons 
mentioned  above.  Of  these  the  most  impor- 
tant were :— (1)  In  theNomos  Heroopolites  in 
Lower  Egypt,  near  or  upon  the  head  of  the 
Sinus  Heroopolites  or  W.  branch  of  the  Red 
sea  (Gulf  of  Suez)).  It  was  afterwards  called 
Cleopatra — (2)  The  chief  city  of  the  Nomos 
ArsinoTtes  in  Middle  Egypt ;  formerly  called 
Cr6cr<klIlop<Wis,  from  its  being  the  chief  seat 
of  the  Egyptian  worship  of  the  crocodile. 

ARTlBA*  NUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Hystaspes 
and  brother  9f  Darius,  is  frequently  mention- 
ad  in  the  reign  of  his  nephew  Xerxes  as  a 


wise  and  frank  counselor.— (2)  An  Hyrcanian,, 
commander  of  the  body-guard  of  Xerxes,  as- 
sassinated this  king  in  B.C.  405,  but  was  short- 
ly afterwards  killedby  Artaxerxes.-— (3)  Kings 
of  Parthia.  [ABSAOES.] 

ARTAB&ZUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Persian  general 
in  the  army  of  Xerxes,  served  under  Mardo- 
uius  in  B.O.  479,  and  after  the  defeat  of  the 
Persians  at  Plataea,  he  fled  with  40,000  men 
and  reached  Asia  in  safety.— (2)  A  Persian 
general,  fought  under  Artaxerxes  II.,  and  Ar- 
taxerxes III.,  and  Darius  III.  Codomannus. 
One  of  his  daughters,  Barsine,  became  by  Al- 
exander the  mother  of  Hercules. 

ARTABRI  (-orum),  a  Celtic  people  in  the 
N.W.  of  Spain,  near  the  Promontory  Nerium 
or  Celticum,  also  called  Artabrum  after  them 
(C.  Jfinisterre). 

ART  ACS  (-es),  a  sea-port  town  of  the  pen- 
insula of  Cyzicus,  in  the  Propontis ;  also  a 
mountain  in  the  same  peninsula. 

ARTAClE  (-es),  a  fountain  in  the  country 
of  the  Laestrygones. 

ARTAEI  (-orum),  was,  according  to  Herod- 
otus, the  old  native  name  of  the  Persians. 
It  signifies  noble,  and  appears,  in  the  form 
Arta,  as  the  first  part  of  a  large  number  of 
Persian  proper  names. 

ARTlPHERNES  (-is).  (1)  Son  of  Hystas- 
pes and  brother  of  Darius.  He  was  satrap 
of  Sardis  at  the  time  of  the  Ionian  revolt, 
B.  0.500.  See  ARIBTAGORAS.  —  (2)  Son  of  the 
former,  commanded,  along  with  Datis,  the 
Persian  army  of  Darius,  which  was  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Marathon,  B.O.  490.  He  com- 
manded the  Lydiaus  and  Mysians  in  the  in- 
vasion of  Greece  by  Xerxes  in  480. 

ARTAVASDES  or  ARTABlZES  (-is).  (1) 
King  of  the  Greater  Armenia,  succeeded  his 
father  Tigranes.  He  betrayed  Antony  in  his 
campaign  against  the  Parthians  in  B.O.  36. 
Antony  accordingly  invaded  Armenia  in  34, 
took  Artavasdes  prisoner,  and  carried  him  to 
Alexandria.  He  was  killed  after  the  battle 
of  Actium  by  order  of  Cleopatra.— (2)  King 
of  Armenia,  probably  a  grandson  of  No.  1, 
was  placed  upon  the  throne  by  Augustus,  but 
was  deposed  oy  the  Armenians.— (3)  King  of 
Media  Atropatene,  and  an  enemy  of  Arta- 
vasdes L,  king  of  Armenia.  He  died  shortly 
bef ores.  o.20. 

ARTAXXTA  (-drum),  or  -A  (-ae),  the  later 
capital  of  Great  Armenia,  built  by  Artaxias, 
under  the  advice  of  Hannibal,  on  a  peninsula, 
surrounded  by  the  river  Araxes.  After  being 
burned  by  the  Romans  under  Corbulo  (B.O. 
58),  it  was  restored  by  Tiridates,  and  called 
Neroniana. 

ARTlXERXSS  (-is),  the  name  of  4  Persian 
kings — (1)  Surnamed  LONGIMANUS,  from  hia 
right  hand  being  longer  than  his  left,  succeed- 
ed his  father  XerxesL ,  andreigned  B.O.  464-425. 
He  carried  on  war  against  the  Egyptians,  who 
were  assisted  in  their  revolt  by  the  Athenians. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Xerxes  II.— (2) 
Surnamed  MNJBMON,  from  his  good  memory, 
succeeded  his  father,  Darius  II.,  and  reigned 
B.O.  405-359.  Respecting  the  war  between 
him  and  his  brother  Cyrus,  see  CYRUS.  Tis- 
saphernes  was  appointed  satrap  of  W.Asia  in 


ARTAXIAS. 


63 


ARTEMIS. 


the  place  of  Cyrus,  and  was  actively  engaged 
in  wars  with  the  Greeks.  CAGESIT.A.US.]  Ar- 
taxerxes had  to  carry  on  frequent  wars  with 
tributary  princes  and  satraps,  who  endeavor- 
ed to  make  themselves  independent.  Thus 
he  maintained  a  long  struggle  against  Eva- 
goras  of  Cyprus,  from  385  to  87C  ;  and  his  at- 
tempts to  recover  Egypt  were  unsuccessful. 
Towards  the  end  of  his  reign  he  put  to  death 
his  eldest  son  Darius,  who  had  formed  a  plot 
to  assassinate  him.  His  last  days  were  still 
further  embittered  by  the  unnatural  conduct 
of  his  son  Ochus,  who  caused  the  destruction 
of  two  of  his  brothers,  in  order  to  secure  the 
succession  for  himself.  Artaxerxes  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Ochus,  who  ascended  the  throne 
under  the  name  of  Artaxerxes  III. — (3)  Also 
called  Oomis,  reigned  B.C.  359-338.  By  the  aid 
of  his  Greek  generals  and  mercenaries,  he  re- 
conquered Phoenicia  and  Egypt.  The  reins 
of  government  were  entirely  m  the  hands  of 
the  eunuch  Bagoas,  and  of  Mentor  the  Rho- 
dian.  At  last  he  was  poisoned  by  Bagoas, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  youngest  son,  AR- 
SES.—(4)  The  founder  of  the  dynasty  of  the 
SASSANIDAE. 

ARTAXiAS  (-ae),  or  ART  AXIS  (-is),  the 
name  of  3  kings  of  Armenia.— (1)  The  founder 
of  the  Armenian  kingdom,  was  one  of  the 
generals  of  Antiochus  the  Great,  but  revolted 
from  him  about  B.O.  18S,  and  became  an  in- 
dependent sovereign.  Hannibal  took  refuge 
at  the  court  of  Artaxias,  and  he  superintend-' 
ed  the  building  of  ARTAXATA,  the  capital  of 
Armenia.  Artaxias  was  conquered  and  taken 
prisoner  by  Antiochus  IV.  Epiphanes,  about 
165.— (2)  Son  of  Artavasdes,  was  put  to  death 
by  his  own  subjects  in  B.O.  20,  and 
Augustus  placed  Tigranes  on  the 
throne.— (3)  Son  of  Polemon,  king 
of  Pontus,  was  proclaimed  king  of 
Armenia  by  Germanicus,  in  A.D. 
18.  He  died  about  35. 

ARTEMlDO'RTTS  (-i).  (1)  A  na- 
tive ofEphesiiSjbut  called  Daldi- 
anus,  from  Daldis  in  Lydia,  his 
mother's  birthplace,  to  distinguish 
him  from  the  geographer  Artemi- 
dorus.  He  lived  at  Rome  in  the 
reigns  of  Antoninus  Pius  and  M. 
Aurelius  (A..I>.  138-180),  and  wrote 
a  work  on  the  interpretation  of 
dreams,  in  5  books,  which  is  still 
extant.  — (2)  Also  of  Ephesus,  a 
Greek  geographer,  lived  about  B.O. 
100.  An  abridgment  of  his  work 
was  made  by  Marcianus,  of  which 
part  is  still  extant, 

ARTEMIS  (-is),  called  DIANA 
(-ae)  by  the  Romans,  one  of  the 
great  divinities  of  the  Greeks. 
According  to  the  most  ancient  ac- 
count, she  was  the  daughter  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Leto  (Latona), 
and  was  the  twin-sister  of  Apollo, 
bora  with  him  in  the  island  of 
Delos.  (1)  Artemis  as  the  sister  of 
Apollo  is  a  kind  of  female  Apollo, 
that  is,  she  as  a  female  divinity 
represented  the  same  idea  that 
Apollo  did  as  a  male  divinity.  As 


sister  of  Apollo,  Artemis  is,  like  her  brother, 
armed  with  a  bow,  quiver,  and  arrows,  and 
sends  plagues  and  death  amoug  men  and  an- 
imals. Sudden  deaths,  but  more  especially 
those  of  women,  are  described  as  the  effect  of 
her  arrows.  As  Apollo  was  not  only  a  de- 
structive god,  but  also  averted  evils,  so  Arte- 
mis likewise  cured  and  alleviated  the  suffer- 
ings of  mortals.  In  the  Trojan  war  she  sided, 
like  Apollo,  with  the  Trojans.  She  was  more 
especially  the  protectress  of  the  young;  and 
from  her  watching  over  the  young  of  females, 
she  came  to  be  regarded  as  the  goddess  of  the 
flocks  and  the  chase.  In  this  manner  she  also 
became  the  huntress  among  the  immortals. 
Artemis,  like  Apollo,  is  unmarried;  she  is  a 
maiden-divinity  never  conquered  by  love.  She 
slew  OEIOK  with  her  arrows  because  he  made 
an  attempt  upon  her  chastity ;  and  she  changed 
AOTAEON  into  a  stag,  simply  because  he  had 
seen  her  bathing.  With  her  brother  Apollo, 
she  slew  the  children  of  NIOBE,  who  had  deem- 
ed herself  superior  to  Leto.  When  Apollo  was 
regarded  as  identical  with  the  Sun  or  Helios, 
his  sister  was  looked  upon  as  Selene  or  the 
.Moon.  Hence  she  is  represented  as  in  love 
with  the  fair  young  ENDYMION,  whom  she 
kissed  in  his  sleep ;  but  this  legend  properly 
relates  to  Selene  or  the  Moon,  and  is  foreign 
to  the  character  of  Artemis,  who,  as  we  have 
observed,  was  a  goddess  unmoved  by  love.— 
(2)  The  Arcadian  Artemis  is  a  goddess  of  the 
nymphs,  and  was  worshiped  as  such  in  Arca- 
dia in  very  early  times.  She  hunted  with  her 
nymphs  on  the  Arcadian  mountains,  and  her 
chariot  was  drawn  by  4  stags  with  golden 
antlers.  There  was  no  connection  between 


Artemis  (Diana),  the  Huntress. 
(Museum  Capitolinum,  vol.4,  tav.  37.) 


•ARTEMIS. 


ARUNS. 


the  Arcadian  Artemis 
and  Apollo.— (3)  The 
Taurian  Artemis.  There 
was  in  Tauris  a  goddess, 
whom  the  Greeks  identi- 
fied with  their  own  Ar- 
temis, and  to  whom  all 
strangers  thrown,  on  the 
coast  of  Tauris  were  sac- 
rificed. Iphigenia  and 
Orestes  brought  her  im- 
age from  thence,  and 
landed  at  Brauron  in  At- 
tica, whence  the  goddess 
derived  the  name  of 
Brauronia.  TheBrauro- 
nian  Artemis  was  wor- 
shiped at  Athens  and 
Sparta,  and  in  the  latter 
place  the  hoys  were 
scourged  at  her  altar  till 
it  was  besprinkled  with 
fcheir  blood. —(4)  The  Ephesian  Art&nis  was  a 
divinity  totally  distinct  from  the  Greek  god- 
dess of  the  same  name.  She  was  an  ancient 
Asiatic  divinity  whose  worship  the  Greeks 
found  established  in  Ionia  when  they  settled 
there,  and  to  whom  they  gave  the  name  oi' Ar- 
temis. Her  image  in  the  magpificeu  ttemple  of 
Ephesus  was  represented  with  many  breasts. 


Artemis  (Duma) 
attired  for  the  chase. 


Ancient  representation  of  Diana  of  the  Ephesians. 

— The  representations  of  the  Greek  Artemis  in 
works  of  art  are  different,  according  as  she  is 
represented  either  as  a  huntress  or  as  the  god- 
dess of  the  moon.  As  the  huntress,  her  breast 


Artemis  (Diana.) 

is  covered,  and  the  legs  up  to  the  knees  are 
naked,  the  rest  being  covered  by  the  chlamys. 
Her  attributes  are  the  bow,  quiver,  and  ar- 
rows, or  a  spear,  stags,  and  does.  As  the  god- 
dess of  the  moon,  she  wears  a  long  robe  which 
reaches  clown  to  her  feet,  a  veil  covers  her 
head,  and  above  her  forehead  rises  the  cres- 
cent of  the  moon.  In  her  hand  she  often  ap- 
pears holding  a  torch. 

ARTEMISIA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  Lyg- 
,.damis,  and  queen  of  Halicarnassus  in  Caria, 
accompanied  Xerxes  in  his  invasion  of  Greece, 
and  in  the  battle  of  Salamis  (B.O.  480)  greatly 
distinguished  herself  by  her  prudence  and 
courage,  for  which  she  was  afterwards  highly 
honored  by  the  Persian  king. — (2)  Daughter 
of  Hecatomnus,  and  sister,  wife,  and  succes- 
sor of  the  Canan  prince  Mausolus,  reigned 
B.O.  352-350.  She  is  renowned  in  history  for 
her  extraordinary  grief  at  the  death  of  her 
husband  Mausolus.  She  is  said  to  have  mix- 
ed his  ashes  in  her  daily  drink;  and  to  per- 
petuate his  memory  she  built  at  Halicarnas- 
sus tne  celebrated  monument,  Mausoleum, 
which  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  7  wonders 
of  the  world,  and  whose  name  subsequently 
became  the  generic  term  for  any  splendid  se- 
pulchral monument. 

ARTEMtSlUM  (-i),  a  tract  of  country  on 
the  N.  coast  of  Euboea,  opposite  Magnesia,  so 
called  from  the  temple  of  Artemis  (Diana), 
belonging  to  the  town  of  Hestiaea:  off  this 
coast  the  Greeks  defeated  the  fleet  of  Xerxes, 
B.  o.480. 

A.RVERNI  (-drum),  a  Gallic  people  in  Aqui- 
tania,  in  the  modern  Awoergne.  In  early 
times  they  were  the  most  powerful  people  in 
the  8.  of  Gaul ;  they  were  defeated  by  Domi- 
tius  Ahenobarbus  and  Pabins  Maximus  in 
B.  o.  121,  but  still  possessed  considerable  power 
in  the  time  of  Caesar  (58).  Their  capital  was 
Nemossus,  also  named  Augustonemetum  or 
Arverni  on  the  Elaver  (Attiar),  with  a  citadel, 
called  in  the  middle  ages  ClarusMons,  whence 
the  name  of  the  modern  town,  Clermont. 

ARUNS  (-untis),  an  Etruscan  word,  was  re- 
garded by  the  Romans  as  a  proper  name,  but 
perhaps  signified  a  younger  sou  in  general. 
~(1)  Younger  brother  of  Lticnmo,  t  e.  L.Tar- 
quinius  Prisons.— (2)  Younger  brother  of  L. 


ARZA1S7ENE. 


ASIA. 


Tarquinius  Superbus,  was  murdered  by  his 
wife.— -(3)  Younger  son  of  Tarquiuius  Super- 
bus,  fell  in  combat  with  Brutus. 

ARZlNJSNK  (-5s),  a  district  of  Armenia 
Major,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Tigris,  form- 
ed part  of  GORWYENK. 

ASANDER  (-dpi).  (1)  Son  of  Philotas, 
brother  of  Pavmenion,  and  one  of  the  gener- 
als of  Alexander  the  Great.  After  the  death 
of  Alexander  (B.O.  323)  he  obtained  Caria  for 
his  satrapy.— (2)  A  general  of  Pharnaces  II., 
king  of  Bosporus,  whom  he  put  to  death  in 
47,  m  hopes  of  obtaining  the  kingdom.  He 
was  continued  in  the  sovereignty  by  Augustus. 

ASBYSTAE  (-arum),  a  Libyan  people,  in  the 
N.  of  Cyrenaica. 

ASCALXPHUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Ares  (Mare) 
and  Astyocho,  led,  with  his  brother  lalmenus, 
the  Minyans  of  Orchomeuus  against  Troy, 
and  was  slain  by  Deiphobus.— (2)  Son  of 
Acheron  and  Gorgyra  or  Orphne.  When  Pluto 
gave  Perseph&ne  (Proserpina)  permission  to 
return  to  the  upper  world,  provided  she  had 
eaten  nothing,  Ascalaphus  declared  that  she 
had  eaten  part  of  a  pomegranate.  Phese- 
phdne,  in  revenge,  changed  him  into  an  owl, 
by  sprinkling  him  with  watev  from  the  river 
Phlegethon. 

ASCALON  (-Gnis),  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
the  Philistines,  on  the  coast  of  Palestine,  be- 
tween Azotus  and  Gaza. 

ASClNiA  (-ae).  (1)  In  Bithynia,  a  great 
fresh-water  lake,  at  the  E.  end  of  which  stood 
the  city  of  Nicaea.— (2)  A  salt-water  lake  on 
the  borders  of  Phrygia  and  Pisidia. 

ASClNlUS  (-i),  son  of  Aeneas  by  Creusa, 
accompanied  his  father  to  Italy.  Other  tra- 
ditions gave  the  name  of  Ascanius  to  the  son 
of  Aeneas  and  Lavinia.  He  founded  Alba 
Longa,  and  was  succeeded  on  the  throne  by 
his  son  Silvias.  Some  writers  relate  that  As- 
canius was  also  called  Ilus  or  Julus.  The 
gens  Julia  at  Rome  traced  its  origin  from  Ju- 
lus or  Ascanius. 

ASCtBURGlUM  (-i:  Asburg,  near  Mora),  an 
ancient  place  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine. 

ASCLEPlADSS  (-is),  the  name  of  several 
physicians,  which  they  derived  from  the  god 
Asclepius  [AESODLAPIUS].  The  most  celebra- 
ted was  a  native  of  Bithynia,  who  came  to 
Rome  in  the  middle  of  the  first  century  B.O., 
where  he  acquired  a  great  reputation  by  his 
successful  cures. 

ASCLSPlUS.    [AKSOTTLAPIUS.] 

ASCDNKJS  PEDIANUS  Q.  (-i)',  a  Roman 
grammarian,  bom  at  Patavium  (Padua),  about 
B.O.  2,  and  died  in  his  85th  year  in  the  reign 
of  Domitian.  He  wrote  a  valuable  Commen- 
tary on  the  speeches  of  Cicero,  of  which  we 
still  possess  considerable  fragments. 

ASCRA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Boeotia  on  Mt.  He- 
licon, where  Hesiod  resided,  who  had  re- 
moved thither  with  bis  father  from  Cyme  in 
Aeolis,  and  who  is  therefore  called  Ascraeiis. 

ASC'&LUM  (-i).  (1)  PIOENTJM,  the  chief  town 
of  Picenum,  and  a  Roman  municipium,  was 
destroyed  by  the  Romans  in  the  Social  War 
(B.O.  89),  but  was  afterwards  rebuilt.— (2)  APU- 
LUM,  a  town  of  Apulia  in  Dauuia  on  the  con- 


fines of  Sam nin ni,  near  which  the  Romans 
were  defeated  by  Pyrrhus,  B.O.T29. 

ASDRiJBAL.    [HASDRUCAL.] 

ASELLIO  (-finis),  P.  SEMPR5NIUS  (-i), 
tribune  of  the  soldiers  under  P.  Sciyio  Afri- 
canus  at  Numantia,  B.C.  133,  wrote  a  Roman 
history  from  the  Punic  wars  inclusive  to  the 
times  of  the  Gracchi. 

ASIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Oceanus  andTethys, 
wife  of  lapetns,  and  mother  of  Atlas,  Prome- 
theus, and  Epimetheus.  According  to  some 
traditions,  the  continent  of  Asia  derived  its 
name  from  her. 

ASIA  (-ae),  in  the  poets  ASIS  (-idis),  one  of 
the  3  great  divisions  which  the  ancients  made 
of  the  known  world.  It  was  first  used  by  the 
Greeks  for  the  western  part  of  Asia  Minor, 
especially  the  plains  watered  by  the  river 
Cayster,  where  the  Ionian  colonists  first  set- 
tled ;  and  thence,  as  their  geographical  knowl- 
edge advanced,  they  extended  it  to  the  whole 
country.  The  southern  part  of  the  continent 
was  supposed  to  extend  much  farther  to  the 
E.  than  it  really  does,  while  to  the  N.  and  N.E. 
parts,  which  were  quite  unknown,  much  too 
small  an  extent  was  assigned.  The  different 
opinions  about  the  boundaries  of  Asia  on  the 
side  of  Africa  are  mentioned  under  AFRICA: 
on  the  side  of  Europe  the  boundary  was  form- 
ed by  the  river  Tanais  (Don),  the  Paulus  Maeo- 
tis  (Sea  of  Azof),  Pontus  Euxinus  (Black  Sea), 
Propontis  (Sea  of  Marmora),  and  the  Aegean 
(Archipelago).— The  most  general  division  of 
Asia  was  into  2  parts,  which  were  different  at 
different  times,  and  known  by  different  names. 
To  the  earliest  Greek  colonists  the  river  Ha- 
lys,  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  Lydian  king- 
dom, formed  a  natural  division  between  £7f>- 
per  and  Lower  Asia;  and  afterwards  the  Eu- 
phrates was  adopted  as  a  more  natural  bound" 
ary.  Another  division  was  made  by  the  Tau- 
rus into  A  .infra  Taurum,  i.e.  the  part  of  Asia 
N.  and  N.W.  of  the  Taurus,  and  A.  extra  Tau- 
rum,  all  the  rest  of  the  continent.  The  divi- 
sion ultimately  adopted,  but  apparently  not 
till  the  4th  century  of  our  era,  was  that  of  A. 
Major  &XL^A.Minor.— (1)  AST  A  MAJOR  was  the 
part  of  the  continent  E.  of  the  Tanais,  the 
Euxine,  an  imaginary  line  drawn  from  the 
Euxine  to  Trapezus  (Trebfcond).  to  the  Gulf 
of  Issus  and  the  Mediterranean  :  thus  it  in- 
cluded the  countries  of  Sarmatica  Asiatica, 
with  all  the  Scythian  tribes  to  the  E.,  Colchis, 
Iberia,  Albania,  Armenia,  Syria,  Arabia,  Bab- 
ylonia, Mesopotamia,  Assyria,  Media,  Susia- 
na,  Persis,  Ariana,  Hyrcania,  Margiana,  Bac- 
triana,  Sogdiana,  India,  the  land  of  the  Sinae 
and  Serica ;  respecting  which,  see  the  several 
articles.— (2)  ASIA  MINOR  (Anatolfa)  was  the 
peninsula  on  the  extreme  W.  of  Asia,  bound- 
ed by  the  Euxine,  Aegean,  and  Mediterranean 
on  the  N.,  W.,  and  S. ;  and  on  the  E.  by  the 
mountains  on  the  W  of  the  upper  course  of 
the  Euphrates.  It  was  divided  int.o  Mysia, 
Lydia,  and  Caria,  on  the  W.;  Lycia,  Pamphyl- 
ia,  and  Cilicia;  on  the  S. ;  Bithynia,  Paphla- 
gonia,  and  Pontus,  on  the  E. ;  and  Phrygia, 
Pisidia,  Galatia,  and  Cappadocia,  in  the  cen- 
tre.—(3)  ASIA  PROPRIA,  or  simply  ASIA,  the  Ro- 
man province  formed  out  of  the  kingdom  of 
Pergamus,  which  was  bequeathed  to  the  Ro- 


ASINARUS. 


66* 


ASSYRIA. 


mans  by  ATTALUS  III.  (B.o.130),  and  the  Greek 
cities  ou  the  W.  coast,  and  the  adjacent  isl- 
ands, with  Rhodes.  It  included  the  districts 
of  My  si  a.  Lydia,  Caria,  and  Phvygia ;  and  was 
governed  at  first  by  propraetors,  afterwards 
by  proconsuls. 

ASINlRUS  (-i),  a  river  on  the  E.  side  of 
Sicily,  on  which  the  Athenians  were  defeated 
by  the  Syracusans,  B.C.  413. 

ASINE  (-es).  (1)  A  town  in  Laconia  on  the 
coast  between  Taenarum  and  Gythium.— (2) 
A  town  in  Argolis,  W.  of  Hermione,  was  built 
by  the  Dryopes,  who  were  driven  out  of  the 
town  by  the  Argives,  after  the  first  Messenian 
war,  and  built  No.  3.— (3)  An  important  town 
in  Messeuia,  near  the  Promontory  Acritas,  on 
the  Messenian  gulf,  which  was  hence  also 
called  the  Asiuaeau  gulf. 

XSINIUS  GALLTJS.    [GALLUS.] 

&SINIUS  POLLlEO.    [Poi.Lio.3 

ASOPUS  (-i).  (1)  A  river  flowing  through 
the  Sicyouiau  territory  into  the  Corinthian 
gulf.  The  god  of  this  river  was  son  of  Oce- 
anus  and  Tethys,  and  father  of  Evadne,  Eu- 
boea,  and  Aegina,  each  of  whom  was  there- 
fore called  Asopis.  Aeacus,  the  son  of  Aegiua, 
is  called  Asopiades.— (2)  A  river  in  Boeotia, 
flowing  near  Plataeae,  and  falling  into  the 
Euboean  sea.-— (3)  A  river  in  Thessaly,  rising 
in  M.  Oeta,  and  flowing  into  the  Maliac  gulf 
near  Themiypolae. 

ASPARAGf  UM  (-i),  a  town  in  the  territory 
of  Dyrrhachium  mlllyria. 

ASPiSlA  (-ae).  (1)  The  Elder,  of  Miletus, 
daughter  of  Axiochus,  the  most  celebrated  of 
the  Greek  Hetaerae.  She  came  to  Athens, 
where  she  gained  the  affections  of  Pericles, 
not  more  by  her  beauty  than  by  her  high 
mental  accomplishments.  Having  parted  with 
his  wife,  Pericles  lived  with  Aspasia  during 
the  rest  of  his  life.  His  enemies  accused  As- 
pasia  of  impiety,  and  it  required  all  his  per- 
sonal influence  to  procure  her  acquittal.  The 
house  of  Aspasia  was  the  centre  of  the  best 
literary  and  philosophical  society  of  Athens, 


and  was  frequented  even  by  SocratCH.  On 
the  death  of  Pericles  (13.0. 429),  Aspasia  IB  said 
to  have  attached  herself  to  one  Lysicles.  a 
dealer  in  cattle,  and  to  have  made  him  by 
her  instructions  a  first-rate  orator.— (2)  The 
Younger,  a  Phocaean,  daughter  of  Hermoti- 
mus,  the  favorite  concubine  of  Cyrus  the 
Younger,  and  subsequently  of  his  brother 
Artaxerxes.  Cyrus  called  her  Aspasia  after 
the  mistress  of  Pericles,  her  previous  name 
having  been  Milto.  Darius,  sou  of  Artaxerx- 
es,  having  fallen  in  love  with  her,  Artaxerxes 
made  her  priestess  of  a  temple  at  Ecbatana, 
where  strict  celibacy  was  requisite. 

ASPENDUS  (-i),  a  flourishing  city  of  Pam- 
pbylia,  on  the  river  Eurymedon,  60  stadia 
from  its  mouth :  said  to  have  been  a  colony 
of  Argives. 

ASPHALTITES  LACUS  or  MARE  MOR- 
TUUM,  the  great  salt  lake  in  the  S.E.  of  Pal- 
estine, which  receives  the  water  of  the  Jor- 
dan. 

ASPIS  (-Idis),  or  CLYPEA  (-ae),  a  city  on  a 
promontory  of  the  same  name,  near  the  N.E. 
point  of  the  Carthaginian  territory,  founded 
by  Agathocles,  and  taken  in  the  first  Punic 
War  by  the  Romans. 

ASPLEDON  or  SPLEDON,  a  town  of  the 
Minyae  in  Boeotia,  on  the  river  Melas,  near 
Orchomenus. 

ASSA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Chalcidice  in  Mace- 
donia, on  the  Singitic  gulf. 

ASSACSNI  (-orum),  an  Indian  tribe,  in  the 
district  of  the  Paropamisadae,  between  the 
rivers  Cophen  (Cdbool)  and  Indus. 

ASSiRiCTJS  (-i),  king  of  Troy,  son  of  Tros, 
father  of  Capys,  grandfather  of  Anchises,  and 
great-grandfather  of  Aeneas.  Hence  the  Ro- 
mans, as  descendants  of  Aeneas,  are  called 
domus  A  ssaraci. 

ASSESUS  (-i),  a  town  of  Ionia,  near  Miletus, 
with  a  temple  of  Athena  surnamed.4ssMa. 

ASSOHUS  (-i),  a  small  town  in  Sicily  be- 
tween Enna  and  Agyrium. 

ASSUS  (-i),  a  city  in  the  Troad,  on  the 
Adramyttian  Gulf,  opposite  to  Lesbos ;  after- 
wards called  Apollonia;  the  birthplace  of 
Cleanthes  the  Stoic. 

ASSYRIA  (-ae).  (1)  The  country  properly 
so  called,  in  the  narrowest  sense,  was  a  dis- 
trict of  Asia,  extending  along  the  E.  side  of 
the  Tigris,  which  divided  it  on  the  W.  and 
N.W.  from  Mesopotamia  and  Babylonia,  and 
bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  M.  Niphates  and 
M.  Zagrus,  which  separated  it  from  Armenia 
and  Media,  and  on  the  S.E.  by  Susiana.  It 
was  watered  by  several  streams,  flowing  into 
the  Tigris  from  the  E. :  two  of  which,  the 
Lycus  or  Zabatus  (Great  ZaV).  and  the  Caprus 
or  Zabas  or  Anzabas  (Little  ZaV).  divided  the 
country  into  three  parts:  that  between  the 
Upper  Tigris  and  the  Lycns,  called  Aturia 
(a  mere  dialectic  variety  of  Assyria),  was 
probably  the  most  ancient  seat  of  the  mon- 
archy, and  contained  the  capital,  Nineveh  or 
NINTIS;  that  between  the  Lycus  and  the  Ca- 
prus was  called  Adiabene ;  and  the  part  S.E. 
of  the  Caprus  contained  the  districts  of  Apol- 
loniatis  and  Sittacene.— (2)  In  a  wider  sense 


ASTA. 


67 


ATABNEUS. 


the  name  was  applied  to  the  whole  country 
watered  by  the  Euphrates  and  the  Tigris,  so 
as  to  include  Mesopotamia  and  Babylonia.— 
(3)  By  a  further  extension  the  word  is  used 
to  designate  the  Assyrian  Empire  in  its  widest 
sense.  It  was  one  of  the  first  great  states 
of  which  we  have  any  record.  Its  reputed 
founder  was  Ninus,  the  builder  of  the  cap- 
ital city ;  and  in  its  widest  extent  it  included 
the  countries  just  mentioned,  with  Media, 
Persis,  Armenia,  Syria,  Phoenicia,  and  Pal- 
estine, except  the  kingdom  of  Judah.  The 
fruitless  expedition  of  Sennacherib  against 
Egypt,  and  the  miraculous  destruction  of  his 
army  before  Jerusalem  (B.O.  714),  so  weak- 
ened the  empire,  that  the  Medea  revolted  and 
formed  a  separate  kingdom.  In  B.O.  60C,  Nine- 
veh was  taken,  and  the  Assyrian  empire  de- 
stroyed by  Cyaxares,  the  king  of  Media. 

ASTA  (-ae).  (1)  (Asti  in  Piedmont)  an  in- 
land town  of  Lignria  on  the  Tanarus,  a  Ro- 
man colony.— (2)  A  town  in  Hispania  Baetica, 
near  Gades,  a  Roman  colony. 

ASTABORAS  (-ae)  andASTAPUS  <-i),two 
rivers  of  Aethiopia,  having  their  sources  in  the 
highlands  of  Abyssinia,  and  uniting  to  form 
the  Nile.  The  land  inclosed  by  them  was  the 
island  of  MEEOB. 

ASTlCUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  city  of  Bithy- 
nia,  on  the  Sinus  A&tacenus^  a  bay  of  the  Pro- 
pontis,  was  a  colony  from  Megara,  bnt  after- 
wards received  fresh  colonists  from  Athens, 
who  called  the  place  Olbia.  It  was  destroyed 
by  Lysimachus,  but  was  rebuilt  on  a  neigh- 
boring site  by  Nicomedes  L,  who  named  his 
new  city  NIOOMEDIA. 

ASTlPA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Hispania  Baetica. 

ASTAPUS.    [ASTABORAS.] 

ASTARTE.    [At HRODITE  and  SYRIA  DBA.] 

ASTERtA  (-ae),  or  ASTfiRlE  (-es),  daugh- 
ter of  the  Titan  Coeus  and  Phoebe,  sister  of 
Leto  (Latoua),  wife  of  Perses,  and  mother  of 
Hec&te".  In  order  to  escape  the  embraces  of 
Zeus  she  is  said  to  have  taken  the  form  of  a 
quail  (ortyx),  and  to  have  thrown  herself 
down  from  heaven  into  the  sea,  where  she 
was  metamorphosed  into  the  island  Asteria 
(the  island  which  had  fallen  from  heaven  like 
a  star),  or  Ortygia,  afterwards  called  Delos. 

ASTERIS  (-idis),  or  ASTERIA  (-ae),  a  small 
island  between  Ithaca  and  Cephallenia. 

ASTRAEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  Themis,  and  goddess  of  justice,  lived 
during  the  golden  age  among  men ;  but  when 
the  wickedness  of  men  increased  she  with- 
drew to  heaven,  and  was  placed  among  the 
stars,  under  the  name  of  Virgo.  Her  sister 
Pudicitia  left  the  earth  along  with  her.  . 

ASTRAEUS  (-i),  a  Titan,  husband  of  Eos 
(Aurora),  and  father  of  the  winds  and  the 
stars.  Ovid  calls  the  winds  Astraei  (adj.) 
fratres,  the  "  Astraeau  brothers." 

ASTttRA  (-ae),  a  river  in  Latium,  flowing 
between  Antium  and  Circeii  into  the  Tyrrhe- 
nian sea.  At  its  mouth  it  formed  a  small  isl- 
and, with  a  town  upon  it,  also  called  Astura, 
where  Cicero  had  an  estate. 

ASTtfRES  (-urn),  a  warlike  people  in  the 
N.W.  of  Spain,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
Cantabri  and  Vaccaei,  on  the  W.  by  the  Gal- 


laeci,  on  the  N.  by  the  Ocean,  and  on  the  S. 
by  the  Vettones.  Their  chief  town  was  As- 
turica  Augusta  (Astorga). 

ASTtiGES  (-is),  son  of  Cyaxares,  last  king 
of  Media,  reigned  B.O.  594-559.  He  was  d£ 
posed  and  deprived  of  his  dominions  by  his 
grandson  Cyrus.  For  details,  see  CYEUS. 

ASTtANAX  (-actis),  son  of  Hector  and 
Andromache.  After  the  capture  of  Troy  the 
Greeks  hurled  him  down  from  the  walls,  that 
he  might  not  restore  the  kingdom  of  Troy. 

ASTtTALAEA  (-ae),  one  of  the  Sporades 
in  the  S.  part  of  the  Grecian  archipelago, 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name  founded  03 
the  Megarians. 

ASTlRA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Mysia,  N.W.  of 
Adramyttium. 

ATABUXUS  (-i),  the  name  in  Apulia  of  the 
parching  S.E.  wind,  the  Sirocco,  which  is  at 
present  called  Altino  in  Apulia. 

AT  ABYRIS  or  ATABtRlXJM  (-i),  the  high- 
est mountain  in  Rhodes  on  the  S.W.  of  that 
island,  on  which  was  a  celebrated  temple  of 
Zeus  Atabyrius. 

ATAGIS.    [ATHESis.3 

ATALANTA  (-ae),  or  ATALANTE  (-es). 
(1)  The  Arcadian  Atalanta,  was  a  daughter 
of  lasns  (lasion  or  lasius)  and  Clymene.  She 
was  exposed  by  her  father  in  her  infancy,  and 
was  suckled  by  a  she-bear,  the  symbol  of  Ar- 
temis (Diana).  After  she  had  grown  up  she 
lived  in  pure  maidenhood,  slew  the  centaurs 
who  pursued  her,  and  took  part  in  the  Caly- 
donian  hunt.  Her  father  subsequently  rec- 
ognized her  as  his  daughter;  and  when  he 
desired  her  to  marry,  she  required  every  suit- 
or to  contend  with  her  in  the  foot-race,  be- 
cause she  was  the  most  swift-footed  of  mor- 
tals. If  he  conquered  her,  he  was  to  be  re- 
warded with  her  hand ;  if  he  was  conquered, 
he  was  to  be  put  to  death.  She  conquered 
many  suitors,  out  was  at  length  overcome  by 
Mllanlon  with  the  assistance  of  Aphrodite 
(Venus),  The  goddess  had  given  him  3  gold- 
en apples,  and  during  the  race  he  had  drop- 
ped them  one  after  the  other.;  their  beauty 
charmed  Atalanta  so  much  that  she  could  not 
abstain  from  gathering  them,  and  Milanion 
thus  gained  the  goal  before  her.  She  accord- 
ingly became  his  wife.  They  were  subse- 
quently both  metamorphosed  into  lions,  be- 
cause they  had  profaned  by  their  embraces 
the  sacred  grove  of  Zeus  (Jnpiter).— (2)  The 
Boeotian  Atalanta.  The  same  stories  are  re- 
lated of  her  as  of  the  Arcadian  Atalanta,  ex- 
cept that  her  parentage  and  the  localities  are 
described  differently.  Thus  she  is  said  to 
have  been  a  daughter  of  Schoenus,  and  to 
have  been  married  to  Hippomenes.  Her  foot- 
race is  transferred  to  the  Boeotian  Onchestus, 
and  the  sanctuary  profaned  was  a  temple  of 
Cybele,  who  metamorphosed  them  into  lions, 
and  yoked  them  to  her  chariot. 

ATALANTE  (-es),  a  town  of  Macedonia  on 
the  Axius. 

ATARANTES  (-urn),  a  people  in  the  E.  of 
Libya,  between  the  Gararaantes  and  Atlantes. 

ATARNEUS,  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Mysia, 
opposite  to  Lesbos ;  a  colony  of  the  Chiane; 


ATAX. 


68 


ATHENA. 


the  residence  of  the  tyrant  Hermias,  with 
whom  Aristotle  resided  some  time. 

ATAX  (-ivicis:  Aude),  originally  called  Nar- 
bo,  a  river  in  Gallia  Narbouensis,  rising  in 
the  Pyrenees,  aud  flowing  by  Narbo  Martius 
into  the  Lacus  Rubresus  or  Rubrensis,  which 
is  connected  with  the  sea. 

XTS  (-e«),  daughter  of  Eris  or  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter), was  an  ancient  Greek  divinity,  who  led 
both,  gods  and  men  into  rash  and  inconsider- 
ate actions. 

ATEtUS  CAPlTO.    [CAPITO.] 

ATELLA  {-ae  :  A  versa),  a  town  in  Campa- 
nia between  Capna  and  Neapolis,  originally 
inhabited  by  the  Oscans,  afterwards  a  Komau 
muuicipium  and  a  colony.  Atella  owes  its 
celebrity  to  the  Atellwiae  Fabulae,  or  Oscan 
farces,  which  took  their  name  from  this  town. 

ATERNUM  (-i  :  Peseara),  a  town  in  central 
Italy,  on  the  Adriatic,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Aternus,  was  the  common  harbor  of  the 
Vestiui,  Marrucini,  and  Peligni. 

ATERNUS.    [ATEBNtra.] 


ATESTE  (-6s  :  Este),  a  Roman  colony  in  the 
country  of  theVeneti  in  Upper  Italy. 

ATHACUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Lyncestis  in  Mac- 
edonia. 

ATHAMANlA  (-ae),  a  mountainous  coun- 
try in  the  S.  of  Epirus,  on  the  W.  side  of  Pin- 
dus,  of  which  Argithea  was  the  chief  town. 
The  Athamanes  were  a  Thessalian  people, 
who  had  been  driven  out  of  Thessaly  by  the 
Lapithae. 

ITHAMAS  (-antis),  son  of  Aeolus  and 
Bnarete,  and  king  of  Orchomenus  in  Boeotia. 
At  the  command  of  Hera  (Juno),  Athamas 
married  Nephele,  by  whom  he  became  the  fa- 
ther of  Phrixus  and  Helle,  [Pnurxos.]  But 
he  was  secretly  in  love  with  the  mortal  Ino, 

Learchus  and  Melicertes.  Having  thus  in- 
curred the  anger  both  of  Hera  and  of  Nephele, 
Athamas  was  seized  with  madness,  and  in 
this  state  killed  his  own  son,  Learchus.  Ino 
threw  herself  with  Melicertes  into  the  sea, 
and  both  were  changed  into  marine  deities, 
Ino  becoming  Leucothea,  and  Melicertes  Pa- 
laemon.  Athamas,  as  the  murderer  of  his 
son,  was  obliged  to  nee  from  Boeotia,  and  set- 
tled iu  Thessaly.—  Hence  we  have  Athwnan- 
twdes  (-ae),  son  of  Athamas,  i.  e.  Palaemon  ; 
and  Athavnantis  (-^dis).  daughter  of  Athamas, 
i.e.  Helle. 

ATHAN&Gf  A  (-ae),  the  chief  town  of  the 
Ilergetes  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis.  - 

ATHENA  (-ae),  or  ATHlNE  (-es),  called 
MtNERVA  by  the  Romans,  was  one  of  the 
great  divinities  of  the  Greeks.  She  is1  fre- 
quently called  Pallas  Athena,  or  simply  Pallas. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and 
Metis.  Before  her  birth  Zeus  swallowed  her 
mother  ;  and  Athena  afterwards  sprung  forth 
from  the  head  of  Zeus  with  a  mighty  war- 
shout  and  in  complete  armor.  As  her  father 
was  the  most  powerful  and  her  mother  the 
wisest  among  the  gods,  so  Athena  was  a  com- 
bination of  the  two,  a  goddess  in  whom  pow- 
er and  wisdom  were  harmoniously  blended. 
She  appears  as  the  preserver  of  the  state  and 
of  every  thing  which  givestothe  state  strength 


Athena  (Minervn). 
(From  a  Statue  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Hope.? 

and  prosperity. — As  the  protectress  of  agri- 
culture, Athena  is  represented  as  creating  the 
olive-tree  (see  below),  inventing  the  plow  and 
rake,  etc.  She  was  the  patroness  of  both  the 
useful  and  elegant  arts,  such  as  weaving.  [See 
ABACIINE.]  Later  writers  make  her  the  god- 
dess of  all  wisdom  and  knowledge.  As  the 
patron  divinity  of  the  state,  she  maintained 
the  authority  of  law  and  order  in  the  courts 
and  the  assembly  of  the  people.  She  was  be- 
lieved to  have  instituted  the  ancient  court  of 
the  Areopagus  at  Athens.  She  also  protect* 
ed  the  state  from  outward  enemies,  and  thus 
assumes  the  character  of  a  warlike  divinity. 
In  the  war  of  Zeus  against  the  giants,  she 
buried  Enceladus  under  the  island  of  Sicily, 
and  slew  Pallas.  In  the  Trojan  war  she  sided 
with  the  Greeks.  As  a  goddess  of  war  she 
usually  appears  in  armor,  with  the  aegis  and 
a  golden  staff.  In  the  centre  of  her  oreast- 
plate  or  shield  appears  the  head  of  Medusa, 
the  Gorgon.  She  is  represented  as  a  virgin- 
divinity,  whose  heart  is  inaccessible  to  the 
passion  of  love.  Tiresias  was  deprived  of 
sight  for  having  seen  her  in  the  bath ;  and 
Hephaestus  (Vulcan),  who  had  made  an  at- 
tempt upon  her  chastity,  was  obliged  to  take 
to  flight.  Athena  was  worshiped  m  all  parts 
of  Greece.  She  was  especially  the  protecting 
deity  of  Athens  and  Attica.  The  tale  ran 
that  in  the  reign  of  Cecrops  both  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  and  Athena  contended  for  the  pos- 


ATHENA.    (Villa  Albani.) 


ATHENAE. 


69 


ATHENAE. 


Athena  (Minerva).    (BartolL,  Adiniranda,  pi.  41 .) 


session  of  Athens.  The  gods  resolved  that 
whichever  of  them  produced  a  gift  most  use- 
ful to  mortals  should  have  possession  of  the 
land.  Poseidon  struck  the  ground  with  his 
trident,  and  straightway  a  horse  appeared. 
Athena  then  planted  the  olive.  The  gods 
thereupon  decreed  that  the  olive  was  more 
useful  to  man  than  the  horse,  and  gave  the 
city  to  the  goddess,  from  whom  it  was  catted 
Athenae.  At  Athens  the  magnificent  festival 
of  the  Panathenaea  was  celebrated  in  honor 
o f  the  goddess.  At  this  festival  took  place  the 
grand  procession  which  was  represented  on 
the  frieze  of  the  Parthenon.  Respecting  her 
worship  in  Italy,  see  MINERVA.  The  owl,  ser- 
pent, cock,  and  olive-tree  were  sacred  to  her. 
iTHSNAE  (-arum:  Athens),  the  capital  of 
Attica,  ahout  4  miles  from  the  sea,  between 
the  small  rivers  Cephissus  on  the  W.  and  Ilis- 
sus  on  the  E.,  the  latter  of  which  flowed 
through  the  town.  The  most  ancient  part  of 
it,  the  Acropdlis,  is  said  to  have  been  built  by 
the  mythical  Cecrops,  but  the  city  itself  is 


said  to  have  owed  its  origin  to  Theseus,  who 
united  the  12  independent  states  or  townships 
of  Attica  into  one  state,  and  made  Athens 
its  capital.  The  city  was  burned  by  Xerxes 
in  B.C.  480,  but  was  soon  rebuilt  under  the 
administration  of  Themistocles,  and  was 
adorned  with  public  buildings  by  Cimon,  and 
especially  by  Pericles,  in  whose  time  (u.o.460- 
429)  it  reached  its  greatest  splendor.  Its 
beauty  was  chiefly  owing  to  its  public  build- 
ings, for  the  private  houses  were  mostly  in- 
significant, and  its  streets  badly  laid  out.  To- 
wards the  end  of  the  Pelopounesian  war,  it 
contained  10,000  houses,  which,  at  the  rate 
of  12  inhabitants  to  a  house,  would  give  a 
population  of  120,000,  though  some  writers 
make  the  inhabitants  as  many  as  180,000. 
Under  the  Romans,  Athens  continued  to  be  a 
great  and  flourishing  city,  and  retained  many 
privileges  and  immunities  when  the  south  of 
Greece  was  formed  into  the  Roman  province 
of  Achaia.  It  suffered  greatly  on  its  capture 
by  Sulla,  B.C.  SO,  and  was  deprived  of  many 


ATHENAE. 


TO 


ATHENAE. 


of  its  privileges.  It  was  at  that  time,  and  also 
during  the  early  centuries  of  the  Christian 
era,  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  learning ;  and 
the  Komaiie  were  accustomed  to  send  their 
sons  to  Athens,  as  to  a  University,  for  the 


large  sums  of  money  upon  heautifying  the  city 
in  the  reign  of  M.  Aurelius — Athens  consist- 
ed of  two  distinct  parts :  I.  The  City,  properly 
so  called,  divided  into,  l.  The  Upper  City  or 
Acropolis,  and,  2.  The  Lower  City,  surrounded 


completion  of  their  education.  Hadrian,  who 
was  very  partial  to  Athens,  and  frequently 
resided  in  the  city  (A.D.  122-128),  adorned  it 
with  many  new  buildings,  and  his  example 
was  followed  by  Herodes  Atticus,  who  spent 


with  walls  by  Themistocles.  II.  The  3  har- 
bor towns  of  Piraeus,  Munychia,  and  PhalS- 
rum,  also  surrounded  with  walls  by  Themis- 
tocles, and  connected  with  the  city  by  means 
of  the  long  watts,  built  under  the  administra- 


ATHENAEUM. 


71 


ATLAS. 


tion  of  Pericles.  The  long  walls  consisted  of 
the  wall  to  PhalGrum  on  the  B.,  35  stadia  long 
(about  4  miles),  and  of  the  wall  to  Piraeus  011 
the  W.,  40  stadia  long  (about  41-  miles)  ;  be- 
tween these  two,  at  a  short  distance  from  the 
latter  and  parallel  to  it,  another  wall  was 
erected,  thus  making  2  walls  leading  to  the 
Piraeus,  with  a  narrow  passage  betweeu  them. 
The  entire  circuit  of  the  walls  was  1743-  stadia 
(nearly  22  miles),  of  which  43  stadia  (nearly 
5f  miles)  belonged  to  the  city,  75  stadia  (9£ 
miles)  to  the  long  walls,  aud56£  stadia  (7  miles) 
to  Piraeus,  Munychia,  and  Phalerum.  —  The 
Acropolis,  also  called  Cecropia  from  its  re- 
puted founder,  was  a  steep  rock  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  city,  about  150  feet  high,  1150  feet 
long,  and  500  broad.  On  the  W.  end  of  the 
Acropolis,  where  access  is  alone  practicable, 
were  the  magnificent  Propylaea,  or  "the  En- 
trances," built  by  Pericles.  The  summit  of 
the  Acropolis  was  covered  with  temples,  stat- 
ues of  bronze  and  marble,  and  various  other 
works  of  art.  Of  the  temples,  the  grandest 
was  the  Parthenon,  sacred  to  the  "  Virgin  " 
goddess  Athena  ;  and  N.  of  the  Parthenon 
was  the  magnificent  Erechtheuw,,  containing 
3  separate  temples,  one  of  Athena  Polias,  or 
the  "  Protectress  of  the  State,"  the  Erechthe- 
um  proper,  or  sanctuary  of  Erechtheus,  and 
the  Pandrosium,  or  sanctuary  of  Pandrosos, 
the  daughter  of  Cecrops.  Between  the  Par- 
thSnon  and  Erechtheum  was  the  colossal  stat- 
ne  of  Athena  Promachos,  or  the  "  Fighter  in 
the  Front,"  whose  helmet  and  spear  was  the 
first  object  on  the  Acropolis  visible  from  the 
sea.  The  lower  city  was  bnilt  in  the  plain 
round  the  Acropolis,  but  this  plain  also  con- 
tained several  hills,  especially  in  the  S.W. 
part. 

iTHfSNAEUM  (-i),  in  general  a  temple  or 
place  sacred  to  Athena  (Minerva).  The  name 
was  specially  given  to  a  school  founded  by 
the  emperor  Hadrian  at  Rome  about  A.P,  133, 
for  the  promotion  of  literary  and  scientific 
studies. 


(-i),  a  learned  Greek  gram- 
marian, of  Naucratis  in  Egypt,  lived  about 
A.B.230,  first  at  Alexandria,  and  afterwards  at 
Kome.  His  extant  work  is  entitled  the  Deip- 
nosophistae,  i.  e.  the  Banquet  of  the  Learned, 
consisting  of  an  immense  mass  of  anecdotes, 
of  extracts  from  the  ancient  writers,  and  of 
discussions  on  almost  every  conceivable  sub- 
ject, especially  on  gastronomy.  Athenaeus 
represents  himself  as  describing  to  his  friend 
Tiaaocrates  a  full  account  of  the  conversation 
at  a  banquet  in  Rome,  at  which  Galen,  the 
physician,  and  Ulpian,  the  jurist,  were  among 
the  gnests. 

ATHSNQD5RUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Tarsus,  a  Stoic 
philosopher,  surnamed  Conmruo,  was  keeper 
of  the  library  at  Pergamus,  and  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Rome,  where  he  lived  with  M.  Cato, 
at  whose  house  he  died.  —  (2)  Of  Tarsus, 
a  Stoic  philosopher,  surnamed  CANANITES, 
from  Cana,  in  Cilicia,  the  birthplace  of  his 
father.  He  taught  at  Apollonia  in  Epirns, 
where  the  young  Octavius  (subsequently  the 
emperor  Augustus)  was  one  of  his  disciples. 
He  accompanied  the  latter  to  Rome,  and  be- 
came one  of  his  intimate  friends. 


ATHESIS  (-is :  Adige  or  Etsch),  rises  in  the 
Rhaetian  Alps,  receives  the  5.TAGIS  (Eisach), 
flows  through  Upper  Italy  past  Verona,  and 
falls  into  the  Adriatic  by  many  mouths. 

ATHOS  (Dat  Atho ;  Ace.  Athon  and  Atho-, 
A  bl.  Atho),  the  mountainous  peninsula,  also 
called  Acte,  which  projects  from  ChalcidlcS  in 
Macedonia.  At  its  extremity  it  rises  to  the 
height  of  6349  feet ;  the  voyage  round  it  was 
so  dreaded  by  mariners  that  Xerxes  had  a 
canal  cut  through  the  isthmus  which  con- 
nects the  peninsula  with  the  mainland,  to  af- 
ford a  passage  to  his  fleet.  The  isthmus  is 
about  H  miles  across ;  and  there  are  distinct 
traces  of  the  canal  to  be  seen  in  the  present 
day.  The  peninsula  contained  several  flour- 
ishing cities  in  antiquity,  and  is  now  studded 
with  numerous  monasteries,  cloisters,  and 
chapels.  In  these  monasteries  some  valua- 
ble MSS.  of  ancient  authors  have  been  discov- 
ered. 

ATlA,  mother  of  AUGUSTUS. 
ATILIUS  REGtJLUS.    [RBGULTTS.] 

ATINA  (-ae:  Atina),  a  town  of  the  Volsci 
in  Latium,  afterwards  a  Roman  colony. 

ATINTANES  (-urn),  an  Epirot  people  in 
Ulyria,  on  the  borders  of  Macedonia. 

ATLANTIC™  MIRE.  COOEANUB.] 

ATLANTIS  (-Idis),  according  to  an  ancient 
tradition,  a  great  island  W.  of  the  pillars  of 
Hercules,  in  the  ocean,  opposite  Mount  Atlas ; 
it  possessed  a  numerous  population,  and  was 
adorned  with  every  beauty;  its  powerful 
princes  invaded  Africa  and  Europe,  but  were 
defeated  by  the  Athenians  and  their  allies; 
its  inhabitants  afterwards  became  wicked  and 
impious,  and  the  island  was  in  consequence 
swallowed  up  in  the  oceau  in  a  day  and  a 
night.  This  legend  is  given  by  Plato  in  the 
Timaeus,  and  is  said  to  have  been  related  to 
Solon  by  the  Egyptian  priests.  The  Canary 
Islands,  or  the  Azores,  which  perhaps  were 
visited  by  the  Phoenicians,  may  have  given 
rise  to  the  legend ;  but  some  modern  writ- 
ers regard  it  as  indicative  of  a  vagne  belief 
in  antiquity  in  the  existence  of  the  W.  hemi- 
sphere. 

ATLAS  (-antis),  eon  of  lapetus  and  Clyme- 
ne,  and  brother  of  Prometheus  and  Epime- 
theus.  He  made  war  with  the  other  Titans 
upon  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and,  being  conquered, 
was  condemned  to  bear  heaven  on  his  head 
and  hands.  The  myth  seems  to  have  arisen 
from  the  idea  that  lofty  mountains  supported 
the  heaven.  Another  tradition  relates  that 
Perseus  came  to  Atlas  and  asked  for  shelter, 
which  was  refused,  whereupon  Perseus,  by 
means  of  the  head  of  Medusa,  changed  him 
into  M.  Atlas,  on  which  rested  heaven  with 
all  its  stars.  Atlas  was  the  father  of  the 
Pleiades  by  Pleione  or  by  Hesperis;  of  the 
Hyades  and  Hesperides  by  Aethra ;  and  of 
Oenomaus  and  Maia  by  SterSpS.  Dione  and 
Calypso,  Hyas  and  Hesperus,  are  likewise 
called  his  children.— A  ttaratffc&tes,  a  descend- 
ant of  Atlas,  especially  Mercury,  his  grandson 
by  Maia,  and  Hermaphrodites,  son  of  Mer- 
cury.— Atlantias  and  Atlantis,  a  female  de< 


ATLAS  MONS. 


72 


ATTALUS. 


acendant  of  Atlas,  especially  one  of  the  Ple- 
iads aud  Hyads. 


Atlas.    (From  the  Farnese  collection  now  at  Naples.) 


ATLAS  MONS  was  the  general  name  of 
the  great  mountain  range  which  covers  the 
surface  of  N.  Africa  between  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  the  Great  Desert  (Sahara)  ou  the  N. 
and  S.,  and  the  Atlantic  and  the  Lesser  Syrtis 
on  the  W.  and  E. 

ATOSSA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Cyrus,  and  wife 
successively  of  her  brother  Cambyses,  of 
Smerdis  the  Magian,  and  of  Darius  Hystaspis, 
by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Xerxes. 

ATRAB  (-arum),  or  HATRA  (-ae),  a  strong- 
ly fortified  city  on  a  high  mountain  in  Meso- 
potamia, inhabited  by  people  of  the  Arab  race. 

ATRAX  (-acis),  a  town  in  Pelasgiotis  in 
Thessaly,  inhabited  by  the  Perrhaebi,  so  call- 
ed from  the  mythical  Atrax,  son  of  Peneus 
and  Bura,  and  father -of  Caeneus  and  Hippo- 
damaTa.  Hence  Oaeneus  is  called  Atrdcldes, 
and  Hippodamia  Atrdcis. 

ATREBiTSS  (-urn),  a  people  in  GalliaBel- 
gica,  in  the  modern  Artois,  which  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  their  name.  Their  capital  was  Ne- 
metocenna  or  Nemetacum,  subsequently  Atre- 
bati,  now  Arras.  Part  of  them  crossed  over 
to  Britain,  where  they  dwelt  in  the  upper 
ralley  of  the  Thames,  in  Oxfordshire  and 
Berkshire. 

ATRETJS  (-e"5s,  51,  or  el),  son  of  Pelops  and 
Hippodamia,  grandson  of  Tantalus,  and  broth- 
er of  Thyestes  and  Nicippe.  [PELO*S.]  He 
was  first  married  to  Cleola,  by  whom  he  be- 
came the  father  of  Plisthenes ;  then  to  Aero- 
pe,  the  widow  of  his  son  Plisthenes,  who  was 
the  mother  of  Agamemnon,  Menelaus,  and 
Anaxibia,  either  by  Plistbenes  or  by  Atreus 


[AGAMEMNON];  and  lastly  to  Pelopia,  the 
daughter  of  his  brother  Thyestes.  The  tragic 
fate  of  the  house  of  Pelops  afforded  materials 
to  the  tragic  poets  of  Greece.  In  consequence 
of  the  murder  of  their  half-brother  Chrysip- 
pus,  Atreus  and  Thyestes  were  obliged  to 
take  to  flight ;  they  were  hospitably  received 
at  Mycenae ;  and,  after  the  death  of  Eurys- 
theus,  Atreus  became  king  of  Mycenae.  Thy- 
estes seduced  AeropG,  the  wife  of  Atreus,  and 
was  in  consequence  banished  by  his  brother ; 
from  his  place  of  exile  he  sent  Plisthenes,  the 
son  of  Atreus,  whom  he  had  brought  up  as 
his  own  child,  in  order  to  slay  Atreus ;  but 
Plisthenes  fell  by  the  hands  of  Atreus,  who 
did  not  know  that  he  was  his  own  son.  In 
order  to  take  revenge,  Atreus,  pretending  to 
be  reconciled  to  Thyestes,  recalled  him  to 
Mycenae,  killed  his  two  sons,  and  placed  their 
flesh  before  their  father  at  a  banquet,  who  un- 
wittingly partook  of  the  horrid  meaL  Thy- 
estes fled  with  horror,  and  the  gods  cursed 
Atreus  and  his  house.  The  kingdom  of  Atreus 
was  now  visited  by  famine,  and  the  oracle  ad- 
vised Atreus  to  call  back  Thyestes.  Atreus, 
who  went  out  in  search  of  him,  came  to  king 
Thesprotus,  where  he  married  his  third  wife, 
Pelopia,  the  daughter  of  Thyestes,  whom 
Atreus  believed  to  be  a  daughter  of  Thespro- 
tus. Pelopia  was  at  the  time  with  child  by 
her  own  father.  This  child,  Aegisthus,  after- 
wards slew  Atreus,  because  the  latter  had 
commanded  him  to  slay  his  own  father,  Thy- 
estes. [AEGISTHUS.] 
ATRIA.  [AnuiA.] 

ATRXDES  or  ATRXDA  (-ae),  a  descendant 
of  Atreus,  especially  Agamemnon  and  Mene- 
laus. 

ATROPXTENE  (-es),  or  Media  Atropatia, 
the  N.W.part  of  Media,  adjacent  to  Armenia, 
named  after  Atropates,  a  native  of  the  coun- 
try, who,  having  been  made  its  governor  by 
Alexander,  founded  there  a  kingdom,  which 
long  remained  independent. 

ATROPOS.    [MOIRAE.] 

ATTA  (-ae),  T.  QUINTIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
comic  poet,  died  B.O.  78.  His  surname  Atta 
was  given  him  from  a  defect  in  his  feet.  His 
plays  were  acted  even  in  the  time  of  Augus- 
tus. 

ATTlLTA  (-ae).  (1)  A  city  of  Lydia,  for- 
merly called  Agrolra — (2)  A  city  on  the  coast 
of  Pamphylia,  founded  by  Attalus  II.  Phlla- 
delphus,  and  subdued  by  the  Romans  under 
P.  Servilius  Isauricus. 

ATTiLTJS  (-i),  king  of  Pergamus.  (1)  Son 
of  Attalus,  a  brother  or  Philetaerus,  succeeded 
his  cousin  Eumenes  I.,  and  reigned  B.O.  241- 
19T.  He  took  part  with  the  Romans  against 
Philip  and  the  Achaeans.  He  was  a  wise  and 
just  prince,  and  was  distinguished  by  his  pat- 
ronage of  literature.  —  (2)  Surnamed  PHILA- 
BELPHUS,  2d  son  of  Attalus,  succeeded  his 
brother  Eumenes  II.,  and  reigned  159-138. 
Like  his  father,  he  was  an  ally  of  the  Romans, 
and  he  also  encouraged  the  arts  and  sciences. 
—(3)  Surnamed  PHIT.OMETOB,  son  of  Enmenes 
II.  aud  Stratonice,  succeeded  his  uncle  At- 
talus II.,  and  reigned  138-133.  In  his  will,  he 
made  the  Romans  Ms  heirs;  but  his  king- 


ATTHIS. 


73 


ATURUS. 


Coin  of  Attains  I. 


dom  was  claimed  by  Aristonicus.    [ARISTONI- 
cus.] 

ATTHIS  or  ATTIS.  [ATTICA.] 
ATTICA  (-ae),  a  division  of  Greece,  has 
the  form  of  a  triangle,  two  sides  of  which  are 
washed  by  the  Aegaean  sea,  while  the  third 
is  separated  from  Boeotia  on  the  N.  by  the 
mountains  Cithaeron  and  Fames.  Megaris, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  N.W.,  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Attica.  In  ancient  times  it  was  called 
Acte  and  Actice,  or  the  "  coastland"  [AOTE], 
from  which  the  later  form  Attica  is  said  to 
have  been  derived.  According  to  tradition  it 
derived  its  name  from  Atthis,  the  daughter 
of  the  mythical  king  Cranaus ;  and  it  is  not 
impossible  that  Att-ica  may  contain  the  root 
Att  or  Ath  which  we  find  in  Atthis  and  Athe- 
na. Attica  is  divided  by  many  ancient  writ- 
ers into  3  districts.  1.  The  Highlands,  theN.E. 
of  the  country.  2.  The  Plain,  the  N.W.  of 
the  country,  including  both  the  plain  round 
Athens  and  the  plain  round  Bleusis,  and  ex- 
tending S.  to  the  promontory  Zoster.  .3.  The 
Sea-coast  District,  the  S.  part  of  the  country, 
terminating  in  the  promontory  Sunium.  Be- 
sides these  3  divisions  we  also  read  of  a  4th, 
The  Midland  District,  still  called  Me*ogia,  an 
undulating  plain  in  the  middle  of  the  coun- 
try. The  soil  of  Attica  is  not  very  fertile: 
the  greater  part  of  it  is  not  adapted  for  grow- 
ing corn ;  but  it  produces  olives,  figs,  and 
grapes,  especially  the  2  former,  in  great  per- 
fection. The  country  is  dry ;  the  chief  river 
is  the  Cephissus,  rising  in  Parnes  and  flow- 
ing through  the  Athenian  plain.  The  abun- 
dance of  wild  flowers  in  the  country  made  the 
honey  of  M.  Hymettus  very  celebrated  in  an- 
tiquity. Excellent  marble  was  obtained  from 
the  quarries  of  Pentelicus,  N.E.  of  Athens, 
and  a  considerable  supply  of  silver  from  the 
mines  of  Laurium  near  Sunium.  The  area  of 
Attica,  including  the  island  of  Salamis,  which 
belonged  to  it,  contained  between  700  and  800 
square  miles ;  and  its  population  in  its  flour- 
ishing period  was  probably  "about  500,000,  of 
which  nearly  four-fifths  were  slaves.  Attica  is 
said  to  have  been  originally  inhabited  by  Pe- 
lasgians.  Its  most  ancient  political  division 
was  into  12  independent  states,  attributed  to 
CECTJOPS,  who  according  to  some  legends  came 
from  Egypt.  Subsequently  Ion,  the  grandson 
of  Hellen,  divided  the  people  into  4  tribes, 
Oeleontes,  Eopletes,  Argades,  and  Aegicores; 
and  Theseus,  who  united  the  12  independent 
states  of  Attica  into  one  political  body,  and 


made  Athens  the  capital, 
again  divided  the  nation 
into  3  classes,  the  Eupatri- 
doe,  Geoinori,  and  Demi- 
urgi.  Clisthenes  (B.C.  510) 
abolished  the  old  tribes 
and  created  10  new  ones, 
according  to  a  geograph- 
ical division :  these  tribes 
were  subdivided  into  174 
demi  or  townships. 

ATTtCUS  HER6DES, 
TIBERIUS  CLAUDIUS, 
a  celebrated  Greek  rheto- 
rician, born  about  A.D.  104, 
at  Marathon  in  Attica.  He 
taught  rhetoric  both  at  Athens  and  at  Rome. 
The  future  emperors  M.  Aurelius  and  L.Verus 
were  among  his  pupils,  and  Antoninus  Pius 
raised  him  to  the  consulship  in  143.  He  pos- 
sessed immense  wealth,  a  great  part  of  which 
he  spent  in  embellishing  Athens.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  76,  in  ISO. 

ATTICUS,  POMP5NIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
eques,  born  at  Rome.  B.O.  109.  His  proper 
name  after  his  adoption  by  Q.  Caecilius,  the 
brother  of  his  mother,  was  Q.  Caecilius  Pom- 
ppnianus  Atticus.  His  surname,  Atticus,  was 
given  him  on  account  of  his  long  residence  in 
Athens,  and  his  intimate  acquaintance  with 
the  Greek  language  and  literature.  He  kept 
aloof  from  all  political  affairs,  and  thus  lived 
on  intimate  terms  with  the  most  distinguish- 
ed men  of  all  parties  His  chief  frieua  was 
Cicero,  whose  correspondence  with  him,  be- 
ginning in  68  and  continued  down  to  Cicero's 
death,  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  remains 
of  antiquity.  He  purchased  an  estate  at  Bu- 
throtum  in  Epirus,  in  which  place,  as  well  as 
at  Athens  and  Home,  he  spent  the  greater 
part  of  his  time*  engaged  in  literary  pursuits 
and  commercial  undertakings.  He  died  in 
B.O.  32,  at  the  age  of  77,  of  voluntary  starva- 
tion, when  he  found  that  he  was  attacked  by 
an  incurable  illness.  His  wife  Pilia  bore  him 
only  one  child,  a  daughter,  Pomponia  or  Cae- 
cilia,  who  was  married  to  M.  Vipsanius  Agrip- 
pa.  The  sister  of  Atticus,  Pomponia,  was 
married  to  Q.  Cicero,  the  brother  of  the  ora- 
tor. In  philosophy  Atticus  belonged  to  the 
Epicurean  sect. 

ATTlLA  (-ae),  a  king  of  the  Huns,  reigned 
A.D.  434-453.  Such  terror  did  he  inspire  in 
the  ancient  world  that  he  was  called  "the 
Scourge  of  God.51  His  career  divides  itself 
into  two  parts.  The  first  (A.P.  445-450)  con- 
sists of  the  ravage  of  the  Eastern  empire  be- 
tween the  Euxine  and  the  Adriatic,  and  the 
second  of  his  invasion  of  the  Western  em- 
pire (450-452).  He  took  Aquileia  in  452,  after 
a  siege  of  3 'months,  but  he  did  not  attack 
Rome,  in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  his  inter- 
view with  Pope  Leo  the  Great.  He  died  iu 
453,  on  the  night  of  his  marriage  with  a  beau- 
tiful girl,  by  the  bursting  of  a  blood-vessel. 

ATTtUS.    [Aooius.] 

ATTtUS  or  ATTUS  NAV2US.    [NAvrrrs.] 

ATtfRUC  (-i :  Adour),  a  river  in  Aquitania, 
rising  iu  the  Pyrenees  and  flowing  through 
the  territory  of  the  Tarbelli  into  the  ocean. 


ATYS. 


74 


AUGUSTUS. 


ITYS  or  ATTYS  (-yos).  (1)  A  beautiful 
shepherd  of  Phrygia,  beloved  by  Cybele.  Hav- 
ing proved  unfaithful  to  the  goddess,  he  was 
thrown  by  her  into  a  state  of  madness,  and 
was  changed  into  a  fir-tree.— (2)  A  Latin  chief, 
from  whom  the  Atia  Gens  derived  its  origin, 
and  from  whom  Augustus  was  believed  to  be 
descended  on  his  mother's  side. 

AUFlDENA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Samnium  on 
the  river  Sagrus. 

AUFlDUS  (i-),  the  principal  river  of  Apulia, 
flowing  with  a  rapid  current  into  the  Adriatic. 
Venusia,  the  birthplace  of  Horace,  was  on  the 
Aufidus. 

AUGE  <-es),  or  AUGIA  (-ae),  daughter  of 
Aleus  and  Nearea,  was  a  priestess  of  Athena, 
and  mother  by  Hercules  of  Telephus.     [TJSLE- 
PHDS.]     She   afterwards  married  Teuthras, 
king  of  the  Mysians. 
AUGEAS  or  ATJGIAS.    [HERCULES.] 
AUGILA  (-orum),  an  oasis  in  the  Great 
Desert  of  Africa,  10  days'  journey  W.  of  the 
Oasis  of  Ammon,  abounding  in  date  palms. 

AUGUSTA  <-ae),  the  name  of  several  towns 
founded  or  colonized  by  Augustus.    Of  these 
one  of  the  most  important  was  AUGUSTA  PRA.E- 
TORIA  (Aosta),  a  town  of  the  Salassi  in  Upper 
Italy,  at  the  foot  of  the  Graian  and  Pennine 
Alps.    The  modern  town  still  contains  many 
Roman  remains:  the  most  important  of  which 
are  the  town  gates  and  a  triumphal  arch. 
AUGUSTOB5NA.    [TKIOASSES.] 
AUGUSTDDtTNUM.    [BIBBAOTE.] 
AUGUSTONEMETUM.    [ARVKRNI.] 
AUGUSTfrLUS,  ROMtJLUS  (-i),  last  Ro- 
man emperor  of  the  West,  was  deposed  by 
Odoacer,  A.I>.  476. 

AUGUSTUS  (i-),  the  first  Roman  emperor, 
was  born  on  the  23d  of  September,  B.O.  63,  and 
was  the  son  of  C.  Octavius  by  Atia,  a  daughter 
of  Julia,  the  sister  of  C.  Julius  Caesar.  His 
original  name  was  Cl  Octavius,  and,  after  his 
adoption  by  his  great-uncle,  C.  Julius  Caesar 
Oetavtawus.  Augustus  was  only  a  title  given 
him  by  the  senate  and  the  people  in  B.O.  27, 
to  express  their  veneration  for  him.  He  was 
pursuing  his  studies  at  Apollonia,  when  the 
news  reached  him  of  his  uncle's  murder  at 
Rome,  in  March,  44.  He  forthwith  set  out  for 
Italy,  and  upon  landing  was  received  with 
enthusiasm  by  the  troops.  He  first  joined 
the  republican  party  in  order  to  crush  Antony, 
against  whom  he  fought  at  Mutina  in  con- 
junction with  the  2  consuls,  C.  Vibius  Pansa 
and  A.  Hirtius.  Antony  was  defeated,  and 
obliged  to  fly  across  the  Alps ;  and  the  death 
of  the  2  consuls  gave  Augustus  the  command 
of  all  their  troops.  He  now  returned  to  Rome, 
and  compelled  the  senate  to  elect  him  consul, 
and  shortly  afterwards  he  became  reconciled 
to  Antony.  It  was  agreed  that  the  Roman 
world  should  be  divided  between  Augustus, 
Antony,  and  Lepidus,  under  the  title  of  tri- 
umvirireipublicae  constitvendae.,  and  that  this 
arrangement  should  last  for  the  next  5  years. 
They  published  a  -proscriptio  or  list  of  all  their 
enemies^  whose  lives  were  to  be  sacrificed 
and  their  property  confiscated:  upwards  of 
2000  equites  and  300  senators  were  put  to 
death,  among  whom  was  Cicero.  Soon  after- 


wards Augustus  and  Antony  crossed  over  to 
Greece,  and  defeated  Brutus  and  Cassius  at 
the  decisive  battle  of  Philippi  in  42,  by  which 
the  hopes  of  the  republican  party  were  ruin- 
ed. Augustus  returned  to  Italy,  where  a  new 
war  awaited  him  (41),  excited  by  Fulvia,  the 
wife  of  Antony.  She  was  supported  by  L.  An- 
tonius,  the  consul  and  brother  of  the  triumvir, 
who  threw  himself  into  the  fortified  town  or 
Perusia,  which  Augustus  succeeded  in  taking 
in  40.  Antony  now  made  preparations  for 
war,  but  the  death  of  Fulvia  led  to  a  reconcil- 
iation between  the  triumvirs,  who  concluded  a 
peace  at  Brunclusium.  A  new  division  of  the 
provinces  was  again  made :  Augustus  obtain- 
ed all  the  parts  "of  the  empire  W.  of  the  town 
of  Scodra  in  Illyricum,  Antony  the  E.  prov- 
inces, and  Lepidus  Africa.  Antony  married 
Octavia,  the  sister  of  Augustus,  iu  order  to 
cement  their  alliance.  In  36  Augustus  con- 
quered Sex.  Pompey,  who  had  held  possession 
of  Sicily  for  many  years  with  a  powerful  fleet. 
Lepidus,  who  had  lauded  in  Sicily  to  support 
Augustus,  was  also  subdued  by  Augustus, 
stripped  of  his  power,  and  sent  to  Rome, 
where  he  resided  for  the  remainder  of  his  life, 
being  allowed  to  retain  the  dignity  of  ponti. 
fex  maximus.  Meantime,  Antony  had  repu- 
diated Octavia,  on  account  of  his  love  for 
Cleopatra,  and  had  alienated  the  minds  of 
the  Roman  people  by  his  arbitrary  conduct 


Augustus. 

The  senate  declared  war  against  Cleopatra  •, 
and  in  September,  B.C.  31,  the  fleet  of  Augustus 
gained  a  brilliant  victory  over  Antony's  near 
Actium  in  Acarcania.  In  the  following  year 
(30)  Augustus  sailed  to  Egypt.  Antony  and 
Cleopatra,  who  had  escaped  in  safety  from 
Actium,  put  an  end  to  their  lives.  Augustus 
thus  became  the  undisputed  master  of  the 
Roman  world,  but  he  declined  all  honors  and 
distinctions  which  were  calculated  to  remind 
the  Romans  of  kingly  power.  On  the  death 
of  Lepidus  in  12  he  became  ponti  fex  maxi- 
mus. On  state  matters,  which  he  did  not 
choose  to  be  discussed  in  public,  he  consulted 
his  personal  friends,  Maecenas,  M.  Agrippa, 


AULERCI. 


75      AURELIUS  ANTONINUS,  M. 


M.  Valerius  Messalla  Corvinus,  and  Asinine 
Pollio.  The  wars  of  Augustus  were  chiefly 
undertaken  to  protect  the  frontiers  of  the  Ro- 
man dominions.  Most  of  them  were  carried 
on  by  his  relations  and  friends,  but  he  con- 
ducted a  few  of  them  in  person.  Thus,  in  27, 
he  attacked  the  warlike  Cantabri  and  Astures 
in  Spain.  In  20  he  went  to  Syria,  where  he 
received  from  Phraates,  the  Parthian  mon- 
arch, the  standards  and  prisoners  which  had 
been  taken  from  Crassus  and  Antony.  He 
died  at  Nola,  on  the  29th  of  August,  A.P.  14, 
at  the  ase  of  76.  His  last  wife  was  Livia, 
who  had  "been  previously  the  wife  of  Tiberius 
Nero.  He  had  no  children  by  Livia,  and  only 
a  daughter  Julia  by  his  former  wife  Scribonia. 
Julia  was  married  to  Agrippa,  and  her  2  sons, 
Cains  and  Lucius  Caesar,  were  destined  by 
Augustus  as  his  successors.  On  the  death  of 
these  two  youths,  Augustus  was  persuaded  to 
adopt  Tiberius,  the  son  of  Livia  by  her  former 
husband,  and  to  make  him  his  colleague  and 
successor.  [TIBEBIIJB.] 

AULERCI  (-orum),  a  powerful  Gallic  people 
dwelling  between  the  Sequana  (Seine)  and  the 
Liger  (Loire),  and  divided  into  3  tribes.— (1) 
A.EBUROVIOKS,  near  the  coast  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Seine  in  the  modern  Normandy ;  their 
capital  was  Mediolanum,  afterwards  called 
Eburovices  (Evreux).— (2)  A.  CENOMANI,  S.W. 
of  the  preceding,  near  the  Liger;  their  capital 
was  Subdinnum  (le  Mans).  At  an  early  pe- 
riod some  of  the  Cenomani  crossed  the  Alps 
and  settled  in  Upper  Italy.— -(3)  A.  BKANNO- 
vfoES,  B.  of  the  Cenomani,  near  the  Aedui, 
whose  clients  they  were. 

AULIS  (-is  or  idis),  a  harbor  in  Boeotia  on 
the  Euripus,  where  the  Greek  fleet  assembled 
before  sailing  against  Troy. 

AULON  (-Snip).  (1)  A  district  and  town  on 
the  borders  of  Blis  and  Messenia,  with  a  tem- 
ple of  Aesculapius. — (2)  A  town  in  Chalcidice 
m  Macedonia,  on  the  Strymonic  gulf. — (3)  A 
fertile  valley  near  Tarentum,  celebrated  for 
its  wine. 

AURSLI5LNI.    [GENABUMO 

AUREL15.NUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  A.D. 
270-275,  born  at  Sirmium  in  Pannonia,  and 
successor  of  Claudius  II.  He  defeated  the 
Goths  and  Vandals,  who  had  crossed  the  Dan- 
ube, and  the  Germans,  who  had  invaded  Italy. 
He  next  turned  his  arms  against  Zenobia, 
queen  of  Palmyra,  whom  he  defeated,  took 
prisoner,  and  carried  with  him  to  Rome.  [ZE- 
KOBIA. ]  He  then  recovered  Gaul,  Britain,  and 
Spain,  which  were  in  the  hands  of  the  usurper 
Tetricus.  On  his  return  to  Rome,  he  sur- 
rounded the  city  with  a  new  line  of  walls. 
He  abandoned  Dacia,  which  had  been  first 
conquered  by  Trajan,  and  made  the  S.  bank 
of  the  Danube,  as  in  the  time  of  Augustus, 
the  boundary  of  the  empire.  He  was  killed 
by  some  of  his  officers  while  preparing  to 
march  against  the  Persians. 

AURELIUS  ANT5NTNUS,  M.,  usually  call- 
ed M.  AURELIUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  A.D. 
161-180,  commonly  called  "the  philosopher," 
was  born  at  Rome  A.D.  121.  He  was  adopted 
by  Antoninus  Pius,  when  the  latter  was  adopt- 
ed by  Hadrian,  and  married  Faustina,  the 
daughter  of  Pius  (138).  On  the  death  of  Ah- 


The  Antunine  Column. 


AURELIUS  VICTOR 


76 


AXIA. 


toninus  in  161,  he  succeeded  to  the  throne,  but 
he  admitted  to  an  equal  share  of  the  sov- 
ereign power  L.  Aurelius  Verus,  who  had  heen 
adopted  by  Pius  at  the  same  time  as  Marcus 
himself.  Soon  after  their  accession  Verus  was 
dispatched  to  the  East,  and  for  4  years  (A.D. 
162-165)  carried  on  war  with  great  success 
against  Vologeses  III.,  king  of  rarthia,  over 
whom  his  lieutenants,  especially  Avidius  Cas- 
eins, gained  many  victories.  He  subsequent- 
ly prosecuted  a  war  for  many  years  with  the 
Marcomanni,  Quadi,  and  the  other  barbarians 
dwelling  along  the  northern  limits  of  the  em- 
pire, from  the  sources  of  the  Danube  to  the 
Illyrian  border.  Verus  died  in  1G9.  In  174 
Aurelius  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
Quadi,  mainly  through  a  violent  storm,  which 
threw  the  barbarians  into  confusion.  This 
storm  is  said  to  have  been  owing  to  the  pray- 
ers of  a  legion  chiefly  composed  of  Christians. 
It  has  given  rise  to  a  famous  controversy 
among  the  historians  of  Christianity  upon 
what  is  commonly  termed  the  Miracle  of  the 
Thundering  Legion.  In  175  Aurelius  set  out 
for  the  East,  where  Avidius  Cassius,  urged  on 
by  Faustina,  the  unworthy  wife  of  Aurelius, 
had  risen  in  rebellion  and  proclaimed  him- 
self emperor.  But  before  Aurelius  reached 
the  East,  Cassius  had  been  slain  by  his  own 
officers.  During  this  expedition  Faustina 
died,  according  to  some,  by  her  own  hands. 
Aurelius  died  in  180,  in  Pannonia,  while  pros- 
ecuting the  war  against  the  Marcomanni. — 
The  leading  feature  in  the  character  of  M. 
Aurelius  was  his  devotion  to  the  Stoic  philos- 
ophy. We  still  possess  a  work  by  him  writ- 
ten in  the  Greek  language,  and  entitled  Medi- 
tations. No  remains  of  antiquity  present  a 
nobler  view  of  philosophical  heathenism. 
The  chief  and  perhaps  the  only  stain  upon 
the  memory  of  Aurelius  is  his  persecution  of 
the  Christians.— Anrelius  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Commodus. 

AURELIUS  VICTOR.    [VioTOH.] 

AURORA.    [Eos.] 

AURUNCI.    [ITALIA.] 

.  AUSCI  or  AUSCII  (-orum),  a  powerful  peo- 
ple in  Aquitania,  whose  capital  was  Climber- 
rum  or  Elimberrum,  also  Augusta  and  Ausci 
(Auch). 

AUSETiNI  (-orum),  a  Spanish  people  in 
the  modern  Catalonia ;  their  capital  was  Ausa 

JSjSONES,  AUSONlA.  UTALTA.] 
AUSON3EUS,  DSClMUS  MAGNUS  <-i),  a 
Roman  poet,  born  at  Burdigala  (Bordeaux), 
about  A.D.  310,  taught  grammar  and  rhetoric 
with  such  reputation  at  his  native  town  that 
he  was  appointed  tutor  of  Gratian,  son  of 
the  emperor  Valentinian,  and  was  afterwards 
xaised  to  the  highest  honors  of  the  state. 
Many  of  his  poems  are  extant. 

AUSTER  (-tri),  called  fto-rus  by  the  Greeks, 
the  S.  wind,  or  strictly  the  S.W.  wind.  It  fre- 
quently brought  with  it  fogs  a«d  rain ;  but  at 
certain  seasons  of  the  year  it  WaJ  a  dry,  sul- 


try wind,  injurious  both  to  man  and  to  vege- 
tation, the  Sirocco  of  the  modern  Italians. 

AUTARIl  TAE  (-arum),  an  Illyrian  people 
in  the  Dalmatian  mountains. 

AUTOCHTHONES.    [ABOBIGINES.] 


AUTOL5LES  (-um)  or  -AE  (-arum),  a  Gae« 
tulian  tribe  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  S.  of 
the  Atlas  mountains. 

AUTOLYCUS  (-i),  son  of  Hermes  (Mercury) 
and  Chione,  and  father  of  Auticloa,  who  was 
the  mother  of  Ulysses.  He  lived  on  mount 
Parnassus,  and  was  renowned  for  his  cunning 
and  robberies. 

AUTOMEDON  (-outis),  son  of  Diores,  the 
charioteer  and  companion  of  Achilles,  and, 
after  the  death  of  the  latter,  the  companion 
of  his  son  Pyrrhus.  Hence  Automedon  is 
used  as  the  name  of  any  skillful  charioteer. 

AUTONOE  (-os),  daughter  of  Cadmus  and 
Harmonia,  wife  of  Aristaeus,  and  mother  of 
Actaeon,  who  is  therefore  called  Autonoeitis 
heros.  With  her  sister  Agiivu,  she  tore  Pen* 
theus  to  pieces.  [PENTHEUB.] 

AUTRIGONES  (-um),  a  people  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensis  between  the  ocean  and  the 
Iberus. 

AUXIMUM  (-i :  Osimo),  an  important  town 
of  Picenum  in  Italy,  and  a  Roman  colony. 

AUXtTME  (-cs)  or  AX-  (Axum),  the  capi- 
tal of  a  powerful  kingdom  in  Ethiopia,  to 
the  S.E.  of  Meroo,  which  became  known  to 
the  Greeks  and  Romans  in  the  early  part  of 
the  2d  century  of  our  era. 

AVARICUM.    [BiTURiGES.] 

AVELLA.    [AuRLLA.] 

AVfiNlO  (-onis :  A  vipnori),  a  town  of  the 
Cavares  in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhone. 

AVENTlCUM  (-i:  Avetiches),  the  chief  town 
of  the  Helvetii,  and  subsequently  a  Roman 
colony,  of  which  ruins  are  still  to  be  seen. 

IVENTINUS  MONS.    [RoMA.] 

1VERNUS  LACUS  (-i),  a  lake  close  to  the 
promontory  between  Cumae  and  Puteoli,  fill- 
ing the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano.  It  is 
surrounded  by  high  banks,  which  in  antiquity 
were  covered  by  a  gloomy  forest  sacred  to 
Hecate.  From  its  waters  mephitic  vapors 
arose,  which  are  said  to  have  killed  the  birds 
that  attempted  to  fly  over  it,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance its  Greek  name  was  supposed  to 
be  derived.  (Aornos,  from  a  priv.  and  6'pi/cs-, 
a  bird.)  The  lake  was  celebrated  in  mythol- 
ogy on  account  of  its  connection  with  the 
lower  world.  Near  it  was  the  cave  of  the 
Cumaean  Sibyl,  through  which  Aeneas  de- 
scended to  the  lower  world.  Agrippa,  in  the 
time  of  Augustus,  connected  this  lake  with 
the  Lucrine  lake ;  he  also  caused  a  tunnel  to 
be  made  from  the  lake  to  Cumae,  of  which  a 
considerable  part  remains,  and  is  known  un- 
der the  name  of  Grotto  di  Sibylla.  The  Lu- 
crine lake  was  filled  up  by  an  eruption  in  1530, 
so  that  Avernus  is  again  a  separate  lake. 

AVJiNUS,  FLI  V!US  (-i),  the  author  of  42 
fables  in  Latin  elegiac  verse,  probably  lived 
in  the  3d  or  4th  century  of  the  Christian  era. 

AVlENUS,  RUFUS  FESTUS  H),  a  Latin 
poet  towards  the  end  of  the  4th  century  of 
the  Christian  era.  His  poems  are  chiefly  de- 
scriptive. 

AXENUS.    [Euxmus  PONTUS.] 
'  AXIA  (-ae),  a  fortress  in  the  territory  of 
Tarquiuii  in  E-truria. 


AXIUS. 


77 


BACTRIA. 


AXIUS  (-i),  the  chief  river  in  Macedonia, 
risingiii  Mt.  Scardus,and  nowin<*S.E.  through 
Macedonia  into  the  Thermaic  gulf. 


AZ5TUS  (-i :  Ashdod  or  Ashdoud),  a  city 
of  Palestine,  near  the  sea-coast. 


B. 


BABRIUS  (-i),  a  Greek  poet,  probably  in 
the  time  of  Augustus,  turned  the  fables  of 
Aesop  into  verse. 

BABYLON  (onis).  (1)  (Babel  in  O.T. :  Ru. 
at  and  around  Hillah),  one  of  the  oldest  cities 
of  the  ancient  world,  built  on  both  banks  of 
the  river  Euphrates.  In  Scripture  its  found- 
ation is  ascribed  to  Nhnrod.  Secular  history 
ascribes  its  origin  to  Belus  (i.e.  the  god  Baal), 
and  its  enlargement  and  decoration  to  Ninus 
or  his  wife  Semiramis,  the  Assyrian  monarchs 
of  Nineveh.  Babylon  was  for  a  long  time 
subject  to  the  Assyrian  empire.  Its  great- 
ness as  an  independent  empire  begins  with 
Nabopolassar,  the  futher  of  Nebuchadnezzar, 
who,  with  the  aid  of  the  Median  king  Cyaxa- 
res,  overthrew  the  Assyrian  monarchy,  and 
destroyed  Nineveh  (u.o.606).  Under  his  sou 
and  SQCcessor,  Nebuchadnezzar  (B.C.  G04-562), 
the  Babylonian  empire  reached  its  height, 
and  extended  from  the  Euphrates  to  Egypt, 
and  from  the  mountains  of  Armenia  to  the 
deserts  of  Arabia.  After  his  death  it  again 
declined,  until  it  was  overthrown  by  the  capt- 
ure of  Babylon  by  the  Medes  and  Persians 
under  Cyrus  (B.C.  583).  who  made  the  city  one 
of  the  capitals  of  the  Persian  empire,  the 
others  being  Susa  and  Ecbatana.  under  his 
successors  the  city  rapidly  sank.  Darius  I. 
dismantled  its  fortifications,  in  consequence 
of  a  revolt  of  its  inhabitan  ts.  After  the  death 
of  Alexander,  Babylon  became  a  part  of  the 
Syrian  kingdom  of  SeleucusNicator,  who  con- 
tributed to  its  decline  by  the  foundation  of 
SELEUCIA  on  the  Tigris,  whicb  soon  eclipsed 
it.  At  the  present  day  all  its  visible  remains 
.consist  of  mounds  of  earth,  ruined  masses  of 
brick  walls,  and  a  few  scattered  fragments. 
The  city  of  Babylon  formed  a  square,  each 
side  of  which  was  120  stadia  (12  geog.  miles) 
in  length.  The  walls,  of  burnt  Drfck,  were 
200  cubits  high  and  50  thick ;  and  they  were 
surrounded  by  a  deep  ditch.  The  Euphrates, 
which  divided  the  city  into  2  equal  parts,  was 
embanked  with  walls  of  brick,  the  openings 
of  which  at  the  ends  of  the  transverse  streets 
were  closed  by  gates  of  bronze.  Of  the  two 
public  buildings  of  the  greatest  celebrity,  the 
one  was  the  temple  of  Belus,  rising  to  a  great 
height,  and  consisting  of  8  stories,  gradually 
diminishing  in  width,  and  ascended  by  a  flight 
of  steps,  which  wound  round  the  whole  build- 
ing on  the  outside.  The  other  was  the  "  hang- 
ing gardens"  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  laid  out 
upon  terraces  which  were  raised  above  one 
another  on  arches.  The  streets  of  the  city 
were  straight,  intersecting  one  another  at 
right  angles.  The  buildings  were  almost  uni- 
versally constructed  of  bricks,  some  burnt  and 
some  only  sun-dried,  cemented  together  with 
hot  bitumen,  and  in  some  cases  with  mortar. 
The  ruling  class  at  Babylon,  to  which  the 
kings,  ana  priests,  and  men  of  learning  be- 
longed, were  the  Chaldaeaus,  who  probably 


descended  at  an  ancient  period  from  the 
mountains  on  the  borders  of  Armenia,  and 
conquered  the  Babylonians.  The  religion  of 
the  Chaldaeans  was  Sabaeism,  or  the  worship 
of  the  heavenly  bodies.  The  priests  formed 
a  caste,  and  cultivated  science,  especially  as- 
tronomy. They  were  the  authors  of  the  sys- 
tems of  weights  and  measures  used  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans.  The  district  around  the 
city,  bounded  by  the  Tigris  on  the  EM  Meso- 
potamia on  theN.,  the  Arabian  Desert  on  the 


,  and  extending  to  the  head  of  the  Persian 
Gulf  on  the  S.,  was  known  in  later  times  by 
the  name  of  BABYLONIA,  sometimes  also  call- 
ed Chaldaea.  [CnALDAEA.]  This  district  was 
a  plain,  subject  to  continual  inundations 
from  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  which  were 
regulated  by  canals.  The  country  was  fertile, 
but  deficient  in  trees.  —  (2)  A  fortress  in  Lower 
Egypt,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  exactly 
opposite  to  the  pyramids.  Its  origin  was  as- 
cribed by  tradition  to  a  body  of  Babylonian 
deserters. 

BABtXSNlA.    [BABYLON.] 

BACCHAE  (-arum),  also  called  Maenades 
and  Thyiades.  (1)  The  female  companions 
of  Dionysus  or  Bacchus  in  his  wanderings 
through  the  East,  are  represented  as  crowned 
with  vine  -leaves,  clothed  with  fawn  -skins, 
and  carrying  in  their  hands  the  thyrsus.—  (2) 
Priestess  ofDioiiysus,  who  by  wine  and  other 
exciting  causes  worked  themselves  up  to 
frenzy  at  the  Diouysiac  festivals.  For  de- 
tails, see  DIONYSUS. 

BACCHUS.    [DIONYSUS.] 

BACCHYLlDBS,  one  of  the  great  lyric  po- 
ets of  Greece,  bom  at  lulls  in  Ceos,  and  neph- 
ew of  Simonides,  flourished  about  B.o.470,  and 
lived  a  long  time  at  the  court  of  Hieron  in 
Syracuse,  together  with  Simonides  and  Pin- 

aBAC®NIS  SILVA,  a  forest  which  separated 
the  Suevi  from  the  Cherusci,  probably  the  W. 
part  of  the  Thuringian  forest. 

BACTRA  or  ZARIASPA  (-ae:  Balkh),  the 
capital  of  BAOTRIA,  stood  at  the  N.  foot  of  the 
M.  Paropamisus  (the  Hitidoo  Koosh)  on  the 
river  Bactrus,  about  25  miles  S.of  its  junction 
with  the  Oxus. 

B  ACTRf  A  or  -I5.NA  (-ae  :  Bokhara),  a  prov- 
ince of  the  Persian  empire,  bounded  on  the  S. 
by  M.  Paropamisus,  which  separated  it  from 
Ariana,  on  the  E.  by  the  N.  branch  of  the 
same  range,  which  divided  it  from  the  Sacae, 
on  the  N.E.  by  the  Oxus,  which  separated  it 
from  Sogdiana,  and  on  the  W.  by  Margiana. 
It  was  included  in  the  conquests  of  Alexan- 
der, and  formed  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Seleucidae  until  B.C.  255,  when  Theodotus,  its 
governor,  revolted  from  Antiochus  II.,  and 
founded  the  Greek  kingdom  of  Bactria,  which 
lasted  till  B.O.  134  or  125,  when  it  was  over- 
thrown by  the  Partnians. 


BAECULA. 


78 


BATTIADAE. 


BAECtJXA  <-ae),  a  town  in  Hispania  Tarra- 
conensis,  W.  of  Castalo,  iu  the  neighborhood 
of  silver  mines. 

BAETERRAE  (-arnm:  Betters),  a.  town  in 
GalliaNarboneusis  on  the  Obris,  not  far  from 
Narbo. 

BAETtCA.    [HISPANIC] 

BAET1S  (-is:  Guadalquiver),  a  river  in  S. 
Spain,  formerly  called  TABTKSSTJS,  rising  in 
the  territory  of  the  Oretani,  flowing  S.W. 
through  Baetica,  to  which  it  gave  its  name, 
and  falling  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  2 
mouths. 


B&GSAS  (-ae)  or  BiGOUS  (-i),  an  eunuch, 
highly  trusted  and  favored  by  Artaxerxes  III. 
(Ochus),  whom  he  poisoned,  B.O.  338.  He  was 
put  to  death  by  Darius  III.  Codomannus, 
whom  he  had  attempted  likewise  to  poison, 
386.  The  name  Bagoas  frequently  occurs  in 
Persian  history,  and  is  sometimes  used  by 
Latin  writers  as  synonymous  with  eunuch. 

BAGRADA  (-ae),  a  river  of  N.  Africa,  fall- 
ing into  the  Gulf  of  Carthage  near  Utica. 

BAIAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Campania,  on  a 
small  bay  W.  of  Naples,  and  opposite  Puteoli, 
was  situated  in  a  beautiful  country,  which 
abounded  in  warm  mineral  springs.  The 
baths  of  Baiae  were  the  most  celebrated  in 
Italy,  and  the  town  itself  was  the  favorite 
watering-place  of  the  Romans.  The  whole 
country  was  studded  with  the  palaces  of  the 
Roman  nobles  and  emperors,  which  covered 
the  coast  from  Baiae  to  Puteoli.  The  site  of 
ancient  Baiae  is  now  for  the  most  part  cover- 
ed by  the  sea, 

BALBUS,  L.  CORNSLiUS,  of  Gades,  served 
under  Pompey  against  Sertorius  in  Spain,  and 
received  from  Pompey  the  Roman  citizenship. 
He  returned  with  Pompey  to  Rome,  where  he 
lived  on  intimate  terms  with  Caesar  as  well 
as  Pompey.  In  B.O.  56  he  was  accused  of 
haying  illegally  assumed  the  Roman  citizen- 
ship; he  was  defended  by  Cicero,  whose 
speech  has  come  down  to  us,  and  was  acquit- 
ted. In  the  civil  war,  Balbns  had  the  man- 
agement of  Caesar's  affairs  at  Rome.  After 
the  death  of  Caesar  he  gained  the  favor  of 
Octavian,  who  raised  him  to  the  consulship 
in  40. 

BlLElRES  (-ium),  also  called  GYMNE- 
SIAE,  by  the  Greeks,  2  islands  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, off  the  coast  of  Spain,  distinguish- 
ed by  the  epithets  Major  and  .Minor,  whence 
their  modern  names  Majorca  and  Minorca. 
Their  inhabitants,  also  called  Baleares,  were 
celebrated  as  slingers.  They  were  subdued 
B.O.  123,  by  Q.  Metellus,  who  assumed  accord- 
ingly the  surname  Balearicus. 

BANDtTSlAE  FONS  (Sambuco),  a  fountain 
in  Apulia,  6  miles  from  Venusia. 

BANTtA  (-ae  :  Banzi  or  Vanzi),  a  town  in 
Apulia,  near  Vennsia,  in  a  woody  district. 

BARBARI,  the  name  given  by  the  Greeks 
to  all  foreigners,  whose  language  was  not 
Greek,  and  who  were  therefore  regarded  by 
the  Greeks  as  an  inferior  race.  The  Romans 
applied  the  name  to  all  people  who  spoke 
neither  Greek  nor  Latin. 

BARCA.    [HAMILCAB.] 

BARCA  f  ae)  or  -E  (-es  :  Merjeh),  the  second 


city  of  Cyrenaica,  in  N.  Africa,  100  stadia  from 
the  sea,  appears  to  have  been  at  first  a  settle- 
ment of  a  Libyan  tribe,  the  Barraci,  but  about 
B.O.  560  was  colonized  by  the  Greek  seceders 
from  Cyreue,  and  became  so  powerful  as  to 
make  the  W.  part  of  Cyreuaica  virtually  inde- 
pendent of  the  mother  city.  In  B.O.  510  it  was 
taken  by  the  Persians,  who  removed  most  of 
its  inhabitants  to  Bactria,  and  under  the  Ptol- 
emies its  ruin  was  completed  by  the  erection 
of  its  port  into  a  new  city,  which  was  named 
PTOLEMAIS. 

BARCtNO  (Barcelona),  a  town  of  the  Laefc 
taui  in  Hispauia  Tarraconensis,  with  an  ex- 
cellent harbor. 

BARGXTSII  (-orum),  a  people  in  theN.E.  of 
Spain,  between  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Iberus. 

BARJUM  (Barf),  a  town  in  Apulia,  on  the 
Adriatic,  a  municipium,  and  celebrated  for  its 
fisheries. 

BARSlNp  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Artaba- 
zus,  and  wife  of  Memuou  the  Khoclian,  sub- 
sequently married  Alexander  the  Great,  to 
whom  she  bore  a  son,  Hercules.  She  and  her 
son  were  put  to  death  by  Polysperchon  in  309. 
—(2)  Also  called  STATIRA,  elder  daughter 
of  Darius  III.,  whom  Alexander  married  at 
Susa,  B.O.  324.  Shortly  after  Alexander's  death 
she  was  murdered  by  Roxana. 

BASS5.RETTS  (-eos  or  ei),  a  surname  of  Dio- 
nysus, probably  derived  from  bassaris,  a  fox- 
skin,  worn  by  the  god  himself  and  the  Mae- 
nads in  Thrace.  Hence  Bassaris  (-idis),  was 
the  name  of  a  female  Bacchante. 

BASTARNAE  or  BASTERNAE  (-arum),  a 
warlike  German  people,  partly  settled  be- 
tween the  Tyras  (Dniester)  and  Borysthenes 
(Dnieper),  and  partly  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dan- 
ube, under  the  name  of  Peucini,  from  their 
inhabiting  the  island  of  Peuce,  at  the  mouth 
of  this  river. 

BlTlVI  or  BATXVI  (-firum),  a  Celtic  peo- 
ple, inhabiting  the  island  formed  by  theRhine, 
the  Waal,  and  the  Maas,  called  after  them  7n- 
sula  Batavorum.  They  were  for  a  long  time 
allies  of  the  Romans,  but  they  revolted  under 
Claudius  Civilis  in  A.I>.  69,  and  were  with 
great  difficulty  subdued.  Their  chief  town 
was  Lugdunum  (Leyden),  between  the  Maas 
and  the  Waal.  The  Caninefates  or  Cannine- 
fates  were  a  branch  of  the  Batavi,  and  dwelt 
in  the  W.  of  the  island. 

BXTHYLLUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Samos,  a  beautiful 
youth  beloved  by  Anacreon.— (2)  Of  Alexan- 
dria, the  freedman  and  favorite  of  Maecenas, 
brought  to  perfection,  together  with  Pylades 
of  Cilicia,  the  imitative  dance  or  ballet  called 
Pantomimus.  Bathyllus  excelled  in  comic, 
and  Pylades  in  tragic  personifications. 

BATNAE  (-arum).  (1)  (Saruj),  a  citv  of 
Osroene  in  Mesopotamia,  founded  by  the  Mac- 
edonians.—(2)  (Dahab),  a  city  of  Cyrrhestice, 
in  Syria, 

BATO  (-onis),  the  name  of  2  leaders  of  tha 
Pannonians  and  Dalmatians  in  their  insurrec- 
tion in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  A.D.  6. 

BATTIADAE  (-arum),  kings  of  Cyrene  dur- 
ing 8  generations.  (1)  BATTUB  I.,  of  Thera, 
led  a  colony  to  Africa  at  the  command  of  the 
Delphic  oracle,  and  founded  Cyrene  about  B.CU 


BATTUS. 


79 


BELLEROPHON. 


631.— (2)  AROKSILAUS  I.,  son  of  No.  1,  reigned 
B.O.  599-583.— (3)  BATTUS  II.,  surnamed  ft  the 
Happy,"  sou  of  No.  2,  reigned  5S3-5GO?  — (4) 
AKOESILAUB  II.,  son  of  No.  3,  surnamed  "  the 
Oppressive, "reigned about560-550.  Hisbroth- 
era  withdrew  from  Cyrene.and  founded  Barca. 
—(5)  BATTUS  III,  or  "the  Lame,"  son  of  No.  4, 
reigned  about  550-530 ;  gave  a  new  constitu- 
tion to  the  city,  whereby  the  royal  power  was 
reduced  within  very  narrow  limits.— (6)  Au- 
OESILAUS  III.,  son  of  No.  5,  reigned"  about 
530-514.— (7)  BATTUS  IV.,  of  whose  life  we 
have  no  accounts.  —  (8)  ABCESILAUS  IV.,  at 
whose  death,  about  450.  a  popular  govern- 
ment was  established. 

BATTUS  (-i),  a  shepherd  whom  Hermes 
turned  into  a  stone,  because  he  broke  a  prom- 
ise which  he  made  to  the  god. 

BAUCIS.      [PHILEMON.] 

BAULI  (-orum),  a  collection  of  villas  rather 
than  a  town  between  Misenum  and  Baiae  in 
Campania. 

BlVlUS  (-i)  and  MAEVlUS  (-i),  2  malevo- 
lent poetasters  who  attacked  the  poetry  of 
Virgil  and  Horace. 

BEBRYCES  and  BEBRTCES  (-urn).  (1)  A 
mythical  people  in  Bithynia,  said  to  be  of 
Thracian  origin,  whose  king,  Araycus,  slew 
Pollux.— (2)  An  ancient  Iberian  people  on 
the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  N.  and  S.  of 
the  Pyrenees. 

BEDRlACUM  (-i),  a  small  place  in  Cisal- 
pine Gaul,  between  Cremona  and  Verona,  cel- 
ebrated for  the  defeat  both  of  Otho  and  of 
the  Vitellian  troops,  A.D.  69. 

BELESIS  or  BELESYS,  a 
Chaldaean  priest  at  Babylon, 
who  is  said,  in  conjunction 
with  Arbaces,  the  Mede,  to 
have  overthrown  the  old  As- 
syrian empire.  Belesis  after- 
wards received  the  satrapy  of 
Babylon  from  Arbaces. 

BELGAE  (-arum),  a  people 
of  German  origin,  inhabiting 
the  "N.E.  of  Gaul,  were  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  Rhine,  on 
the  W.  by  the  ocean,  on  the  S. 
by  the  Sequana  (Seine)  and 
Matrona  (Marne),  and  on  the 
E.  by  the  territory  of  the  Tre- 
viri.  They  were  the  bravest 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Gaul,  and 
were  subdued  by  Caesar  after 
a  courageous  resistance. 

BELGlCA.    [GALLIA.] 

BELGIUM  M),  the  name 
generally  applied  to  the  terri- 
tory of  the  BELLOVAOI,  and  of 
the  tribes  dependent  upon  the 
latter,  namely,  the  Atrebates, 
Ambiani,  Velliocasses,  Auler- 
ci,  and  Caleti.  -Belgium  did 
not  include  the  whole  country 
inhabited  by  the  Belgae,  for 
we  find  the  Nervii,  Remi,  etc., 
expressly  excluded  from  it. 

BSLIDES.    [BELUS.] 

BELISiRiUS,  the  greatest 
general  of  Justinian,  overthrew 


the  Vandal  kingdom  in  Africa,  and  the  Gothic 
kingdom  in  Italy.  In  A.I>.  503  he  was  accused 
of  a  conspiracy  against  the  life  of  Justinian; 
according  to  a  popular  tradition  he  was  de- 
prived ot  his  property,  his  eyes  were  put  out, 
and  he  wandered  as  &  beggar  through  Con- 
stantinople; but  according  to  the  more  au- 
thentic account  he  was  merely  imprisoned  for 
a  year  in  his  own  palace,  and  then  restored  to 
his  honors.  He  died  in  565. 

BELLEROPHON  (-ontis)  or  BELLfiRO- 
PHONTES  (-ae),  son  of  the  Corinthian  king 
Glaucus  and  Eurymede,  and  grandson  of  Sis- 
yphus, was  originally  called  Hipponous,  and 
received  the  name  Bellerophou  from  slaving 
the  Corinthian  Belerus.  To  be  purified  from 
the  murder  he  fled  to  Proetus,  king  of  Argos, 
whose  wife  Antea  fell  in  love  with  the  young 
hero ;  but  as  her  offers  were  rejected  by  him, 
she  accused  him  to  her  husband  of  having 
made  improper  proposals  to  her.  Proetus, 
unwilling  to  kill  him  with  his  own  hands, 
sent  him  to  his  father-in-law,  lobates,  king 
of  Lycia,  with  a  letter,  in  which  the  latter  was 
requested  to  put  the  young  man  to  death, 
lobates  accordingly  sent  him  to  kill  the  mon- 
ster Chimaera,  thinking  that  he  was  sure  to 
perish  in  the  contest.  [CIHMAERA.]  After 
obtaining  possession  of  the  winged  horse 
Pegasus,  Bellerophon  rose  with  him  into  the 
air,  and  slew  the  Chimarea  with  his  arrows. 
[PEGASUS.]  lobates,  thus  disappointed,  sent 
Bellerophon  against  the  Solymi,  and  next 
against  the  Amazons.  In  these  contests  he 
was  also  victorious;  and  on  his  return  to 


Bellerophon,  Pegasus,  and  Chimaera. 
(Tischbein,  Hamilton  Vases,  vol.  1,  pi.  1.) 


BELLONA. 


80 


BERENICE. 


BeUerophoo  and  the  winged  horse  Pegasus. 
(From  a  Bass-relief.) 

-•yea,  bein^  attacked  by  the  bravest  Lycians, 
yhom  lobates  had  placed  in  ambush  for  the 
mrpose,  Bellerophon  slew  them  all.  lobates, 
low  seeing  that  it  was  hopeless  to  kill  the 


BELUS.  (1)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and 
Libya  or  Eurynome,  twin-brother  of  Agenor, 
und  father  of  Aegyptus  and  Danaus.  He  was 
believed  to  be  the  founder  of  Babylon.  The 
patronymic  Bolides  is  given  to  Aegyptus  and 
Danaus,  to  Lynceus,  son  of  Aegyptus,  and  to 
Palamedes.  The  Danaides,  daughters  of  Dan- 
aus, were  also  called  Belides.  —  (2)  (Nahr 
Naman),  a  river  of  Phoenicia,  falling  into 
the  sea  close  to  the  8.  of  Ptolemais  (Acre) 
celebrated  for  the  tradition  that  its  fine  sand 
lirst  led  the  Phoenicians  to  the  invention  ef 
glass. 

BiNlCUS  <-i)  LACUS  (Lago  di  Garda).  a 
lake  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  out  of  which  the  Min- 
cius  flows. 

BENEVENTUM  (-i:  B&n^ento^  a  town  in 
Samnium  on  the  Appia  Via,  formerly  called 
Maleoentum,  on  account,  it  is  said,  of  its  bad 
air.  It  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  in 
Italy,  having  been  founded,  according  to  tra- 
dition, by  Diomedes.  In  the  Samnite  wars  it 
was  subdued  by  the  Romans,  who  sent  a  col- 
ony  thither  in  u.o.268,  and  changed  its  name 
Maleventum  into  Beneventum.  The  modern 


Beneventum  in  Samnium. 


hero,  gave  him.  his  daughter  (Philonoe,  Anti- 
clea,  or  Cassandra)  in  marriage,  and  made 
bim  his  successor  on  the  throne.  At  last  Bel- 
lerophon drew  upon  himself  the  hatred  of 
the  gods,  and,  consumed  by  grief,  wandered 
lonely  through  the  AleTan  field,  avoiding  the 
paths  of  men.  This  is  all  that  Homer  says 
respecting  Bellerophon's  later  fate ;  some  tra- 
ditions related  that  he  attempted  to  fly  to 
heaven  upon  Pegasus,  but  that  Zeus  sent  a 
gad-fly  to  sting  the  horse,  which  threw  off 
the  rider  upon  the  earth,  who  became  lame 
or  blind  in  consequence. 

BELLONA  (-a),  the  Roman  goddess  of  war* 
represented  as  the  sister  or  wife  of  Mars* 
Her  priests,  called  Bellonarii,  wounded  their 
own  arms  or  legs  when  they  offered  sacrifices 
to  her. 

BELLSV5.CI  (-orum),  the  most  powerful 
of  the  Belgae,  dwelt  in  the  modern  Beauvate, 
between  the  Seine,  Oise,  Somme,  and  Bresle. 


town  has  several  Roman  remains,  among 
others  a  triumphal  arch  of  Trajan. 

BBRECYNTIA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Cybele, 
which  she  derived  from  Mt.  Berecyntus  in 
Phrygia,  where  she  was  worshiped. 

BERENICE  (-es),  aMacedonic  form  otPher* 
eriuse,  i.  e.  "Bringing  Victory." — (1)  Wife  of 
Ptolemy  I.  Soter,  ana  the  mother  of  Ptolemy 
II.  Philadelphus — (2)  Daughter  of  Ptolemy 
II.  Philadelphus,  and  wife  of  Antiochus  Theos, 
king  of  Syria,  who  divorced  Laodice  in  order 
to  marry  her,  B.O.  249.  On  the  death  of  Ptole- 
my, 24T,  Antiochus  recalled  Laodice,  who,  not- 
withstanding, caused  him  to  be  poisoned,  and 
murdered  Berenice  and  her  son. — (3)  Daugh* 
ter  of  Magas,  king  of  Gyrene,  and  wife  of 
Ptolemy  in.  Euergetes.  She  was  put  to  death 
by  her  son,  Ptolemy  IV.  Philopator  on  his  ac- 
cession to  the  throne,  221  The  famous  hair 
of  Berenice,  which  she  dedicated  for  her  hus- 
band's safe  return  from  his  Syrian  expedition, 


BERENICE. 


81 


BIGERRA. 


was  said  to  have  become  a  constellation.— (4) 
Otherwise  called  Cleopatra,  daughter  of  Ptol- 
emy VIII.  Lathyrus,  succeeded  her  father  on 
the  throne,  B.O.  81,  and  married  Ptolemy  X. 
(Alexander  II.),  but  was  murdered  by  her  hus- 
band 19  days  after  her  marriage — (5)  Daugh- 
ter of  Ptolemy  XL  Auletes,  and  eldest  sister 
of  the  famous  Cleopatra,  was  placed  on  the 
throne  by  the  Alexandrines  when  they  drove 
out  her  rather,  58.  She  next  married  Arche- 
laus,  but  was  put  to  death  with  her  husband 
V7hen  Gabinius  restored  Auletes,  55.— (6)  Sis- 
lei  of  Herod  the  Great,  married  Aristobulus, 
wno  was  put  to  death  u.o.  6.  She  was  the 
mother  of  Agrippa  I.— (7)  Daughter  of  Agrippa 
i.,  married  her  uncle  Herod,  Sing  of  Chalcis, 
by  whom  she  had  two  sons.  After  the  death 
of  Herod,  A.i>.48,  Berenice,  then  20  years  old, 
lived  with  her  brother,  Agrippa  II.,  not  with- 
out suspicion  of  an  incestuous  commerce  with 
him.  She  gained  the  love  of  Titus,  who  was 
only  withheld  from  making  her  his  wife  by 
fear  of  offendiug  the  Romans  by  such  a  step. 

BERENICE  (-es),  the  name  of  several  cities 
of  the  period  of  the  Ptolemies.  Of  these  the 
most  important  were:— (1)  Formerly  Ezion- 
geber  (Ru.  nr.  Akabah),  in  Arabia,  at  the  head 
of  the  Sinus  Aelanites,  or  E.  branch  of  the 
Red  Sea.— (2)  In  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  coast 
of  the  Red  Sea.  on  a  gulf  called  Sinus  Im- 
mundus  (now  Foul  Bay,  where  its  ruins  are 
still  visible).  It  was  named  after  the  mother 
of  Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphus,  who  built  it,  and 
made  a  road  hence  to  Coptos,  so  that  it  be- 
came a  chief  emporium  for  the  commerce  of 
Egypt  with  Arabia  and  India.— (3)  (Ben  Ghazi, 
Ru.),  in  Cyrenaica,  formerly  HESPEBIS,  the  fa- 
bled site  of  the  Gardens  of  the  Hesperides. 
It  took  its  latter  name  from  the  wife  of  Ptol- 
emy III.  Euergetes. 

BERG5MUM  (-i:  Bergamo),  a  town  of  the 
Orobii  in  Gallia  Cisalpina,  between  Comnm 
and  Brixia,  afterwards  a  municipium. 

BEROEA  (-ae).  (1)  (Verria),  one  of  the 
most  ancient  towns  of  Macedonia,  S.W.  of 
Pella,  and  about  20  miles  from  the  sea.— (2) 
(Aleppo  orffalcb),  a  town  in  Syria,  near  Anti- 
con,  enlarged  by  Seleucns  Nicator,  who  gave 
it  the  Macedonian  name  of  Beroea.  It  is  call- 


BERYTUS  and  BERlfTUS  (-i:  Beirut},  one 
of  the  oldest  sea-ports  of  Phoenicia,  stood 
half  way  between  Byblus  and  Sidoii.  It  was 
destroyed  by  the  Syrian  king  Tryphou  (JJ.G 


Coin  of  Beroea,  in  Syria,  with  the  Head  of  Trajan. 


ed  Hdbon  or  Chelbon  in  Ezekiel  (xxvii.  18),  a 
name  still  retained  in  the  modern  Haleb,  for 
which  Europeans  have  substituted  Aleppo. 

BBROSUS  (-i),  a  priest  of  Belus  at  Baby- 
lon, lived  in  the  reign  of  Antiochns  II.  (u.o. 
261-246),  and  wrote  in  Greek  a  history  of 
Babylonia.  Some  fragments  of  this  work  are 
preserved  by  Josephus,  Ensebius,  and  the 
Christian  fathers. 


Coin  of  Berytus. 

140),  and  restored  by  Agrippa  under  Augus- 
tus, who  made  it  a  colony.  It  afterwards  be- 
came a  celebrated  seat  of  learning. 

BESSI  (Orum),  a  fierce  and  powerful  Thra- 
ciau  people,  who  dwelt  along  the  whole  of 
Mt.  Haemus  as  far  as  the  Euxiue. 

BESSUS  (-i),  satrap  of  Bactria  under  Da- 
rius III.,  seized  Darius  soon  after  the  battle 
of  Arbela,  B.O.  331.  Pursued  by  Alexander  in 
the  following  year,  Bessus  murdered  Darius, 
and  fled  to  Bactria,  where  he  assumed  the 
title  of  king.  He  was  betrayed  by  two  of  his 
followers  to  Alexander,  who  put  him  to  death. 
BETASII  (-orum),  a  people  iu  Gallia  Belgica, 
between  the  Tnngri  and  Nervii,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Beetz  in  Brabant. 

BIANOR  (-6ris),  also  called  Ocnus  or  Auc- 
nus,  son  of  Tiberis  and  Man  to.  i*  said  to  have 
built  the  town  of  Mantua,  and  to  have  called 
it  after  his  mother. 

BIAS  (-antis).  (1)  Brother  of  the  seer  Me- 
lampus.— (2)  Of  Priene  in  Ionia,  one  of  the 
Seven  Sages  of  Greece,  flourished  about  B.O. 
550. 

BlBACtJLUS,  M.  FtMUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
poet,  born  at  Cremona,  wrote  a  poem  on  Cae- 
sar's Gallic  wars,  and  another  entitled  Athio- 
pis.  They  are  both  ridiculed  by  Horace. 

BIBRACTE  (-es :  Autun),  the  chief  town 
of  the  Aedui  in  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  after- 
wards Aufjustodunum. 

BIBRAX  (-actis:  Bttvre),  atownoftheRemi 
in  Gallia  Belgica,  not  far  from  Aiane. 

BIBtfLUS,  M.CALPURNIUS  (-i), 
curule  aedile  B.C.  65. praetor  62,  and 
consul  59,  in  each  of  which  years  he 
had  C.  Julius  Caesar  as  his  colleague. 
He  was  a  staunch  adherent  of  the 
aristocratical  party,  but  was  unable 
in  his  consulship  to  resist  the  pow- 
erful combination  of  Caesar,  Pom- 
pey,  and  Crassus.  After  an  ineffect- 
ual attempt  to  oppose  Caesar's  agra- 
rian law,  he  withdrew  from  the  pop- 
ular assemblies  altogether;  whence 
it  was  said  in  joke  that  it  was  the 


consulship  of  Julias  and  of  Caesar.  In  the 
civil  war  he  commanded  Pompey's  fleet  in  the 
Adriatic,  and  died  (48)  while  holding  the  com. 
mand  off  Corcyra.  He  married  Porcia,  the 
daughter  of  Cato  Uticensis. 

BIDIS  (-is),  a  small  town  in  Sicily,  W.  of 
Syracuse. 

BIGERRA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Oretani  in 
i  Hispauia  Tarraconensis. 


BIGERRIONES. 


82 


BOEOTIA. 


BIGERRIONES  (-urn)  or  BIGERRI 
(-oruui),  a  people  in  Aquitauia,  near  the  Pyr- 
enees. 

BILBILIS  (-is :  ficm&oZa),  a  town  of  the  Cel- 
tiberi  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  the  birth- 
place of  the  poet  Martial. 

BINGlUM  (-i :  Bingen),  a  town  on  the  Rhine 
in  Gallica  Belgica. 

BlON  (-onis).  (1)  Of  Smyrna,  a  bucolic  poet, 
flourished  about  u.o.  280,  and  spent  the  last 
years  of  his  life  in  Sicily,  where  he  was  poi- 
soned. The  style  of  Bion  is  refined,  and  his 
versification  fluent  and  elegant.— (2)  Of  Bo- 
rysthenes,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Dnieper, 
flourished  about  u.o.  250.  He  was  sold  as  a 
slave,  when  youiig,  and  received  his  liberty 
irom  his  master,  a  rhetorician.  He  studied 
at  Athens,  and  afterwards  lived  a  considerable 
time  at  the  court  of  Antigouus  Gonatas,  king 
of  Macedonia.  Bion  was  noted  for  his  sharp 
sayings,  whence  Horace  speaks  of  persons 
delighting  Bioneis  sermonibus  et  sale  nigro. 

BISALTIA  <-ae),  a  district  in  Macedonia, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Strymon,  inhabited  by 
a  Thracian  people. 

BISANTH!  (-es:  Rodosto),  subsequently 
Ehaedestivni  or  Rhaedestw,  a  town  in  Thrace 
on  the  Propontis,  with  a  good  harbor. 

BIST5NES  (-urn),  a  Thracian  people  be- 
tween Mt.  Uhodope  and  the  Aegean  Sea,  on 
the  lake  Bistonis,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Abdera.  From  the  worship  of  Dionysus  in 
Thrace  the  Bacchic  women  are  called  Bis- 
tdnMes. 

BITHTOI  A.  (-ae),  a  district  of  Asia  Minor, 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Mysia,  on  the  N.  by 
the  Pontus  Euxinus,  on  the  E.  by  Paphla- 
gonia,  and  on  the  S.  by  Phrygia  Epictetua, 
was  possessed  at  an  early  period  by  Thracian 
tribes  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  Strymon, 
called  Thyni  and  Bithyni,  of  whom  the  for- 
mer dwelt  on  the  coast,  the  latter  in  the  in- 
terior. The  country  was  subdued  by  the  Lyd- 
ians,  and  afterwards  became  a  part  of  the 


Coins  of  Bithyiiia,  with  the  Heads  of  Roman  Emperors. 


Persian  empire  under  Cyrus,  and  was  govern* 
ed  by  the  satraps  of  Phrygia.  During  the  de- 
cline of  the  Persian  empire,  the  N.  part  of  the 
country  became  independent,  under  native 
princes,  who  resisted  Alexander  and  his  suc- 
cessors, and  established  a  kingdom,  which, 
lasted  till  the  death  of  Nicomedes  III.  (B.C.  74), 
who  bequeathed  his  kingdom  to  the  Romans. 
Under  Augustus  it  was  made  a  proconsulai 
province.  It  was  a  fertile  country,  intersected 
with  wooded  mountains,  the  highest  of  whicij 
was  the  Mysian  Olympus,  on  its  S.  border. 

BITON  (-f>uie)  and  CLfiOBIS  (-is),  sous  of 
Cyclippe,  a  priestess  of  Hera  at  Argos.  They 
were  celebrated  for  their  aft'cction  to  their 
mother,  whose  chariot  they  once  dragged  dur, 
ing  a  festival  to  the  temple  of  Hera,  a  distance 
of  45  stadia.  The  priestess  prayed  to  the  god- 
dess to  grant  them  what  was  best  for  mortals ; 
and  during  the  night  they  both  died  while 
asleep  in  the  temple. 

BiTtTRIGES  (-urn),  a  numerous  and  power- 
ful Celtic  people  in  Gallia  Aquitania,  had  in 
early  times  the  supremacy  over  the  other 
Celts  in  Gaul.  They  were  divided  into  two 
tribes :  1.  Bit.  Cubi,  with  Avaricura  as  their 
capital  (Bourges).  2.  Bit  Vivisei  or  Urisci: 
their  capital  was  Burdigala  (Bordeaux),  on  the 
toft  bank  of  the  Garumua. 

BLEMYES  (-um),  an  Aethiopian  people,  on 
the  borders  of  Upper  Egypt. 

BLOSIUS  or  BLOSSIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a 
noble  family  in  Campania.  One  of  this  fam- 
ily, C.Blosius,  of  Cumae,  was  a  philosopher,  a 
disciple  of  Antipater,  of  Tarsus,  and  a  friend 
of  Tib.  Gracchus. 

BOADIClSA  (-ae),  queen  of  the  Iceni  in 
Britain,  having  been  shamemlly  treated  by 
the  Romans,  who  even  ravished  her  two 
daughters,  excited  an  insurrection  of  the 
Britons  against  their  oppressors  during  the 
absence  of  Suetonius  Paulmus,  the  Roman 
governor,  on  an  expedition  to  the  island  of 
Mona.  She  took  the  Roman  colonies  of  Ca- 
malodunum,  Londinium,  and  other 
places,  and  slew  nearly  70,000  Ro- 
mans and  their  allies.  She  was  at 
leugth  defeated  with  great  loss  by 
Suetonius  Paulinas,  and  put  an  end 
to  her  own  life,  A.U.  61. 

BOCCHUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Mau- 
retania,  and  father-in-law  of  Jugur- 
tha,  with  whom  at  first  he  made  war 
against  tbe  Romans,  but  whom  he 
afterwards  delivered  up  to  Sulla,  the 
quaestor  of  Marius,  B.C.  106.— (2)  Son 
of  the  preceding,  who  took  part  in 
the  civil  wars.  He  was  confirmed  in 
his  kingdom  by  Augustus. 

BODOTRlA  (-ae)  or  BODERIA 
(-ae),  AESTUAR3EUM  (-i),  (Firth  of 
Forth),  an  estuary  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Scotland. 

BOEBE  (-es),  a  town  in  Pelasgiotis 
in  Thessaly,  on  the  W.  shore  of  the 
lake  Boebeis.. 

BOE<3TlA  (-ae),  a  district  of 
Greece,  bounded  N.  by  Opuntian 
Locris,  E.  by  the  Euboean  Sea,  S.  by 


BOETHIUS. 


83 


BOKYSTHENES. 


Attica,  Megaris,  and  the  Corinthian  Gulf,  and 
W.  by  Phocis.  It  is  nearly  surrounded  by 
mountains,  namely,  Helicon  and  Parnassus  on 
the  W.,  Cithaerou  and  Parnes  on  the  S.,  the 
Opuntian  mountains  on  the  N.,  and  a  range 
of  mountains  along  the  sea-coast  on  the  E. 
The  country  contains  several  fertile  plains, 
of  which  the  most  important  were  the  valleys 
of  the  Asopus  and  of  the  Cephissus.  The 
Boeotians  were  an  Aeolian  people,  who  orig- 
inally occupied  Arne  in  Thessaly,  from  which 
they  were  expelled  by  the  Thessalians  sixty 
years  after  the  Trojan  war.  They  then  mi- 
grated into  the  country  called  after  them  Boe- 
otia,  partly  expelling  and  partly  incorpora- 
ting with  themselves  the  ancient  inhabitants 
of  the  land.  Boeotia  was  then  divided  into 
14  independent  states,  which  formed  a  league, 
with  Thebes  at  its  head.  The  chief  magis- 
trates of  the  confederacy  were  the  Boeotarchs, 
elected  annualty.  The  government  in  most 
states  was  an  aristocracy. 

BOETHIUS  (-i),  a  Roman  statesman  and 
author,  born  about  A.D.  470,  was  famous  for' 
his  general  .earning,  and  especially  for  his 
knowledge  of  Greek  philosophy.  He  was  first 
highly  favored  by  Theodosius  the  Great ;  but 
having  awakened  his  suspicion,  he  was  thrown 
into  prison  by  him,  and  afterwards  put  to 
death.  It  was  during  his  imprisonment  that 
he  wrote  his  celebrated  work,  De  Cowolatione 
Philosophiae,  which  has  come  down  to  us. 

BOEUM  (-i),  an  ancient  town  of  the  Dorian 
Tetrapolis. 

B<5ll  (-orum),  one  of  the  most  powerful  of 
the  Celtic  people,  said  to  have  dwelt  origin- 
ally in  Gaul  (Transalpina),  but  in  what  part 
of  the  country  is  uncertain.  At  an  early  time 
they  migrated  in  two  great  swarms,  one  of 
which  crossed  the  Alps  and  settled  in  the 
country  between  the  Po  and  the  Apennines ; 
the  other  crossed  the  Rhine  and  settled  in  the 
part  of  Germany  called  Boihemum  (Bohemia) 
after  them,  and  between  the  Danube  and  the 
Tyrol.  The  Boii  in  Italy  long  carried  on  a 
fierce  struggle  with  the  Romans,  but  they 
were  at  length  subdued  by  the  consul  P.  Scipio 
in  B.O.  191, ^  and  were  subsequently  incorpo- 
rated in  the  province  of  Gallia  Cisalpina.  The 
Boii  in  Germany  maintained  their  power 
longer,  but  were  at  length  subdued  by  the 
Marcomanni,  and  expelled  from  the  country. 
B5LA  (-ae),  B<5LAE,orVt5LAE  (-arum),  an 
ancient  town  'of  the  Aequi,  belonging  to  the 
Latin  league. 

BOLBS  (-es),  a  lake  in  Macedonia,  empty- 
ing itself  by  a  short  river  into  the  Strymonic 
Gulf,  near  Bromiscus  and  Aulon. 

BOLBlTlNS  (-es:  Rosetta),  a  city  of  Lower 
Egypt,  near  the  mouth  of  a  branch  of  the 
Wile  (the  W.-most  but  one),  which  was  called 
the  Bolbitine  mouth. 

B5MILCAR  (-aris),  a  Namidian,  deep  in  the 
confidence  of  Jugurtha.  When  Jugurtha  was 
at  Rome,  109,  Bomilcar  effected  for  him  the 
assassination  of  Massiva.  In  107  he  plotted 
against  Jugurtha. 

B5MIUS  (-i)  Mons,  the  W.  part  of  Mt.Oeta 

in  Aetolia,  inhabited  by  the  Bomienses. 

BONA  DfiA  (-ae),  a  Roman  divinity,  is  de- 


scribed as  the  sister,  wife,  or  daughter  of 
Taunus,  and  was  herself  called  Fauna,  Fatua, 
or  Oma.  She  was  worshiped  at  Rome  as  & 
chaste  and  prophetic  divinity;  she  revealed 
her  oracles  only  to  females,  as  Paiums  did 
only  to  males.  Her  festival  was  celebrated 
every  year  on  the  1st  of  May,  in  the  house  of 
the  consul  or  praetor,  as  tlie  sacrifices  on  that 
occasion  were  offered  on  behalf  of  the  whole 
loman  people.  The  solemnities  were  con- 
ducted by  the  Vestals,  and  no  male  person 
was  allowed  to  he  in  the  house  at  one  of  the 
festivals.  P.  Clodius  profaned  the  sacred  cer- 
emonies, by  entering  the  house  of  Caesar  iu 
;he  disguise  of  a  woman,  ii.o.6$J. 

BONNA  (-ae:  Bonn),  a  town  on  the  left 
>ank  of  the  Rhine  in  Lower  Germany,  and  in 
the  territory  of  the  Ubii,  was  a  strong  fortress 
of  the  Romans  and  the  regular  quarters  of  a 
Uoman  legion. 

B5NDNIA  (-ae).  (1)  (Bologna),  a  town  in 
Gallia  Cispadana,  originally  called  FELSINA, 
was  in  ancient  times  an  Etruscan  city,  and 
the  capital  of  N.  Etruria.  It  afterwards  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Boii,  but  it  was  colo- 
nized by  the  Romans  on  the  conquest  of  the 
Boii,  B.O.  191,  and  its  name  of  Pelsina  was 
then  changed  into  Bononia.  (2)  (Boulogne), 
a  town  in  the  N.  of  Gaul.  See  GESOBIAOUM. 
B55TES.  [ABOTUBTTB.] 
BORBETOMIGUS  (-i :  Forms),  also  called 
VANGIONES,  at  a  later  time  WOEMATIA,  a  town 
of  the  Vangiones  on  the  left  hank  of  the  Rhine 
in  Upper  Germany. 

BORE  AS  (-ae),  the  N,  wind,  or  more  strictly 
the  wind  from  the  N.N.B.,  was,  in  mythology, 
a  son  of  Astraeus  and  Eos,  and  brother  of 
Hesperus,  Zephyrus,  and  Notus.  He  dwelt  hi 
a  cave  of  Mount  Haemus  in  Thrace.  He  car- 
ried off  Orithyia,  a  daughter  of  Erechtheus, 
king  of  Attica,  by  whom  he  begot  Zetes,  Ca- 
lais, and  Cleopatra,  wife  of  Phineus,  who  are 
therefore  called  Boreades.  In  the  Persian  war 
Boreas  showed  his  friendly  disposition  to- 
wards the  Athenians  by  destroying  the  ships 
of  the  barbarians.  Boreas  was  worshiped  at 
Athens,  where  a  festival,  Boreasmi,  was  cele- 
brated in  his  honor. 


Boreas.    (Relief  from  Temple  of  the  Winds  at  Athens.)  • 

B6RYSTHENES  (-is:  Dnieper),  afterwards 
DANAPBIS,  a  river  of  European  Sarraatia,  flows 
into  the  Euxine.  Near  its  mouth  and  at  lt» 


BOSPORUS. 


BRENNUS. 


junction  with  the  Hypanis  lay  the  town  of 

BORYSTHENES    OT   BORYSXHENIS   (Kudak),   alSO 

called  OLBIA,  OLBIOPOLIS,  and  MUUBTOPOLIS,  a 
colony  of  Miletus,  and  the  most  important 
Greek  city  on  the  N.  of  the  Euxine. 

BOSPORUS  (-i:  Ox-ford),  the  name  of  any 
straits  among  the  Greeks,  but  especially  ap- 
plied to  the  two  following:— (1)  THE  THBA- 
OIAN  BOBPOBUS  (Channel  of  Constantinople), 
unites  the  Propontis  or  Sea  of  Marmora  with 
the  Euxine  or  Black  Sea.  According  to  the 
legend,  it  was  called  Bosporus  from  lo,  who 
crossed  it  in  the  form  of  a  heifer.  At  the  en- 
trance of  the  Bosporus  was  the  celebrated 
SYMPLEGADKS.  Darius  constructed  a  bridge 
across  the  Bosporus  when  he  invaded  Scy  thia, 
--(2)  THIC  CIMMERIAN  BOSPOEUS  (Straits  of 
Kaffa),  unites  the  Palus  Maeotis  or  Sea  of 
Azof  with  the- Euxine  or  Black  Sea.  It  form- 
ed, with  the  Tanais  (Don),  the  boundary  be- 
tween Asia  and  Europe,  and  it  derived  its 
name  from  the  CIMMERII,  who  were  supposed 
to  have  dwelt  in  the  neighborhood.  On  the 
European  side  of  the  Bosporus,  the  modern 
Crimea,  the  Milesians  founded  the  town  of 
Panticapaeum,  also  called  Bosporus,  and  the 
inhabitants  of  Panticapaeum  subsequently 
founded  the  town  of  Phanagoria  on  the  Asi- 
atic side  of  the  straits.  Panticapaeum  be- 
came the  residence  of  a  race  of  kings,  who  are 
frequently  mentioned  in  history  under 
the  name  of  kings  of  Bosporus. 

BOSTRA  (-5rum :  O.  T.  Bozrah ;  Bus- 
rah,  Eu.),  a  city  of  Arabia,  in  an  oasis  of 
the  Syrian  Desert,  S.  of  Damascus. 

BOTTlA  or  BOTTIAEA  (-ae),  a  dis- 
trict in  Maced9nia,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  river  Axius,  extended  in  the  time 
of  Thucydides  to  Pieria  on  the  W.  The 
Bottiaei  were  a  Thracian  people,  who, 
being  driven  out  of  the  country  by  the 
Macedonians,  settled  in  that  part  of  the 
Macedonian  Chalcidice  N.  of  Olynthus 
which  was  called  Bottice. 

BOTTICE.    CBOTTIA.] 

BOVIINTJM  (Bojano),  the  chief  town 
of  the  Pentri  in  Samnium. 

BOVILLAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town 
in  Latium  at  the  foot  of  the  Alban 
mountain,  on  the  Appian  Way,  about  10 
miles  from  Rome.  Near  it  Clodius  was 
killed  by  Milo  (B.C.  52). 

BRACHMlNAE  (-arum)  or  BRACH- 
MANES  (-iurn),  a  name  used  by  the  an- 
cieut  geographers,  sometimes  for  a  caste 
of  priests  in  India  (the  Brahmins), 
sometimes,  apparently,  for  all  the  peo- 
ple whose  religion  was  Brahminism,  and  some- 
times for  a  particular  tribe. 

BRANCHED  AE  (-arum:  Jeronda,  Ru.),  aft- 
erward DIDYMA,  or  -i,  a  place  on  the  sea-coast 
of  Ionia,  a  little  S.  of  Miletus,  celebrated  for 
its  temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo,  surnamed 
Didymeus.  This  oracle,  which  the  lonians 
held  in  the  highest  esteem,  was  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  Branchns,  son  of  Apollo,  and 
a  Milesian  woman.  The  reputed  descendants 
of  this  Branchus,  the  Branchidae,  were  the 
hereditary  ministers  of  this  oracle.  The  tem- 
ple, called  Didymacum,  which  was  destroyed 


by  Xerxes,  was  rebuilt,  and  its  ruins  contain 
some  beautiful  specimens  of  the  Ionic  order 
of  architecture. 

BRASIDAS  (-ae),  the  most  distinguished 
Spartan  in  the  first  part  of  the  Pelopounesian 
war.  In  B.O.  424,  at  the  head  of  a  small  force, 
having  effected  a  dexterous  march  through, 
the  hostile  country  of  Thessalj,  he  gained 
possession  of  many  of  the  cities  in  Macedonia 
subject  to  Athens;  his  greatest  acquisition 
was  Amphipolis.  In  422  he  gained  a  brilliant 
victory  over  Cleon,  who  had  been  sent  with 
an  Athenian  force  to  recover  Amphipolis,  but 
he  was  slain  in  the  battle.  He  was  buried 
within  the  city,  and  the  inhabitants  honored 
him  as  a  hero  by  yearly  sacrifices  and  by 
games. 

BRATUSPANTlUM  (-i),  the  chief  town  of 
the  Bellovaci  in  Gallia  Belgica. 

BRAUR5N  (-onis),  a  demus  in  Attica,  on 
the  E.  coast  of  the  river  Erasinus,  with  a  cel- 
ebrated temple  of  Artemis  (Diana),  who  was 
hence  called  Brauronia. 

BRENNUS  (-i).  (1)  The  leader  of  the  Se- 
nonian  Gauls,  who  in  B.C.  390  crossed  the 
Apennines,  defeated  the  Romans  at  the  Allia, 
and  took  Rome.  After  besieging  the  Capitol 
for  6  months,  he  quitted  the  city  upon  re- 
ceiving 1000  pounds  of  gold  as  a  ransom  for 


The.Brennus  Shield. 

the  Capitol,  and  returned  home  safe  with  hia 
booty.  But  it  was  subsequently  related  in 
the  popular  legends  that  Camillus  and  a  Ro- 
man army  appeared  at  the  moment  that  the 
gold  was  being  weighed,  that  Brennus  was 
defeated  by  Camillus,  and  that  he  himself  and 
his  whole  army  were  slain  to  a  man.— (2)  The 
chief  leader  of  the  Gauls  who  invaded  Mace- 
donia and  Greece,  B.O.  2SO,  279.  In  tht  year 
279  he  penetrated  into  the  S.  of  Greece,  but 
was  defeated  near  Delphi,  most  of  his  men 
were  slain,  and  he  himself  pat  an  end  to  his 
own  life. 


BREUNI. 


85 


BRITANNIA. 


BREUNI  (-orum),  a  Rhaetian  people,  dwelt 
In  the  Tyrol  near  the  Brenner. 

BRIAREUS.    [AEGAEON.] 

BRiGANTES  (-urn),  the  most  powerful  of 
the  British  tribes,  inhabited  the  whole  of  the 
N.  of  the  island  from  the  Abus  (number)  to 
the  Roman  wall,  with  the  exception  of  the 
S.E.  corner  of  Yorkshire,  which  was  inhabited 
by  the  Parisii.  The  Brigantes  consequently 
inhabited  the  greater  part  of  Yorkshire,  and 
the  whole  of  Lancashire,  Durham, Westmore- 
land, and  Cumberland.  Their  capital  was 
EBORAODM.  They  were  conquered  by  Petilius 
Cerealis  in  the  reign  of  Vespasian.  There 
was  also  a  tribe  of  Brigantes  in  the  S.  of  Ire- 
land, between  the  rivers  Birgus  (Barrow)  and 
Dabrona  (Blackwater),  in  the  counties  of  Wa- 
terford  and  Tipperary. 

BR1GANTINUS  (-i)  LACUS  (Bodensee  or 
Lake  of  Constance),  also  called  VENETUB  and 
AOROUIUS,  through  which  the  Rhine  flows,  in- 
habited by  theHelvetii  on  the  S.,  by  theRhaetii 
on  the  S.E.,  and  by  the  Vindelici  on  the  N. 

BRISSIS  (-idis),  daughter  of  Briseus,  of 
Lyrnessus,  fell  into  the  hands  of  Achilles,  but 
was  seized  by  Agamemnon.  Hence  arose  the 
dire  feud  between  the  2  heroes.  [ACHILLES.] 
Her  proper  name  was  Hippodamia. 

BRtTANNf  A  (-ae),  the  island  of  England 
and  Scotland,  which  was  also  called  ALBION. 
HWERNIA,  or  Ireland,  is  usually  spoken  of  as 
a  separate  island,  but  is  sometimes  included 
under  the  general  name  of  the  INSTJLAE  BBI- 
TANNIOAE,  which  also  comprehended  the 
smaller  islands  around  the  coast  of  Great 
Britain.  The  Britons  were  Celts,  belonging 
to  that  branch  of  the  race  called  Cymry. 
Their  manners  and  customs  were  in  general 
the  same  as  the  Gauls ;  but,  separated  more 
than  the  Gauls  from  intercourse  with  civilized 
nations,  they  preserved  the  Celtic  religion  in 
a  purer  state  than  in  Gaul ;  and  hence TDruid- 
ism,  according  to  Caesar,  was  transplanted 
from  Gaul  to  Britain.  The  Britons  also  re- 
tained many  of  the  barbarous  Celtic  customs, 
which  the  more  civilized  Gauls  had  laid  aside. 
They  painted  their  bodies  with  a  blue  color, 
extracted  from  woad,  in  order  to  appear  more 
terrible  in  battle ;  and  they  had  wives  in  com- 
mon. At  a  later  time  the  Belgae  crossed  over 
from  Gaul,  and  settled  on  the  S.  and  E.  coasts, 
driving  the  Britons  into  the  interior  of  the 
island.  It  was  not  till  a  late  period  that  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  obtained  any  knowledge 
of  Britain.  In  early  times  the  Phoenicians 
visited  the  Stilly  Islands  and  the  coast  of 
Cornwall  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  tin ; 
but.  whatever  knowledge  they  acquired  of  the 
country  they  jealously  kept  secret;  and  it 
only  transpired  that  there  were  CASSITERIDES, 
or  Tin  Island*,  in  the  N.  parts  of  the  ocean. 
The  first  certain  knowledge  which  the  Greeks 
obtained  of  Britain  was  from  the  merchants 
of  Massilia  about  the  time  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  especially  from  the  voyages  of 
PYTHEAS,  who  sailed  round  a  great  part  of 
Britain.  From  this  time  it  was  generally  be- 
lieved that  the  island  was  in  the  form  of  a 
triangle,  an  error  which  continued  to  prevail 
even  at  a  later -period.  Another  important 
mistake,  which  likewise  prevailed  for  a  long 


time,  was  the  position  of  Britain  in  relation  to 
Gaul  and  Spain.  As  the  N.W.  coast  of  Spain 
was  supposed  to  extend  too  far  to  the  N.,  and 
the  W.  coast  of  Gaul  to  run  N.E.,  the  lower 
lart  of  Britain  was  believed  to  lie  between 
Ipain  and  Gaul.  The  Romans  first  became 
personally  acquainted  with  the  island  by  Cae- 
sar's invasion.  He  twice  landed  in  Britain 
(B.O.  55,  54)  ;  and  though  on  the  second  occa- 
sion he  conquered  the  greater  part  of  the  S.E. 
of  the  island,  yet  he  did  not  take  permanent 
possession  of  any  portion  of  the  country,  and 
after  his  departure  the  Britons  continued  as 
independent  as  before.  The  Romans  made 
no  further  attempts  to  conquer  the  island  for 
nearly  100  years.  In  the  reign  of  Claudius 
(A.I>.  43),  they  again  landed  in  Britain,  and 
permanently  subdued  the  country  S.  of  the 
Thames.  They  now  began  to  extend  their 
conquests  over  the  other  parts  of  the  island; 
and  the  great  victory  (61)  of  Suetonius  Pauli- 
nas over  the  Britons,  who  had  revolted  under 
BoADroEAj  still  further  consolidated  the  Ro- 
man dominions.  In  the  reign  of  Vespasian, 
the  Romans  made  several  successful  expedi- 
tions against  the  SILUBES  and  the  BEIGANTES  ; 
and  the  conquest  of  S.  Britain  was  at  length 
finally  completed  by  Agricola,  who  in  7  cam- 
paigns (78-84)  subdued  the  whole  of  the  isl- 
and as  far  N.  as  the  Frith  of  Forth  and  the 
Clyde,  between  which  he  erected  a  series  of 
forts  to  protect  the  Roman  dominions  from 
the  incursions  of  the  barbarians  in  the  N.  of 
Scotland.  The  Roman  part  of  Britain  was 
now  called  Britannia  Romana,  and  the  N. 
part,  inhabited  by  the  Caledonians,  Britannia 
Barbara,  or  Caledonia.  The  Romans,  how- 
ever, gave  up  the  N.  conquests  of  Agricola  in 
the  reign  of  Hadrian,  and  made  a  rampart  of 
turf  from  the  Aestuarium  Ituna  (Solway  Frith) 
to  the  German  Ocean,  which  formed  the  N. 
boundary  of  their  dominions.  In  the  reign 
of  Antoninus  Pius  the  Romans  again  extend- 
ed their  boundary  as  far  as  the  conquests  of 
Agricola,  and  erected  a  rampart  connecting 
the  Forth  and  the  Clyde,  the  remains  of  which 
are  now  called  Gnmes  Dike—  Grime  in  the 


Celtic  language  signifying  great  or  powerful. 
Caledonians  afterwards  broke  through 


The 


this  wall  ;  and  in  consequence  of  their  re- 
peated devastations  of  the  Roman  dominions, 
the  emperor  Severus  went  to  Britain  in  208, 
in  order  to  conduct  the  war  against  tuem  in 
person.  He  died  in  the  island  at  Eboracum 
(York)  in  211,  after  erecting  a  solid  stone  wall 
from  the  Solway  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tyne,  a 
little  N.  of  the  rampart  of  Hadrian.  After  th« 
death  of  Severus,  the  Romans  relinquished 
forever  all  their  conquests  N.  of  this  wall. 
Upon  the  resignation  of  the  empire  by  Diocle- 
tian and  Maximian  (805),  Britain  fell  to  th« 
share  of  Constantius,  who  died  at  Eboracum* 
in  306,  and  his  son  Constantine  assumed  in 
the  island  the  title  of  Caesar.  Shortly  after- 
wards the  Caledonians,  who  now  appear  un- 
der the  names  of  Picts  and  Scots,  broke 
through  the  wall  of  Severus,  and  the  Saxons 
ravaged  the  coasts  of  Britain  ;  and  the  declin- 
ing power  of  the  Roman  empire  was  unable 
to  afford  the  province  any  effectual  assistance. 
In  the  reign  of  Honorius,  Constantino,  who 
had  been  proclaimed  emperor  in  Britain  (407), 


BKITANOTCUS. 


86 


BRUTUS. 


withdrew  all  the  Roman  troops  from  the  isl- 
and, in  order  to  make  himself  master  of  Gaul. 
The  Britons  were  thus  left  exposed  to  the  ray- 
ages  of  the  Picts  and  Scots,  and  at  lengih,  in 
447,  they  called  in  the  assistance  of  the  Sax- 
ons, who  became  the  masters  of  Britain.  The 
Roman  dominions  of  Britain  formed  a  single 
province  till  the  time  of  Severus,  and  were 
governed  by  a  legatus  of  the  emperor.  Seve- 
rus divided  the  country  into  2  provinces,  and 
Diocletian  into  4. 

BRlTANNlCTIS  (-i),  son  of  the  emperor 
Claudius  and  Messalina,  was  .born  A.B.  42. 
Agrippina,  the  second  wife  of  Claudius,  in- 
duced the  emperor  to  adopt  her  own  son,  and 
give  him  precedence  over  Britannicus.  This 
son,  the  emperor  Nero,  ascended  the  throne 
\n  54,  and  caused  Britannicus  to  be  poisoned 
\A  the  following  year. 

BRtTSMARTIS  (-is),  a  Cretan  nymph, 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Carme,  and 
beloved  by  Minos,  who  pursued  her  9  months, 
till  at  length  she  leaped  into  the  sea,  and  was 
changed  by  Artemis  (Diana)  into  a  goddess. 

BRIXBLLTJM  (-i :  BregeUa  or  Brepcdla),  a 
town  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Po  in  Gallia 
Cisalpina,  where  the  emperor  Otho  put  him- 
self to  death,  A.P.  69. 

BRIXlA  (-ae:  Brescia),  a  town  in  Gallia 
Cisalpiua  on  the  road  from  Comum  to  Aqui- 
leia,  through  which  the  river  Mella  flowed. 

BROMlUS,  a  surname  of  Dionysus  (Bac- 
chus), that  is,  the  noisy  god,  from  the  noise 
of  the  Bacchic  revelries  (from  pptpu). 

BRONTES.    [CYCLOPES.]       . 

BRTJCTERI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Germany, 
dwelt  on  each  side  of  the  Amisia  (Ems),  and 
extended  S.  as  far  as  the  Luppia  (Lippe).  The 
Broeteri  joined  the  Batavi  in  their  revolt 
against  the  Romans  in  A.».  69. 


or  BRUNDlStUM  (-i: 
Brindisi),  a  town  in  Calabria,  on  a  small  bay 
of  the  Adriatic,  forming  an  excellent  harbor, 
to  which  the  place  owed  its  importance.  The 
Appia  Via  terminated  at  Brundusium,  and  it 
was  the  usual  place  of  embarkation  for  Greece 
and  the  East.  It  was  conquered  and  colo- 
nized by  the  BomaiiC ,  B.O.  245.  The  poet  Pa- 
cuvius  was  born  at  this  town,  and  Virgil  died 
here  on  his  return  from  Greece,  B.O.  19. 

BRUTTSUM  (-i),  BRUTTIUS,  and  BRUT- 
'TIORUM  AGER,  more  usually  called  BRUT- 
TII  after  the  inhabitants,  the  S.  extremity  of 
Italy,  separated  from  Lucauia  by  a  line  drawn 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Laus  to  Thurii,  and 
surrounded  on  the  other  three  sides  by  the 
sea.  It  was  the  country  called  in  ancient 
times  Oeuotria  and  Italia.  The  country  is 
mountainous,  as  the  Apennines  run  through 
it  down  to  the  Sicilian  Straits ;  it  contained 
excellent  pasturage  for  cattle,  and  the  valleys 
produced  good  corn,  olives,  and  fruit.— The 
earliest  inhabitants  of  the  country  were  Oeuo- 
trians.  Subsequently  some  Lucanians,  who 
had  revolted  from  their  countrymen  in  Luca- 
nia,  took  possession  of  the  country,  and  were 
hence  called  Bruttii  or  Brettii,  which  word  la 
said  to  mean  *'  rebels"  in  the  language  of  the 
Lucanians.  This  people,  however,  inhabited 
only  the  interior  of  the  land ;  the  coast  was 
almost  entirely  in  the  possession  of  the  Greek 
colonies.  At  the  close  of  the  2d  Punic  war,  in 
which  the  Bruttii  had  been  the  allies  of  Han- 
nibal, they  lost  their  independence,  and  were 
treated  by  the  Romans  with  great  severity. 
They  were  declared  to  be  public  slaves,  and 
were  employed  as  lictors  and  servants  of  the 
magistrates. 

BRtJTUS  (-i),  a  family  of  the  Junia  gens.— 
(1)  L.  Jumus  BRUTUS,  son  of  M.  Juntas  and  of 
Tarquinia,  the  sister  of  Tarquinius  Superbn*. 


BRUTUS. 


87 


BUCEPHALA. 


His  elder  brother  was  murdered  by  Tarquin- 
ius,  and  Lucius  escaped  his  brother's  fate  only 
by  feigning  idiocy,  whence  he  received  the 
surname  of  Brutus.  After  Lucretia  had  stab- 
bed herself,  Brutus  roused  the  Romans  to  ex- 
pel the  Tarquins ;  and  upon  the  banishment 
of  the  latter,  he  was  elected  first  consul  with 
Tarqninius  Collatiuus.  He  loved  his  country 
better  th?m  his  children,  and  put  to  death  his 
2  sons,  who  hnd  attempted  to  restore  the  Tar- 


Coin  representing  the  Children  of  Brutus  led  to  death  by 
Lictors, 

quins.  He  fell  in  battle  the  same  year,  fight- 
ing against  Aruns,  the  son  of  Tarquinms. 
Brutus  was  the  great  hero  in  the  legends 
about  the  expulsion  of  the  Tarquins.— (2) 
D.  JUNIUS  BRUTUS,  surnamed  GALLAEOUS 
or  CALLAIOUS,  consul  138,  conquered  a 
great  part  of  Lusitania.  From  his  victo- 
ry over  the  Gallaeci  he  obtained  his  sur- 
name. He  was  a  patron  of  the  poet  L. 
Accius,  and  well  versed  in  Greek  and  Ro- 
man literature.  —  (3)  D.  JUNIUS  BRUTUS, 
consul  T7,  and  husband  of  Sempronia, 
who  carried  on  an  intrigue  with  Catiline. 
—(4)  D.  JUNIUS  BBUTUS,  adopted  by  A. 
Postumius  Albiuus,  consul  99,  and  hence 
called  Brutus  A  lUnus.  He  served  under 
Caesar  in  Gaul  and  in  the  civil  war ;  but 
he  nevertheless  joined  the  conspiracy 
against  Caesar's  life.  After  the  death  of 
the  latter  (44)  he  went  into  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  which  had  been  promised  him  by 
Caesar,  and  which  he  refused  to  surrender 
to  Antony,  who  had  obtained  this  prov- 
ince from  the  people.  Antony  made  war 
against  him,  and  kept  him  besieged  in 
Mutiua,  till  the  siege  was  raised  in  April, 
43,  by  the  consuls  Hirtius  and  Pansa,  and 
by  Octavianns.  But  Brutus  only  obtained 
a  short  respite.  Antony  was  preparing  to 
march  against  him  from  the  N.  with  a  large 
army,  and  Octavianus,  who  had  deserted  the 
senate,  was  marching  against  him  from  the 
S.  His  only  resource  was  flight,  but  he  was 
betrayed  by  Camillus,  a  Gaulish  chief,  and 
was  put  to  death  by  Antony,  43. — (5)  M.  JU- 
NIUS BBUTUS,  married  Servilia,  the  half-sister 
of  Cato  of  Utica.  In  77  he  espoused  the  cause 
of  Lepidus,  and  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  forces  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  where  he  was 


BRUTUS,  the  so-called  tyrannicide,  son  of  No. 
5  and  Servilia.  He  lost  his  father  when  he 
was  only  8  years  old,  and  was  trained  by  his 
nncle  Cato  in  the  principles  of  the  aristocrat- 
ical  party.  Accordingly,  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  civil  war,  49,  he  joined  Pompey,  al- 
though he  was  the  murderer  of  his  father. 
After  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  48,  he  was  not 
only  pardoned  by  Caesar,  but  received  from 
him  the  greatest  marks  of  confidence  and  fa- 


vor. Caesar  made  him  governor  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul  in  46,  and  praetor  in  44,  and  also  prom- 
ised him  the  government  of  Macedonia.  But 
notwithstanding  all  the  obligations  he  was 
under  to  Caesar,  he  was  persuaded  by  Cassins 
to  murder  his  benefactor  under  the  delusive 
idea  of  again  establishing  the  republic.  [CAE- 
SAR.] After  the  murder  of  Caesar,  Brutus 
spent  a  short  time  in  Italy,  and  then  took 
possession  of  the  province  of  Macedonia.  He 
was  joined  by  Cassius,  who  commanded  in 
Syria,  and  their  united  forces  were  opposed 
to  those  of  Octavian  and  Antony.  Two  bat- 
tles were  fought  in  the  neighborhood  of  Phi- 
lippi  (42),  in  the  former  of  which  Brutus  was 
victorious,  though  Cassius  was  defeated ;  but 
in  the  latter  Brutus  also  was  defeated,  and 
put  an  end  to  his  own  life.  Brutus's  wife  was 
FOROIA,  the  daughter  of  Cato.  Brutus  was  an 
ardent  student  of  literature  aud  philosophy, 
but  he  appears  to  have  been  deficient  in  judg- 
ment and  original  power.  He  wrote  several 
works,  all  of  which  have  perished.  He  was 
a  literary  friend  of  Cicero,  who  dedicated  to 


M.  Juniua  Brutus. 

him  several  of  his  works,  and  who  has  given 
the  name  of  Brutus  to  his  dialogue  on  illus- 
trious orators. 

BRYGI  (-orum)  or  BRYGES  (-urn),  a  bar- 
barous people  in  the  ft.  of  Macedonia.  The 
Phrygians  were  believed  by  the  ancients  to 
have  oeen  a  portion  of  this  people,  who  emi- 
grated to  Asia  in  early  times.  [PHBYGIA.] 

BtJBASSUS  (-i),  an  ancient  city  of  Caria, 
B.  of  Cnidus,  which  gave  name  to  the  bay 
(Bubassius  Sinus)  and  the  peninsula  on  which 
it  stood. 

BUBASTIS  (-is)  or  BtfBASTUS  (-i),  the 
capital  of  the  Nomos  BubastTtes  in  Lower 
Egypt,  stood  on  the  B.  bank  of  the  Pelusiac 
branch  of  the  Nile,  and  was  the  chief  seat  of 
the  worship  of  the  goddess  Bubastis,  whom 
the  Greeks  identified  with  Artemis  (Diana). 

BtTCSPHALA  or  -IA  (-ae:  Jhelwm),  a  city 
on  the  Hydaspes,  in  N.  India,  built  by  Alex- 
ander, after  his  battle  with  Poms,  in  memory 


BUCEPHALUS. 


88 


CADMUS. 


of  his  favorite  charger  Bucephalus,  who  died 
there,  after  carry  ing  him  through  all  his  cam- 
paigns. This  horse  was  purchased  hy  Philip 
for  13  talents,  and  no  one  was  able  to  break 
it  in  except  the  youthful  Alexander. 

BUCEPHALUS.    [BuoEpnALA.] 

BtlDENI  (-orum),  a  Scythian  people,  who 
dwelt  N.  of  the  Sauromatae  in  the  steppes  of 
S.  Russia. 

BULLIS  (-Idis),  a  town  of  Illyria  on  the 
coast,  S.  of  Apollonia. 

BTJPRlSiUM  <-i)?  an  ancient  town  in  EHs, 
mentioned  in  the  Iliad. 

BtTRA  (-ae),  one  of  the  12  cities  of  Achaia, 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  together  with 
Helice,  but  subsequently  rebuilt. 

BURDIGALA.    [BrrmtiGES.3 

BURGUNDlSNES  (-urn)  or  BURGUNDII 
(-orum),  a  powerful  nation  of  Germany,  dwelt 
originally  between  the  Viadus  (Oder)  and  the 
Vistula,  and  were  of  the  same  race  as  the 
Vandals  or  Goths.  They  were  driven  out  of 
their  original  abodes  by  the  Gepidae,  and  the 
greater  part  of  them  settled  in  the  country  on 
the  Maine.  In  the  5th  century  they  settled  in 
Gaul,  where  they  founded  the  powerful  king- 
dom of  Burgundy*  Their  chief  towns  were 
Geneva  and  Lyons. 

BUESA.    [PLAKOUS.] 

BtSlRIS  (-idis).  (1)  A  king  of  Egypt,  who 
sacrificed  strangers  to  Zeus  (Jupiter),  but  was 
slain  by  Hercules.— (2)  A  city  in  Lower  Egypt, 
stood  in  the  middle  of  the  Delta,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Nile,  and  had  a  great  temple 
of  Isis,  the  remains  of  which  are  still  stand- 
ing. 

BtTTHRSTUM  (-i:  Butrinto),  a  town  of 
Epirus,  a  flourishing  sea-port  on  a  small  pen- 
insula, opposite  Corcyra. 

Bt?T5.  (1)  An  Egyptian  divinity,  was  the 
nurse  of  Horus  and  Bubastie,  the  children  of 


Osiris  and  Isis,  whom  she  saved  from  the  per- 
secutions of  Typhon  by  concealing  them  in 
the  floating  island  of  Chemnis.  The  Greeks 
identified  her  with  Leto  (Latona),  and  repre- 
sented her  as  the  goddess  of  night.  —  (2)  A 
city  in  Lower  Egypt,,  stood  near  the  Seben- 
nytic  branch  of  the  Nile,  on  the  lake  of  Buto. 
It  was  celebrated  for  its  oracle  of  the  goddess 
Bnto,  in  honor  of  whom  a  festival  was  held 
at  the  city  every  year. 

BUXENTTJM  (-i:  Pottcastro),  originally 
PYXTJS,  a  town  on  the  W.  coast  of  L\icauia 
and  ou  the  river  BUXKNTTCS,  was  founded  by 
Micy  thus,  tyrant  of  Messana,  i*.c.  471,  and  was 
afterwards  a  Roman  colony. 

BYBLIS  (-idis),  daughter  of  Miletus  and 
Idothea,  was  in  love  with  her  brother  Cauuus, 
whom  she  pursued  through  various  lands,  till 
at  length,  worn  out  with  sorrow,  she  was 
changed  into  a  fountain. 

BYBLUS  (-i:  Je&eiZ),  a  very  ancient  city  on 
the  coast  of  Phoenicia,  between  Berytus  and 
Tripolis,  a  little  N.  of  the  river  Adonis.  It 
was  the  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Adonis. 

BYKSA  (-ae),  the  citadel  of  CAKTHAGO. 

BYZiCiUM  (-i)  or  BYZACENA  REGIO 
(S.  part  of  Tunis') ,  the  S.  portion  of  the  Roman 
province  of  Africa. 

BYZANTIUM  (-i :  Con&tantiiwple),  a  town 
on  the  Thracian  Bosporus,  founded  by  the 
Megariaus,  «.o.  668,  is  said  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  Byzas,  the  leader  of  the  colony 
and  the  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune).  It  was 
situated  on  2  hills,  was  40  stadia  in  circum- 
ference, and  its  acropolis  stood  on  the  site  of 
the  present  seraglio.  Its  favorable  position, 
commanding  as  it  did  the  entrance  to  the 
Euxiue,  rendered  it  a  place  of  great  commer- 
cial importance.  A  new  city  was  built  on  its 
site  (330)  by  Constantine,  who  made  it  the 
capital  of  the  empire,  and  changed  its  name 

intO  CONSTANTINOPOLIS. 


C. 


OABALIA  <-ae),  a  small  district  of  Asia 
Minor,  between  Lycia  and  Pamphylia,  with  a 
town  of  the  same  name. 

CABILLONUM  (-i:  Chdlow-wr-Sanne),  a 
town  of  the  Aedui  on  the  Arar  (Safme)  in  Gal- 
lia  Lugduneusis. 

CABIEA  (-orum),  a  place  in  Pontus,  on  the 
borders  of  Armenia ;  a  frequent  residence  of 
Mithridates,  who  was  defeated  here  by  Lu- 
cullns,  B.C.  71. 

CABIRI  (-orum),  mystic  divinities  wor- 
shiped in  various  parts  of  the  ancient  world. 
The  meaning  of  their  name,  their  character, 
and  nature,  are  quite  uncertain.  Divine  hon- 
ors were  paid  to  them  at  Samothrace,  Lem- 
nos,  and  Imbros,  and  their  mysteries  at  Sam- 
othrace were  solemnized  with  great  splendor. 
They  were  also  worshiped  at  Thebes,  Anthe- 
don,  Pergamus,  and  elsewhere. 

ClCUS  (-i),  son  of  Vulcan,  was  a  huge  gi- 
ant, who  inhabited  a  cave  on  Mount  Aven- 
tine,  and  plundered  the  surrounding  country. 
When  Hercules  came  to  Italy  with  the  oxen 


which  he  had  taken  from  Geryon  in  Spain, 
Cacus  stole  part  of  the  cattle  while  the  hero 
slept,  and,  as  he  dragged  the  animals  into  his 
cave  by  their  tails,  It  was  impossible  to  dis- 
cover their  traces.  But  when  the  remaining 
oxen  passed  by  the  cave,  those  within  began 
to  bellow,  and  were  thus  discovered,  where- 
upon Cacus  was  slain  by  Hercules.  In  honor 
ot  his  victory,  Hercules  dedicated  the  ora 
moatf-ma,  which  continued  to  exist  ages  after- 
wards in  Rome. 

CXDI  (-ornm),  a  city  of  Phrygia  Epictetusf 
on  the  borders  of  Lydia. 

CADMSA.      [THBBAE.] 

CADMUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Agenor,  king  of 
Phoenicia,  and  of  Telephassa,  and  brother  of 
Europa.  Another  legend  makes  him  a  native 
of  Thebes  in  Egypt.  When  Europa  was  car- 
ried off  by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  to  Crete,  Agenor 
sent  Cadmus  in  search  of  his  sister,  enjoining 
him  not  to  return  without  her.  Unable  to 
find  her,  Cadmus  settled  in  Thrace?  but  hav- 
ing consulted  the  oracle  at  Delphi,  he  was 


CADURCI. 


89 


CAEPIO. 


commanded  by  the  god  to  follow  a  cow  of  a 
certain  kind,  aud  to  'build  a  town  on  the  spot 
where  the  cow  should  sink  down  with  fatigue. 
Cadmus  found  the  cow  in  Phocis,  and  folio  wed 
her  into  Boeotia,  where  she  sank  down  on  the 
spot  on  which  Cadmus  built  Cadmea,  after- 
wards the  citadel  of  Thebes.  Intending  to 
sacrifice  the  cow  to  Athena  (Minerva),  he  sent 
some  persons  to  the  neighboring  well  of  Ares 
to  fetch  water.  This  well  was  guarded  by  a 
dragon,  a  son  of  Ares  (Mars),  who  killed  the 
men  sent  by  Cadmus.  Thereupon  Cadmus 
slew  the  dragon,  and,  on  the  advice  of  Athe- 
na, sowed  the  teeth  of  the  monster,  out  of 
which  armed  men  grew  up,  called  Sparti,  or 
the  Sown,  who  killed  each  other,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  5,  who  were  the  ancestors  of  the 
Thebans.  Athena  assigned  to  Cadmus  the 
government  of  Thebes,  and  Zeus  gave  him 
Harmonia  for  his  wife.  The  marriage  so- 
lemnity was  honored  by  the  presence  of  all 
the  Olympian  gods  in  the  Cadmea.  Cadmus 
gave  to  Harmonia  the  famous  peplus  and 
necklace  which  he  had  received  from  He- 
phaestus (Vulcan)  or  from  Europa,  and  he 
became  by  her  the  father  of  Autonoe,  Ino, 
Semele,  Agave,  Polydorus,  and,  at  a  subse- 
quent period.  Illyrius.  In  the  end,  Cadmus 
and  Harmonia  were  changed  into  serpents, 
and  were  removed  by  Zeus  to  Elysium.  Cad- 
mus is  said  to  have  introduced  into  Greece 
from  Phoenicia  or  Egypt  an  alphabet  of  16 
letters.  — (2)  Of  Miletus,  the  earliest  Greek 
historian  or  logographer,  lived  about  B.C.  540. 
C.5.DURCI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia  Aqui- 
tanica,  in  the  country  now  called  (guard  (a 
corruption  of  Cadurci).  Their  capital  was 
DIVONA,  afterwards  CIVITAS  CADUROORUM, 
now  Cahors,  where  are  the  remains  of  a  Ro- 
man amphitheatre  and  of  an  aqueduct. 

C&DtTSlI  (-orum)  or  GELAE  (-arum),  a 
powerful  Scythian  tribe  in  the  mountains 
3.  W.  of  the  Caspian,  on  the  borders  of  Media 
Atropatene. 

CADYTIS,  according  to  Herodotus,  a  great 
city  of  the  Syrians  of  Palestine,  not  much 
smaller  than  Sardis,  was  taken  by  ITecho, 
king  of  Egypt,  after  his  defeat  of  the  "Syr- 
ians" at  Magdolus.  It  is  now  pretty  well  es- 
tablished that  by  Cadytis  is  meant  Jerusalem, 
and  that  the  battle  mentioned  by  Herodotus 
is  that  in  which  Necho  defeated  and  slew 
king  Josiah  at  Megiddo,  B.C.  608. 

CAEClLIA  (-ae).  (1)  CAIA,  the  Roman 
name  of  TANAQUIL,  wife  of  Tarquinms  Pris- 
cus.  —  (2)  METELLA,  daughter  of  L.  Metellus 
Dalmaticns,  consul  B.O.  119,  was  first  married 
to  M.  Aemilius  Scaurns,  consul  in  115,  and 
afterwards  to  the  dictator  Sulla.— (3)  Daugh- 
ter of  T.  Pomponius  Atticus,  called  Caecilia 
because  her  father  took  the  name  of  his  un- 
cle, Q.  Caecilius,  by  whom  he  was  adopted. 
She  was  married  to  M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa. 

[ATTIOU8.] 

CAEClLlUS  (-i).  (1)  Q.,  a  wealthy  Roman 
cques,  who  adopted  his  nephew  Atticus  in 
his  will,  and  left  the  latter  a  fortune  of  10 
millions  of  sesterces.— (2)  CAEOILIUS  CALAO- 
TrNus,  a  Greek  rhetorician  at  Rome  in  the 
time  of  Augustus.— (3)  CAEOILIUS  STATIXTS,  a 
Roman  comic  poet,  the  immediate  predeces- 


sor of  Terence,  was  by  birth  an  Insubrian 
jraul,  and  a  native  of  Milan.  Being  a  slave, 
he  bore  the  servile  appellation  of  Statins, 
which  was  afterwards,  probably  when  he  re- 
ceived his  freedom,  converted  into  a  sort  of 
cognomen,  and  he  became  known  as  Caecil- 
ius Statius.  He  died  K.O.  16S. 

CAECILIUS  METELLUS.    [METELLOS.] 

CAEC1NA  (-ae),  the  name  of  a  family  of 
the  Etruscan  city  of  Volaterrae,  probably  de- 
rived from  the  river  Caeciua,  which  flows  by 
the  town.  (1)  A.  CAEOINA,  whom  Cicero  de- 
fended in  a  law-suit,  B.C.  69.— (2)  A.  CAEOINA, 
son  of  the  preceding,  published  a  libelous 
work  against  Caesar,  and  was  in  consequence 
sent  into  exile  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia, 
B.O.  48.— (3)  A.  CAEOTNA  ALIENUS  was  quaes- 
tor in  Baetica,  in  Spain,  at  Nero's  death,  and 
was  one  of  the  foremost  in  joining  the  party 
of  Galba.  He  served  first  under  Galba,  ana 
afterwards  joined  Vitellius;  but,  proving  a 
traitor  to  the  latter,  he  joined  Vespasian, 
against  whom  also  he  conspired,  aud  was 
slain  by  order  of  Titus. 

CAECUBUS  (-i)  AGER,  a  marshy  district 
in  Latium,  bordering  on  the  gulf  of  Amyclae, 
close  to  Fundi,  celebrated  for  its  wine  (Caecu- 
bum)  in  the  age  of  Horace.  In  the  tune  o£ 
Pliny  the  reputation  of  this  wine  was  entirely 
gone. 

CAECtTLUS  (-i),  an  ancient  Italian  heros 
son  of  Vulcan,  is  said  to  have  founded  Prae- 
neste. 

CABLES  or  CAELlUS  (-i)  VIBENNA  (-ae), 
the  leader  of  an  Etruscan  army,  is  said  to 
have  come  to  Rome  in  the  reign  either  of 
Romulus  or  of  Tarquinius  Priscus,  and  to 
have  settled  with  his  troops  on  the  hill  called 
after  him  the  Caelian. 

CAELlUS  or  COELIUS  MONS.    [ROMA.] 

CAENEUS  (-&08  or  Si),  one  of  the  Lapi- 
thae,  son  of  Elatus  or  Coronus,  was  originally 
a  maiden  named  CAENIS  (-idis),  who  was  be- 
loved by  Poseidon  (Neptune),  and  was  by 
this  god  changed  into  a  man,  and  rendered 
invulnerable.  In  the  battle  between  the  La- 
pithae  and  the  Centaurs  at  the  marriage  of 
Pirithous,  he  was  buried  by  the  Centaurs  un- 
der a  mass  of  trees,  as  they  were  unable  to 
kill  him ;  but  he  was  changed  into  a  bird.  In 
the  lower  world  Caeneus  recovered  his  female 
form. 

CAENI  or  CAENlCI  (-orum),  a  Thracian 
people,  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Pany- 
sus. 

CAENINA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Sabines,  in 
Latium,  whose  king,  Acron,  is  said  to  have 
carried  on  the  first  war  against  Rome.  After 
their  defeat,  most  of  the  inhabitants  removed 
to  Rome. 

CAENIS.    [CAENEUS.] 

CAEPlO,  CN.  SERVILfrJS  (-i),  consul  B.O. 
IOC,  was  sent  into  Gallia  Narbonensis  to  op- 
pose the  Cimbri.  In  105  he  was  defeated  by 
the  Cimbri,  along  with  the  consul  Cn.  Mal- 
lius  or  Manlius.  80,000  soldiers  and  40,000 
camp-followers  are  said  to  have  perished. 
Caepio  survived  the  battle,  but  10  years  aft- 
erwards (95)  he  was  brought  to  trial  by  the 
tribune  C.  Norbanus,  on  account  of  his  mis- 


CAERE. 


90 


CAESAB. 


conduct  in  this  war.  He  was  condemned, 
and  cast  Into  prison,  where,  according  to  one 
account,  he  died ;  but  it  was  more  generally 
stated  that  he  escaped  from  prison,  and  lived 
in  exile  at  Smyrna. 

CAERE  (Cervetri),  called  by  the  Greeks 
AGYLLA  (Agyllina  urbs,  Virg.),  a  city  in  Etru- 
ria,  situated  on  a  small  river  W.  of  Veii,  and 
50  stadia  from  the  coast.  It  was  an  ancient 
Pelasgic  city,  the  capital  of  the  cruel  Mezen- 
tios,  and  was  afterwards  one  of  the  12  Etrus- 
can cities,  with  a  territory  extending  appar- 
ently as  far  as  the  Tiber.  In  early  times  Caere 
was  closely  allied  with  Rome ;  and  when  the 
latter  city  was  taken  by  the  Gauls,  B.O.  390, 
Caere  gave  refuge  to  the  Vestal  virgins.  The 
Romans,  out  of  gratitude,  are  said  to  have 
conferred  iipon  the  Caerites  the  Roman  fran- 
chise without  the  suffragium,  though  it  is  not 
improbable  that  the  Caerites  enjoyed  this 
honor  previously.  The  Caerites  appear  to 
have  been  the  first  body  of  Roman  citizens 
who  did  not  enjoy  the  suffrage.  Thus,  when 
a  Roman  citizen  was  struck  out  of  his  tribe 
by  the  censors,  and  made  an  aerarian,  he  was 
said  to  become  one  of  the  Caerites,  since  he 
had  lost  the  suffrage:  hence  we  find  the  ex- 
pressions in  tabulas  Caeritum  referre  and 
aerarium  facere  used  HS  synonymous. 

CAESlR  (-aris),  the  name  of  a  patrician 
family,  of  the  Julia  gens,  which  traced  its  or- 
igin to  lulus,  the  son  of  Aeneas.  Various 
etymologies  of  the  name  are  given  by  the  an- 
cient writers,  but  it  is  probably  connected 
with  the  Latin  word  caes-ar-ies,  and  the  San- 
skrit kesa,  "hair ;"  for  it  is  in  accordance  with 
the  Roman  custom  for  a  surname  to  be  given 
to  an  individual  from  some  peculiarity  in  his 
personal  appearance.  The  name  was  as- 
sumed by  Augustus  as  the  adopted  son  of  the 
dictator  C.  Julius  Caesar,  and  was  by  Augus- 
tus handed  down  to  his  adopted  son  Tiberius. 
It  continued  to  be  used  by  Caligula,  Claudius, 
and  Nero,  as  members  either  by  adoption  or 
female  descent  of  Caesar's  family ;  but  though 
the  family  became  extinct  with  Nero,  suc- 
ceeding emperors  still  retained  the  name  as 
part  of  their  titles,  and  it  was  the  practice  to 
prefix  it  to  their  own  n&me— as,  for  instance, 
I'mperatorCaesarDomitianm  Augustus.  When 
Hadrian  adopted  Aelius  Verus,  he  allowed  the 
latter  to  take  the  title  of  Caeaar ;  and  from 
this  time,  though  the  title  of  Augustus  con- 
tinued to  be  confined  to  the  reigning  prince, 
that  of  Caesar  was  also  granted  to  the  second 
person  in  the  state,  and  the  heir  presumptive 
to  the  throne.  (1)  L.  JULIUS  CAESAB,  consul, 
B.O.  90,  fought  against  the  Socii,  and  in  the 
course  of  the  same  year  proposed  the  Lex  Ju- 
lia de  Civitate,  which  granted  the  citizenship 
to  the  Latins  and  the  Socii  who  had  remained 
faithful  to  Rome.  Caesar  was  censor  in  89 ; 
he  belonged  to  the  aristocratical  party,  and 
was  put  to  death  by  Marius  in  87.-— (2)  C.  JU- 
LIUS CAESAR  STEABO  Vopisotrs,  brother  of  No. 
1,  was  cunile  aedile  in  90,  was  a  candidate  for 
the  consulship  in  88?  and  was  slain  along  with 
his  brother  by  Marius  in  ST.  He  was  one  of 
the  chief  orators  and  poets  of  his  age,  and  is 
one  of  the  speakers  in  Cicero's  dialogue  De 
Oratore.~(3)  L.  JULIUS  CAESAB,  son  of  No.  2, 


and  uncle  by  his  sister  Julia  of  M.  Antony  the 
triumvir.  He  was  consul  in  G4,  and  belonged, 
like  his  father,  to  the  aristocratical  party.  He 
appears  to  have  deserted  this  party  after- 
wards ;  we  find  him  in  Gaul  in  52  as  one  of 
the  legates  of  C.  Caesar,  and  he  continued  iu 
Italy  during  the  civil  war.  After  Caesar's 
death  (44)  he  sided  with  the  senate  in  oppo- 
sition to  his  uncle  Antony,  and  was  in  con- 
sequence proscribed  by  the  latter  in  43,  but 
obtained  his  pardon  through  the  inlltience  of 
his  sister  Julia.— (4)  L.  JULIUS  CAKSAR,  son  of 
No.  3,  usually  distinguished  from  his  fathei 
by  the  addition  to  his  name  offdius  or  ado. 
lesccns.  He  joined  Pompey  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war  in  49,  and  was  sent  by 
Pompey  to  Caesar  with  proposals  of  peace.— 
(5)  C.  Jcn.tus  CAKSAR,  the  dictator,  was  born 
on  the  12th  of  July,  100,  in  the  consulship  of 


C.  Marias  (VI.)  and  L.Valerius  tflaccus,  and 
was  consequently  6  years  younger  than  Ponv 
pey  and  Cicero.  Caesar  was  closely  connect- 
ed with  the  popular  party  by  the  marriage  of 
his  aunt  Julia  with  the  great  Marius ;  and  in 
S3,  though  only  17  years  of  age,  he  married 
Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  L.  China,  the  chief 
leader  of  the  Marian  party.  Sulla  commanded 
him  to  put  away  his  wife,  but  he  refused  to 
obey  him,  and  was  consequently  proscribed. 
He  concealed  himself  for  some  time  in  the 
country  of  the  Sabines,  till  his  friends  ob- 
tained his  pardon  from  Sulla,  who  is  said  to 
have  observed,  when  they  pleaded  his  youth, 
that  "that  boy  would  some  day  or  another 
be  the  ruin  of  the  aristocracy,  for  that  there 
were  many  Mariuses  in  him."  Seeing  that 
he  was  not  safe  at  Rome,  he  went  to  Asia. 


Minucius  Thermus,  and,  at  the  capture  of 
Mytilene  (80),  was  rewarded  with  a  civic 
crown  for  saving  the  life  of  a  fellow-soldier. 
On  the  death  of  Sulla,  in  78,  he  returned  to 
Rome,  and  in  the  following  year  gained  great 
renown  as  an  orator,  though  he  was  only  22 
years  of  age,  by  his  prosecution  of  Cn.  Dola- 
bella  on  account  of  extortion  in  his  province 
of  Macedonia.  To  perfect  himself  in  oratory 


CAESAR. 


91 


CAESAR. 


he  resolved  to  study  in  Rhodes  under  Apol- 
Jonius  Molo,  but  on  his  voyage  thither  he  was 
captured  by  pirates,  and  only  obtained  his 
liberty  by  a  ransom  of  50  talents.  At  Miletus 
he  manned  some  vessels,  overpowered  the 
pirates,  and  conducted  them  as  prisoners  to 
Pergamus,  where  he  crucified  them — a  pun- 
ishment with  which  he  had  frequently  threat- 
ened them  in  sport  when  he  was  their  pris- 
oner. On  his  return  to  Rome  he  devoted  all 
his  energies  to  acquire  the  favor  of  the  peo- 
ple. His  liberality  was  unbounded ;  and,  as 
his  private  fortune  was  not  large,  be  soon 
contracted  enormous  debts.  But  he  gained 
bis  object,  and  became  the  favorite  of  the 
people,  and  was  raised  by  them  in  succession 
to  the  hijjh  offices  of  the  state.  He  was 
quaestor  m  68,  aedile  in  65,  when  he  spent 
enormous  sums  upon  the  public  games  and 
buildings,  and  was  elected  Pontifex  Maxi- 
mus  in  03.  In  the  debate  in  the  senate  on 
the  punishment  of  the  Catilinariau  conspira- 
tors, he  opposed  their  execution  in  a  very 
able  speech,  which  made  such  an  impression 
that  their  lives  would  have  been  spared  but 
for  the  speech  of  Cato  in  reply.  In  62  he  was 
praetor,  and  in  the  following  year  he  went 
as  propraetor  into  Farther  Spain,  where  he 
gained  great  victories  over  the  Lusitauians. 
On  his  return  to  Rome  he  was  elected  consul 
along  with  Bibulus,  a  warm  supporter  of  the 
aristocracy.  After  his  election,  but  before  he 
entered  upon  the  consulship,  he  formed  that 
coalition  with  Pompey  and  M.  Crassus  usu- 
ally known  by  the  name  of  the  first  triumvi- 
rate. Pompey  had  become  estranged  from 
the  aristocracy,  since  the  senate  had  opposed 
the  ratification  of  his  acts  in  Asia,  and  of  an 
assignment  of  lands  which  he  had  promised 
to  his  veterans.  Crassus,  in  consequence  of 
his  immense  wealth,  was  one  of  the  most 
powerful  men  at  Rome,  but  was  a  personal 
enemy  of  Pompey.  They  were  reconciled  by 
Caesar,  and  the  three  entered  into  an  agree- 
ment to  support  one  another,  and  to  divide 
the  power  in  the  state  between  them.  In  69 
Caesar  was  consul,  and,  being  supported  by 
Pompey  and  Crassus,  he  was  able  to  carry  all 
his  measures.  Bibulus,  from  whom  the  sen- 
ate had  expected  so  much,  could  offer  no  ef- 
fectual opposition,  and,  after  making  a  vain 
attempt  to  resist  Caesar,  shut  himself  up  in 
his  own  house,  and  did  not  appear  again  in 
public  till  the  expiration  of  his  consulship. 
Caesar  brought  forward  such  measures  as  se- 
cured for  him  the  affections  of  the  poorest 
citizens,  of  the  Equites,  and  of  the  powerful 
Pompey ;  having  done  this,  he  was  easily  able 
to  obtain  for  himself  the  provinces  which  he 
wished.  By  a  vote  of  the  people,  proposed 
by  the  tribune  Vatinius,  the  provinces  of  Cis- 
alpine Gaul  and  Illyricum  were  granted  to 
Caesar,  with  3  legions,  for  5  years ;  and  the 
senate  added  to  tiis  government  the  province 
of  Transalpine  Gaul,  with  another  legion,  for 
5  years  also,  as  they  saw  that  a  bill  would  be 
proposed  to  the  people  for  that  purpose  if 
they  did  not  grant  the  province  themselves. 
Caesar  foresaw  that  the  struggle  between  the 
different  parties  at  Rome  must  eventually  be 
terminated  by  the  sword,  and  he  had  there- 
fore resolved  to  obtain  an  army,  which  he 


might  attach  to  himself  by  victories  and  re- 
wards.  In  the  course  of  the  same  year  he 
united  himself  more  closely  to  Pompey  by 

giving  him  his  daughter  Julia  in  marriage, 
uriiii?  the  next  9  years  Caesar  was  occupied 
with  the  subjugation  of  Gaul.  He  conquered 
the  whole  of  Transalpine  Gaul,  which  had 
hitherto  been  independent  of  the  Romans, 
with  the  exception  of  the  S.E.  part  called 
Provincia;  he  twice  crossed  the  Rhine,  and 
twice  lauded  in  Britain,  which  had  been  pre- 
viously unknown  to  the  Romans.  His  first 
invasion  of  Britain  was  made  late  in  the  sum- 
mer of  55,  but  more  with  the  view  of  obtain- 
ing some  knowledge  of  the  island  from  per- 
soiial  observation  than  with  the  intention  of 
permanent  conquest  at  present.  He  sailed 
from  the  port  of  Itius  (probably  Witeand,  be- 
tween Calais  and  Boulogne),  and  effected  a 
landing  somewhere  near  the  south  Foreland, 
after  a  severe  struggle  with  the  natives.  The 
late  period  of  the  year  compelled  him  to  re- 
turn to  Gaul  after  remaining  only  a  short 
time  in  the  island.  In  thfe  year,  according  to 
his  arrangement  with  Pompey  and  Crassus, 
who  were  now  consuls,  his  government  of 
the  Gauls  and  Illyricum  was  prolonged  for  5 
years,  namely,  from  the  1st  of  January,  53,  to 
the  end  of  December,  49.  During  the  follow-, 
ing  year  (54)  he  invaded  Britain  a  second 
time.  He  landed  in  Britain  at  the  same  place 
as  in  the  former  year,  defeated  the  Britons 
in  a  series  of  engagements,  and  crossed  the 
Taraesis  (Thames).  The  Britons  submitted, 
and  promised  to  pay  an  annual  tribute;  but 
their  subjection  was  only  nominal.  Caesar's 
success  in  Gaul  excited  Pompey's  jealousy; 
and  the  death  of  Julia  in  childbirth,  in  54, 
broke  one  of  the  few  links  which  kept  them 
together.  Pompey  was  thus  led  to  join  again 
the  aristocratical  party,  by  whose  assistance 
he  hoped  to  retain  his  position  as  the  chief 
man  in  the  Roman  state.  The  great  object 
of  this  party  was  to  deprive  Caesar  of  his 
command,  and  to  compel  him  to  come  to 
Rome  as  a  private  man  to  sue  for  the  consul- 
ship. Caesar  offered  to  resign  his  command 
if  Pompey  would  do  the  same;  but  the  sen- 
ate would  listen  to  no  compromise.  Accord- 
ingly, on  the  1st  of  January,  49,  the  senate 
passed  a  resolution  that  Caesar  should  dis- 
band his  army  by  a  certain  day,  and  that  if 
he  did  not  do  so  he  should  be  regarded  as  an 
enemy  of  the  state.  Two  of  the  tribunes,  M. 
Antonius  and  Q.  Cassius,  put  their  veto  upon 
this  resolution,  but  their  opposition  -was  set 
at  naught,  and  they  fled  for  refuge  to  Caesar's 
camp.  Uu  der  the  plea  of  protecting  the  trib- 
unes, Caesar  crossed  the  Rubicon,  which  sep- 
arated his  province  from  Italy,  and  marched 
towards  Rome.  Pompey,  who  had  been  in- 
trusted by  the  senate  with  the  conduct  of  the 
war,  soon  discovered  how  greatly  he  had 
overrated  his  own  popularity  and  influence. 
His  own  troops  deserted  to  his  rival  in  crowds; 
town  after  town  in  Italy  opened  its  gates  to 
Caesar,  whose  march  was  like  a  triumphal 
progress.  Meantime,  Pompey,  with  the  mag- 
istrates and  senators,  had  fled  from  Rome  to 
the  S.  of  Italy,  and  on  the  17th  of  March  em- 
barked for  Greece.  Caesar  pursued  Pompey 
to  Brundusium,  but  he  was  unable  to  foltcm 


CAESAR. 


CAESARAUGUSTA. 


him  to  Greece  for  want  of  ships.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  set  out  for  Spain,  where  Pom- 
pey's  legates,  Afranins,  Petreius,  and  Varro, 
commanded  powerful  armies.  After  defeat- 
ing Afranios  and  Petreius,  and  receiving  the 
submission  of  Varro,  Caesar  returned  to 
Rome,  where  he  had  in  the  mean  time  been 
appointed  dictator  by  the  praetor  M.  Lepidus. 
He  resigned  the  dictatorship  at  the  end  of  11 
days,  after  holding  the  consular  comitia,  in 
which  he  himself  and  P.  Servilius  Vatia  Isau- 
ricus  were  elected  consuls  for  the  next  year. 
—At  the  beginning  of  January,  48,  Caesar 
crossed  over  to  Greece,  where  Pompey  had 
collected  a  formidable  army.  \  At  first  the 
campaign  was  in  Pompey's  favor :  Caesar  was 
repulsed,  before  Dyrrhachinm  with  consider- 
able loss,  and  was  obliged  to  retreat  towards 
Thessaly.  In  this  country,  on  the  plains  of 
Pharsalus,  or  Pharsalia,  a  decisive  battle  was 
fought  between  the  two  armies  on  Aug.  9th, 
48,  m  which  Pompey  was  completely  defeated. 
Pompey  fled  to  Egypt,  pursued  by  Caesar,  but 
he  was  murdered  before  Caesar  arrived  in 
the  country.  [POMPEIUS.]  On  his  arrival  in 
Egypt*  Caesar  became  involved  in  a  war,  usu- 
ally called  the  Alexandrine  war.  It  arose 
from  the  determination  of  Caesar  that  Cleo- 
patra, whose  fascinations  had  won  his  heart, 
should  reign  in  common  with  her  brother 
Ptolemy;  but  this  decision  was  opposed  by 
the  guardians  of  the  young  king,  and  the  war 
which  thus  broke  out  was  not  brought  to  a 
close  till  the  latter  end  of  March,  47.  It  was 
soon  after  this  that  Cleopatra  had  a  son  by 
Caesar.  [CA.ESABION.]  Caesar  returned  to 
Rome  through  Syria  and  Asia  Minor,  and  on 
his  march  through  Pontus  attacked  Pharna- 
ces,  the  son  of  Mithridates  the  Great,  who 
had  assisted  Pompey.  He  defeated  Pharna- 
ces  near  Zela  with  such  ease  that  he  informed 
the  senate  of  his  victory  by  the  words,  Fent, 
vidij  viti.  He  reached  Rome  in  September 
(47),  and  before  the  end  of  the  month  set  sail 
for  Africa,  where  Scipio  and  Cato  had  collect- 
ed a  large  army.  The  war  was  terminated  by 
the  defeat  of  the  Pompeiau  army  at  the  battle 
of  Thapsus,  on  the  6th  of  April,  40.  Cato,  un- 
able to  defend  Utica,  put  an  end  to  his  own 
life.— Caesar  returned  to  Rome  in  the  latter 
end  of  July.  He  was  now  the  undisputed 
master  of  the  Roman  world,  but  he  used  his 
victory  with  the  greatest  moderation.  Unlike 
other  conquerors  in  civil  wars,  he  freely  for- 
gave all  who  had  borne  arms  against  him, 
and  declared  that  he  would  make  no  differ- 
ence between  Pompeians  and  Caesarians.  His 
clemency  was  one  of  the  brightest  features  of 
his  character.  One  of  the  most  important  of 
his  measures  this  year  (46)  was  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  calendar.  As  the  Roman  year  was 
now  3  months  in  advance  of  the  real  time, 
Caesar  added  90  days  to  this  year,  and  thus 
made  the  whole  year  consist  of  445  days ;  and 
he  guarded  against  a  repetition  of  similar  er- 
rors for  the  future  by  adapting  the  year  to 
the  sun's  course.— Meantime  the  two  sons  of 
Pompey,  Sextus  and  Cneius,  had  collected  a 
new  army  in  Spain.  Caesar  set  out  for  Spain 
towards  the  end  of  the  year,  and  brought  the 
war  to  a  close  by  the  battle  of  Munda,  on  the 
17th  of  March,  45,  in  which  the  enemy  were 


only  defeated  after  a  most  obstinate  resist- 
ance. Cn.  Pompey  was  killed  shortly  after- 
wards, but  Sextus  made  good  his  escape. 
Caesar  reached  Rome  in  September,  and  en- 
tered the  city  in  triumph.  Possessing  royal 
power,  he  now  wished  to  obtain  the  title  of 
king,  and  Antony  accordingly  offered  him  the 
diadem  in  public  on  the  festival  of  the  Luper- 
calia  (the  15th  of  February) ;  but,  seeing  that 
the  proposition  was  not  favorably  received 
by  the  people,  he  declined  it  for  the  present. 
— But  Caesar's  power  was  not  witnessed  with- 
out envy.  The  Roman  aristocracy  resolved 
to  remove  him  by  assassination.  The  con- 
spiracy against  Caesar's  life  had  been  set  afoot 
by  Cassias,  a  personal  enemy  of  Caesar's,  and 


Many  of  these  persons  had  been  raised  by 
Caesar  to  wealth,  and  honor;  and  some  of 
them,  such  as  M.  Brutus,  lived  with  him  on 
terms  of  the  most  in  timate  friendship.  It  has 
been  the  practice  of  rhetoricians  to  speak  of 
the  murder  of  Caesar  as  a  glorious  deed,  and 
to  represent  Brutus  and  Caseins  as  patriots ; 
but  the  mask  ought  to  be  stripped  off  these 
false  patriots ;  they  cared  not  for  the  repub- 
lic, but  only  for  themselves ;  and  their  object 
in  murdering  Caesar  was  to  gain  power  for 
themselves  and  their  party.  Caesar  had  many 
warnings  of  his  approaching  fate,  but  he  dis- 
regarded them  all,  and  fell  by  the  daggers  of 
his  assassins  on  the  Ides  or  15th  of  March,  44. 
At  an  appointed  signal  the  conspirators  sur- 
rounded him :  Casca  dealt  the  first  blow,  and 
the  others  quickly  drew  their  swords  and  at- 
tacKed  him ;  Caesar  at  first  defended  himself* 
but  when  he  saw  that  Brutus,  his  friend  and 
favorite,  had  also  drawn  his  sword,  he  ex- 
claimed, Tu  quoque  Brute!  pulled  his  toga 
over  his  face,  and  sunk  pierced  with  wounds 
at  the  foot  of  Pompey's  statue.— Julius  Caesar 
was  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  antiquity.  He 
was  gifted  by  nature  with  the  most  varied 
talents,  and  was  distinguished  by  extraordi- 
nary attainments  in  the  most  diversified  pur- 
suits. During  the  whole  of  his  busy  life  he 
found  time  for  the  prosecution  of  literature, 
and  was  the  author  of  many  works,  the  ma- 
jority of  which  have  been  lost.  The  purity  of 
his  Latin  and  the  clearness  of  his  style  were 
celebrated  by  the  ancients  themselves,  and 
are  conspicuous  in  his  Commentarii,  which 
are  his  only  works  that  have  come  down  to 
us.  They  relate  the  history  of  the  first  7 
years  of  the  Gallic  war  in  7  books,  and  the 
history  of  the  Civil  war,  down  to  the  com* 
mencement  of  the  Alexandrine,  in  3  books. 
Neither  of  these  works  completed  the  history 
of  the  Gallic  and  Civil  wars.  The  history  of 
the  former  was  completed  in  an  8th  book, 
which  is  usually  ascribed  to  Hirtius,  and  the 
history  of  the  Alexandrine,  African,  and  Span- 
ish wars  was  written  in  three  separate  books, 
which  are  also  ascribed  to  Hirtms,  but  their 
authorship  is  uncertain. 

C.  CAESAR  and  L.  CAESAR,  the  sons  of 
M.  Vipsanius  Agrippa  and  Julia,  and  the 
grandsons  of  Augustus.  L.  Caesar  died  at 
Massilia  on  his  way  to  Spain,  A.D,  2,  and  C. 
Caesar  in  Lycia,  A.D.  4,  of  a  wouud  which  he 
had  received  in  Armenia. 

CAESARAUGUSTA  (-ae :  Zaragoza  or  Sar- 


CAESAREA. 


93 


CALIGULA. 


agossd),  more  anciently  SALDUBA,  a  town  of 
the  Edetaui  on  the  Iberus,  in  Hispania  Tar- 
raconeusis,  colonized  by  Augustus  B.O.  27. 

CAESAREA  (-ae),  a  name  given  to  several 
cities  of  the  Roman  empire  in  honor  of  one 
or  other  of  the  Caesars.— (1)  C.  AD  AEGAEUM, 
formerly  MAZAOA,  also  EUSEBIA  (Kesarieh, 
Ru.),  one  of  the  oldest  cities  of  Asia  Minor, 
stood  upon  Mount  Argaeus,  about  the  centre 
of  Cappadocia.  When  that  country  was  made 
a  Roman  province  by  Tiberius  (A.D.  18),  it  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Caesarea.  It  was  ulti- 
mately destroyed  by  an  earthquake.— (2)  C. 
PHILIPPI  or  PANE  AS  (Banias),  a  city  of  Pales- 
tine, at  the  S.  foot  of  Mount  Hermon,  on  the 
Jordan,  just  below  its  source,  built  by  Philip 
the  tetrarch,  B.C.  3 ;  King  Agrippa  called  it 
Neronias,  but  it  soon  lost  this  name.— (3)  C. 
PALAKSTINAE,  formerly  STEATONIB  TUBEIS,  an 
important  city  of  Palestine,  on  the  sea-coast, 
just  above  the  boundary-line  between  Sama- 
ria and  Galilee.  It  was  surrounded  with  a 
wall,  and  decorated  with  splendid  buildings 
by  Herod  the  Great  (B.O.  13),  who  called  it 
Caesarea,  in  honor  of  Augustus.  He  also 
made  a  splendid  harbor  for  the  city.  Under 
the  Romans  it  was  the  capital  of  Palestine 
and  the  residence  of  the  procurator. — (4)  C. 
MAUBETANIAE,  formerly  IOL  (Zershell,  Ru.),  a 
Phoenician  city  on  the  N.  coast  9f  Africa, 
with  a  harbor,  the  residence  of  King  Juba, 
who  named  it  Caesarea,  in  honor  of  Augus- 
tus. There  are  several  other  cities,  which  are 
better  known  by  other  names. 

CAESlRION  (-onis),  son  of  C.  Julius  Cae- 
sar and  of  Cleopatra,  originally  called  Ptole- 
maeus  as  an  Egyptian  prince,  was  born  B.O. 
47.  After  the  -death  of  nis  mother  in  30,  he 
was  executed  by  order  of  Augustus. 

CAESARODUNUM  (-i:  Tours),  chief  town 
of  the  Turftnes  orTur&ni,  subsequently  called 
TUEONI.  on  the  Liger  (Loire),  in  Gallia  Lug- 
dunensis. 

CAESlA  (-ae),  a  forest  in  Germany  be- 
tween the  Lippe  and  the  Yssel. 

CAlCUS  (-i),  a  river  of  Mysia,  rising  in 
Mount  Temnus  and  flowing  past  Pergamus 
into  the  Cumaean  Gulf. 

CAIBTA  (-ae :  Gaeta),  a  town  in  Latium  on 
the  borders  of  Campania,  situated  on  a  prom- 
ontory of  the  same  name,  and  on  a  bay  of  the 
ftea  called  after  it  SINUS  CAIETANUS.  It  pos- 
sessed an  excellent  harbor,  and  was  said  to 
have  derived  its  name  from  Caieta,  the  nurse 
of  Aeneas. 

ClIUS,  the  jurist.    [GAIUS.] 

ClIUS  CAESAR.    [CALIGULA.] 

CALABER.    IQUINTUS  SMYENAEUS.] 

CiLiBRf  A  (-ae),  the  peninsula  in  the  S.E. 
of  Italy,  extending  from  Tarentum  to  the 
Prom.  lapygium,  formed  part  of  APULIA. 

ClLACT®  (-es),  originally  the  name  of  part 
of  the  coast,  and  afterwards  a  town  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Sicily,  founded  by  Ducetius,  a  chief 
of  the  Sicels,  about  B.O.  447. 

CALAGURRIS  (-is :  Catohorra),  a  town  of 
the  Vascones  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis  near 
the  Iberus*  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Quin- 
tiliaa 


CllAlS,  brother  of  Zetes.    [ZETES.] 

CAL5.NUS  (-i),  an  Indian  gymnosophist 
who  burned  himself  alive  in  the  presence  of 
the  Macedonians,  3  months  before  the  death 
of  Alexander  (u.o.  323),  to  whom  he  had  pre- 
dicted his  approaching  end. 

CALATIA  (-ae :  Cajazzo),  a  .town  in  Sam- 
nium  on  the  Appia  Via  between  Capua  and 
Beneventum. 

CALAT1NUS,  A.  ATILIUS,  consul  n.o. 
258,  and  dictat9r  in  249,  when  he  carried  on 
the  war  in  Sicily.  He  was  the  tirst  dictator 
that  commanded  an  army  out  of  Italy. 

CALAURBA  or  -IA  (-ae:  Poro),  a  small 
island  in  the  Sarouic  gulf  off  the  coast  of  Ar- 
golis  and  opposite  Troezen,  possessed  a  cele- 
brated temple  of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  which 
was  regarded  as  an  inviolable  asylum.  Hith- 
er Demosthenes  fled  to  escape  Autipater,  and 
here  he  took  poison,  B.O.  322. 

CALCHAS  (-antis),  son  of  Thestor,  was  the 
wisest  soothsayer  among  the  Greeks  at  Troy, 
and  advised  them  in  then-  various  dfflcnlties. 
An  oracle  had  declared  that  he  should  die  if 
he  met  with  a  soothsayer  superior  to  himself; 
and  this  came  to  pass  at  Claros,  near  Colo- 
phon, for  here  he  met  the  soothsayer  MOPSUS, 
who  predicted  things  which  Galenas  could 
not.  Thereupon  Calchas  died  of  grief.  After 
his  death  he  had  an  oracle  in  Daunia. 

CALE  (-es :  Oporto),  a  port-town  of  the  Cal- 
laeci  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Durius.  From  Porto  CaU  the  name 
of  the  country  Portugal  is  supposed  to  have 
come. 

CALEDONIA.    [BRITANNIA.] 

CA"  LENUS,  Q.  FtMUS,  a  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  B.O.  61,  when  he  succeeded  in  saving  P. 
Clodius  from  condemnation  for  his  violation 
of  the  mysteries  of  the  Bona  Dea.  In  59  he 
was  praetor,  and  from  this  time  appears  as  an 
active  partisan  of  Caesar,  in  whose  service  he 
remained  until  Caesar's  death  (44).  After  this 
event  Calenus  joined  M.  Antony,  and  subse- 
quently had  the  command  of  Antony's  legions 
in  the  N.  of  Italy. 

GILES  (-is,  usually  PI.  Cales,  -ium :  Calvfy 
chief  town  of  the  Caleni,  an  Ansonian  people 
in  Campania,  on  the  Via  Latina.  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  Calais,  son  of  Boreas,  and 
therefore  called  Threltia  by  the  poets.  It 
was  celebrated  for  its  excellent  wine. 

CALETES  (-nm)  or  CALETI  (-oram),  a 
people  in  Belgic  Gaul  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Seine. 

CALlGfrLA  (-ae),  Roman  emperor,  A.D. 
37-41,  son  of  Germanicus  and  Agrippina,  was 
born  A.D.  12,  and  was  brought  up  among  the 
legions  in  Germany.  His  real  name  was 
Caius  Caesar,  and  he  was  Always  called  Caius 
by  his  contemporaries;  Caligula  was  a  sur- 
name given  him  by  the  soldiers  from  his 
wearing  in  his  boyhood  small  caligae,  or  sol- 
diers' boots.  He  gained  the  favor  of  Tiberi- 
us, who  raised  him  to  offices  of  honor,  and 
held  out  to  him  hopes  of  the  succession.  On 
the  death  of  Tiberius  (37),  which  was  either 
caused  or  accelerated  by  Caligula,  the  latter 
succeeded  to  the  throne.  He  was  saluted  bj 


CALIGULA. 


OALLIRRHOE. 


Calignla, 


the  people  with  the  greatest  enthusiasm  as 
the  son  of  Germanicus.  His  first  acts  gave 
promise  of  a  jnst  and  beneficent  reign ;  but 
at  the  end  of  8  months  his  conduct  became 
suddenly  changed.  After  a  serious  illness, 
which  probably  weakened  his  mental  powers, 
he  appears  as  a  sanguinary  and  licentious 
madman.  In  his  madness  he  built  a  temple 
to  himself  as  Jupiter  Latiaris,  and  appointed 
priests  to  attend  to  his  worship.  His  extrav- 
agance was  monstrous.  One  instance  will 
show  at  once  his  wastefulness  and  cruelty. 
He  constructed  a  bridge  of  boats  between 
Baiae  and  Puteoli,  a  distance  of  about  3  miles, 
and,  after  covering  it  with  earth,  he  built 
houses  upon  it.  When  it  was  finished,  he 
gave  a  splendid  banquet  in  the  middle  of  the 
bridge,  and  concluded  the  entertainment  by 
throwing  numbers  of  the  guests  into  the 
sea.  To  replenish  the  treasury  he  exhausted 
Italy  and  Rome  by  his  extortions,  and  then 
marched  into  Gaul  in  40,  which  he  plundered 
in  all  directions.  With  his  troops  he  ad- 
vanced to  the  ocean,  as  if  intending  to  cross 
over  into  Britain ;  he  drew  them  up  in  battle 
array,  and  then  gave  them  the  signal—to  col- 
ect  shells,  which  he  called  the  spoils  of  con- 


Coin  of  Caligula,  with  hia  bead  and  that  of  Augustas  (the 
latter  crowned). 


quered  Ocean.  The  Roman  world  at  length 
grew  tired  of  such  a  mail  tyrant.  Four 
months  after  his  return  to  the  city,  on  the 
24th  of  January,  41,  he  was  murdered  by  Cas* 
sius  Chaereu,  tribune  of  a  praetorian  cohort, 
Cornelius  Sabinus,  and  others.  His  wife  Cae- 
souia  and  his  daughter  were  likewise  put  to 
death. 

CALLAICI,  CALLAECI.    [G  ALT,  A.  KOI.] 

CALLATIS  (-is),  a  town  of  Moesia,  on  the 
Black  Sea,  originally  a  colony  of  Miletus,  and 
afterwards  of  Haraclea. 

CALLlAS  (-ae)  and  HIPPONICUS  (-i),  a 
noble  Athenian  family,  celebrated  for  their 
wealth.  They  enjoyed  the  hereditary  dignity 
of  torch-beaver  at  the  Eleusinian  mysteries, 
and  claimed  descent  from  Triptolemus.  The 
first  member  of  this  family  of  any  note  was 
Callias,  who  fought  at  the  battle  of  Marathon, 
490.  He  was  afterwards  embassador  from 
Athens  to  Artaxerxes,  and,  according  to 
some  accounts,  negotiated  a  peace  witlf  Per- 
sia, 449,  on  terms  most  humiliating  to  the  lat- 
ter. On  his  return  to  Athens  he  was  accused 
of  having  taken  bribes,  and  was  condemned 
to  a  fine  of  50  talents.  His  son  Hipponicus 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Delium  in  424  It 
was  his  divorced  wife,  and  not  his  widow, 
whom  Pericles  married.  His  daughter  Hip- 
parete  was  married  to  Alcibiades.  Callias, 
son  of  this  Hipponicus  by  the  lady  whc  mar- 
ried Pericles,  dissipated  all  his  ancestral 
wealth  on  sophists,  flatterers,  and  women. 
The  scene  of  Xenophon's  Banquet,  and  also 
that  of  Plato's  Protagoras,  is  laid  at  his  house. 

CALLlAS,  a  wealthy  Athenian,  who,  on 
condition  of  marrying  Citnon's  sister,  Elpi- 
nice,  liberated  Cimon  from  prison  by  paying 
for  him  the  fine  of  50  talents  which  had  been 
imposed  on  Miltiades. 

CALLIDRO'MUS  or  -UM  (-i),  part  of  the 
range  of  Mount  Oeta,  near  Thermopylae. 

CALLIFAE,  a  town  in  Samnium  of  uncer- 
tain site. 

CALLlMlCHUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Alexan- 
drine grammarian  and  poet,  was  a  native  of 
Cyreue  in  Africa,  lived  at  Alexandria  in  the 

tes,  and  was  chief  librarian  of  the  famous  li- 
brary of  Alexandria,  from  about  B.C.  200  until 
his  death,  about  240.  Among  his  pupils  were 
Eratosthenes,  Aristophanes  of  Byzantium,  and 
Apollonius  Rhodius,  with  the  latter  of  whom 
he  subsequently  quarreled.  He  wrote  numer- 
ous works  on  an  infinite  variety  of  subjects, 
but  of  these  we  possess  only  some  of  his  po- 
ems, which  are  characterized  rather  by  labor 
and  learning  than  by  real  poetical  genius. 

CALLINTJS  (-i),  of  Ephesus,  the  earliest 
Greek  elegiac  poet,  probably  flourished  about 
B.O.  700. 

CALLIOPE. 


CALLIP5LIS  (-is).  (1)  A  town  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Sicily  not  far  from  Aetna.—  (2)  (Gal* 
lipoli),  a  town  in  the  Thracian  Chersonese 
opposite  Lampsacus.—  (3)  A  town  in  Aetolia, 
[GALLIUM.] 

CALLIRRHQS  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Ache- 
lous  and  wife  of  Alcmaeon,  induced  her  hus' 


CALLIHRHOE. 


CAMBYSES. 


band  to  procure  her  the  peplus  and  necklace 
of  Harmouia,  by  which  she  caused  his  death. 
[ALOMAEON.]  — (2)  Daughter  of  Scamander, 
wife  of  Tros,  and  mother  of  Bus  and  Gany- 
niedes. 

CALLIRRHOE  (-es),  afterwards  called  EN- 
NFAOIOTNTJS,  or  the  "Nine  Springs,"  because 
its  water  was  distributed  by  9  pipes,  was  the 
most  celebrated  well  in  Athens,  situated  in 
the  S.E.  part  of  the  city,  and  still  retains  its 
ancient  name  Callirrhoe. 

CALLISTHENES  (-iy),  of  Olynthus,  a  rela- 
tion and  a  pupil  of  Aristotle,  accompanied 
Alexander  the  Great  to  Asia.  He  rendered 
himself  so  obnoxious  to  Alexander  by  the 
boldness  and  independence  with  which  he 
expressed  his  opiuions  on  several  occasions, 
that  he  was  accused  of  being  privy  to  the  plot 
of  Hermolaus  to  assassinate  Alexander ;  and 
after  being  kept  in  chains  for  7  months,  was 
either  put  to  death  or  died  of  disease.  He 
wrote  several  works,  all  of  which  have  per- 
ished. 

CALLISTO  (-us;  ace.  -6),  an  Arcadian 
nymph,  hence  called  Nonacrlna  virgo,  from 
Nonacris,  a  mountain  in  Arcadia,  was  a  com- 
panion of  Artemis  (Diana)  in  the  chase.  She 
was  beloved  by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who  meta- 
morphosed her  into  a  she-bear,  that  Hera 
(Juno)  might  not  become  acquainted  with 
the  amour.  But  Hera  learned  the  truth,  and 
caused  Artemis  to  slay  Callisto  during  the 
chase.  Zeus  placed  Callisto  among  the  stars 
under  the  name  of  Arctos,  or  the  Bear.  AE- 
OAS  was  her  son  by  Zeus.  [AKOTOS.] 

CALLISTRlTiA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Paphla- 
gonia,  on  the  coast  of  the  Euxine. 

GALLIUM  (-i),  called  CALLIPOLIS  (-is)  by 
Livy,  a  town  in  Aetolia  in  the  valley  of  the 
Spercheus. 

CiLOR  (-oris),  a  river  in  Samnium  flowing 
past  Beneventum  and  falling  into  the  Vultur- 
nus. 

CALPl  (-es:  Gibraltar).  (1)  A  mountain 
in  the  S.  of  Spain  on  the  straits  between  the 
Atlantic  and  Mediterranean.  This  and  Mount 
Abyla,  opposite  to  it  on  the  African  coast, 
were  called  the  Columns  of  Hercules.  [ABYLA.  j 
—(2)  A  river,  promontory,  and  town  on  the 
coast  of  Bithynia. 

CALPURNlA  (-ae),  daughter  of  L.  Calpur- 
nius  Piso,  consul  u.o.  58,  and  last  wife  of  the 
dictator  Caesar,  to  whom  she  was  married  in 
59.  She  survived  her  husband. 

CALPURNIA  GENS,  plebeian,  pretended 
to  be  descended  from  Calpus,  a  son  of  Numa. 
It  was  divided  into  the  families  of  BIBULUS 
and  Piso. 

CALVINUS,  CN.  DOMITIUS  (-1),  tribune 
of  the  plebs,  B.O.  59,  when  he  supported  Bibu- 
lus  against  Caesar,  praetor  in  56,  and  consul 
in  53,  through  the  influence  of  Pompey.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  the  civil  war  as  one  of 
Caesar's  generals. 

CiLtCADNUS  (-i),  a  considerable  river  of 
Cilicia  Tracheia,  navigable  as  far  as  Seleucia. 

ClLYDNAE  (-arum).  (1)  Two  small  isl- 
ands off  the  coast  of  Troas.— (2)  A  group  of 
islands  off  the  coast  of  Caria,  belonging  to 


the  Sporades.  The  largest  of  them  was  called 
Calydna,  and  afterwards  Calymua. 

C-lLlfpON  (-Guib),  an  ancient  town  of  Aeto- 
lia W.  of  the  Eveuus  in  the  land  of  the  Cure- 
tes,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Aetolas  or 
his  son  Calydon.  The  town  was  celebrated 
in  the  heroic  ages,  but  is  rarely  mentioned 
in  historical  times.  In  the  mountains  in  the 
neighborhood  took  place  the  celebrated  hunt 
of  the  Calydoniau  boar.  The  inhabitants 
were  removed  by  Augustus  to  NIOOPOLIS.  In 
the  Roman  poets  we  find  Calyddnte,  a  woman 
of  Aetolia,  i.  e.  Delanira,  daughter  of  Oenens, 
king  of  Calydon ;  Calydonius  heros,  i.  e.  Me- 
leager ;  Calydonius  amnis,  i.  e.  the  Achelous 
separating  Acarnania  and  Aetolia,  because 
Calydon  was  the  chief  town  of  Aetolia;  Caly- 
donia  regna,  i.  e.  Apulia,  because  Diomedes, 
grandson  of  Oeneus,  king  of  Calydon,  after- 
wards obtained  Apulia  as  his  kingdom. 

ClLYPSO  (-us ;  ace.  -o),  a  nymph  inhabit- 
ing the  island  of  Ogygia,  on  which  Ulysses 
'  1.  &atyp  ' '  '  '  ' 


was  shipwrecked.  Calypso  loved  the  unfor- 
tunate hero,  and  promised  him  immortality 
if  he  would  remain  with  her.  Ulysses  re- 
fused, and  after  she  had  detained  him  7  years, 
the  gods  compelled  her  to  allow  him  to  COD- 
tinue  his  journey  homewards. 


Calypso.    (From  a  painted  Vase.) 

CAMALODtTNUM  (Colchester),  the  capital 
of  the  Triuobantes  in  Britain,  and  the  first 
Roman  colony  in  the  island,  founded  by  the 
emperor  Claudius,  A.D.  43. 

CXMiRlNA  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  S.  coast 
of  Sicily,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hipparis,  found- 
ed by  Syracuse,  B.O.  599.  •  It  was  several  times 
destroyed  by  Syracuse ;  and  in  the  first  Pimic 
war  it  was  taken  by  the  Romans,  and  most 
of  the  inhabitants  sold  as  slaves. 

CAMBtJNI  (-orum)  MONTES,  the  mount- 
ains which  separate  Macedonia  ami  Theesaly. 

CAMBYSIJS  (-is).  (1)  Father  of  CYRUS  the 
Great— (2)  Second  king  of  Persia,  succeeded 
his  father  Cyrus,  and  reigned  »-o.  529-522. 
In  525  he  conquered  Egypt ;  bu*  'was  unsuc* 


CAMENAE. 


96 


CANDACE. 


cessful  in  expeditions  against  the  Ammonians 
and  against  the  Aethiopians.  On  his  return 
to  Memphis  he  treated  the  Egyptians  with 
great  cruelty;  he  insulted  their  religion,  and 
slew  their  god  Apis  with  his  own  hands.  He 
also  acted  tyrannically  towards  his  own  fam- 
ily and  the  Persians  in  general.  He  caused 
his  own  brother  Smerdis  to  he  murdered ; 
but  a  Magian  personated  the  deceased  prince, 
and  set  up  a  claim  to  the  throne.  [SMERDIS.] 
Cambyses  forthwith  set  out  from.  Egypt 
against  this  pretender,  but  died  in  Syria,  at 
a  place  named  Ecbatana,  of  an  accidental 
wound  in  the  thigh,  522. 

CiMBNAE  (-arum),  prophetic  nymphs,  be- 
longing to  the  religion  of  ancient  Italy,  al- 
though later  traditions  represent  their  wor- 
ship as  introduced  into  Italy  from  Arcadia, 
and  some  accounts  identify  them  with  the 
Muses.  The  most  important  of  these  god- 
desses was  Carmenta  or  Carmentis,  who  had 
a  temple  at  the  foot  of  the  Capitoline  hill, 
and  altars  near  the  Porta  Carmentalis.  The 
traditions  which  assigned  a  Greek  origin  to 
her  worship  state  that  her  original  name  was 
Nicostrate,  and  that  she  was  the  mother  of 
Evander,  with  whom  she  came  to  Italy. 

CiMERlA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  of  La- 
tium,  conquered  by  Tarquinius  Priscus. 

CIMERINUM  or  CiMlRlNUM  (-i),  more 
anciently  CAMERS  (-tis:  Ctammrao),  a  town 
in  TJmbria,  on  the  borders  of  Piceimm,  and 
subsequently  a  Roman  colony. 

G5.MERINUS  (-i),  a  Roman  poet,  contem- 
porary with  Ovid,  wrote  a  poem  on  the  capt- 
ure of  Troy  by  Hercules. 

CAMICUS  (-i),  an  ancient  town  of  the  Si- 
caii  on  the  S.  coast  of  Sicily,  and  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  occupied  the  site  of  the 
citadel  of  AGEIGENTTJM. 

CiMILLA  (-ae),  daughter  of  king  Metabus, 
of  the  Volscian  town  of  Privernnm,  was  one 
of  the  swift-footed  servants  of  Diana,  accus- 
tomed to  the  chase  and  to  war.  She  assisted 
Tunms  against  Aeneas,  and  after  slaying 
numbers  of  the  Trojans  was  at  length  killed 
by  Aruns. 

OlMILLUS,  M.  FtTRlUS  (-i),  one  of  the 
great  heroes  of  the  Roman  republic.  He  was 
censor  B.O.  403,  in  which  year  Livy  errone- 
ously places  his  first  consular  tribunate.  He 
was  consular  tribune  six  different  years,  and 
dictator  five  times  during  his  life.  In  his 
first  dictatorship  (396)  he  gained  a  glorious 
victory  over  the  Faliscans  and  Fideuates,  took 
Veii,  and  entered  Rome  in  triumph.  Five 
years  afterwards  (391)  he  was  accused  of  hav- 
ing made  an  unfair  distribution  of  the  booty 
of  veii,  and  went  voluntarily  into  exile  at  Ar- 
dea.  Next  year  (390)'  the  Gauls  took  Rome, 
and  laid  siege  to  Ardea.  The  Romans  in  the 
Capitol  recalled  Camillus,  and  appointed  him 
dictator  in  his  absence.  Camillus  hastily 
collected  an  army,  attacked  the  Gauls,  and 
defeated  them  completely.  [BBENNTJS.]  His 
fellow-citizens  saluted  him  as  the  Second 
Romulus.  In  367  he  was  dictator  a  fifth  time, 
and  though  SO  years  of  age,  he  completely  de- 
feated the  Gauls.  He  died  of  the  pestilence, 
365.  Camillus  was  the  great  general  of  his 


age,  and  the  resolute  champion  of  the  patri- 
cian order. 

CAMIRUS  (-i),  a  Dorian  town  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Rhodes,  and  the  princi- 
pal town  in  the  island  before  the  foundation 
of  Rhodes. 

CAMPlNIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Italy,  the 
name  of  which  is  probably  derived  from  com- 
pus,  "a  plain,"  separated  from  Latium  by 
the  river  Liris,  and  from  Lucania  at  a  later 
time  by  the  river  Silarus,  though  in  the  time 
of  Augustus  it  did  not  extend  farther  S.  than 
the  promontory  of  Minerva.  In  still  earlier 
times  the  Ager  Campanus  included  only  the 
country  round  Capua.  Campania  is  a  vol- 
canic country,  to  which  circumstance  it  was 
plainly  indebted  for  its  extraordinary  fertil- 
ity, for  which  it  was  celebrated  in  antiquity 
above  all  other  lands.  The  fertility  of  the 
soil,  allowing  in  parts  3  crops  in  a  year,  the 
beauty  of  the  scenery,  and  the  softness  of  the 
climate,  the  heat  of  which  was  tempered  by 
the  delicious  breezes  of  the  sea,  procured  for 
Campania  the  epithet  Felix,  a  name  which  it 
justly  deserved.  It  was  the  favorite  retreat 
in  summer  of  the  Roman  nobles,  whose  villas 
studded  a  considerable  part  of  its  coast,  espe- 
cially in  the  neighborhood  of  BAIAE.  The 
earliest  inhabitants  of  the  country  were  the 
Ausones  and  Osci  or  Opici.  They  were  sub- 
sequently conquered  by  the  Etruscans,  who 
became  the  masters  of  almost  all  the  country. 
In  the  time  of  the  Romans  we  find  3  distinct 
peoples,  besides  the  Greek  population  of  Cu- 
MAE:  1.  The  Campani,  properly  so  called,  a 
mixed  race,  consisting  of  Etruscans  and  the 
original  inhabitants  of  the  country,  dwelling 
along  the  coast  from  Sinuessa  to  Paestum. 
They  were  the  ruling  race.  [CAPUA.]— -2.  Si- 
DIOUSTI,  an  Ausonian  people,  in  the  N.W.  of 
the  country  on  the  borders  of  Samnium.— 3. 
PIOENTINI,  in  the  S.E.  of  the  country. 

CAMPI  RAUDII  (-orum),  a  plain  in  the  N. 
of  Italy,  near  Vercellae,  where  Marins  and 
Catulus  defeated  the  Cimbri,  B.O.  101. 

CAMPUS  MART3EUS  (-i),  the  "Plain  of 
Mars,"  frequently  called  CAMPUS  simply,  was 
the  N.W.  portion  of  the  plain  lying  in  the 
bend  of  the  Tiber,  outside  the  walls  of  Rome. 
The  Circus  Flaminius  in  the  S.  gave  its  name 
to  a  portion  of  the  plain.  The  Campus  Mar- 
tius  is  said  to  have  belonged  originally  to  the 
Tarquins,  and  to  have  been  consecrated  to 
Mars  upon  the  expulsion  of  the  kings.  Here 
the  Roman  youths  were  accustomed  to  per- 
form their  gymnastic  and  warlike  exercises, 
and  here  the  comitia  of  the  centuries  were 
held.  At  a  later  time  it  was  surrounded  by- 
porticoes,  temples,  and  other  public  build- 
ings. It  was  included  within  the  city  walls 
by  Aurelian. 

CiNXCE  (-es)  entertained  an  unnatural 
love  for  her  brother  Macareus,  and  on  this 
account  was  compelled  by  her  father  to  kill 
herself. 

CANDlCE  (-es),  a  queen  of  the  Aethiopi- 
ans  of  Meroe,  invaded  Egypt  B.O.  22,  but  was 
driven  back  and  defeated  by  Petronius,  the 
Roman  governor  of  Egypt  Her  name  seems 
to  have  oeen  common  to  all  the  queens  of 
Aethiopta. 


CANDAULES. 


97 


CAPITOLIUM. 


CANDAULES,  also  called  Myrsilus,  last 
Heraclid  king  of  Lyclia.  He  exposed  his  wife 
to  Gyges,  whereupon  she  compelled  Gyges  to 
out  him  to  death.  [GYGES.] 

CANDlVlA  (-ae),  CANDAVll  (-ornm) 
MONTES,  the  mountains  separating  Illyri- 
cum  from  Macedonia,  across  which  the  Via 
Egnatia  ran. 

CANf  DIA  (-ae),  whose  real  name  was  Gra- 
tidia,  was  a  Neapolitan  courtesan,  beloved  by 
Horace ;  but  when  she  deserted  him,  he  re- 
venged himself  by  holding  her  up  to  con- 
tempt as  an  old  sorceress. 

CANIS  (-is),  the  constellation  of  the  Great 
Dog.  The  most  important  star  in  this  con- 
stellation was  specially  named  Cam's  or  Ca- 
nicula,  and  also  Slrlus.  The  Dies  Canicula- 
res  were  as  proverbial  for  the  heat  of  the 
weather  among  the  Komans  as  are  the  dog 
days  among  ourselves.  The  constellation  of 
the  Little  J)oa  was  called  Procyon,  literally 
translated  Ante  canem}  Antecanis,  because  in 
Greece  this  constellation  rises  heliacally  be- 
fore the  Great  Dog.  When  Bootes  was  re- 
garded as  Icarius  [AEOTOSJ,  Procyon  became 
Maera,  the  dog  of  Icarius. 

CANNAE  (-arum),  a  village  in  Apulia,  situ- 
ated in  an  extensive  plain,  memorable  for  the 
defeat  of  the  Komans  by  Hannibal,  B.C.  816. 


CANUSIUM  (-i:  Canosa\  an  important 
town  in  Apulia,  on  the  Aufidus,  founded,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  by  Diomedes.  It  was  at 
all  events  a  Greek  colony,  and  both  Greek  and 
Oscan  were  spoken  there  in  the  time  of  Hor- 
ace. It  was  celebrated  for  its  mules  and  its 
woolen  manufactures,  but  it  had  a  deficient 
supply  of  water. 

CAPANEUS  (-Sos  or  el),  son  of  Hippono- 
us,  and  one  of  the  7  heroes  who  marcbed 
against  Thebes.  He  was  struck  by  Zeus  (Ju- 
piter) with  lightning  as  he  was  scaling  the 
walls  of  Thebes,  because  he  had  dared  to  defjr 
the  god.  While  his  body  was  burning,  his 
wife  Evadne  leaped  into  the  flames  and  de- 
stroyed herself. 

CAPELLA,  the  star.    [CAPEA.] 

CAPENA  (-ae),  an  ancient  Etruscan  towa 
founded  by  Veil,  and  subsequently  became  a 
Roman  municipium.  In  its  territory  was  the 
celebrated  grove  and  temple  of  Feronia  on 
the  small  river  Capenas.  [FEBONIA.] 

CAPETUS  SILVJUS.    [SiLvius.] 

CAPHAREUS  (Capo  d'Oro),  a  rocky  and 
dangerous  promontory  on  the  S.E.  of  Euboea, 
where  the  Greek  fleet  is  said  to  have  been 
wrecked  on  its  return  from  Troy. 

CAPJTO,  C.  ATEIUS,  an  eminent  Roman 
jurist,  who  gained  the  favor  of  both  Augus- 


Plain  of  Cannae. 


CAN5BUS  or  CANOPUS  (-i),  an  important 
city  on  the  coast  of  Lower  Egypt,  2  geog. 
miles  E.  of  Alexandria.  It  was  near  the  W.- 
most  mouth  of  the  Nile,  which  was  hence 
called  the  Canonic  Mouth.  It  was  celebrated 
for  a  great  temple  of  Serapis,  for  its  commerce 
and  its  luxury. 

.  CANTlBRI  (-ornm),  a  fierce  and  warlike 
people  in  the  N.  of  Spain,  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  Astures,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Antri- 
gones.  They  were  subdued  by  Augustus  after 
it  struggle  of  several  years  (B.O.  25-19). 

CANTIUM  (-i),  a  district  of  Britain,  nearly 
the  same  as  the  modern  Kent,  but  included 
LONDINIUM. 


tus  and  Tiberius  by  flattery  and  obsequious- 
ness.  Capito  and  his  contemporary  Labeo 
were  reckoned  the  highest  legal  anthorities 
of  their  day,  and  were  the  founders  of  2  legal 
schools,  to  which  most  of  the  great  jurists  be- 
longed. 

CAPITO,  C.  FONTS!  US,  a  friend  of  M. 
Antony,  accompanied  Maecenas  to  Brundi- 
sium,  B.O.  37,  when  the  latter  was  sent  to  ef- 
fect a  reconciliation  between  Octaviamis  and 
Antony. 

CXPiTSLlNUS,  MANLIUS.    [MANLTUS.] 

CAPlTOHNUS  MONS.  [CAPITOLIUM  :  RO- 
MA.] 

CAPITOUUM  (-i),  the  temple  of  Jupiter 


CAPPADOCIA. 


CAPRICORNUS. 


Optimus  Maximus  at  Rome,  was  situated  on 
the  S.  summit  of  the  Mons  Capitolinus,  so 
called  on  account  of  the  temple.  The  site  of 
the  temple  is  now  covered  in  part  by  the  Pa- 
lazzo Caffarelli,  -while  the  N.  summit,  which 
was  formerly  the  arx,  is  occupied  by  the 
church  of  Ara  Celi.  The  temple  is  said  to 
have  been  called  the  Capitolium  because  a 
human  head  (caput)  was  discovered  in  dig- 
ging the  foundations.  The  building  of  it  was 
commenced  by  Tarquinius  Prisons,  and  it  was 
finished  by  Tarquinius  Snperbns,  but  was  not 
dedicated  till  the  3d  year  of  the  republic,  K.O. 
SOT,  by  the  consul  M.  Horatius.  It  was  burned 
down  in  the  civil  wars,  83,  and  twice  after- 
wards in  the  time  of  the  emperors.  After  its 
8d  destruction,  in  the  reign  of  Titus,  it  was 
again  rebuilt  by  Domitiau  with  greater  splen- 
dor than  before.  The  Capitol  contained  3 
cells  under  the  same  roof:  the  middle  cell 
was  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  hence  described  as 
"  media,  qui  sedet  aede  Deus,"  and  on  either 
side  were  the  cells  of  his  attendant  deities, 
Juno  and  Minerva.  The  Capitol  was  one  of 
the  most  imposing  buildings  at  Borne,  and 
was  adorned  as  befitted  the  majesty  of  the  j 
king  of  the  gods.  It  was  in  the  form  of  a 
square,  namely,  200  feet  on  each  side,  and  was 
approached  by  a  flight  of  100  steps.  The 
gates  were  of  bronze,  and  the  ceilings  and 
tiles  gilt  The  gilding  alone  of  the  building 
cost  Domitian  x2,000  talents.  In  the  Capitol 
were  kept  the  Sibylline  books.  Here  the  con- 
suls, upon  entering  on  their  office,  offered  sac- 
rifices and  took  their  vows ;  and  hither  the 
victorious  general,  who  entered  the  city  in 
triumph,  was  carried  in  his  triumphal  car  to 
return  thanks  to  the  Father  of  the  gods.  The 
whole  hill  was  sometimes  called  Arx.  and 
sometimes  Capttolium,  but  most  completely 
and  correctly  Arx  Capitoliwmque. 

CAPPADOCIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, to  which  different  boundaries  were  as- 
signed at  different  times.  Under  the  Persian 
tmpire  it  included  the  whole  country  inhab- 
ited by  a  people  of  Syrian  origin,  who  were 


called  (from  their  complexion)  White  Syrians 
(Lewosyri))  and  also  Cappadoces.  Their  coun- 
try embraced  the  whole  N.B.  part  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, E.  of  the  river  Halys,  and  N.  of  Mount 
Taurus,  which  was  afterwards  divided  into 
Pontus  and  Cappadocia  Proper.  [PONTUS.] 
When  this  division,  took  place  is  uncertain; 
but  we  find  that  under  the  Persian  empire 
the  whole  country  was  governed  by  a  line  of 
hereditary  satraps,  who  eventually  became 
independent  kings.  At  a  later  period  Cappa- 
docia Proper  was  governed  by  a  line  of  inde- 
pendent monarchs.  In  A.D.  17,  Archelaiis,  the 
fast  king,  died  at  Rome,  and  Tiberius  made 
Cappadocia  a  Roman  province.  Cappadocia 
was  a  rough  and  mountainous  region.  Its 
flue  pastures  supported  abundance  of  good 
horses  and  mules. 


Coin  of  Cappadocia* 

ClPRA,  CAPRA,  or  CAPELLA  (-ae),  the 
brightest  star  in  the  constellation  of  the  Au- 
riga, or  Charioteer^  is  said  to  have  been  orig- 
inally the  nymph  or  goat  who  nursed  the  in- 
fant Zens  (Jupiter)  in  Crete.  [AMAI/THEA.] 

CAPR&KtA  (-ae),  a  small  island  off  the 
coast  of  Etruria,  inhabited  only  by  wild  goats, 
whence  its  name. 

CiPRfiAE  (-arum :  Capri),  a  small  island, 
9  miles  in  circumference,  off  Campania,  at  the 
S.  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Puteoli.  The  scen- 
ery is  beautiful,  and  the  climate  soft  and  ge- 
nial. Here  Tiberius  lived  the  last  10  years 
of  his  reign,  indulging  in  secret  debauchery, 
and  accessible  only  to  his  creatures. 

CiPRlCORNUS  (-i),  the  Goat,  a  sign  of  the 
zodiac,  between  the  Archer  and  the  Water- 


Caprea*. 


CAPSA. 


99 


CARIA. 


man,  is  said  to  have  fought  with  Jupiter 
against  the  Titans. 

CAPSA  (-ae),  a  strong  and  ancient  city  in 
the  S.W.  of  Byzacena,  in  N.  Africa,  in  a  fertile 
oasis  surrounded  by  a  sandy  desert,  abound- 
ing in  serpents.  In  the  war  with  Jugurtha  it 
was  destroyed  by  Marius ;  but  it  was  after- 
wards rebuilt,  and  erected  into  a  colony. 

CAPTJA  (-ae:  Capua),  the  chief  city  of 
Campania,  either  founded  or  colonized  by  the 
Etruscans.  It  became  at  an  early  period  the 
most  prosperous,  wealthy,  and  luxurious  city 
in  the  S.  of  Italy.  Its  warlike  neighbors,  the 
Samnites,  made  frequent  attempts  upon  it, 
sometimes  with  success.  In  order  to  be  a 
match  for  them,  Capua,  in  B.O.  343,  placed  it- 
self under  the  protection  of  Rome.  It  revolt- 
ed to  Hannibal  after  the  battle  of  Cannae, 
216,  but  was  taken  by  the  Romans  in  211,  was 
fearfully  punished,  and  never  recovered  its 
former  prosperity.  It  was  subsequently  made 
a  Roman  colony. 

CAPt'S  (-yds  and  ys).  (1)  Son  of  Assara- 
cus,  and  father  of  Anchises. — (2)  A  compan- 
ion of  Aeneas,  from  whom  Capua  was  said  to 
have  derived  its  name. 

ClPtS  SILVJUS.    [SiLvius.] 


211 


CS.RlCALLA  (-ae),  emperor  of  Rome,  A.I>. 
1-217,  was  son  of  Septimius  Severus,  and 


was  bora  at  Lyons,  A.D.  188.  His  proper  name 
was  M,  Aurehus  A  ntotiinus.  Caracalla  was  a 
nickname  derived  from  a  long  tunic  worn  by 
the  Gauls,  which  he  adopted  as  his  favorite 
dress  after  he  became  emperor.  He  accom- 
panied his  father  to  Britain  in  208 ;  and  on 
the  death  of  Severus,  at  York,  211,  Caracalla 
and  his  brother  Geta  succeeded  to  the  throne, 
according  to  their  father's  arrangements.  A 
succession  of  cruelties  now  marked  his  ca- 
reer. He  assassinated  his  brother  Geta,  and, 
with  him,  many  of  the  most  distinguished 
men  in  the  state,  thus  securing  himself  in 
the  sole  government.  The  celebrated  jurist 
Papinian  was  one  of  his  victims.  He  added 
extravagance  to  cruelty ;  and,  after  wasting 
the  resources  of  Italy,  he  visited  the  Eastern 
and  Western  provinces  of  the  empire,  for  the 


purposes  of  extortion  and  plunder,  and  some* 
times  of  wautoii  cruelty.  He  was  about  tc 
set  out  on  further  expeditions  across  the  Ti- 
gris, but  was  murdered  at  Edessa  by  Macrk 
nus,  the  praetorian  prefect.  Caracalla  gave 
to  all  free  inhabitants  of  the  empire  the  name 
and  privileges  of  Roman  citizens. 

CARACTACUS  (-i),  king  of  the  Silures  in 
Britain,  bravely  defended  his  country  against 
the  Romans  in  the  time  of  Claudius.  He  was 
at  length  defeated,  and  fled  for  protection  to 
Cartismaudua,  queen  of  the  Brigantes;  but 
she  betrayed  him  to  the  Romans,  who  carried 
him  to  Rome,  A.I>.  51.  When  brought  before 
Claudius,  he  addressed  the  emperor  in  so  no- 
ble a  manner  that  the  latter  pardoned  him 
and  his  friends. 

C&RlLIS  (-is)  or  ClRlLES  (-him:  Cagli- 
),  the  chief  town  of  Sardinia,  with  an  ex- 
cellent harbor. 

ClRAMBIS  (-idis),  a  promontory,  with  a 
city  of  the  same  name,  on  the  coast  of  Paph- 
lagonia. 

C&R&NUS  (-i),  a  descendant  of  Hercules, 
is  said  to  have  settled  at  Edessa,  in  Macedo- 
nia, with  an  Argive  colony,  about  B.O.  750,  and 
to  have  become  the  founder  of  the  dynasty  of 
Macedonian  kings. 

CARBO  (-Gnis),  the  name  of  a  family  of  the 
Papiria  gens.— (1)  C.  PApraius  CABBO,  a  dis- 
tinguished orator,  and  a  man  of  great  talents, 
but  of  no  principle.  He  was  one  of  the  3 
commissioners  or  triumvirs  for  carrying  into 
effect  the  agrarian  law  of  Tib.  Gracchus.  His 
tribuneship  of  the  plebs,  B.O.  131,  was  charac- 
terized by  the  most  vehement  opposition  to 
the  aristocracy.  But  after  the  death  of  C. 
Gracchus  (121),  he  suddenly  deserted  the  pop- 
ular party,  and  in  his  consulship  (120)  under- 
took the  defense  of  Opimius,  who  had  mur- 
dered C.  Gracchus.  In  119  Carbo  was  accused 
by  L.  Licinins  Crassus ;  and,  as  .he  foresaw 
his  condemnation,  he  put  an  end  to  bis  life.— 
(2)  CN.  PAPIRIUS  CAEBO,  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Marian  party.  He  was  thrice  consul, 
namely,  in  85,  84,  and  82.  In  82  he  earned 
on  war  against  Sulla,  bnt  he  was  at  length 
obliged  to  fly  to  Sicily,  where  he  was  put  to 
death  by  Pompey  at  Lilybaeum. 

CARCiSO  (-onis:  Carcassone)^  a  town  of 
the  Tectosages,  in  Gallia  Narboneusis. 

CARDiMf  LE  (-6s),  a  town  in  Messenia. 

CARDS  A  (-ae),  a  Roman  divinity,  presiding 
over  the  hinges  of  doors— that  is,  over  family 
life. 

CARDIA  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  Thracian 
Chersonese,  on  the  gulf  of  Melas,  was  the 
birthplace  of  Eumenes.  It  was  destroyed  by 
Lysimachus,  who  built  the  town  of  LYSIMA- 
OHIA  in  its  immediate  neighborhood. 

CARDtTCHI  (-Srum),  a  powerful  and  war- 
like people,  probably  the  Kurds  of  modern 
times,  dwelt  in  the  mountains  which  divided 
Assyria  from  Armenia  (Mts.  of  Kurdistan"). 

CiRlA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Asia  Minor,  in  iti 
S.W.  corner.  It  is  intersected  by  low  mount* 
ain  chains,  running  out  far  into  the  sea  in 
long  promontories,  forming  gulfs  along  the 
coast  and  inland  valleys  that  were  fertile  and 


CARINUS. 


100 


CARTHAGO. 


•well  watered.  The  chief  products  of  the  couu- 
try  were  corn,  wine,  oil,  and  figs.  The  coast 
was  inhabited  chiefly  by  Greek  colonists.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  rest  of  the  country  were 
Carians,  a  people  nearly  allied  to  the  Lydians 
and  Mysians.  The  Greeks  considered  the 
people  mean  and  stupid,  even  for  slaves.  The 
country  was  governed  by  a  race  of  native 
princes,  who  fixed  their  abode  at  Halicarnas- 
sus.  These  princes  were  subject  allies  of 
Lydia  and  Persia,  and  some  of  them  rose  to 
great  distinction  in  war  and  peace.  [See  AB- 
TEMISIA,  MAUSOLUS.]  Under  the  Romans,  Ca- 
ria  formed  a  part  of  the  province  of  ASIA. 

CiRlNUS,  M.  AURELIUS  (-1),  Roman  em- 
peror, A.D.  284-285,  the  elder  of  the  2  sons  of 
Carus,  was  associated  with  his  father  in  the 
government,  A.I>.  283.  He  was  slain  in  a  bat- 
tle against  Diocletian  by  some  of  his  own  of- 
ficers. 


(-ae),  a  province  of  the  an- 
cient Persian  empire,  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Persia,  on  the  N.  by  Parthia,  on  the  E.  by  Ge- 
drosia,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Indian  Ocean. 

CARMELUS,  and  -UM  (-i),  a  range  of 
mountains  in  Palestine,  commencing  on  the 
N.  border  of  Samaria,  and  running  through  the 
S.W.  part  of  Galilee,  till  it  terminates  in  the 
promontory  of  the  same  name  (Cape  Carmel). 

CARMENTA,  CARMENTIS.    [CAMENAE.] 

CARNA  (-ae),  a  Roman  divinity,  whose 
Baine  is  probably  connected  with  Caro,  flesh, 
for  she  was  regarded  as  the  protector  of  the 
physical  well-being  of  man.  Her  festival  was 
celebrated  June  1st,  and  was  believed  to  have 
been  instituted  by  Brutus  in  the  first  year  of 
the  republic.  Ovid  confounds  this  goddess 
With  CABT>EA. 

CARNES.DES  (-is),  a  celebrated  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Cyrene  about  B.O.  213,  was  the 
founder  of  the  third  or  new  Academy  at 
Athens,  and  a  strenuous  opponent  of  the  Sto- 


ics. In  155  he  was  sent  to  Rome,  with  Diog. 
enes  and  Critolaus,  by  the  Athenians,  to  dep. 
recate  the  tine  of  500  talents  which  had  been 
imposed  on  the  Athenians  for  the  destruction 
of  Oropus.  At  Rome  he  attracted  great  no- 
tice from  his  eloquent  declamations  on  philo- 
sophical subjects.  He  died  in  129,  at  the  age 
of  85. 

GARNI  (-orum),  a  Celtic  people,  dwelling  N. 
of  the  Veneti,  in  the  Alpes  Carnicae.  [ALPBS.] 

CARNUNTUM  (-i),  an  ancient  Celtic  town 
in  Upper  Paunonia,  on  the  Danube,  E.  of  Vin- 
dobona  ( Vienna),  and  subsequently  a  Roman 
municipium  or  a  colony. 

CARNtJTES  (-urn)  or  -I  (-orum),  a  powerful 
people  in  the  centre  of  Gaul,  between  the  Li- 
ger  and  Sequana;  their  capital  was  GENABUM 
(Orleans). 

CARPlTES  (-ran),  also  called  ALPES 
BASTARNICAE  (Carpathian  Mountains),  the 
mountains  separating  Dacia  from  Sarmatia. 

CARPA"  THUS  (-i :  Scarpanto),  an  island 
between  Crete  and  Rhodes,  in  the  sea  named 
after  it. 

CARPBTA'NI  (-orum),  a  powerful  people  in 
Hispauia  Tarracouensis,  with  a  fertile  terri- 
tory on  the  rivers  Anas  and  Tagus.  Their 
capital  was  TOLETUM. 

CARPI  or  CARP15.NI  (-orum),  a  German 
people  between  the  Carpathian  mountains 
and  the  Danube. 

CARRAE  or  CARRHAB  (-arum),  the  Ha- 
ran  or  Charran  of  the  Scriptures,  a  city  of 
Osroene,  in  Mesopotamia,  where  Crassns  met 
his  death  after  his  defeat  by  the  Parthians, 
B.O.  53. 

CARSSOLI  (-orum:  CtersoZi),  a  town  of  the 
Aequi,  in  Latium,  colonized  by  the  Romans. 

CARTEIA(-ae:  also  called  Cartbaea,  Car- 
pia,  Carpessus),  more  anciently  TARTESSUS, 
a  celebrated  town  and  harbor  in  the  S.  of 
Spain,  at  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  which  Mount 
Calpe  forms  one  side,  founded  by  the  Phoeni- 
cians, and  colonized  B.O.  170  by  4000  Roman 
soldiers. 

CARTHAEA  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  island  of  Ceos. 

CARTHlGO  (-Inis),  MAGNA  CARTHl- 
GO  (Ru.  near  El-Marsa,  N.E.  of  Tunis),  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  cities  of  the  ancient 
world,  stood  in  the  recess  of  a  large  bay,  in 
the  middle  of  the  N.-most  part  of  the  N.  coast 
of  Africa.  The  coast  of  this  part  of  Africa 
has  been  much  altered  by  the  deposits  of  the 
river  Baa;radas,  and  the  sand  which  is  driven 
seawards  by  the  N.W.  winds.  The  old  pen- 
insula upon  which  Carthage  stood  was  about 
30  miles  in  circumference,  and  the  city  itself, 
in  the  height  of  its  glory,  measured  about  15 
miles  round.  But,  owing  to  the  influences 
just  referred  to,  the  locality  presents  a  very 
different  appearance  at  present.  Carthage 
was  founded  by  the  Phoenicians  of  Tyre,  ac- 
cording to  tradition,  about  100  years  before 
the  building  of  Rome — that  is,  about  B.O.  853. 
The  mythical  account  of  its  foundation  is 
given  under  DIDO.  The  part  of  the  city  first 
built  was  called,  in  the  Phoenician  language, 
Betzura  or  Bosra,  i.  e.  a  castle,  which  was  co» 


CARTHAGO. 


101 


CARYSTUS. 


Coin  of  Carthage,  with  winged  howe. 


rupted  by  the  Greeks  into  Byrsa,  i.*e.  a  hide, 
and.  hence  probably  arose  the  story  of  the 
wav  in  which  the  natives  were  cheated  out 
of  the  ground.  As  the  city  grew,  the  Byrsa 
formed  the  citadel.  Cothon  was  the  inner 
harbor,  and  was  used  for  ships  of  war;  the 
outer  harbor,  divided  from  it  by  a  tongue  of 
land  300  feet  wide,  was  the  station  for  the 
merchant  ships.  Beyond  the  fortifications 
suburb,  called  Magara  or  Maga- 


constitution  of  Carthage  was  an  oligarchy. 

The  two  chief  magistrates,  called  Suffetes,  ap- 

pear to  have  been  elected  for  life  :  the  Greek 

and  Roman  writers  call  them  kings.    The 

generals  and  foreign  governors  were  usually 

laite  distinct  from  the  suflfetes  ;  but  the  two 

offices  were  sometimes  united  in  the  same  per- 

son.  The  governing  bodv  was  a  senate,  part- 

ly hereditary  and  partly  elective,  within  which 

there  was  a  select  bodv  of  100  or  104,  called 

Gerusia,  whose  chief  ofiice  was  to  control  the 

magistrates,  and  especially  the  generals  re- 

turning from  foreign  service,  who  might  be 

suspected  of  attempts  to  establish  a  tyran- 

ny.  Important  questions,  especially  those  on 

which  the  senate  and  the  suflfetes  disagreed, 

were  referred  to  a  general  assembly  of  the 

citizens  •  but  concerning  the  mode  of  pro- 

ceeding in  this  assembly,  and  the  extent 

of  its  powers,  we  know  very  little.    Their 

punishments  were  very  severe,  and  the 

usual  mode  of  inflicting  death  was  by  cru- 

cifixion.   The  chief  occupations  of  the 

people  were  commerce  and  agriculture, 

in  both  of  which  they  reached  a  pre-emi- 

nent position  among  the  nations  of  the 

ancient  world.    The  Carthaginians  be- 

came the  rivals  of  the  Romans,  with  whom 

they  carried  on  3  wars,  usually  known 

as  the  three  Punic  wars.    The  first  lasted 

from  B.O.  265-242,  and  resulted  to  the,  loss 

to  Carthage  of  Sicily  and  the  Lipari  isl- 

ands.  The  second,  which  was  the  decisive 

contest,  began  with  the  siege  of  Saguntum 

(218),  and  terminated  (201)  with  the  peace 

by  which  Carthage  was  stripped  of  all  her 

pJwer.    [HANNIBAL.]    The  third  began  and 

terminated  in  146,  by  the  capture  and  destruc- 

tion of  Carthage.  It  remained  in  ruins  for  30 

years.    At  the  end  of  that  time  a  colony  was 

established  on  the  old  site  by  the  Gracchi, 

which  continued  in  a  feeble  condition  till  the 

times  of  Julius  and  Augustus,  under  whom  a 

new  city  was  built,  with  the  name  of  COLO- 

KIA  CARTHAGO.    It  became  the  first  city  of 


Africa,  and  occupied  an  important  place 
in  ecclesiastical  as  well  as  in  civil  history. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Vandals  in  A.D.  439, 
retaken  by  Belisarius  in  A.D.  533,  and  de- 
stroyed by  the  Arab  conquerors  in  A.D. 
698.  The  Carthaginians  are  frequently 
called  Poeni  by  the  Latin  writers  on  ac- 
count of  their  Phoenician  origin. 

CARTHAGO  (-mis)  NOVA  (Carthage- 
m),  an  important  town  on  the  B.  coast 
of  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  founded  by 
the  Carthaginians  under  Hasdrubal,  B.O. 
243,  and  subsequently  conquered  and  col. 
onized  by  the  Romans.  It  is  situated  on 
a  promontory  running  out  into  the  sea, 
and  possesses  one  of  the  finest  harbors  hi  the 
world. 

CARUS,  M.  AURBLlUS,  Roman  emperor, 
.D.  282-283,  succeeded  Probns.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  a  successful  military  expedition  in 
Persia,  when  he  was  struck  dead  by  lightning, 
towards  the  close  of  283.  He  was  succeeded 
by  his  sons  CAEINUS  and  NUMEEIANTJS.  Ca- 
rus  was  a  victorious  general  and  able  ruler. 

CARVENTUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Volsci,  to 
which  the  CARVENTANA  ARX  mentioned  by 
Livy  belonged,  between  Sigma  and  the  sources 
of  the  Trerus. 

CARVILIUS  MAXlMUS.  (1)  SP.,  twice 
consul,  B.O.  293  and  2T3,  both  times  with  L. 
Papirius  Cursor.  In  the  first  consulship  they 
gained  brilliant  victories  over  the  Samnites, 
and  in  their  second  they  brought  the  Samnite 
war  to  a  close.— (2)  SP.,  son  or  the  preceding, 
twice  consul,  234  and  228,  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  person  at  Rome  who  divorced  his 
wife. 

CiRt"AB  (-arum),  a  town  in  Laconia  near 
the  borders  of  Arcadia,  originally  belonged 
to  the  territory  of  Tegea  in  Arcadia.  Female 
figures  in  architecture  that  support  burdens 
were  called  Caryatides  in  token  of  the  abject 


Caryatides. 

slavery  to  which  the  women  of  Caryae  wer« 
reduced  by  the  Greeks,  as  a  punishment  for 
joining  the  Persians  at  the  invasion  of 

GCiRtANDA  (-orum),  a  city  of  Caria.  on  a 
little  island,  once  probably  united  with  the 
mainland,  was  the  birthplace  of  the  geogra- 
pher Scylax. 

CARYATIDES.    [CARYAE.] 

CiRYSTUS  (-i),  a  town  on  the  S.  coast  of 


CASCA. 


102 


CASSIODORUS. 


Euboea,  founded  "by  Dryopes,  celebrated  for 
its  marble  quarries. 

CASCA,  P.  SERVILIUS,  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  B.O.  44,  and  one  of  Caesar's  assassins. 

ClSILlNUM  (-i),  a  town,  in  Campania  on 
the  Vulturous,  and  on  the  same  site  as  the 
modern  Capua,  celebrated  for  its  heroic  de- 
fense against  Hannibal,  B.C.  210. 

CASINUM  (-i:  S.  G&rmano),  a  town  in  La- 
tium  ou  the  river  CASINTTS.  Its  citadel  occu- 
pied the  same  site  as  the  celebrated  convent 
Movie  Cctfisino. 

ClSlOTIS.    [CAStus.] 

ClSlUS  (-i>.  (1)  (Has  Kasaroun),  a  mount- 
ain on  the  coast  of  Egypt,  E.  of  Pelusium, 
with  a  temple  of  Jupi  ter  ou  its  summit.  Here 
also  was  the  grave  of  Pompey.— (2)  (Jebel 
Okrah),  a  mountain  on  the  coast  of  Syria,  S. 
of  Anlioch  and  the  Orontes. 

CASMENA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Sicily,  founded 
by  Syracuse  about  K.O.  643. 

CASPERIA  or  CASPfiRDXA  (-ae),  a  town 
of  the  Sabines  on  the  river  Himella. 

CASPlAE  PORTAE  or  PYLAE,  the  Cas- 
pian Gates,  the  name  given  to  several  passes 
through  the  mountains  round  the  Caspian. 
The  principal  of  these  were  near  the  ancient 
Rhagae  or  ArsacTa.  Being  a  noted  and  cen- 
tral point,  distances  were  reckoned  from  it. 

CASPII  (-orum),  the  name  of  certain  Scyth- 
ian tribes  around  the  Caspian  Sea. 

CASPlI  MONTES  (Elburz  Mountains},  a 
name  applied  generally  to  the  whole  range  of 
mountains  which  surround  the  Caspian  Sea, 
on  the  S.  and  S.W.,  at  the  distance  of  from 
15  to  30  miles  from  its  shore,  and  more  es- 
pecially to  that  part  of  this  range  S.  of  the 
Caspian,  in  which  was  the  pass  called  CAB- 
PIAE  PTLAE. 

CASPIRI  or  CASPIRAEI  (-orum),  a  people 
of  India,  whose  exact  position  is  doubtful  : 
they  are  generally  placed  in  Cashmere  and 
Nepa.nl. 

CASPIUM  MARE  (the  Caspian  Sea),  also 
called  HYBOANIUM,  ALBANTTM,  aud  SOYTHIOUM, 
all  names  derived  from  the  people  who  lived 
on  its  shores,  a  great  salt-water  lake  in  Asia. 
Probably  at  some  remote  period  the  Caspian 
was  united  both  with  the  sea  of  Aral  and 
with  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Both  lakes  have  their 
surface  considerably  below  that  of  the  Euxine 
or  Black  Sea,  the  Caspian  nearly  350  feet,  and 
the  Aral  about  200  feet,  and  both  are  still 
sinking  by  evaporation.  The  whole  of  the 
neighboring  country  indicates  that  this  proc- 
ess nas  been  going  on  for  centuries  past.  Be- 
sides a  number  of  smaller  streams,  two  great 
rivers  flow  into  the  Caspian  •,  the  Rha  (Volga) 
on  the  N.,  and  the  united  Cyrus  and  Araxes 
(Kour)  on  the  W. ;  but  it  loses  more  by  evap- 
oration than  it  receives  from  these  rivers. 

CASSANDER  (-dri),  son  of  Antipater.  His 
father,  on  his  death-bed  (B.O.  319),  appointed 
Polysperchon  regent,  and  conferred  upon  Cas- 
sander  only  the  secondary  dignity  of  chili- 
arch.  Being  dissatisfied  with  this  arrange- 
ment, Cassander  strengthened  himself  in  va- 
rious ways  that  he  might  carry  on  war  with 
Polysperchon.  First,  he  formed  an  alliance 


with  Ptolemy  and  Antigonus,  and  next  der 
feated  Olymnias  aud  put  her  to  death.  After- 
wards he  joined  Seleucus,  Ptolemy,  and  Ly- 
simachus  in  their  war  against  Antigonus. 
This  war  was,  on  the  whole,  unfavorable  to 
Cassander.  In  306  Cassander  took  the  title 
of  king,  when  it  was  assumed  by  Antigonus, 
Lysimaclms,  and  Ptolemy.  But  it  was  not 
until  the  year  301  that  the  decisive  battle  of 
Ipsus  secured  Cassander  the  possession  of 
Macedonia  and  Greece.  Cassancler  died  of 
dropsy  in  297,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Philip. 

CASSANDRA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  and  twin-sister  of  Helenus.    In  her 


Cassandra. 


youth  she  was  the  object  of  Apollo's  regard, 
and  when  she  grew  up  her  beauty  won  upon 
him  so  much  that  he  conferred  upon  her  the 
gift  of  prophecy,  upon  her  promising  to  com- 
ply with  his  desires ;  but  when  she  had  be- 
come possessed  of  the  prophetic  art,  she  re- 
fused to  fulfill  her  promise.  Thereupon  the 
god,  in  anger,  ordained  that  no  one  should 
believe  her  prophecies.  On  the  capture  of 
Troy  she  fled  into  the  sanctuary  of  Athena 
(Minerva),  but  was  torn  away  from  the  statue 
of  the  goddess  by  Ajax,  son  of  Oi'leus.  On 
the  division  of  the  booty,  Cassandra  fell  to 
the  lot  of  Agamemnon,  who  took  her  with 
him  to  Mycenae.  Here  she  was  killed  by 
Clytaemnestra. 

CASSANDREA.    [POTIPAEA.] 

CASSIEPSA,  CASSIOPSA  (-ae),  or  CAS- 
SIOPE  (-es),  wife  of  Cepheus,  in  Aethiopia, 
and  mother  of  Andromeda,  whose  beauty  she 
extolled  above  that  of  the  Nereids.  [AN- 
DROMEDA.] She  was  afterwards  placed  among 
the  stars. 

CASSI5DORUS,  MAGNUS  AURMUS 
(-i),  a  distinguished  statesman,  and  one  of  the 
few  men  of  learning  at  the  downfall  of  the 
Western  Empire,  was  born  about  A.I>.  468. 
He  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  Theodoric  the 
Great  and  his  successors,  and  conducted  fot 


CASSIOPEA. 


103 


CATANA. 


a  long  series  of  years  the  government  of  the 
Ostrogothic  kingdom.  Several  of  his  works 
are  still  extant. 

CASSIOPEA.      I'CASBIKPEA.] 

CASSITERIDES.  [BRITANNIA.] 
CASSIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  of  the  Roman  gentes,  originally 
patrician,  afterwards  plebeian. — (1)  SP.  CAS- 
wus  VISOELLINUS,  who  was  thrice  consul,  in 
the  years  B.O.  502,  493,  486 ;  and  is  distin- 
guished as  having  carried  the  first  agrarian 
law  at  Rome.  This  law  brought  upon  him 
the  enmity  of  his  fellow-patricians ;  they  ac- 
cused him  of  aiming  at  regal  power,  and  put 
him  to  death.  He  left  3  sons ;  but,  as  all  the 
subsequent  Cassii  are  plebeians,  his  sons  were 
perhaps  expelled  from  the  patrician  order,  or 
may  have  voluntarily  passed  over  to  the  ple- 
beians on  account  of  the  murder  of  their  fa- 
ther.—(2)  C.  CABS.  LONGINTJS,  the  murderer  of 
Julius  Caesar.  In  B.O.  53  he  was  quaestor  of 
Crassns,  in  his  campaign  against  the  Parthi- 
ans,  in  which,  both  during  his  quaestorship 
and  during  the  two  subsequent  years,  he 
greatly  distinguished  himself,  gaining  an  im- 
portant victory  over  them  in  52,  and  again  in 
»1.  In  49  he  was  tribune  of  the  plebs,  joined 
the  aristocratical  party  in  the  civil  war,  fled 
with  Porapey  from  Rome,  and  after  the  battle 
of  Pharsalia  surrendered  to  Caesar.  He  was 
not  only  pardoned  by  Caesar,  but  in  44  was 
made  praetor,  and  the  province  of  Syria  was 
promised  him  for  the  next  year.  But  Cassius 
had  never  ceased  to  be  Caesar's  enemy;  it 
was  he  who  formed  the  conspiracy  against 
the  dictator's  life,  and  gained  over  M.  Brutus 
to  the  plot.  After  the  death  of  Caesar,  on  the 
15th  or  March,  44  [CAESAR],  Cassius  went  to 
Syria,  which  he  claimed  as  his  province,  al- 
though the  senate  had  given  it  to  Dolabella, 
and  had  conferred  Cyrene  upon  Cassius  in  its 
stead.  He  defeated  Dolabella,  who  put  an 
end  to  his  own  life;  and,  after  plundering 
Syria  and  Asia  most  unmercifully,  he  crossed 
over  to  Greece  with  Brutus  in  42,  in  order  to 
oppose  Octavia  and  Antony.  At  the  battle 
of  Philippi,  Cassius  was  defeated  by  Antony, 
while  Brutus,  who  commanded  the  other 
wing  of  the  army,  drove  Octavian  off  the  field ; 
but  Cassius,  ignorant  of  the  success  of  Bru- 
tus, commanded  his  freedman  to  put  an  end 
to  his  life.  Brutus  mourned  over  his  com- 
panion, calling  him  the  last  of  the  Romans. 
Cassius  was  married  to  Junia  Tertia  or  Ter- 
tulla,  half-sister  of  H.  Brutus.  Cassius  was 
well  acquainted  with  Greek  and  Roman  liter- 
ature; he  was  a  follower  of  the  Epicurean 
philosophy;  his  abilities  were  considerable, 
but  he  was  vain,  proud,  and  revengeful.— (3) 
C.  CASB.  LONGINUS,  the  celebrated  jurist,  gov- 
arnor  of  Syria,  A.D.  50,  in  the  reign  of  Clau- 
dius. He  was  banished  by  Nero  in  A.D.  66, 
because  he  had  among  his  ancestral  images 
a  statue  of  Cassins,  the  murderer  of  Caesar. 
He  was  recalled  from  banishment  by  Vespa- 
sian. Cassius  wrote  10  book$  on  the  civil 
law.  and  some  other  works ;  was  a  follower 
of  the  school  of  Ateius  Capito;  and,  as  he  re- 
duced the  principles  of  Capito  to  a  more  sci- 
entific form,  the  adherents  of  this  school  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Owsiara.— (4)  CABS.  PAE- 


MENSIS,  so  called  from  Parma,  his  birthplace, 
was  one  of  the  murderers  of  Caesar,  B.O.  44 ; 
took  an  active  part  in  the  civil  wars  that  fol- 
lowed his  death ;  and,  after  the  battle  of  Ac- 
tium,  was  put  to  death  by  the  command  of 
Octavian,  B.C.  30.  Cassius  was  a  poet,  and 
his  productions  were  prized  by  Horace. — (5) 
CASB.  ETEUSOUS,  a  poet  censured  by  Horace 
(Sat.  i.  10,  61),  must  not  be  confounded  with 
No.  4.— (6)  CASS.  AVIDIUS,  an  able  general  of 
M.  Aurelius,  was  a  native  of  Syria.  In  the 
Parthian  war  (A.D.  162-165),  he  commanded 
the  Roman  army  as  the  general  of  Verus ; 
was  afterwards  appointed  governor  of  all  the 
Eastern  provinces,  and  discharged  his  trust 
for  several  years  with  fidelity ;  but  in  A.D.  175 
he  proclaimed  himself  emperor.  He  reigned 
only  a  few  months,  and  was  slain  by  his  own 
oflicers,  before  M.  Aurelius  arrived  in  the  East. 
[AURELIOS.]— (7)  CASS.  DION.  [DioN  CASSITJS.] 

CASSIVELAUNUS  (-i),  a  British  chief, 
ruled  over  the  country  N.  of  the  Tamesis 
(Thames^  and  was  intrusted  by  the  Britons 
with  the  supreme  command  on  Caesar's  2d 
invasion  of  Britain,  B.O.  54.  He  was  defeated 
by  Caesar,  and  was  obliged  to  sue  for  peace. 

CASTAUA  (-ae),  a  celebrated  fountain  on 
Mount  Parnassus,  in  which  the  Pythia  used 
to  bathe;  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses, 
who  were  hence  called  CASTALIDES. 

CASTOR  (-oris),  toother  of  Pollux.   [Dios- 

OUEIJ 

CASTRUM  (-i).  (1)  INUI,  a  town  of  the 
Rutuli,  on  the  coast  of  Latium,  confounded 
by  some  writers  with  No.  2.— (2)  NOVUM  (Tor- 
re di  Chiaruccia),  a  town  in  EtrurJa,  and  a 
Roman  colony  on  the  coast.— (3)  NOVTJM  (<?i- 
ulfa  Nova),  a  town  in  Picenum,  probably  at 
the  mouth  of  the  small  river  Batinnm  (Sali- 
nello). 

CASTOXO  (-onis :  Cazlona),  a  town  of  the 
Oretani  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  on  the 
Baetis,  and  under  the  Romans  an  important 
place.  In  the  mountains  in  the  neighbor- 
hood were  silver  and  lead  mines.  The  wife 
of  Hannibal  was  a  native  of  Castnlo. 

CATABATHMTJS  MAGNUS  (i.  e.  great  de- 
scent), a  mountain  and  sea-port,  at  the  bottom 
of  a  deep  bay  on  the  N.  coast  of  Africa,  con- 
sidered the  boundary  between  Egypt  and  Cy- 
renaica. 

CiT-lDtJTA  (-orum)  or  -I  (-Srura),  a  name 
given  to  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  and  also  to 
the  parts  of  Aethiopia  in  their  neighborhood. 
[NiLirs.] 

CATfiLAUNI  (-orum :  CMZons  sur  Jfarne), 
a  town  in  Gaul,  near  which  Attila  was  de- 
feated by  AStius  and  Theodoric,  A.D.  451. 

CATAMITUS.      [GANYMBI>E8.] 

CATANA  or  CATlNA  (-ae:  Catania),  an 
important  town  in  Sicily,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Aetna,  founded  B.C.  730  by  Naxos.  In  B.O. 
476  it  was  taken  by  Hiero  L.  who  removed  its 
inhabitants  to  Leontini,  and  settled  5000  Syr- 
acusans  and  5000  Peloponnesians  in  the  town, 
the  name  of  which  he  changed  into  Aetna. 
The  former  inhabitants  again  obtained  pos- 
session of  the  town  soon  after  the  death  of 
Hiero,  and  restored  the  old  name.  Catana 
was  afterwards  subject  to  various  reverses, 


CATAONIA. 


104 


CATO. 


and  finally,  in  the  1st  Punic  war,  fell  under 
the  dominion  of  Rome. 

CATAONiA  (-ae),  a  fertile  district  in  the 
S.B.  part  of  Cappadocia,  to  which  it  was  first 
added  under  the  Romans,  with  Melitene, 
which  lies  E.  of  it. 

CATARRHACTES  (-ae).  (1)  A  river  of 
Pamphylia,  which  descends  from  the  mount- 
ains of  Taurus  in  a  great,  broken  waterfall 
(whence  its  name).— (2)  The  term  is  also  ap- 
plied, first  by  Strabo,  to  the  cataracts  of  the 
Nile,  which  are  distinguished  as  C.  Major 
and  C.  Minor.  [NiLtis.] 

CATHABI  (-orum),  a  great  and  warlike 
people  of  India  intra  Gangem,  upon  whom 
Alexander  made  war. 

ClTlLINA  (-ae),  L.  SERGiUS  (-i),  the  de- 
scendant of  an  ancient  patrician  family  which 
had  sunk  into  poverty.  His  youth  and  early 
manhood  were  stained  by  every  vice  and 
crime.  He  first  appears  in  history  as  a  zeal- 
ous partisan  of  Sulla,  taking  an  active  part  in 
the  horrors  of  the  proscription.  His  private 
life  presents  a  compound  of  cruelty  and  in- 
trigue ;  but,  notwithstanding  these  things,  he 
obtained  the  dignity  of  praetor  in  B.O.  68,  and 
sued  for  the  consulship  in  66.  For  this  office, 
however,  he  had  been  disqualified  for  becom- 
ing a  candidate,  in  consequence  of  an  im- 
peachment for  oppression  in  his  province, 
preferred  by  P.  Clodius  Pulcher,  afterwards 
so  celebrated  as  the  enemy  of  Cicero.  His 
first  plot  was  to  murder  the  two  consuls  that 
had  been  elected,  a  design  which  was  frustra- 
ted only  by  his  own  impatience.  He  now  or- 
ganized a  more  extensive  conspiracy.  Hav- 
ing been  acquitted  in  65  upon  his  trial  for 
extortion,  he  was  left  unfettered  to  mature 
his  plans.  The  time  was  propitious  to  his 
schemes.  The  younger  nobility  and  the  vet- 
erans of  Sulla  were  desirous  of  some  change 
to  relieve  them  from  their  wants ;  while  the 
populace  were  restless  and  discontented, 
ready  to  follow  the  bidding  of  any  dema- 
gogue. The  conspiracy  came  to  a  head  in 
the  consulship  of  Cicero,  B.O.  63.  But  the 
vigilance  of  Cicero  baffled  all  the  plans  of 
Catiline.  He  compelled  Catiline  to  leave 
Rome  (Nov.  8-9) ;  and  shortly  afterwards,  by 
the  interception  of  correspondence  between 
the  other  leaders  of  the  conspiracy  and  the 
ambassadors  of  the  Allobroges,  he  obtained 
legal  evidence  against  Catiline's  compan- 
ions. This  done,  Cicero  instantly  summoned 
the  leaders,  conducted  them  to  the  senate, 
where  they  were  condemned  to  death,  and 
executed  them  the  same  night  in  prison 
(Dec.  5, 63).  The  consul  Antonius  was  then 
sent  against  Catiline,  and  the  decisive  battle 
was  fought  early  in  62.  Antonius,  however, 
unwilling  to  fight  against  his  former  associ- 
ate, gave  the  command  on  the  day  of  battle 
to  his  legate,  M.  Petreius.  Catiline  fell  in  the 
engagement,  after  fighting  with  the  most  dar- 
ing valor.— The  history  of  Catiline's  conspir- 
acy has  been  written  by  Sallust. 

CJLTO  (-6nis),  the  name  of  a  celebrated 
family  of  the  Porcia  gens.—(l)  M.  Pouorus 
CATO,  frequently  surnamed  CENSOBIUS  or  CEN- 
SOR, also  CATO  MAJOR,  to  distinguish  him 
from  his  great-grandson  Cato  ITticensis  [No. 


2].  Cato  was  born  at  Tusculum,  B.C.  234,  and 
was  brought  up  at  his  father's  farm,  situated 
in  the  Sabine  territory.  In  21T  he  served  his 
first  campaign  in  his  17th  year.  During  the 
first  26  years  of  his  public  life  (21T-191)  he 
gave  his  energies  to  military  pursuits,  and 
distinguished  himself  on  many  occasions— in 
the  2d  Punic  war,  in  Spain,  and  in  the  cam- 
paign against  Antiochus  in  Greece.  With  the 
victory  over  Antiochus  at  Thermopylae  in 
191  his  military  career  came  to  a  close.  He 
now  took  an  active  part  in  civil  affairs,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  vehement  op. 
position  to  the  Roman  nobles,  who  were  in. 
troducing  Greek  luxury  and  refinement  into 
Rome.  It  was  especially  against  the  Scipios 
that  his  most  violent  attacks  were  directed, 
and  whom  he  pursued  with  the  bitterest  ani- 
mosity. [SoiPio.]  In  184  he  was  elected  cen- 
sor with  L.  Valerius  Flaccus.  His  censorship 
was  a  great  epoch  in  his  life.  He  applied 
himselfstrenuously  to  the  duties  of  his  office, 
regardless  of  the  enemies  he  was  making; 
but  all  his  efforts  to  stem  the  tide  of  luxury 
which  was  now  setting  in  proved  unavailing. 
His  strong  national  prejudices  appear  to  have 
diminished  in  force  as  he  grew  older  and 
wiser.  He  applied  himself  in  old  age  to  the 
study  of  Greek  literature,  with  which  in  youth 
he  had  no  acquaintance,  although  he  was  not 
ignorant  of  the  Greek  language.  He  retained 
his  bodily  and  mental  vigor  in  his  old  age. 
In  the  year  before  his  death  he  was  one  of 
the  chief  instigators  of  the  3d  Punic  war.  He 
had  been  one  of  the  Roman  deputies  sent  to 
Africa  to  arbitrate  between  Masmissa  and  the 
Carthaginians,  and  he  was  so  struck  with  the 
flourishing  condition  of  Carthage  that  on  his 
return  home  he  maintained  that  Rome  would 
never  be  safe  as  long  as  Carthage  was  in  ex- 
istence. From  this  time  forth,  whenever  he 
was  called  upon  for  his  vote  in  the  senate, 
though  the  subject  of  debate  bore  no  relation 
to  Carthage,  his  words  were  DeUnda  est  Car- 
thago. He  died  in  149,  at  the  age  of  85.  Cato 
wrote  several  works,  of  which  only  the  DeSe 
ftustica  has  come  down  to  us. — (2)  M.  POB- 
oius  CATO,  great-grandson  of  Cato  the  Cen- 
sor, and  surnamed  UTIOENSIS  from  Utica,  the 
place  of  his  death,  was  born  in  95.  In  early 
childhood  he  lost  both  his  parents,  and  was 
brought  up  in  the  house  of  his  mother's 
brother,  M.  Livius  Drusus,  along  with  his  sis- 
ter Porcia  and  the  children  of  his  mother  by 
her  second  husband,  Q.  Servilius  Caepio.  In. 
early  years  he  discovered  a  stern  and  un- 
yielding character ;  he  applied  himself  with 
great  zeal  to  the  study  of  oratory  and  philos- 
ophy, and  became  a  devoted  adherent  of  the 
Stoic  school ;  and  among  the  profligate  nobles 
of  the  age  he  soon  became  conspicuous  for  his 
rigid  morality.  In  63  he  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  and  supported  Cicero  in  proposing  that 
the  Catilinarian  conspirators  should  suffer 
death.  He  now  became  one  of  the  chief  lead- 
ers of  the  aristocratical  party,  and  opposed 
with  the  utmost  vehemence  the  measures  of 
Caesar,  Pompey,  and  Crassus.  He  joined 
Pompey  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war 
(49).  After  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  he  went 
first  to  Corcyra,  and  thence  to  Africa,  where 
he  joined  Metellus  Scipio.  When  Scipio  was 


CATTI. 


105 


CEBES. 


defeated  at  Thapsus,  and  all  Africa,  with  the 
exception  of  Utica,  submitted  to  Caesar,  he 
resolved  to  die  rather  than  fall  into  his  hands. 
He  therefore  put  an  end  to  his  own  life,  after 
spending  the  greater  part  of  the  night  in  pe- 
rusing Plato's  Phaedo  on  the  immortality  of 
the  soul.  Cato  soon  became  the  subject  of 
biography  and  panegyric.  Shortly  after  his 
death  appeared  Cicero's  Cato,  which  provoked 
Caesar's  Anticato.  In  Lucan  the  character  of 
Cato  is  a  personification  of  godlike  virtue.  In 
modern  times  the  closing  events  of  his  life 
have  been  often  dramatized  ;  and  few  dramas 
have  gained  more  celebrity  than  the  Cato  of 
Addison. 

CATTI  or  CHATTI  (-drum),  one  of  the 
most  important  nations  of  Germany,  bounded 
by  the  visurgis  (Weser)  on  the  E.,  the  Agri 
Decumates  on  the  S.,  and  the  Rhine  on  the 
W.,  in  the  modern  Hesse  and  the  adjacent 
countries.  They  were  a  branch  of  the  Her- 
miones,  and  are  first  mentioned  by  Caesar 
under  the  erroneous  name  of  Suevi.  They 
were  never  completely  subjugated  by  the  Ro- 
mans ;  and  their  power  was  greatly  augment- 
ed on  the  decline  of  the  CheruscL  Their 
capital  was  MA.TTIUM. 

CiTULLUS,  VALERIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
poet,  born  at  Verona  or  in  its  immediate  vi- 
cinity, B.C.  ST.  Catullus  inherited  considera- 
ble property  from  his  father,  who  was  the 
friend  of  Julius  Caesar  ;  but  he  squandered  a 
great  part  of  it  by  indulging  freely  in  the 
pleasures  of  the  metropolis.  In  order  to  bet- 
ter his  fortunes,  he  went  t9  Bithynia  in  the 
train  of  the  praetor  Memmius,  but  it  appears 
that  the  speculation  was  attended  with  little 
success.  He  probably  died  about  B.C.  47.  The 
extant  works  of  Catullus  consist  of  116  po- 
ems, on  a  variety  of  topics,  and  composed  in 
different  styles  and  metres.  Catullus  adorned 
all  he  touched,  and  his  shorter  poems  are 
characterized  by  original  invention  and  felic- 
ity of  expression. 

ClTtTLUS,  the  name  of  a  distinguished 
family  of  the  Liitatia  gens.—  (1)  C.  LUTATIUS 
CATULUS,  consul  in  B.C.  242,  defeated  as  pro- 
consul in  the  following  year  the  Carthaginian 
fleet  off  the  Aegates  islands,  and  thus  brought 
the  first  Punic  war  to  a  close,  241  —  (2)  Q.  Lu- 
TATITIS  CATXTUJS,  consul  in  102  with  C.  Marina 
TV.,  and  as  proconsul  next  year  gained,  along 
with  Marius,  a  decisive  victory  over  the  Cim- 
bri  near  Vercellae  (Vercelli),  in  the  N.  of  Italy. 
Catulns  .belonged  to  the  aristocratical  party  ; 
he  espoused  the  cause  of  Sulla  ;  was  included 
by  Marius  in  the  proscription  of  87  ;  and,  as 
escape  was  impossible,  put  an  end  to  his  life 
by  the  vapors  of  a  charcoal  fire.  Catulus  was 
well  acquainted  with  Greek  literature,  and 
the  author  of  several  works,  all  of  which  are 
lost—  (3)  Q.  LUTATIUS  CATULUS,  son  of  No.  2, 
a  distinguished  leader  of  the  aristocracy,  also 


won  the  respect  and  confidence  of  the  people 
by  his  upright  character  and  conduct.    H 
was  consul  in  78  and  censor  in  65.    He  op- 


. 

posed  the  Gabinian  and  Manilian  laws  which 
conferred  extraordinary  powers  upon  Pom- 
pey  (67  and  66). 

CATURlGES  (-um),  a  Ligurian  people  in 
&allia  Narboncnsis,  near  the  Cottian  Alps. 


CAUCXSlAE  PYLAE.    [CAUCASUS.] 

CAUCASUS  (-i),  CAUCASlI  MONTBS 
(Caucasus),  a  great  chain  of  mountains  in 
Asia,  extending  from  the  E.  shore  of  the  Pon- 
tus  Euxinus  (Black  Sea)  to  the  W.  shore  of 
the  Caspian.  There  are  two  chief  passes  over 
the  chain,  both  of  which  were  known  to  the 
ancients :  one,  near  Derbent,  was  called  Alba- 
niae,  and  sometimes  CASPIAE  PYLAE;  the 
other,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  range,  was 
called  Caucasiae  Pylae  (Pass  ofDariel).  That 
the  Greeks  had  some  vague  knowledge  of  the 
Caucasus  in  very  early  times  is  proved  by  th« 
myths  respecting  Prometheus  and  the  Argo- 
nauts, from  which  it  seems  that  the  Caucasus 
was  regarded  as  at  the  extremity  of  the  earth, 
on  the  border  of  the  river  Oceanus. — When 
the  soldiers  of  Alexander  advanced  to  that 
great  range  of  mountains  which  formed  the 
N.  boundary  of  Ariana,  the  Paropamisus,  they 
applied  to  it  the  name  of  Caucasus ;  after- 
wards, for  the  sake  of  distinction,  it  was  called 
Caucasus  Indicus.  [PAE.OPAMTSUS.] 

CAUCI.    [CHAUCI.] 

CAUC5NES  (-um),  the  name  of  peoples 
both  in  Greece  and  Asia,  who  had  disappeared 
at  later  times.  The  Caucones  in  Asia  Minor 
are  mentioned  by  Homer  as  allies  of  the  Tro- 
jans, and  are  placed  in  Bithynia  and  Paphla- 
gonia  by  the  geographers. 

CAUDlUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Samnium  on  the 
road  from  Capua  to  Beneventum.  In  the 
neighborhood  were  the  celebrated  FUBOULAE 
CAUDINAE,  or  Caudine  Forks,  narrow  passes  in 
the  mountains,  where  the  Roman  army  sur- 
rendered to  the  Samnites,  and  was  sent  under 
the  yoke,  B.O.  321 ;  it  is  now  called  the  valley 
of  Arpafa. 

CAULON  (-onis)  or  CAULSNlA  (-ae),  a 
town  in  Bruttium,  N.E.  of  Locri,  originally 
called  Aulon  or  Aulonia,  founded  by  the  in- 
habitants of  Croton,  or  by  the  Achaeans. 

CAUNUS  (-i),  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Ca- 
ria,  on  its  S.  coast,  in  a  very  fertile  but  un- 
healthy situation.  It  was  founded  by  the 
Cretans.  Its  dried  figs  (Cauneae  ficns)  were 
highly  celebrated.  The  painter  Protogenes 
was  born  here. 

CAURUS  (-i),  the  Argestes  of  the  Greeks, 
the  N.  W.  -wind,  is  in  Italy  a  stormy  wind. 

ClYSTER  (-tri)  and  ClYSTEUS  (-i),  d 
celebrated  river  of  Lydia  and  Ionia,  flowing 
between  the  ranges  of  Tmolus  and  Messogis 
into  the  Aegaean,  a  little  N.W.  of  Ephesus. 
To  this  day  it  abounds  in  swans,  as  it  did  in 
Homer's  time.  The  valley  of  the  Caystrus  is 
called  by  Homer  "  the  Asian  meadow,"  and 
is  probably  the  district  to  which  the  name  of 
Asia  was  first  applied. 

OBA.    LCEOS.] 

CfiBENNA,  GfiBENNA  (-ae :  Ceoennes),  a 
range  of  mountains  in  the  S.  of  Gaul,  extend- 
ing N.  as  far  as  Lugdunum,  and  separating 
the  Arverni  from  the  Helvii. 

CfiBES  (-etis),  of  Thebes,  a  disciple  and 
friend  of  Socrates,  was  present  at  the  death 
of  his  teacher.  He  wrote  a  philosophical 
work,  entitled  Pinax,  or  Table,  giving  an  alle- 
gorical picture  of  human  life.  It  is  extant, 
and  has  been  exceedingly  popular. 


CEBBENIS. 


106 


CENCHREAE. 


CEBRSNIS  (-Idos;  occ. -Ida), 'daughter  of 
Cebren,  a  river  god  in  the  Troad. 

CECROPIA.    CATEENAE.] 

CECROPS  (-opis),  a  hero  of  the  Pelasgic 
race,  said  to  have  been  the  first  king  of  Attica. 
He  was  married  to  Agraulos,  daughter  of  Ac- 
taeus,  by  whom  he  had  a  son,  Erysichthon, 
who  succeeded  him  as  king  of  Athens,  and  3 
daughters,  Agraulos,  Herse,  and  Fandrosos. 
Tn  his  reign  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  Athena 
(Minerva)  contended  for  the  possession  of 
Attica,  but  Cecrops  decided  in  favor  of  the 
.goddess.  [ATIIENA.]  Cecrops  is  said  to  have 
founded  Athens,  the  citadel  of  which  was 
called  Cecropia  after  him,  to  have  divided  At- 
tica into  12  communities,  and  to  have  intro- 
duced the  first  elements  of  civilized  life ;  he 
instituted  marriage,  abolished  bloody  sacri- 
fices', and  taught  his  subjects  how  to  worship 
the  gods.  The  later  Greek  writers  describe 
Cecrops  as  a  native  of  Sais  in  Egypt,  who  led 
a  colony  of  Egyptians  into  Attica,  and  thus 
introduced  from  Egypt  the  arts  of  civilized 
life ;  but  this  account  is  rejected  by  some  of 
the  ancients  themselves,  and  by  the  ablest 
modern  critics. 

CELAENAE  (-arum),  a  great  city  in  S. 
Phrygia,  situated  at  the  sources  of  the  rivers 
Maeander  and  Marsyas.  In  the  midst  of  it 
was  a  citadel  built  by  Xerxes,  on  a  precipitous 
rock,  at  the  foot  of  which  the  Marsyas  took 
its  rise,  and  near  the  river's  source  was  a 
grotto  celebrated  by  tradition  as  the  scene  of 
the  punishment  of  Marsyas  by  Apollo.  The 
Maeauder  took  its  rise  in  the  very  palace,  and 
flowed  through  the  park  and  the  city,  below 
which  it  received  the  Marsyas. 

CELAENC  (-us),  one  of  the  Harpies.  [HAB- 

PYIAE.] 

CELETRTTH  (-i),  a  town  in  Macedonia  on 
a  peninsula  of  the  Lacus  Castoris. 

CSLIsUS  (-1),  king  of  Eleusis,  husband  of 
Metanira,  and  father  of  Demophon  and  Trip- 
tolemus.  He  received  Demeter  (Ceres)  with 
hospitality  at  Eleusis,  when  she  was  wander- 
ing in  search  of  her  daughter.  The  goddess, 
in  return,  wished  to  make  his  son  Demophou 
immortal,  and  placed  him  in  the  fire  in  order 
to  destroy  his  mortal  parts;  but  Hetanira 
screamed  aloud  at  the  sight,  and  Demophon 
'was  destroyed  by  the  flames.  Demeter  then 
bestowed  great  favors  upon  Triptolemus. 
[TaiPTOLiMus.]  Celeus  is  described  as  the 
first  priest  and  his  daughters  as  the  first 
priestesses  of  Demeter  at  "Eleusis. 

CELSUS,  A.  CORNSLtUS  <-i),  a  Roman 
writer  on  medicine,  probably  lived  under  the 
reigns  of  Augustus  and  Tiberius.  His  treat- 
ise De  MedieiTia,  in  8  books,  has  come  down  to 
as,  and  has  been  much  valued  from  the  earli- 
est times  to  the  present  day. 

CELTAE  (-arum),  a  mighty  race,  which  oc- 
cupied the  greater  part  of  Western  Europe  in 
ancient  times.  The  Greek  and  Roman  writ- 
ers call  them  by  3  names,  which  are  probably 
only  variations  of  one  name,  namely,  CKLTAE, 
GALATAB,  and  GALLI.  The  most  powerful 
part  of  the  nation  appears  to  have  taken  up 
its  abode  in  the  centre  of  the  country  called 
after  them  GALLIA,  between  the  Garumna  in 


the  S.  and  the  Sequaua  and  Matrona  in  the 
N.  From  this  country  they  spread  over  va- 
rious parts  of  Europe.  Besides  the  Celts  in 
Gallia,  there  were  8  other  different  settle- 
ments of  the  nation :  1.  Iberian  Celts,  who 
crossed  the  Pyrenees  and  settled  in  Spain. 
[CjttTiBERi.]  2.  British  Celts,  the  most  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  Britain.  [BRITANNIA.] 
3.  Belgic  Celts,  the  earliest  inhabitants  of 
Gallia  Belgica,  at  a  later  time  much  mingled 
with  Gel-mans.  4.  Italian  Celts,  who  crossed 
the  Alps  at  different  periods,  and  eventually 
occupied  the  greater  part  of  the  N.  of  Ital 
which  was  called  after  them  GALLIA  CISAL* 
PINA.  5.  Celts  in  the  Alps  and  on  the  Dan- 
ube, namely,  the  Helvetii,  Gothini,  Osi,  Vinde- 
lici,  Rhaeti,  Norici,  and  Carni.  6.  Illyrian 
Celts,  who,  under  the  name  of  Scordisci,  set- 
tled on  Mount  Scordns.  7.  Macedonian  and 
Thracian  Celts,  who  had  remained  behind  in 
Macedonia  when  the  Celts  invaded  Greece, 
and  who  are  rarely  mentioned.  8.  Asiatic 
Celts,  the  Tolistobogi,  Trocmi,  and  Tectosa- 
ges,  who  founded  the  kingdom  of  GALATIA.— 
Some  ancient  writers  divided  the  Celts  into 
two  great  races,  one  consisting  of  the  Celts  in 
the  S.  and  centre  of  Gaul,  in  Spain,  and  in  the 
N.  of  Italy,  who  were  the  proper  Celts,  and 
the  other  consisting  of  the  Celtic  tribes  on 
the  shores  of  the  ocean  and  in  the  E.  as  far  as 
Scythia,  who  were  called  Gauls ;  to  the  latter 
race  the  Cimbri  belonged,  and  they  are  con- 
sidered by  some  to  be  identical  with  the  Cim- 
merii  of  the  Greeks.  This  twofold  division 
of  the  Celts  appears  to  correspond  to  the  two 
races  into  which  the  Celts  are  at  present  di- 
vided in  Great  Britain,  namely,  the  Gael  and 
the  Cymry,  who  differ  in  language  and  cus- 
toms, the  Gael  being  the  inhabitants  of  Ire- 
land and  the  N.  of  Scotland,  and  the  Cymry 
of  Wales.— The  Celts  are  deocribed  by  the 
ancient  writers  as  men  of  large  stature,  of 
fair  complexion,  and  with  flaxen  or  red  hair. 
They  were  long  the  terror  of  the  Romans : 
once  they  took  Rome,  and  laid  it  in  ashes 
(B.O.  390).  [GALLIA.] 

CELTJBSRI  (-orum),  a  powerful  people  in 
Spain,  consisting  of  Celts,  who  crossed  the 
Pyrenees  at  an  early  period,  and  became  min- 
gled with  the  Iberians,  the  original  inhabit- 
ants of  the  country.  They  dwelt  chiefly  in 
the  central  part  of  Spain.  Their  country, 
called  CELTIBKKIA,  was  mountainous  and  un- 
productive. They  were  a  brave  and  warlike 
people,  andproved  formidable  enemies  to  the 
Romans.  They  submitted  to  Scipio  Africa- 
nus  in  the  2d  Punic  war,  but  the  oppressions 
of  the  Roman  governors  led  them  to  rebel, 
and  for  many  years  they  successfully  defied 
the  power  of  Rome.  They  were  reduced  to 
submission  on  the  capture  of  Numantia  by 
Scipio  Africanus  the  younger  (B.C.  134),  but 
they  again  took  up  arms  under  Sertorins,  and 
it  was  not  till  his  death  (72)  that  they  began 
to  adopt  the  Roman  customs  and  language. 

CENAEUM  (-i),  the  N.W.  promontory  of 
Euboea,  opposite  Thermopylae,  with  a  tem- 
ple of  Zeus  Cenaeus. 

CENCHRfiAE  (-arum),  the  E.  harbor  of 
Corinth  on  the  Saronic  gulf,  important  for 
the  trade  and  commerce  with  the  .East. 


TEACHING  A  BOY  TO  PIAY  ON  TOE  Sim 


CENOMANI. 


107 


CEPHEUS. 


CENTRITES,  a  small  river  of  Armenia, 
which  it  divided  from  the  laud  of  the  Carclu- 
chi,  N.  of  Assyria. 

CENTUM  CELL AE (-arum:  CivitaVecchia), 
a  sea-port  town  in  Etruria,  first  became  a 
place  of  importance  under  Trajan,  who  built 
a  villa  here,  and  constructed  an  excellent 
harbor. 

CENTtfRIPAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town 
of  the  Siculi,  in  Sicily,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Aetna,  and  not  far  from  the  river  Symaethus. 
Under  the  Romans  it  was  one  of  the  mftst 
flourishing  cities  on  the  island. 

CEOS  (-i)  or  C£A  (-ae),  an  island  in  the 
Aegean  Sea,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  between 
the  Attic  promontory  Sunium  and  the  island 
Cythnus,  celebrated  for  its  fertile  soil  and  its 
genial  climate.  Its  chief  town  was  lulls,  the 
birthplace  of  Simonicles,  whence  we  read  of 
the  Ceae  munera  neniae. 

CSPHALLENlA  (-ae:  CepTutlonia),  called 
by  Homer  SAME  or  SAMOS,  the  largest  island 
in  the  Ionian  sea,  separated  from  Ithaca  by  a 
narrow  channel.  The  island  is  very  mount- 
ainous ;  its  chief  towns  were  Same,  Pale, 
Cranii,  and  Proni.  It  never  obtained  politic- 
al importance.  It  is  now  one  of  the  7  Ionian 
islands  under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain. 

CEPHALOEDIUM  (-i),  a  town  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Sicily  in  the  territory  of  Himera, 


CENOMANI  (-5rnm),  a  powerful  Gallic 
people,  crossed  the  Alps  at  an  early  period, 
and  settled  in  the  N.  W.  of  Italy,  in  the  coun- 
try of  Brixia,  Verona,  and  Mantua,  and  ex- 
tended N.  as  far  as  the  confines  of  Rhaetia. 

CENS5RXNUS  (-i),  author  of  an  extant 
treatise  entitled  De  Die  Natali,  which  treats  of 
the  generation  of  man,  of  his  natal  hour,  of 
the  influence  of  the  stars  and  genii  upon  his 
career,  and  discusses  the  various  methods  em- 
ployed for  the  division  and  calculation  of  time. 

CENTAURI  (-orum),  that  is,  the  bull-kill- 
ers, were  an  ancient  race,  inhabiting  Mount 
Pelion  in  Thessaly.  They  led  a  wild  and 
savage  life,  and  are  hence  called  ^Jjpe?  or  SrJj- 
p£?,  i.  e.  savage  beasts,  in  Homer.  In  later 
accounts  they  were  represented  as  half  horses 
and  half  men,  and  are  said  to  have  been  the 
offspring  of  Ixion  and  a  cloud.  The  Centaurs 
are  celebrated  in  ancient  story  for  their  fight 
with  the  Lapithae,  which  arose  at  the  mar- 
riage feast  of  Pirithous.  This  fight  is  some- 
times placed  in  connection  with  a  combat  of 
Hercules  with  the  Centaurs.  [HEBOTTLES.]  It 
ended  by  the  Centaurs  being  expelled  from 
their  country,  and  taking  refuge  on  Mount 
Pindus,  on  the  frontiers  of  Epirus.  Chiron 
Is  the  most  celebrated  among  the  Centaurs. 
[CHIBON.]  We  know  that  hunting  the  bull 
on  horseback  was  a  national  custom  in  Thes- 
saly, and  that  the  Thessalians  were  celebrated  CfiPHALUS  (-i),  sou  of  Deion  and  Diome- 
riders.  Hence  may  have  arisen  the  fable  that  |  de,  and  husband  of  Procris  or  Procne.  He 
the  Centaurs  were  half  men  and  half  horses,  ,  was  beloved  by  Eos  (Aurora),  but,  as  he  re- 
just  as  the  American  Indians,  when  they  first  jected  her  advances  from  love  to  his  wife, 
saw  a  Spaniard  on  horseback,  believed  horse  ,  she  advised  him  to  try  the  fidelity  of  Procris. 
and  man  to  be  one  being.  The  Centaurs  are  i  The  goddess  then  metamorphosed  him  into  a 
frequently  represented  in  ancient  works  of  stranger,  and  sent  him  with  rich  presents  to 
art,  and  generally  as  men  from  the  head  to  his  house.  Procris  was  tempted  by  the  brill- 

•     '  *         '  "    A '-  -"-  -*"--  *--*-  *~    iant  presents  to  yield  to  the  stranger,  who 

then  discovered  himself  to  be  her  husband, 
whereupon  she  fled  in  shame  to 
Crete.  Artemis  (Diana)  made 
her  a  present  of  a  dog  and  a 
spear,  which  were  never  to  miss 
their  object,  and  sent  her  back 
to  Cephalus  in  the  disguise  of 
a  youth.  In  order  to  obtain 
this  dog  and  spear,  Cephalus 
promised  to  love  the  youth, who 
thereupon  made  herself  known 
to  him  as  his  wife  Procris.  This 
led  to  a  reconciliation  between 
them.  Procris,  however,  still 
feared  the  love  of  Eos,  and 
therefore  jealously  watched 
Cephalus  when  he  went  out 
hunting,  but  on  one  occasion 
he  killed  her  by  accident  with, 
the  never-erring  spear.  A  some- 
what different  version  of  the 
same  story  is  given  by  Ovid. 

CEPHEtJ'S  (-6os  or  Si).  (1) 
King  of  Ethiopia,  son  of  Belus, 
husband  of  Cassiopea,  and  fa- 
ther of  Andromeda,  was  placed 
among  the  stars  after  his  death. 
—  (2)  Son  of  Aleus,  one  of  the 
Argonauts,  was  king  of  Tegea 
in  Arcadia,  and  perished  with 
most  of  his  sons  in  au  expedi- 
tion against  Hercules. 


the  loins,  while  the  remainder  of  the  body  is 
that  of  a  horse,  with  its  four  feet  and  tail. 


Centmr.    (Metope  from  tbo  Parthenon.) 


CEPHISUS. 


108 


CHABRIAS. 


CSPHISUS  or  CEPHISSUS  (-i).  (1)  A  riv- 
er flowing  through  a  fertile  valley,  in  Phocis 
andBoeotia,  and"falling  into  the  lake  Copais, 
which  is  hence  called  Cephisis  in  the  Iliad. 
[COPAIS.]  —  (2)  The  largest  river  in  Attica, 
rising  in  the  W.  slope  of  Mount  Pentelicus, 
and  lowing  past  Athens  on  the  W.  into  the 
Baronic  gulf  near  Phalerum. 

CJBRJLMTJS  (-i),  a  Dorian  sea-port  town  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Cnidian  Chersouesus  on  the 
coast  of  Caria,  from  which  the  Ceramic  gulf 
took  its  name. 

CER&SUS  (-i),  a  flourishing  colony  of  Sino- 
pe,  on  the  coast  of  Pontus,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name ;  chiefly  celebrated  as 
the  place  from  which  Europe  obtained  both 
the  cherry  and  its  name.  Lucullus  is  said  to 
have  brought  back  plants  of  the  cherry  with 
him  to  Rome,  but  this  refers  probably  only 
to  some  particular  sorts,  as  the  Romans  seem 
to  have  had  the  tree  much  earlier.  Cerasus 
fell  into  decay  after  the  foundation  of  Phar- 
nacia. 

CfiRAUN!!  MONTES  (KMmam),  a  range 
of  mountains  extending  from  the  frontier  of 
Illyricum  along  the  coast  of  Epirus,  derived 
their  name  from  the  frequent  thunder-storms 
which  occurred  among  them  (Kepaui/6?).  These 
mountains  made  the  coast  of  Epirus  danger- 
ous to  ships.  They  were  also  called  Acroce- 
raunia,  though  this  name  was  properly  ap- 
plied to  the  promontory  separating  the  Adri- 
atic and  Ionian  seas.  The  inhabitants  of 
these  mountains  were  called  Geraunii. 

CERBERUS  (-i),  the  dog  that  guarded  the 
entrance  of  Hades,  is  called  a  son  of  Typha- 
on  and  Echidna.  Some  poets  represent  him 
with  50  or  100  heads :  but  later  writers  de- 
scribe him  as  a  monster  with  only  3  heads, 
with  the  tail  of  a  serpent,  and  with  serpents 
•ound  his  neck.  His  den  is  usually  placed  on 


Ceroerua.    (From  a  Bronze  Statue^ 


the  farther  side  of  the  Styx,  at  the  spot  where 
Charon  landed  the  shades  of  the  departed. 

CERCASORUM  (-i),  a  city  of  Lower  Egypt, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Nile,  at  the  point 
where  the  river  divided  into  its  3  principal 
branches. 

CERCTNA  (-ae)  and  CERClNlTIS,  two 
low  islands  off  the  N.  coast  of  Africa,  in  the 
mouth  of  the  Lesser  Syrtis,u»ited  by  a  bridge, 
and  possessing  a  fine  harbor. 

CERC5PES  (-um),  droll  and  thievish 
gnomes,  who  robbed  Hercules  in  his  sleep. 
Some  place  them  at  Thermopylae ;  others  at 
Oechalia  in  Euboea,  or  in  Lydia. 

CERC^ON  (-5nis),  son  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) or  Hephaestus  (Vulcan),  a  cruel  tyrant 
at  Eleusis,  put  to  death  his  daughter  ALOPB, 
and  killed  all  strangers  whom  he  overcame 
in  wrestling;  he  was  in  the  end  conquered 
and  slain  by  Theseus. 

CERES.    [DEMETEB.] 

CERES,  the  personified  necessity  of  death, 
are  described  by  Homer  as  formidable,  dark, 
and  hateful  beings,  because  they  carry  off 
men  to  the  joyless  house  of  Hades.  Accord- 
ing to  Hesiod,  they  are  the  daughters  of 
Night,  and  sisters  of  the  Moerae,  and  punish 
men  for  their  crimes. 

CSRINTHUS  (-i),  a  town  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Euboea,  on  the  river  Budorus. 

CERRET.&NI  (-orum),  an  Iberian  people  in 
Hispania  Tarraeonensis,  inhabited  the  mod- 
ern Cerdagne  in  the  Pyrenees ;  they  were  cel- 
ebrated for  their  hams. 

CERTONKJM  (-i),  a  town  in  Mysia. 

CSTSI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Mysia,  the  old 
inhabitants  of  the  country  about  Pergamus, 
and  upon  the  Cetius,  mentioned  by  Homer. 

CETHEGUS  (-i),  the  name  of  an  ancient 
patrician  family  of  the  Cornelia  gens.  They 
seem  to  have  kept  up  an  old  fashion  of  wear- 
ing their  arms  bare,  to  which  Horace  alludes 
in  the  words  dnctuti  Cethegi.—(l)  M.  CORNK. 
LIUB  CBTHEODS,  censor  B.C.  209,  and  consul  in 
204,  distinguished  for  his  eloquence,  and  his 
correct  use  of  Latin  words,  is  quoted  by  En- 
nuis and  Horace  with  approbation ;  died  196,. 
—(2)  C.  COBNELIUS  CKTHEGTFS,  one  of  Cati- 
line's crew,  was  a  profligate  from  his  early 
youth.  When  Catiline  left  Rome,  after  Cice- 
ro's first  speech,  Cethegus  stayed  behind  un- 
der the  orders  of  Lentnlus.  His  charge  was 
to  murder  the  leading  senators ;  but  the  tar- 
diness of  Lentnlus  prevented  anything  being 
done.  Cethegus  was  arrested  and  condemned 
to  death  with  the  other  conspirators. 

CETIUS  (-i),  a  small  river  of  Mysia,  falling 
into  the  Caicns  close  to  Pergamus. 

CEYX.    [ALCYONE.] 

CHABORAS,  the  same  as  the  ABOEEHAS. 

CHABRIAS  (-ae),  a  celebrated  Athenian 
general.  In  B.O.  378  he  was  one  of  the  com* 
manders  of  the  forces  sent  to  the  aid  of 
Thebes  against  Agesilaus,  when  he  adopted 
for  the  first  time  that  manoeuvre  for  which  he 
became  so  celebrated— ordering  his  men  to 
await  the  attack  with  their  spears  pointed 
against  the  enemy  and  their  shields  resting 
on  one  knee.  A  etatu>  was  afterwards  erect- 


CHAEREA. 


109 


CHALYBES. 


ed  at  Athens  to  Chabrias  in  this  posture.  At 
the  siege  of  Chios  (35T)  he  fell  a  sacrifice  to 
his  excessive  valor. 

CHAERSA  (-ae),  C.  CASStUS  (-i),  tribune 
of  the  praetorian  cohorts,  formed  the  con- 
spiracy by  which  the  emperor  Caligula  was 
slain,  A.U.  41.  Chaerea  was  put  to  death  by 
Claudius  upon  his  accession. 

CHAERONlSA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Boeotia  on 
the  Cephisus  near  the  frontier  of  Phocis, 
memorable  for  the  defeat  of  the  Athenians 
and  the  Boeotians  by  Philip,  which  crushed 
the  liberties  of  Greece,  «.o.  33S,  and  for  Sulla's 
victory  over  the  army  of  Mithridates,  SO. 
Ohaeronea  was  the  birthplace  of  Plutarch. 
Several  remains  of  the  ancient  city  are  to  be 
seen  at  Capurna,  more  particularly  a  theatre 
excavated  in  the  rock,  an  aqueduct,  and  the 
marble  lion  (broken  in  pieces)  which  adorned 
the  sepulchre  of  the  Boeotians  who  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Chaeronea. 


CHALCIS  (-idis).  (1)  (Egripo  or  Negro- 
pome),  the  principal  town  of  Enooeo,  situated 
on  the  narrowest  part  of  the  Euripus,  and 
united  with  the  mainland  by  a  bridge.  It 
was  a  very  ancient  town,  originally  inhibited 
by  Abantes  or  Curetes,  and  colonized  by  At- 
tic loirians.  Its  flourishing  condition  at  an 
early  period  is  attested  by  the  numerous  col- 
onies which  it  planted  in  various  parts  of  the 
Mediterranean.  It  founded  so  mauv  cities  in 
the  peninsula  in  Macedonia,  between  *he  Stry- 
mouic  and  Thermaic  gulfs,  that  the  whole 
peninsula  was  called  Chalcidice.  Iu  Italy  it 
founded  Cuma,  and  in  Sicily  Naxos.  Chalcis 
was  usually  subject  to  Athens  during  the 
greatness  of  the  latter  city.  The  orator  isaeus 
and  the  poet  Lycophron  were  born  at  Chal- 
cis, and  Aristotle  died  there.— (2)  A  town  m 
Aetolia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Evenus,  situated 
at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Chalcis,  and  hence 
also  called  Hypochalci$.—(3)  A  city  of  Syria, 
iii  a  fruitful  plain,  near  the  term 5  nation,  of  the 


The  Plain  of  Chaeronea. 


oEALAEUM  (-i),  a  port  town  of  the  Locri 
Ozolae  on  the  Crissaean  gulf,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Phocis. 

CHALASTRA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Mygdonia 
in  Macedonia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Axius. 

CHALCS  (-es)  or  CHALClA  (-ae),  an  island 
of  the  Carpathian  sea,  near  Rhodes. 

CHALCBD5N  (-5nis),  a  Greek  city  of  Bi- 
thynia,  on  the  coast  of  the  Propontis,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Bosporus,  nearly  opposite  to 
Byzantium,  was  founded  by  a  colony  from 
Megara  in  B.O.  685.  After  a  long  period  of 
independence,  it  became  subject  to  the  kings 
of  Bithynia,  and  most  of  its  inhabitants  were 
transferred  to  the  new  city  of  Nicomedia 
(B.O.  140). 

CHALCEDlCE  (-es),  a  peninsula  In  Mace- 
donia, between  the  Thermaic  and  Strymonic 
gulfs,  runs  out  into  the  sea  like  a  3-pronged 
fork,  terminating  in  3  smaller  peninsulas— 
PALLKNE,  SITHONIA,  and  AOTB  or  ATHOS.  It 
derived  its  name  from  Chalcidian  colonists. 
[CHALOIS,  No.  1.] 


river  Chains ;  the  chief  city  of  the  district  of 
Chalcidice,  which  lay  to  the  E.  of  the  OTOB^S. 

CHALDAEA  (-ae),  in  the  narrower  sen^e, 
was  a  province  of  Babylonia,  about  the  lower 
course  of  the  Euphrates,  the  border  of  the 
Arabian  Desert,  and  the  head  of  the  Persian 
Gulf.  It  was  intersected  by  numerous  canals, 
and  was  extremely  fertile.  In  a  wider  sense, 
the  term  is  applied  to  the  whole  of  Babylo- 
nia, and  even  to  the  Babylonian  empire,  on 
account  of  the  supremacy  which  the  Chaldae- 
ans  acquired  at  Babylon.  [BABYLON.]  Xeno- 
phon  mentions  Chaldaeans  in  the  mountains 
N.  of  Mesopotamia.  Their  original  seat  was 
most  probably  in  the  mountains  of  Armenia 
and  Kurdistan,  whence  they  descended  into 
the  plains  of  Mesopotamia  and  Babylonia. 
Respecting  the  Chaldaeans  as  the  ruling  class 
in  the  Babylonian  monarchy,  see  BABYLON. 

CHXL~?BES  (-urn),  a  remarkable  Asiatic 
people,  dwelling  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Black 
Sea,  and  occupying  themselves  in  the  work- 
ing of  iron.  Xenophon  mentions  Chalybos 


CHALYBON. 


110 


CHARONDAS. 


in  the  mountains  ou  the  borders  of  Armenia 
and  Mesopotamia,  who  seem  to  be  the  same 
people  that  he  elsewhere  calls  Chaldaeans; 
and  several  of  the  ancient  geographers  re- 
garded the  Chalybes  and  Chaldaei  as  origin- 
ally the  same  people. 

CHALYBON  (0.  T.,  Helbori),  a  considera- 
ble city  of  N.  Syria,  probably  the  same  as  BE- 
BOEA. 

CHAMAVI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Germany, 
who  first  appear  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Rhine,  but  afterwards  migrated  E.,  defeated 
the  Brncteri,  and  settled  between  the  Weser 
and  the  Harz. 

CHJL  ONES,  a  Pelasgian  people,  one  of  the 
3  peoples  which  inhabited  SPIRITS,  were  at  an 
earlier  period  in  possession  of  the  whole  of 
the  country,  but  subsequently  dwelt  along 
the  coast  from  the  river  Thyamis  to  the  Acro- 
ceraunian  promontory,  which  district  was 
therefore  called  CUAONIA.  By  the  poets,  Cha- 
onius  is  used  as  equivalent  to  Epirot. 

CHIOS  (abl.  Chuo),  the  vacant  and  infinite 
space  which  existed  according  to  the  ancient 
cosmogonies  previous  to  the  creation  of  the 
world,  and  out  of  which  the  gods,  men,  and 
all  things  arose.  Chaos  was  called  the  mother 
of  Erebos,  and  Night. 

CHARADRA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Phocis,  on 
the  river  Charadrus,  situated  on  an  eminence 
not  far  from  Lilaea.  . 

CHARAX  («.«.  a  palisaded  camp),  the  name 
of  several  cities,  which  took  their  origin  from 
military  stations.  The  most  remarkable  of 
them  stood  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tigris.  [AL- 
EXANDRIA, NO.  4.] 

CHlBSS  (-etis).  (1)  An  Athenian  general, 
who  for  many  years  contrived,  by  profuse 
corruption,  to  maintain  his  influence  with  the 
people,  in  spite  of  his  very  disreputable  char- 
acter. In  tne  Social  war,  B.C.  356,  he  accused 
his  colleagues,  Iphicrates  and  Timotheus,  to 
the  people,  and  obtained  the  sole  command. 
After  which  he  entered  into  the  service  of 
Artabazus,  the  revolted  satrap  of  western 
Asia,  but  was  recalled  by  the  Athenians  on 
the  complaint  of  Artaxerxes  III.  He  was 
one  of  the  Athenian  commanders  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Chaeronea,  838. —  (2)  Of  Lindus,  in 
Rhodes,  a  statuary  in  bronze,  the  favorite  pu- 
pil of  Lysippus,  flourished  B.O.  290.  His  chief 
work  was  the  statue  of  the  Sun,  which,  under 
the  name  of  "The  Colossus  of  Rhodes,"  was 
celebrated  as  one  of  the  7  wonders  of  the 
world. 

CHlRiLAUS  or  CHARILLUS  (-i),  king  of 
Sparta,  son  of  Polydectes,  is  said  to  have  re- 
ceived his  name  from  the  general  joy  excited 
by  the  justice  of  his  uncle  Xycnrgus,  when  he 
placed  him,  yet  a  new-born  infant,  on  the 
royal  seat,  and  bade  the  Spartans  acknowl- 
edge him  for  their  king. 

CHlRiTES  (-urn),  called  GRlTf  AE  by  the 
Romans,  and  by  us  the  GRACES,  were  the 
personification  of  Grace  and  Beauty.  In  the 
Iliad,  Charis  is  described  as  the  wife  of  He- 
phaestus (Vulcan) ;  but  in  the  Odyssey  Aph- 
rodite (Venus)  appears  as  the  wife  of  He- 
phaestus; from  which  we  may  infer,  if  not 
the  identity  of  Aphrodite  and  Charis,  at  least 


a  close  connection  in  tne  notions  entertained 
about  the  2  divinities.  The  idea  of  personi- 
fied grace  and  beauty  was  at  an  early  period 
divided  into  a  plurality  of  beings ;  ana  even 
in  the  Homeric  poem?  the  plural  Charites  oc- 
curs several  times.  The  Charites  are  usually 
described  as  the  daughters  of  Zeus  (Jupiter), 
and  as  3  in  number,  namely,  EnphrosynS,  Ag- 
lala,  and  Thalia.  The  names  of  the  Charites 
sufilciently  express  their  character.  They 
were  the  goddesses  who  enhanced  the  enjoy- 
ments of  life  by  refinement  and  gentleness. 
They  are  mostly  described  as  in  the  service 
of  other  divinities,  and  they  lend  their  grace 
and  beauty  to  every  thing  that  delights  and 
elevates  gods  and  men.  Poetry,  however,  is 
the  art  which  is  especially  favored  by  them ; 
and  hence  they  are  the  friends  of  the  Muses, 
with  whom  they  live  together  in  Olympus. 
In  early  times  the  Charites  were  represented 
dressed,  but  afterwards  their  figures  were 
without  clothing:  specimens  of  both  repre- 
sentations of  the  Charites  are  still  extant. 
They  appear  unsuspicious  maidens,  in  the 
full  bloom  of  life ;  and  they  usually  embrace 
each  other. 

CHARM ANDE  (-es:  nr.  Hit),  a  great  city 
of  Mesopotamia,  on  the  Euphrates. 

CH&RON  (-ontis),  son  of  Erebos,  conveyed 
in  his  boat  the  shades  of  the  dead  across  the 
rivers  of  the  lower  world.  For  this  service 
he  was  paid  with  an  obolus  or  danace,  which 
coin  was  placed  in  the  mouth  of  every  corpse 
previous  to  its  burial.  He  is  represented  as 
an  aged  man,  with  a  dirty  beard  and  a  mean 


Charon,  Hermes  or  Mercury,  and  Soul.    (From  a  Roman 
Lamp.) 

CHARONDAS  (-ae),  a  lawgiver  of  Catana> 
who  legislated  for  his  own  and  the  other 
cities  of  Chalcidian  origin  in  Sicily  and  Italy. 
His  date  is  uncertain,  but  he  lived  about  B.O. 
500.  A  tradition  relates  that  Charpndas  one 
day  f 
app 
one  < 

minded  of  this  by  a  citizen,  he  exclaimed, 
"By  Zeus  (Jupiter),  I  will  establish  it,"  and 


CHAEYBDIS. 


Ill 


CHIEISOPHUS. 


immediately  stabbed  himself.    The  laws  of 
Charondas  were  probably  in  verse. 

CHlRYBDIS.    LSOYLLA.] 

CHAS-frA  RI,  or  CHAStJlRII,  or  CHAT- 
TU3.RH  (-orum),  a  people  of  Germany,  allies 
or  dependents  of  the  Cherusci.  They  dwelt 
N.  of  the  Chatti ;  and  in  later  times  they  ap- 
pear between  the  Rhine  and  the  Maas,  as  a 
part  of  the  Franks. 

CHATTI.    [CATTI.] 

CHAUCI  or  CAUCI  (-orum),  a  powerful 
Deople  in  the  N.E.  of  Germany,  between  the 
Amisia  (Ems)  and  the  Albis  (Elbe),  divided  by 
the  Visurgis  (Weser),  which  flowed  through 
their  territory,  into  Majores  and  Minores,  the 
former  W.,  and  the  latter  E.  of  the  river. 
They  are  described  by  Tacitus  as  the  noblest 
and  the  most  just  of  the  German  tribes.  They 
are  mentioned  for  the  last  time  in  the  3d  cent- 
ury, when  they  devastated  Gaul ;  but  their 
name  subsequently  became  merged  in  the 
general  name  of  Saxons. 

CHELIDONIAE  INSULAE  (i.e.8wall<wlsl- 
ondte),  a  group  of  small  islands,  surrounded  by 
dangerous  shallows,  off  the  promontory  called 
'Hiera  or  Chelidonia,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Lycia. 

CHELONlTAS  (C.  Tornese),  a  promontory 
in  Elis,  opposite  Zacynthus,  the  most  wester- 
ly point  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

CHEMMIS,  aft.  PANOPOLIS,  a  great  city 
of  the  Thebais,  or  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Nile,  celebrated  for  its  manufact- 
ure of  linen,  its  stone-quarries,  and  its  tem- 
ples of  Pan  and  Perseus. 

CHEOPS  (-pis),  an  early  king  of  Egypt, 
godless  and  tyrannical,  reigned  50  years,  and 
built  the  first  and  largest  pyramid  by  the 
compulsory  labor  of  his  subjects. 

CHEPHRSN  (-enos),  king  of  Egypt,  brother 
and  successor  of  Cheops,  whose  example  of 
tyranny  he  followed,  reigned  56  years,  and 
built  the  second  pyramid. 

CHERSONKSUS  (-i),  "  a  land-island,71  that 
is,  "a  peninsula"  (from  ^ep<rop,  "land,"  and 
vn<rov.  "island") — (1)  CHEKSONESUS  THBAOIOA 
(Peninsula,  of  the  Dardanelles  or  of  Gallipolt), 
usually  called  at  Athens  "The  Chersonesus," 
without  any  distinguishing  epithet,  the  nar- 
row slip  of  land,  420  stadia  in  length,  running 
between  the  Hellespont  and  the  gulf  of  Me- 
las,  and  connected  with  the  Thracian  main- 
land by  an  isthmus,  which  was  fortified  by  a 
wall,  36  stadia  across,  near  Cardia.  The  Cher- 
sonese was  colonized  by  the  Athenians  under 
Miltiades,  the  contemporary  of  Pisistratus.— 
(2)  CHESSONESUS  TAVRIOA  or  SOYTHIOA  (Cri- 
mea), the  peninsula  between  the  Poutus 
Euxinus,  the  Cimmerian  Bosporus,  and  the 
Pains  Maeotis,  united  to  the  mainland  by 
an  isthmus,  40  stadia  in  width.  It  pro- 
duced a  great  quantity  of  corn,  which  was 
exported  to  Athens  and  other  parts  of 
Greece.  [BOSPORUS.]  —  (3)  CIMBRIOA  (Jut- 
land). See  CIMIJRI. 

CHERUSCI  (-oram),  the  most  celebrated 
of  all  the  tribes  of  ancient  Germany.  The 
ancients  extended  this  name  also  to  the  na- 
tions belonging  to  the  league  of  which  the 
Cherusci  were  at  the  head.  The  Cherusci 
proper  dwelt  on  both  sides  of  the  Visurgis  ( We- 


^  and  their  territories  extended  to'the  Hare 
and  the  Elbe.  Under  their  chief  Armiuius 
they  destroyed  the  army  of  Varus,  and  drove 
the  Romans  beyond  the  Rhine,  A.T>.  9.  In 
consequence  of  internal  dissensions  among 
the  German  tribes,  the  Cherusci  soon  lost 
their  influence.  Their  neighbors,  the  CATTI, 
succeeded  to  their  power. 

CHIL5N  (-onis),  of  Lacedaemon,  son  of 
Damagetus,  and  one  of  the  Seven  Sages,  flour- 
ishedB.o.590. 

CHIMAERA  (-ae),  a  fire-breathing  mon- 
ster, the  fore  part  of  whose  body  was  that  of 
a  lion,  the  hind  part  that  of  a  dragon,  and  the 
mi  ddle  that  of  a  goat.  She  made  great  havoc 
in  Lycia  and  the  surrounding  countries,  and 
was  at  length  killed  by  Bellerophon.  [BEL- 
LEEOPHON.]  The  origin  of  this  fire-breathing 
monster  must  probably  be  sought  for  in  the 
volcano  of  the  name  of  Chimaera,  near  Pha- 
selis,  in  Lycia,  In  the  works  of  art  recently 
discovered  in  Lycia  we  find  several  repre- 
sentations of  the  Chimaera  in  the  simple 
form  of  a  species  of  lion  still  occurring  in 
that  country.  (See  illustration  on  p.  112.) 

CHlONE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Boreas 
and  Orithyia,  and  mother  of  Eumolpus,  who 
is  hence  called  Chwnides. — (2)  Daughter  of 
Daedalion,  mother  of  Autolycus,  by  Hermes 
(Mercury),  and  of  Philammon,  by  Apollo. 
She  was  killed  by  Artemis  (Diana),  for  having 
compared  her  beauty  to  that  of  the  goddess. 

CHIOS  and  CHlUS  (-i:  Sdo),  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  famous  islands  of  the  Aege- 
an, lay  opposite  to  the  peninsula  of  Clazome- 
nae,  on  the  coast  of  Ionia.  It  was  colonized 
by  the  lonians  at  the  time  of  their  great  mi- 
gration, and  remained  an  independent  and 
powerful  maritime  state  till  the  defeat  of  the 
Ionian  Greeks  by  the  Persians,  B.O.  474,  after 
which  the  Chians  were  subjected  to  the  Per- 
sians. The  battle  of  Mycale,  479,  freed  Chios 
from  the  Persian  yoke,  and  it  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Athenian  League,  in  which  it  was 
for  a  long  time  the  closest  and  most  favored 
ally  of  Athens ;  but  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  revolt,  in  412,  led  to  its  conquest  and  dev- 
astation. Chios  was  celebrated  for  its  wine 
and  marble.  Of  all  the  states  which  aspired 
to  the  honor  of  being  the  birthplace  of  Ho- 
mer, Chios  was  generally  considered  by  the 
ancients  to  have  the  best  claim ;  and  it  num- 
bered among  its  natives  the  historian  TUeo- 
pompus,  the  poet  Theocritus,  and  other  emi- 
nent men.  Its  chief  city,  Chios  (Khio),  stood 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  island. 


Cola  of  Chios. 

CHtRlSOPHUS  (-i),  a  Lacedaemonian,  was 


CHIRON. 


112 


CHRYSEIS. 


Bellerophon  and  the  Chimaera.    (From  the  Torra-cotta  in  the  British  Museum.) 


sent  by  the  Spartans  to  aid  Cyrus  in  his  ex- 
pedition against  his  brother  Artaxerxes,  B.C. 
401.  After  the  battle  of  Cunaxa  and  the  sub- 
sequent arrest  of  the  Greek  generals,  Chiriso- 
phus  was  appointed  one  of  the  new  generals, 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Xenophon,  had  the 
chief  conduct  of  the  retreat. 

CHIRON  (-onis),  the  wisest  and  most  just 
of  all  the  Centaurs,  son  of  Cronos  (Saturn)  and 
Philyra  (hence  called  Philyrides),  lived  ou 
Mount  Pelion.  He  was  instructed  by  Apollo 
and  Artemis  (Diana),  and  was  renowned  for 
his  skill  in  hunting,  medicine,  music,  gym- 
nastics, and  the  art  of  prophecy.  All  the 
most  distinguished  heroes  of  Grecian  story, 
as  Peleus.  Achilles,  Diomedes,  etc.,  are  de- 
scribed as  the  pupils  of  Chiron  in  these  arts. 
He  saved  Peleus  from  the  other  Centaurs, 
who  were  on  the  point  of  killing  him,  and  he 
also  restored  to  him  the  sword  which  Acastus 
had  concealed.  [AoASTua.]  Hercules,  too, 
•was  his  friend;  but  while  fighting  with  the 
other  Centaurs,  one  of  the  poisoned  arrows 
of  Hercules  struck  Chiron,  who,  although  im- 
tnortal,  would  not  live  any  longer,  and  gave 
his  immortality  to  Prometheus.  Zeus  placed 
Chiron  among  the  stars  as  Sagittarius. 

CHLORIS  (-id$s).  (1)  Daughter  of  the 
Thebau  Amphion  and  Niobe ;  she  and  her 
brother  Amyclas  were  the  only  children  of 
Niobe  nor,  killed  by  Apollo  and  Artemis  (Di- 
ana). She  is  often  confounded  with  No.  2 

(2)  Daughter  of  Amphiou  of  Orchomenos, 
wife  of  Neleus,  ktusr  of  Pylos,  and  mother  of 
Nestor.— (3)  Wife  of  Zephyrus,  and  goddess 
of  flowers,  identical  with  the  Roman  Flora. 


CH5ASP1S  (-is).  (1)  (K&rah  or  Kara-Su\ 
a  river  of  Susiana,  falling  into  the  Tigris.  Its 
water  was  so  pure  that  the  Persian  kings 
used  to  carry  it  with  them  in  silver  vessels 
when  on  foreign  expeditions — (2)  (Attock),  a 
river  in  the  Paropamisus,  in  India,  falling  into 
the  Cophes  (Cabul). 

CHOERlLUS  (-i),  of  lasos,  a  worthless  epic 
poet  in  the  train  of  Alexander  the  Great,  is 
said  to  have  received  from  Alexander  a  gold 
stater  for  every  verse  of  his  poem. 

CHONlA  (-ae),  the  name  in  early  times  of 
a  district  in  the  S.  of  Italy,  inhabited  by  the 
Choues,  an  Oenotrian  people.  Chonia  ap- 
pears to  have  included  the  S.E.  of  Lucania 
and  the  whole  of  the  E.  of  Bruttium  as  far  as 
the  promontory  of  Zephyrinm. 

CHpRASMlI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Sogdiaua, 
who  inhabited  the  banks  and  islands  of  the 
lower  course  of  the  Oxus.  They  were  a  branch 
of  the  Sacae  or  Massagetae. 

CHRYSA  (-ae)  or  -E  (-es),  a  city  on  the  coast 
of  the  Troad,  near  Thebes,  with  a  temple  of 
Apollo  Smintheus ;  celebrated  by  Homer. 

CHRYSEIS  (-idis  or  Idos),  daughter  ofH 
Chryses,  priest  of  Apollo  at  Chryse,  was  taken 
prisoner  Dy  Achilles  at  the  capture  of  Lyr- 
nessns  or  the  Hypoplacian  Thebes.  In  the 
distribution  of  the  booty  she  was  given  to 
Agamemnon.  Her  father  Chryses  came  to 
the  camp  of  the  Greeks  to  solicit,  her  ransom, 
but  was  repulsed  by  Agamemnon  with  harsh 
words.  Thereupon  Apollo  sent  a  plague  into 
the  camp  of  the  Greeks,  and  Agamemnon  was 
obliged  to  restore  her  to  her  father  to  appeasa 


CHRYSES. 


113 


CICERO. 


the  anger  of  the  god.  Her  proper  name  was 
Astynome. 

CHB1TSES.    [CHRYSEIS.] 

CHRYSIPPUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Stoic  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Soli  in  Cilicia,  B.  0.280,  and 
studied  at  Athens  under  the  Stoic  Cleanthes. 
Disliking  the  Academic  skepticism,  he  be- 
came one  of  the  most  strenuous  supporters 
of  the  principle  that  knowledge  is  attainable 
and  may  be  established  on  certain  founda- 
tions. He  died  in  207,  aged  73. 

CHRYSOGONUS,  L.  CORNELIUS  <-i),  a 
favorite  freedman  of  Sulla,  and  a  man  of  prof- 
ligate character,  was  the  false  accuser  of  Sex. 
Roscius,  whom  Cicero  defended,  B.O.  SO. 

CERY SOPOLIS  (-is),  a  fortified  place  on 
the  Bosporus,  opposite  to  Byzantium,  at  the 
spot  where  the  Bosporus  was  generally 
crossed.  It  was  originally  the  port  of  Chal- 
cedon. 

ClBYRA  (-ae).  (1)  MAGNA,  a  great  city  of 
Phrygia  Magna,  on  the  borders  of  Caria,  said 
to  have  been  founded  by  the  Lydians.  but  aft- 
erwards peopled  by  the  Pisidians.  Under  its 
native  princes,  the  city  ruled  over  a  large  dis- 
trict called  Cibyratis.  In  B.O.  83  it  was  added 
to  the  Roman  empire.  It  was  celebrated  for 
its  manufactures,  especially  in  iron.— (2)  PAR- 
VA,  a  city  of  Pamphylia,  on  the  borders  of  Ci- 
licia. 

CiCfiRO  (-onis),  a  family  name  of  the  Tul- 
lia  gens.— (1)  M.  TUT.LIUS  CIOERO,  the  orator, 


M.  T  till  i  us  Cicero. 


was  born  on  the  3d  of  January,  B.C.  106,  at  the 
family  residence,  in  the  vicinity  of  Arpinum. 
He  was  educated  along  with  his  brother 
Quintus,  and  the  two  brothers  displayed  such 
aptitude  for  learning  thattheir  father  removed 
with  them  to  Rome,  where  they  received  in- 
struction from  the  best  teachers  in  the  capi- 


tal.   One  of  their  most  celebrated  teachers 
was  the  poet  Archias,  of  Antioch.    After  re- 
ceiving the  manly  gown  (91),  the  young  Mar- 
cus studied  under  Q.  Mucius  Scaevola,  and  in 
ater  years,  during  the  Civil  war,  under  Phae- 
drus  the  Epicurean,  Philo,  chief  of  the  new 
Academy,  Diodotus  the  Stoic,  and  Molo  th« 
Rhodian.     Having  carefully  cultivated  his 
powers,  Cicero  came  forward  as  a  pleader  in 
;he  forum,  as  soon  as  tranquillity  was  restored 
3V  the  final  overthrow  of  the  Marian  party. 
His  first  extant  speech  was  delivered  in  81, 
when  he  was  26  years  of  age,  on  behalf  of  P. 
^uintius.    Next  year,  SO,  he  defended  Sex. 
tioscius  of  Ameria,  charged  with  parricide  by 
Chrysogonus,  a  favorite  freedman  of  Sulla. 
In  79  he  went  to  Greece,  partly  that  he  might 
avoid  Sulla,  whom  he  had  offended,  bnt  part- 
ly also  that  he  might  improve  his  health  and 
complete  his  course  of  study.    At  Athens  he 
formed  the  friendship  with  Pomponius  Atti- 
cus  which  lasted  to  his  death,  and  at  Rhodes 
he  once  more  placed  himself  under  the  care 
of  Molo.    After  an  absence  of  2  years,  Cicero 
returned  to  Rome  (77),  with  his  health  firmly 
established  and  his  oratorical  powers  greatly 
improved.    He  again  came  forward  as  an  or- 
ator in  the  forura,  and  soon  obtained  the 
greatest  distinction.  His  success  in  the  forum 
paved  for  him  the  way  to  the  high  offices  of 
state.    In  75  he  was  quaestor  in  Sicily,  re- 
turned to  Rome  in  74,  and  for  the  next  4  years 
was  engaged  in  pleading  causes.    In  70  he 
distinguished  himself  by  the  impeachment  of 
VEUVES,  and  in  69  he  was  curule  aedile.    In 
66  he  was  praetor,  and  while  holding  this  of- 
fice he  defended  Cluentius  in  the  speech  still 
extant,  and  delivered  his  oratorical  oration 
in  favor  of  the  Manilian  law,  which  appointed 
Pompey  to  the  command  of  the  Mithridatic 
war.    Two  years  afterwards  he  gained  the 
great  object  of  his  ambition,  and,  although  a 
novus  homo,  was  elected  consul,  with  C.  Anto- 
nius  as  a  colleague.    He  entered  upon  the 
office  on  the  1st  of  January,  63.    Not  having 
any  real  sympathy  with  the  popular  party,  he 
now  deserted  his  former  friends,  and  con- 
nected himself  closely  with  the  aristocracy. 
The  consulship  of  Cicero  was  distinguished 
by  the  outbreak  of  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline, 
which  was  suppressed  and  finally  crashed  by 
Cicero's  prudence  and  energy.    [CATILINA.] 
For  this  service  Cicero  received  the  highest 
honors:  he  was  addressed  as  "father  of  his 
country,"  and  thanksgivings  in  his  name 
were  voted  to  the  gods.    But  as  soon  as  he 
had  laid  down  the  consulship  he  had  to  con- 
tend with  the  popular  party,  and  especially 
with  the  friends  of  the  conspirators.    He  also 
mortally  offended  Clodius,  who,  in  order  to 
have  his  revenge,  brought  forward  a  bill  baii- 
ishingauy  one  who  should  be  found  to  have 
put  a TRoman  citizen  to  death  untried.    [Cio- 
DIITS.]    The  triumvirs,  Caesar,  Pompey,  and 
Crassus,  left  Cicero  to  his  fate  -,  Cicero's  cour- 
age failed  him?  he  voluntarily  retired  from 
Rome  before  the  measure  of  Clodius  wasjput 
to  the  vote,  and  crossed  over  to  Greece.   Here 
he  gave  way  to  unmanly  despair  and  excessive 
sorrow.   Meanwhile  his  friends  at  Rome  were 
exerting  themselves  on  his  behalf,  and  ob- 
tained his  recall  from  banishment  in  the 


CICERO. 


114 


CUJCIA. 


course  of  next  year  (55).  Taught  by  expe- 
rience, Cicero  would  no  longer  join  the  sen- 
ate in  opposition  to  the  triumvirs,  and  retired 
to  a  great  extent  from  public  life.  In  52  he 
was  compelled,  much  against  his  wilhto  go 
to  the  East  as  governor  of  Cilicia.  He  re- 
turned to  Italy  towards  the  end  of  50,  and  ar- 
rived in  the  neighborhood  of  Rome  on  the 
4th  of  January,  49,  just  as  the  civil  war  be- 
tween Caesar  and  Pompey  broke  out.  After 
long  hesitating  which  side  to  join,  he  finally 
determined  to  throw  in  his  lot  with  Pompey, 
and  crossed  over  to  Greece  in  June.  After 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia  (48),  Cicero  was  not 
only  pardoned  by  Caesar,  but  when  the  latter 
landed  at  Brundusium  in  September,  47,  he 
greeted  Cicero  with  the  greatest  kindness  and 
respect,  and  allowed  him  to  return  to  Rome. 
Cicero  now  retired  into  privacy,  and  during 
the  next  3  or  4  years  composed  the  greater 
part  of  his  philosophical  and  rhetorical  works. 
The  murder  of  Caesar  on  the  15th  of  March, 
44,  a«?ain  brought  Cicero  into  public  life.  He 
put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  republican 
party,  and  in  his  Philippic  orations  attacked 
M.  Antony  with  unmeasured  vehemence.  But 
this  proved  his  rniu.  On  the  formation  of 
the  triumvirate  between  Octavian,  Antony, 
and  Lepidus  (27th  of  November,  43),  Cicero's 
name  was  in  the  list  of  the  proscribed.  He 
endeavored  to  escape,  but  was  overtaken  by 
the  soldiers  near  Formiae.  His  slaves  were 
ready  to  defend  their  master  with  their  lives, 
but  Cicero  commanded  them  to  desist,  and  of- 
fered his  neck  to  the  executioners.  They  in- 
stantly cut  off  his  head  and  hands,  which 
were  conveyed  to  Rome,  and  by  the  orders 
of  Antony  nailed  to  the  Rostra.  Cicero  per- 
ished on  the  7th  of  December,  43,  when  he 
had  nearly  completed  his  64th  year.— By  his 
first  wife,  Terentia,  Cicero  had  2  children,  a 
daughter,  TTJLLIA,  whose  death  in  45  caused 
him  the  greatest  sorrow,  and  a  son,  Marcus 
(No.  3).  His  wife  Terentia,  to  whom  he  had 
been  united  for  30  years,  he  divorced  in  46, 
and  soon  afterwards  he  married  a  young  and 
wealthy  maiden,  PUBILTA,  his  ward,  but  this 
new  alliance  was  speedily  dissolved.  As  a 
statesman  and  a  citizen,  Cicero  was  weak, 
changeful,  and  excessively  vain.  His  only 
great  work  was  the  suppression  of  Catiline's 
conspiracy.  It  is  as  an  author  that  he  de- 
serves the  highest  praise.  In  his  works  the 
Latin  language  appears  in  the  greatest  per- 
fection. They  may  be  divided  into  the  fol- 
lowing subjects :— I.  RHETORIC AJ.  WORKS.  Of 
these  there  were  seven,  which  have  come 
down  to  us  more  or  less  complete.  The  best 
known  of  these  is  the  "De  Oratore,"  written 
at  the  request  of  his  brother  Quintus ;  it  is 
the  most  perfect  of  his  rhetorical  works.— II. 
^PHILOSOPHICAL  WORXS.  1.  Political  Philoso- 
phy. Under  this  head  we  have  the  "  Be  Re- 
publica"  and  "De  Legibus,"  both  of  which 
are  written  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue.  A  large 
portion  of  both  works  is  preserved.— 2.  Phir 
losophy  of  Morals.  In  his  work  "  De  Omciis, " 
which  was  written  for  the  use  of  his  son  Mar- 
cus, at  that  time  residing  at  Athens,  the  tone 
of  his  teaching  is  pure  and  elevated.  He  also 
wrote  "De  Senectute"  and  "De  Amicitia," 
which  are  preserved.— 3.  Speculative  Philoso- 


phy. Under  this  head  the  most  noted  of  his 
works  are  the  "De  Finibus,"  or  inquiry  into 
"the  chief  good,"  and  the  "Tusculan  Dispu- 
tations."—4.  Theology.  In  the  "De  Natura 
Deorum"  he  gives  an  account  of  the  specula- 
tions of  the  ancients  concerning  a  divine  Be- 
ing,  which  is  continued  in  the  "De  Divinati- 
one."— III.  ORATIONS.  Of  these  56  have  come 
down  to  us.  —  IV.  EPISTLES.  Cicero,  during 
the  most  important  period  of  his  life,  main- 
tained a  close  correspondence  with  Atticus,, 
and  with  a  wide  circle  of  literary  and  polik 
ical  friends  and  connections.  We  now  hare 
upwards*  of  800  letters,  undoubtedly  genuine, 
extending  over  a  space  of  26  years,  and  com- 
monly arranged  under  "  Epistolae  ad  Fami- 
liares  s.  ad  Diversos,"  "Ad  Atticum,"  and 
"Ad  Quintum  Fratrem."— (2)  Q.  TULLIUS  CIC- 
ERO, brother  of  the  orator,  was  born  about  102, 
and  was  educated  along  with  his  brother.  In 
67  he  was  aedile,  in  62  praetor,  and  for  the 
next  3  years  governed  Asia  as  propraetor.  In 
55  he  went  to  Gaul  as  legatus  to  Caesar,  whose 
approbation  he  gained  by  his  military  abili- 
ties and  gallantry ;  in  51  he  accompanied  his 
brother  as  legate  to  Cilicia ;  and  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war  in  49  he  joined  Pom- 
pey. After  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  he  was 
pardoned  by  Caesar.  He  was  proscribed  by 
the  triumvirs,  and  was  put  to  death  in  43.— 
(3)  M.  TULLIIFS  CICERO,  only  son  of  the  orator 
and  his  wife  Terentia,  was  born  in  65.  On 
the  death  of  Caesar  (44)  he  joined  the  repub- 
lican party,  served  as  military  tribune  under 
Brutus  in  Macedonia,  and  after  the  battle  of 
Philippi  (42)  fled  to  Sex.  Pompey  in  Sicily* 
When  peace  was  concluded  between  the  tri- 
umvirs and  Sex.  Pompey  in  39,  Cicero  re- 
turned to  Rome,  and  was  favorably  received 
by  Octavian,  who  at  length  assumed  him  as 
his  colleague  in  the  consulship  (B.C.  30,  from 
13th  Sept.).  By  a  singular  coincidence,  the 
dispatch  announcing  the  capture  of  the  fleet 
of  Antony,  which  was  immediately  followed 
by  his  death,  was  addressed  to  the  new  consul 
in  his  official  capacity.  —  (4)  Q.  TULLIUB  CIC- 
ERO, son  of  No.  2,  and  of  Pomponia,  sister  of 
Atticus,  was  born  in  67  or  66,  and  perished 
with  his  father  in  the  proscription,  48. 

ClCONES  (-um),  a  Thracian  people  on  the 
Hebrus,  and  near  the  coast. 

ClLlClA  (-ae),  a  district  in  the  S.E.  of  Asia 
Minor,  bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
S.,  Mount  Amanus  on  the  B.,  and  Mount  Tau- 
rus on  the  N.  The  W.  part  of  Cilicia  is  inter- 
sected by  the  offshoots  of  the  Taurus,  while 
in  its  E.  part  the  mountain  chains  inclose 
much  larger  tracts  of  level  country;  and 
hence  arose  the  division  of  the  country  into 
C.  Aspera  or  Trachea,  and  C.  Campestris ;  the 
latter  was  also  called  Cilicia  Propria.  The 
first  inhabitants  of  the  country  are  supposed 
to  have  been  of  the  Syrian  race.  The  myth- 
ical story  derived  their  name  from  Cilix,  the 
son  of  Agenor,  who  started  with  his  broth- 
ers, Cadmus  and  Phoenix,  for  Europe,  but 
stopped  short  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor, 
and  peopled  with  his  followers  the  plain  of 
Cilicia.  The  country  remained  independent 
till  the  time  of  the  Persian  empire,  under 
which  it  formed  a  satrapy,  but  it  appears  to 


CILICIAE. 


115 


CIMON. 


have  been  still  governed  by  its  native  princes. 
Alexander  subdued  it  on  his  march  into  Up- 
per Asia ;  and,  after  the  division  of  his  em- 
pire, it  formed  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Seleucidae ;  its  plains  were  settled  by  Greeks, 
and  the  old  inhabitants  were  for  the  most 
part  driven  back  into  the  mountains  of  C. 
Aspera,  where  they  remained  virtually  inde- 
pendent, practicing  robbery  by  land  and  pi- 
racy by  sea,  till  Pompey  drove  them  from  the 
sea  in  his  war  against  the  pirates ;  and,  hav- 
ing rescued  the  level  country  from  the  power 
of  "Tigraues,  who  had  overran  it,  he  erected 
it  into  a  Komau  province,  B.C.  67-66.  The 
mountain  country  was  not  made  a  province 
till  the  reign  of  Vespasian.  The  Cilicians 
bore  a  low  character  among  the  Greeks  and 
Romans.  The  Carians,  Cappadocians,  and 
Cilicians  were  called  the  three  bad  K's.  • 

CMClAE  PYLAE  or  PORTAE,  the  chief 
pass  between  Cappadocia  and  Cilicia,  through 
the  Taurus,  on  the  road  from  Tyana  to  Tar- 
sus. 

CMOlUM  MARE,  the  N.E.  portion  of  the 
Mediterranean,  between  Cilicia  and  Cyprus, 
as  far  as  the  gulf  of  Issus. 

ClLIX.      [ClLIOIA.] 

CILLA  (-ae),  a  small  town  in  the  Troad, 
celebrated  for  its  temple  of  Apollo,  surnamed 
Cillaeus. 

CILNtE  (-drum),  a  powerful  Etruscan  fam- 
ily in  Arretium,  driven  out  of  their  na'tive 
town  in  B.C.  301,  but  restored  by  the  Romans. 
The  Cilnii  were  nobles  or  Lucumones  in  their 
state,  and  some  of  them  in  ancient  times  may 
have  held  even  the  kingly  dignity.  The  name 
has  been  rendered  chiefly  memorable  by  C. 
Cilnius  Maecenas.  [MAECENAS.] 

CIMBER  (-ri),  L.  TILLIUS  (-i)  (not  Tul- 
lius),  a  friend  of  Caesar,  who  gave  him  the 
province  of  Bithynia,  but  subsequently  one 
of  Caesar's  murderers,  B.O.  44. 

CIMBRI  (-6rum),  a  Celtic  people,  probably 
of  the  same  race  as  the  Cymry.  [CELTAJS.] 
They  appear  to  have  inhabited  the  peninsula, 
which  was  called  after  them  CHBESONESUS 
CIMBBIOA  (Jutland).  In  conjunction  with  the 
Teutoni  and  Ambrones,  they  migrated  S., 
with  their  wives  and  children;  towards  the 
close  of  the  2d  century  B.C.  ;  and  the  whole 
host  is  said  to  have  contained  300,000  fight- 
ing men.  They  defeated  several  Roman  ar- 
mies, and  caused  the  greatest  alarm  at  Rome. 
In  B.O.  113  they  defeated  the  consul  Papirius 
Carbo  near  Noreia,  and  then  crossed  over 
into  Gaul,  which  they  ravaged  in  all  direc- 
tions. In  109  they  defeated  the  consul  Julius 
Silanns ;  and  in  107,  the  consul  Cassius  Lon- 
ginus,  who  fell  in  the  battle ;  and  in  105  they 
gained  their  most  brilliant  victory,  near  the 
Rhone,  over  the  united  armies  of  the  consul 
Cn.  Mallius  and  the  proconsul  Servilius  Cae- 
pio.  Instead  of  crossing  the  Alps,  the  Cim- 
bri,  fortunately  for  Rome,  marched  into  Spain, 
where  they  remained  two  or  three  years.  The 
Romans,  meantime,  had  been  making  prepa- 
rations to  resist  their  formidable  foes,  and 
had  placed  their  troops  under  the  command 
of  Marius.  The  barbarians  returned  to  Gaul 
in  102.  In  that  year  the  Teutoni  were  de- 


feated and  cut  to  pieces  by  Marius  near  Aquae 
Sextiae  (Aix)  in  Gaul ;  and  next  year  (101) 
the  Cimbri  and  their  allies  were  likewise  de- 
stroyed by  Marius  and  Catulus,  in  the  deci- 
sive battle  of  the  Campi  Raudii,  near  Verona, 
in  the  N.  of  Italy. 

CiMlNUS  or  CIMINIUS  MONS,  a  range 
of  mountains  in  Etruria,  thickly  covered  with 
wood  (Saltus  Ciminius,  Silva  Ciminia),  near  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  N.W.  of  Tarquinii, 
between  the  Lacus  Vulsiniensis  and  Soracte. 

CIMMSRil  (-drum),  the  name  of  a  myth- 
ical and  of  a  historical  people.  The  mythical 
Cimmerii,  mentioned  by  Homer,  dwelt  in  the 
farthest  W.  on  the  ocean,  enveloped  in  con- 
stant mists  and  darkness.  Later  writers 
sought  to  localize  them,  and  accordingly 
placed  them  either  in  Italy,  near  the  lake 
Avernus,  or  in  Spain,  or  in  the  Tauric  Cuer- 
sonesus.— The  historical  Cimmerii  dwelt  on 
the  Palus  Maeotis  (Sea  of  Azov),  in  the  Tau- 
ric Chersonesus,  and  in  Asiatic  Sarmatia. 
Driven  from  their  abodes  by  the  Scythians, 
they  passed  into  Asia  Minor  on  the  N.E.,  and 
penetrated  W.  as  far  as  Aeolis  and  Ionia. 
They  took  Sardis,  B.O.  635,  in  the  reign  of  Ar- 
dys,  king  of  Lydia ;  but  they  were  expelled 
from  Asia  by  Alyattes,  the  grandson  of  Ardys. 

CIMMERIUS  BOSPORUS.    [BOSPORUS.] 

CIMOLUS  (-i),  an  island  in  the  Aegean  sea, 
one  of  the  Cyclades,  between  Siphnos  and 
Melos,  celebrated  for  its  fine  white  earth,  used 
by  fullers  for  cleaning  cloths. 

CIMON  (-onis).  (1)  Father  of  the  celebra- 
ted Miltiades,was  secretly  murdered  by  order 
of  the  sons  of  Pisistratus.— (2)  Grandson  of 
the  preceding,  and  son  of  Miltiades.  On  the 
death  of  his  father  (B.C.  489),  he  was  impris- 
oned because  he  was  unable  to  pay  his  fine 
of  50  talents,  which  was  eventually  paid  by 
Callias  on  his  marriage  with  Elpinice,  Ci- 
mon's  sister.  Cimon  frequently  commanded 
the  Athenian  fleet  in  their  aggressive  war 
against  the  Persians.  His  most  orilliant  suc- 
cess was  in  466,  when  he  defeated  a  large  Per- 
sian fleet,  and  on  the  same  day  landed  and 
routed  their  land  forces  also  on  the  river 
Eurymedon  in  Pamphylia.  The  death  of 
Aristides  and  the  banishment  of  Themisto- 
cles  left  Cimon  without  a  rival  at  Athens  for 
some  years.  But  his  influence  gradually  de- 
clined as  that  of  Pericles  increased.  In  461 
he  was  ostracized  through  the  influence  of 
the  popular  party  in  Athens,  who  were  en- 
raged with  him  and  with  the  Spartans.  He 
was  subsequently  recalled,  and  through  his 
intervention  a  5-years'  truce  was  made  be- 
tween Athens  and  Sparta,  450.  In  449  the  war 
was  renewed  with  Persia,  Ciraon  received  the 
command,  and  with  200  ships  sailed  to  Cy- 
prus ;  here,  while  besieging  Citium,  illness  or 
the  effects  of  a  wound  carried  him  oft— -Ci- 
mon  was  of  a  cheerful,  convivial  temper; 
frank  and  affable  in  his  manners.  Having 
obtained  a  great  fortune  by  his  share  of  the 
Persian  spoils,  he  displayed  unbounded  liber- 
ality. His  orchards  and  gardens  were  thrown 
open;  his  fellow-demesmen  were  free  daily 
to  his  table,  and  his  public  bounty  verged  on 
ostentation. 


CINARA. 


116 


CIRCEII. 


ClNiRA  (-ae),  a  small  island  in  the  Aegean 
sea,  B.  of  Naxos,  celebrated  for  its  artichokes 

(ttivdpcL). 

CINCINNATUS,  L.  QUINTIUS  (-i),  a  fa- 
vorite hero  of  the  old  Roman  republic,  and  a 
model  of  old  Roman  frugality  and  integrity. 
He  lived  on  his  farm,  cultivating  the  land 
with  his  own  hand.  In  B.O.  458  he  was  called 
from  the  plow  to  the  dictatorship,  iu  order  to 
deliver  the  Roman  consul  and  army  from  the 
perilous  position  in  which  they  had  been 
placed  by  the  Aequiaus.  He  saved  the  Ro- 
man army,  defeated  the  enemy,  and,  after 
holding  the  dictatorship  only  16  days,  re- 
turned to  his  farm.  In  439,  at  the  age  of  80, 
he  was  a  2d  time  appointed  dictator  to  op- 
pose the  alleged  machinations  of  Sp.  Maelius. 

ClNSAS  (-ae),  a  Thessalian,  the  Mend  and 
minister  of  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus.  He  was 
the  most  eloquent  man  of  his  day,  and  Pyr- 
rhus prized  his  persuasive  powers  so  highly 
that  "  the  words  of  Cineas"  (he  was  wont  to 
say)  "had  won  him  more  cities  than  his  own 
arms."  The  most  famous  passage  in  his  life 
is  his  embassy  to  Rome,  with  proposals  for 
peace  from  Pyrrhus,  after  the  battle  of  Hera- 
clea  (B.O.  280).  Ciueas  spared  no  arts  to  gain 
favor.  Thanks  to  his  wonderful  memory,  on 
the  day  after  his  arrival  he  was  able  (we  are 
told)  to  address  all  the  senators  and  knights 
by  name.  The  senate,  however,  rejectee!  his 
proposals,  mainly  through  the  dying  elo- 
quence of  old  App.  Claudius  Caecns.  The 
embassador  returned  and  told  the  king  that 
there  was  no  people  like  that  people— their 
city  was  a  temple,  their  senate  an  assembly 
of  kings. 

CINGA  (-ae:  Cwca),  a  river  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensis,  falling  with  the  Sicoris  into 
the  Iberus, 

CINGET5RIX  (-Igis),  a  Gaul, 
one  of  the  first  men  'in  the  city  of 
the  Treviri  (Frevcs,Trierh  attached 
himself  to  the  Romans,  though 
son-in-law  to  Indutiomams,  the 
head  of  the  independent  party. 

CINGtJLUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Pi- 
eenum  ou  a  rock,  built  by  Labie- 
nus  shortly  before  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war,  B.C.  49. 

CINNA  (-ae).  (1)  L.  COENELIUS 
CINNA,  the  famous  leader  of  the 
popular  party  during  the  absence  y 
of  Sulla  in  the  East.  (K.O.  87-84.)  f* 
In  87  Sulla  allowed  Cinna  to  be 
elected  consul  with  On.  Octavius, 
on  condition  of  his  taking  an  oath 
not  to  alter  the  constitution  as 
then  existing.  But  as  soon  as 
Sulla  had  left  Italy,  he  began  his 
endeavor  to  overpower  the  sen- 
ate, and  to  recall  Marina  and  his 
party.  He  was,  however,  defeated  by  his  col- 
league Octavius  in  the  forum,  was  obliged  to 
fly  the  city,  and  was  deposed  by  the  senate 
from  the  consulate.  But  he  soon  returned, 
and.  with  the  aid  of  Harms  took  possession  of 
Rome,  massacred  Sulla's  friends,  and  for  three 
successive  years— 86,  85, 84— was  elected  con- 
sul. [MAiitus.]  In  84  Sulla  prepared  to  re- 


turn from  Greece ;  and  Cinna  was  slain  by  his 
own  troops,  when  he  ordered  them  to  cross 
over  from  Italy  to  Greece,  where  he  intended 
to  encounter  Sulla.— (2)  L.  CORNELIUS  CINNA, 
son  of  No.  1,  joined  M.  Lepidus  in  his  attempt 
to  overthrow  the  constitution  of  Sulla,  78. 
Caesar  made  him  praetor,  yet  he  approved  of 
Caesar's  assassination.  —  (3)  HELVIOS  CINNA, 
a  poet  of  considerable  renown,  the  friend  of 
Catullus.  In  «.o.  44  he  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  when  he  was  murdered  by  the  mob, 
who  mistook  him  for  his  namesake  Cornelius 
Cinna. 

C1NYPS  (-yphis:  Wad-Khakan  or  Kinifo), 
a  small  river  on  the  N.  coast  of  Africa,  be- 
tween the  Syrtes,  forming  the  E.  boundary  of 
the  proper  territory  of  the  African  Tripolis. 
The  district  about  it  was  called  by  the  same 
name,  and  was  famous  for  its  fine -haired 
goats.  The  Roman  poets  use  the  adjective 
Cinyphius  in  the  general  sense  of  Libyan  or 
African. 

ClN^RAS  (-ae),  son  of  Apollo,  king  of  Cy- 

E  and  priest  of  the  Paphian  Aphrodite 
us).    By  his  own  daughter,  Myrrha  or 
„  *ua,  he  became  the  father  of  Adonis. 
[AnoNis.]    Hence  we  find  in  the  poets  Myr- 
rha called  Cinyrew  virgo  and  Adonis  Ciny- 
reius  juvenis. 

CIRCE  (-es),  daughter  of  Helios  (the  Sun) 
by  Perse,  and  sister  of  Aeetes,  distinguished 
for  her  magic  arts.  She  dwelt  in  the  island 
of  Aeaea,  upon  which  Ulysses  was  cast.  His 
companions,  whom  he  sent  to  explore  the 
land,  tasted  of  the  magic  cap  which  Circe  of- 
fered them,  and  were  forthwith  changed  into 
swine,  with  the  exception  of  Eurylochus,  who 
brought  the  sad  news  to  Ulysses.  The  latter, 
having  received  from  Hermes  (Mercury)  the 
root  motyj  which  fortified  him  against  en- 


Circe  offering  the  Cap. 

chantment,  drank  the  masic  cup  without  in- 
jury, and  then  compelled  Circe  to  restore  his 
companions  to  their  former  shape.  After  this 
he  tarried  a  whole  year  with  her,  and  she  be- 
came, by  him  the  mother  of  Telegonus,  the 
reputed  founder  of  Tusculum. 

CIRClII  (-orura),  an  ancient  town  of  La* 
tium  on  the  promontory  Circeium,  said  Uv 


CIRCESIUM. 


117 


CLAUDIUS. 


the  Roman  poets  to  have  been  the  abode  of 
Circe. 

CIRCESIUM  <-i),  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  on 
the  IB.  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Aborrhas. 

CIRCUS.    [ROMA.] 

CIRRHA  (-ae).    [CRISSA.] 

CIRTA  (-ae),  aft.  CONSTANT1NA  (-ae) 
(Comtantineh,  Ku.),  a  city  of  the  Massylii  in 
Numidia,  50  Roman  miles  from  the  sea ;  the 
capital  of  Syphax,  and  of  Massinissa  and  his 
successors.  Its  position  on  a  height,  sur- 
rounded by  the  river  Ampsagas,  made  it  al- 
most impregnable,  as  the  Romans  found  in 
the  Jugurthine,  and  the  French  in  the  Alge- 
rine  wars.  It  was  restored  by  Constantme 
the  Great,  in  honor  of  whom  it  received  its 
later  name. 

CISSEUS  (-eos  or  Si),  a  king  in  Thrace, 
and  father  of'Theano,  or,  according  to  others, 
of  Hecuba,  who  is  heace  called  Cissois. 

CISSIA  (-ae),  a  very  fertile  district  of  Susi- 
ana,  on  the  Choapses.  The  inhabitants,  Cis- 
sii,  were  a  wild,  free  people,  resembling  the 
Persians  in  their  manners. 

CITHAERON  (-ouis),  a  lofty  range  of 
mountains,  separating  Boeotia  from  Megaris 
and  Attica.  It  was  sacred  to  Dionysus  (Bac- 
chus) and  the  Muses,  and  was  celebrated  for 
the  death  of  Pentheus  and  Actaeon. 

CMUM  (-i).  (1)  A  town  in  Cyprus,  200 
stadia  from  Salamis,  near  the  month  of  the 
Tetius:  here  Cinion,  the  celebrated  Atheni- 
an, died,  and  Zeno,  the  founder  of  the  Stoic 
school,  was  born.— (2)  A  town  in  Macedonia, 
N.W.  ofBeroea. 

CIUS  (-i),  an  ancient  city  in  Bithynia,  on  a 
bay  of  the  Propontis  called  Cianus  Sinus,  was 
colonized  by  the  Milesians.  It  was  destroyed 
bv  Philip  HI.,  king  of  Macedonia ;  but  was 
rebuilt  by  Prusias,  king  of  Bithynia,  from 
whom  it  was  called  Prusias. 

CLlNIS  (-is).  (1)  A  river  of  Etruria,  form- 
ing 2  small  lakes  near  Clusium,  and  flowing 
into  the  Tiber  E.  of  Vulsinii.— (2)  The  more 
ancient  name  of  the  Liris. 

CLlNlUS.      CLlTEKNUS.] 

CLlRUS  or  CLlROS  (-i),  a  small  town  on 
the  Ionian  coast,  near  Colophon,  with  a  cele- 
brated temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo,  suruamed 
Clarius. 

CLASTIDIUM  (-i),  a  fortified  town  of  the 
Ananes,  in  Gallia  Cispadana,  not  far  from 
the  Po. 

CLAUDIA  GENS,  patrician  and  plebeian. 
The  patrician  Claudii  were  of  Sabine  origin, 
and  came  to  Rome  in  B.C.  504,  when  they  were 
received  among  the  patricians.  [CLAUDIUS, 
No.  1.]  They  were  noted  for  their  pride  and 
haughtiness,  their  disdain  for  the  laws,  and 
their  hatred  of  the  plebeians.  They  bore  va- 
rious surnames,  which  are  given  under  CLAU- 
DIUS, with  the  exception  of  those  with  the 
cognomen  NEKO,  who  are  better  known  under 
the  latter  name.  The  plebeian  Claudii  were 
divided  into  several  families,  of  which  the 
most  celebrated  was  that  of  MA.ROELUJS. 

CLAUDIA  QUINTA  (-ae),  a  Roman  ma- 
tron, not  a  Vestal  Virgin,  as  is  frequently 


stated.  When  the  vessel  conveying  the  im* 
age  of  Cybele  from  Pessimis  to  Rome  had 
stuck  fast  in  a  shallow  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tiber,  the  soothsayers  announced  that  only  a 
chaste  woman  could  move  it.  Claudia,  who 
had  been  accused  of  incontiuency,  took  hold 
of  the  rope,  and  the  vessel  forthwith  followed 
her,  U.O.  204. 

CLAUDlANUS,  CLAUDIUS  (-i),  the  lag, 
of  the  Latin  classic  poets,  flourished  under 
Theodosius  and  his  sous  Arcadius  aud  Hono- 
rius.  He  was  a  native  of  Alexandria,  and  re- 
moved to  Rome,  where  he  enjoyed  the  patron* 
age  of  the  all-powerful  Stilicho.  He  was  & 
heathen,  and  wrote  a  large  number  of  poems, 
many  of  which  are  extant,  and  are  distin- 
guished by  purity  of  language  and  poetical 
genius.  He  died  about  A.D.  408. 

CLAUDIUS  (-i),  patrician.  See  CLAUDIA 
GENS.— (1)  APP.  CLAUDIUS  SABINUS  REGILLEN- 
sis,  a  Sabine,  of  the  town  of  Regillum  or  Re- 
gilli,  who  in  his  own  country  bore  the  name 
of  Attns  Clausus,  being  the  advocate  of  peace 
with  the  Romans,  when  hostilities  broke  out 
between  the  two  nations,  withdrew  with  a 
large  train  of  followers  to  Rome,  B.O.  504.  He 
was  received  into  the  ranks  of  the  patricians, 
a,ud  lands  beyond  the  Anio  were  assigned  to 
his  followers,  who  were  formed  into  a  new 
tribe,  called  the  Clandian.  He  exhibited  the 
characteristics  which  marked  his  descendants, 
and  showed  the  most  bitter  hatred  towards 
the  plebeians.  He  was  consul  in  495;  and 
his  conduct  towards  the  plebeians  led  to  their 
secession  to  the  Mons  Sacer,  494.— (2)  APP. 
CLAUI>HTSREGILL.  SAB.,  the  decemvir,  451  and 
450.  In  the  latter  year  his  character  be- 
trayed itself  in  the  most  tyrannous  conduct 
towards  the  plebeians,  till  his  attempt  against 
Virginia  led  to  the  overthrow  of  the  decem- 
virate.  App.  was  impeached  by  Virginius, 
but  did  not  live  to  abide  his  trial.  He  either 
killed  himself,  or  was  put  to  death,  in  prison, 
by  order  of  the  tribunes. — (3)  APP.  CLAUDIUS 
CAEOUS  became  blind  before  his  old  age.  In 
his  censorship  (312),  to  which  he  was  elected 
without  having  been  consul  previously,  he 
built  the  Appian  aqueduct,  and  commenced 
the  Appian  road,  which  was  continued  to 
Capua.  He  retained  the  censorship  4  years, 
in  opposition  to  the  law,  which  limited  the 
length  of  the  office  to  18  months.  In  his  old 
age,  Appius,  by  his  eloquent  speech,  induced 
the  senate  to  reject  the  terms  of  peace  which 
Cineas  had  proposed  on  behalf  of  Pyrrhus. 
Appius  was  the  earliest  Roman  writer  in  prose 
and  verse  whose  name  has  come  down  to  us. 
—(4)  APP.  CL.  PULOHEB,  brother  of  the  cele- 
brated tribune,  whom  he  joined  in  opposing 
the  recall  of  Cicero  from  banishment.  He 
preceded  Cicero  as  proconsul  in  Cilicia  (53), 
fled  with  Pompey  from  Italy,  and  died  before 
the  battle  of  Fharsalia.— (5)  P.  CL.  PULOHEB, 
usually  called  CLODIUS,  and  not  Claudius, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  the  notorious  enemy 
of  Cicero,  and  one  of  the  most  profligate  char- 
acters of  a  profligate  age.  In  62  he  profaned 
the  mysteries  of  the  Bona  Dea,  which  were 
celebrated  by  the  Roman  matrons  in  the 
house  of  Caesar;  was  discovered;  and  next 
year,  61,  when  quaestor,  was  brought  to  trial, 


CLAUDIUS. 


118 


CLEOMBROTUS. 


but  obtained  an  acquittal  by  bribing  the 
He  had  attempted  to  prove  an  alibi  : 


judges. 
but  Cic 


. 

ut  Cicero's  evidence  showed  that  Clodius 
was  with  him  in  Rome  only  3  hours  before  he 
pretended  to  have  been  at  Interamna.  In  or- 
der to  revenge  himself  upon  Cicero,  Clodius 
was  adopted"  into  a  plebeian  family,  that  he 
might  obtain  the  formidable  power  of  a  trib- 
une of  the  plebs.  He  was  tribune  in  58,  and, 
supported  by  the  triumvirs  Caesar,  Pompey, 
and  Crassus,  drove  Cicero  into  exile;  but, 
notwithstanding  all  his  efforts,  he  was  unable 
to  prevent  the  recall  of  Cicero  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  [CroEKO.]  In  56  Clodins  was  aedile, 
and  attempted  to  bring  his  enemy  Milo  to 
trial.  Each  had  a  large  gang  of  gladiators  in 
his  pay,  and  frequent  lights  took  place  in  the 
streets  of  Borne  between  the  two  parties.  In 
53,  when  Clodius  was  a  candidate  for  the 
praetorship,  and  Milo  for  the  consulship,  on 
the  20th  or  January,  52,  on  the  Appiau  road, 
near  Bovillae,  an  affray  ensued  between  their 
followers,  in  which  Clodius  was  murdered. 
The  mob  was  infuriated  at  the  death  of  their 
favorite  ;  and  such  tumults  followed  at  the 
burial  of  Clodius  that  Pompey  was  appointed 
sole  consul,  in  order  to  restore  order  to  the 
state.  For  the  proceedings  which  followed, 
see  MILO. 

CLAUDIUS  (-i)  I.,  Roman  emperor  in  A.D. 
41-54.  His  full  name  was  TIB.  CLAUDIUS 
DRUSUS  NEEO  GERMANIOUS.  He  was  the 
younger  son  of  Drusns,  the  brother  of  the 
emperor  Tiberius,  and  of  Antonia,  and  was 
born  on  August  1st,  B.O.  10,  at  Lyons  in  Gaul. 
When  he  grew  up  he  devoted  the  greater  part 
of  his  time  to  literary  pursuits,  but  was  not 
allowed  to  take  any  part  in  public  affairs. 
He  had  reached  the  age  of  50  when  he  was 
suddenly  raised  by  the  soldiers  to  the  impe- 
rial throne  after  the  murder  of  Caligula. 
Claudius  was  not  cruel,  but  the  weakness  of 
his  character  made  him  the  slave  of  his  wives 
and  freedmen,  and  thus  led  him  to  consent  to 
acts  of  tyranny  which  he  would  never  have 
committed  of  his  own  accord.  He  was  mar- 
ried 4  times.  At  the  time  of  his  accession  he 
was  married  to  his  3d  wife,  the  notorious  Va- 
leria Messalina,  who  governed  him  for  some 
years,  together  with  the  freedmen  Narcissus, 
Pallas,  and  others.  After  the  execution  of 
Messalina,  A.D.  48,  a  fate  which  she  richly 
merited,  Claudius  was  still  more  unfortunate 
in  choosing  for  his  wife  his  niece  Agrippina. 
She  prevailed  upon  him  to  set  aside  his  own 
son,  Britannicus,  and  to  adopt  her  son,  Nero, 
that  she  might  secure  the  succession  for  the 
latter.  Claudius  soon  after  regretted  this 
step,  and  was  in  consequence  poisoned  by 
Agrippina,  54.  In  his  reign  the  southern  part 
©f  Britain  was  made  a  Roman  province,  and 


Coin  of  Claudius. 


Claudius  himself  went  to  Britain  in  43,  where 
he  remained,  however,  only  a  short  time,  leav« 
ing  the  conduct  of  the  war  to  his  generals. 

CLAUDIUS  II.  (M.  AUKELIUS  CLAUDIUS), 
Roman  emperor  in  A.D.  26S-270,  was  descend* 
ed  from  an  obscure  family  in  Dardania  or  1L 
lyria,  and  succeeded  to  the  empire  on  the 
death  of -Gallienus  (26S).  He  defeated  tha 
Alemanni  and  Goths,  and  received  in  couse« 
quence  the  surname  Gothicus.  He  died  at 
Sirmium  iii  270.  and  was  succeeded  by  Aure« 
Han. 

CLA"  ZOMENAE  (-arum),  an  important  city 
of  Asia  Minor,  and  one  of  the  12  Ionian  cities, 
lay  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  Ionian  peninsula, 
upon  the  gulf  of  Smyrna.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Anaxagoras. 

CLSANTHlS  (-is),  a  Stoic  philosopher, 
born  at  Assos  in  Troas  about  B.O.  300.  He 
first  placed  himself  under  Crates,  and  then 
under  Zeno,  whose  disciple  he  continued  for 
19  years.  In  order  to  support  himself,  he 
worked  all  night  at  drawing  water  for  gar- 
dens ;  but  as  he  spent  the  whole  day  in  phil- 
osophical pursuits,  and  had  no  visible  means 
of  support,  he  was  summoned  before  the  Are- 
opagus to  account  for  his  way  of  living.  The 
judges  were  so  delighted  by  the  evidence  of 
industry  which  he  produced  that  they  voted 
him  10  minae,  though  Zeno  would  not  permit 
him  to  accept  them.  He  succeeded  Zeno  in 
his  school  in  B.O.  263.  He  died  about  220,  at 
the  age  of  80,  of  voluntary  starvation. 

CLEARCHUS  (-i),  a  Spartan,  distinguished 
himself  in  several  important  commands  dur- 
ing the  latter  part  of  the  Peloponnesian  war, 
and  at  the  close  of  it  persuaded  the  Spartans 
to  send  him  as  a  general  to  Thrace,  to  protect 
the  Greeks  in  that  quarter  against  the  Thra- 
ciaus.  But  having  been  recalled  by  the  eph- 
ors,  and  refusing  to  obey  their  orders,  he  was 
condemned  to  death.  He  thereupon  crossed 
over  to  Cyrus,  collected  for  him  a  large  force 
of  Greek  mercenaries^  and  marched  with  him 
into  Upper  Asia,  401,  in  order  to  dethrone  his 
brother  Artaxerxes,  being  the  only  Greek  who 
was  aware  of  the  prince's  real  object.  After 
the  battle  of  Cunaxa  and  the  death,  of  Cyrus, 
Clearchus  and  the  other  Greek  generals  were 
made  prisoners  by  the  treachery  of  Tissapher- 
nes,  and  were  put  to  death. 

CLEOBIS.    [BiTON.] 

•  CLEOBtTLUS  (-i),  one  of  the  Seven  Sages, 
of  Lindus  in  Rhodes,  son  of  Evagoras,  lived 
about  B.O.  580.  He,  as  well  as  his  daughter, 
CleobulTne  or  Clenbule,  were  celebrated  for 
their  skill  in  riddles.  To  the  latter  is  ascribed 
a  well-known  one  on  the  subject  of  the  years 
"A  father  has  12  children,  and  each  of  these 
30  daughters,  on  one  side  white,  and  on  the 
other  side  black,  and,  though  immortal,  they 
all  die." 

CLEOMBROTUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Anaxan. 
drides,  king  of  Sparta,  became  regent  after 
the  battle  of  Thermopylae,  B.O.  480,  for  Plis- 
tarchus,  infant  son  of  Leonidas,  but  died  in 
the  same  year,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  re- 
gency by  his  son  Pausanias.  —  (2)  King  of 
Sparta,  son  of  Pausanias,  succeeded  his  broth- 
er Agesipolis  I.,  and  reigned  B.O.  380-371.  He 


CLEOMENES. 


119 


CLEOPATRA. 


commanded  the  Spartan  troops  several  times 
against  the  Thebaus,  and  fell  at  the  battle  of 
JLeuctra  (3T1),  after  fighting  most  bravely.— 
(3)  King  of  Sparta,  son-in-law  of  Leonidas  IT., 
in  whose  place  he  was  made  king  by  the  party 
of  AGifi  Iv.,  about  243.  Oil  the  return  of  Le- 
onidas, Cleombrotus  was  deposed  and  ban- 
ished to  Tegea,  about  240.— (4)  An  academic 
philosopher  of  Ambracia,  said  to  have  killed 
himself  after  reading  the  Phaedon  of  Plato ; 
not  that  he  had  any  sufferings  to  escape  from, 
••?ut  that  he  might  exchange  this  life  for  a 
letter. 

CLE6MSNES  (-is).  (1)  King  of  Sparta,  son 
•tf.  Auaxandrides,  reigned  B.O.  520-491.  He  was 
a  man  of  an  enterprising  but  wild  character. 
In  510  he  commanded  the  forces  by  whose  as- 
sistance 'Hippias  was  driven  from  Athens, 
and  not  long  after  he  assisted  Isagoras  and 
the  aristocratical  party  against  Clisthenes. 
By  bribing  the  priestess  at  .Delphi,  he  effected 
the  deposition  of  his  colleague  DEMARATTTS, 
491.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  seized  with 
madness  and  killed  himself.  — (2)  King  of 
Sparta,  son  of  Cleombrotus  L,  reigned  370- 
309.— (3)  King  of  Sparta,  son  of  Leonidas  II., 
reigned  236-222.  While  still  young  he  mar- 
ried Agiatis,  the  widow  of  Agis  IV. ;  and,  fol- 
lowing the  example  of  the  latter,  he  endeav- 
ored to  restore  the  ancient  Spartan  constitu- 
tion. He  succeeded  in  his  object,  and  put  the 
ephors  to  death.  He  was  engaged  in  a  long 
contest  with  the  Achaean  League  and  Antig- 
onns  Doson,  king  of  Macedonia,  but  was  at 
length  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Sellasia  (222), 
ana  fled  to  Egypt,  where  he  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life,  220. 

CLE5N  (-6nis),  son  of  Cleaenetus,  was  orig- 
inally a  tanner,  and  first  came  forward  m 
public  as  an  opponent  to  Pericles.  On  the 
death  of  this  great  man,  B.C.  429,  Oleou  be- 
came the  favorite  of  the  people,  and  for  about 
6  years  of  the  Peloponnesian  war  (428-422)  was 
the  head  of  the  party  opposed  to  peace.  In 
427  he  strongly  advocated  in  the  assembly 
that  the  Mytilenaeans  should  be  put  to  death. 
In  424  he  obtained  his  greatest  glory  by  tak- 
ing prisoners  the  Spartans  in  the  island  of 
Sphacteria,  and  bringing  them  in  safety  to 
Athens.  Puffed  up  by  this  success,  he  ob- 
tained the  command  of  an  Athenian  army, 
to  oppose  Brasidas  in  Thrace;  but  he  was 
defeated  by  Brasidas  under  the  walls  of  Am- 
phipolis,  and  fell  in  the  battle,  422.  Aris- 
tophanes and  Thucydides 
both  speak  of  him  as  a  vile, 
unprincipled  demagogue. 
In  this  they  were  probably 
too  severe.  The  chief  at- 
tack of  Aristophanes  upon 
Cleon  was  in  the  Knights 
(424),  in  which  Cleon  fig- 
ures as  an  actual  dramatis 
persona,  and,  in  default  of 
an  artificer  bold  enough  to 
make  the  mask,  was  repre- 
sented by  the  poet  himself 
with  his  face  smeared  with 

wine  lees. 
CLE5NAE  (-arum).    (1) 

An  ancient  town  in  Argo- 


lis,  on  the  road  from  Corinth  to  Argos,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name  flowing  into  the  Co- 
rinthian gulf.  In  its  neighborhood  was  Ne» 
mea,  where  Hercules  killed  the  lion,  which  is 
accordingly  called  Cleonaeus  Leo  by  the  poets. 
—(2)  A  town  in  the  peninsula  Athos  in  Chal- 
cidice. 

CLEQPATRA  (-ae).  (1)  Niece  of  Attains, 
married  Philip  in  B.C.  337,  on  whose  murder 
she  was  put  to  death  by  Olympias.  —  (2) 
Daughter  of  Philip  and  Olympias,  and  sister 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  married  Alexander, 
king  of  Epirus,  336.  It  was  at  the  celebration 
of  her  nuptials  that  Philip  was  murdered  by 
Pausanias.— (3)  Eldest  daughter  of  Ptolemy 
Auletes,  celebrated  for  her  'beauty  and  fasci- 
nation, was  17  at  the  death  of  her  father  (51), 
who  appointed  her  heir  of  his  kingdom  in 
conjunction  with  her  younger  brother,  Ptole- 
my, whom  she  was  to  marry.'  She  was  ex- 
pelled from  the  throne  by  Pothinns  and  Achil- 
las, his  guardians;  but  having  won  by  her 
charms  the  support  of  Caesar,  he  replaced  her 
on  the  throne  in  conjunction  with  her  broth- 
er. She  had  a  son  by  Caesar,  called  CAESA.- 
BION,  and  she  afterwards  followed  him  to 
Rome,  where  she  appears  to  have  been  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  44.  She  then  returned  to 
Egypt,  and  in  41  she  met  Antony  in  Cilicia. 
She  was  now  in  her  2Sth  year,  and  in  the  per- 
fection of  matured  beanty,  which,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  her  talents  and  eloquence,  com- 
pletely won  the  heart  of  Antony,  who  hence- 
forth was  her  devoted  lover  and  slave.  In 
the  war  between  Octavian  and  Antony,  Cleo- 
patra accompanied  her  lover,  and  was  pres- 
ent at  the  battle  of  Actium  (31),  in  the  midst 
of  which  she  retreated  with  her  fleet,  and 
thus  hastened  the  loss  of  the  day.  She  fled  t« 
Alexandria,  where  she  was  joined  by  Antony. 
Seeing  Antony's  fortunes  desperate, -she  en- 
tered into  negotiations  with  Augustus,  and 
promised  to  make  away  with  Antony.  She 
fled  to  a  mausoleum  she  had  built,  and  then 
caused  a  report  of  her  death  to  be  spread 
Antony,  resolving  not  to  survive  her,  stabbed 
himself,  and  was  drawn  up  into  the  mausole- 
um, where  he  died  in  her  arms.  She  then 
tried  to  gain  the  love  of  Augustus,  but  her 
charms  failed  in  softening  his  colder  heart. 
Seeing  that  he  had  determined  to  carry  her 
captive  to  Rome,  she  put  an  end  to  her  own 
life  by  the  poison  of  an  asp.  She  died  in  the 
39th  year  of  her  age  (B.O.  30),  and  with  her 


Coin  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra. 


CLIMAX. 


120 


CNOSUS. 


ended  the  dynasty  of  the  Ptolemies  in  Egypt, 
which  was  now  made  a  Roman  province. 

CLIMAX  <-ucis),  the  name  applied  to  the 
W.  termination  of  the  Taurus  range,  which 
extends  along  the  W.  coast  of  the  Pamphylian 
gulf,  N.  of  Phaselis  in  Lycia.  Alexander  made 
a  road  between  it  and  the  sea. 

CLIMBERRUM.    [Ausoi.] 

CLIO.    [MusAE.] 

CLISTHENlS  (-is),  an  Athenian,  son  of 
Megacles  and  Agarista,  who  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Clistheues,  the  tyrant  of  Sicyon.  He 
appears  as  the  head  of  the  Alcmaeonicl  clan 
on  the  banishment  of  the  Pisistratidae.  Find- 
ing, however,  that  he  could  not  cope  with  his 
political  rival  Isagoras  except  through  the 
aid  of  the  commons,  he  set  himself  to  increase 
the  power  of  the  latter.  The  principal  change 
which  he  introduced  was  the  abolition  of  the 
4  ancient  tribes  and  the  establishment  of  10 
new  ones  in  their  stead,  B.O,  510.  He  is  also 
said  to  have  instituted  ostracism.  Isagoras 
and  his  party  called  in  the  aid  of  the  Spar- 
tans, but  Clisthenes  and  his  friends  eventu- 
ally triumphed. 

CLITOR  <-oris)  or  CLITO'RlUM  (-i),  a  town 
in  the  N.  of  Arcadia  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  a  tributary  of  the  Aroanius :  there  was 
a  fountain  in  the  neighborhood,  the  waters 
of  which  are  said  to  have  given  to  persons 
who  drank  of  them  a  dislike  for  wine. 

CLITUMNUS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  Umbria, 
springing  from  a  beautiful  rock  in  a  grove  of 
cypress  trees,  where  was  a  sanctuary  of  the 
god  Clitumnus,  and  falling  into  the  Tinia,  a 
tributary  of  the  Tiber. 

CLITUS  (-i),  a  Macedonian,  one  of  Alexan- 
der's generals  and  friends,  who  saved  the  life 
of  the  latter  at  the  battle  of  Granicns,  B.O.  334. 
In  328  he  was  plain  by  Alexander  at  a  ban- 
quet, when  both  parties  were  heated  with 
wine,  and  Clitus  had  provoked  the  king's  re- 
sentment by  insolent  language.  Alexander 
wras  inconsolable  at  his  friend's  death. 

CLO*DlUS,  another  form  of  the  name  Clau- 
dius. [CLAUDIUS.] 

CL5DIUS  ALBINUS.    [ALBraus.] 

CLOELf  A  (-ae),  a  Roman  virgin,  one  of  the 
hostages  given  to  Porsena,  who  escaped  from 
the  Etruscan  camp  and  swam  across  the  Ti- 
ber to  Rome.  She  was  sent  back  by  the  Ro- 
mans to  Porsena,  who  was  so  struck  with  her 
gallant  deed  that  he  not  only  set  her  at  lib- 
erty, but  allowed  her  to  take  with  her  a  part 
of  the  hostages.  Porsena  also  rewarded  her 
with  a  horse  Tidorned  with  splendid  trappings, 
and  the  Romans  with  a  statue  of  a  female  on 
"horseback, 

CLOTA  AESTUI.RIUM  (Frith  of 
•ML  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland. 

CLOTHS  (-us),  one  of  the  Fates. 

CLi?ENTIUS  HiBlTUS,  A.  (-i),  of  Lari- 
num,  accused  in  B.O.  74  his  own  step-father, 
Statius  Albius  Oppianicus,  of  having  attempt- 
ed to  procure  his  death  by  poison.  Oppiani- 
cus  was  condemned,  and  it  was  generally  be- 
lieved that  the  judges  had  been  bribed  by 
Cluentius.  In  06,  Oluentius  was  himself  ac- 
cused by  young  Oppianicus,  son  of  Statius 


Albius,  who  had  died  in  the  interval,  of  3  dis- 
tinct acts  of  poisoning.  He  was  defended  by 
Cicero  in  the  oration  still  extant. 

CLtfPSA  or  CLtTEA.    [Aspis.] 

CLtFSlUM  (Chiusi),  one  of  the  most  power- 
ful of  the  12  Etruscaii  cities,  originally  called 
Gamers  or  Camars,  situated  on  an  eminence 
above  the  river  Claris,  and  S.W.  of  the  LAODS 
CI.USINDS  (L.  di  CMusi).  It  was  the  royal  res- 
idence of  Porsena.  and  in  its  neighborhood 
was  the  celebrated  sepulchre  of  this  king  in 
the  form  of  a  labyrinth.  Subsequently  Clu- 
alum  was  in  alliance  with  the  Romans,  by 
whom  it  was  regarded  as  a  bulwark  against 
the  Gauls.  Its  siege  by  the  Gauls,  B.C.  391, 
led,  as  is  well  known,  to  the  capture  of  Rome 
itself  by  the  Gauls.  In  its  neighborhood  were 
warm  baths. 

CLti'SlUS  (-i),  a  surname  of  Janus,  whose 
temple  was  closed  in  peace. 

CLtMfiNE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Oceanus 
and  Tethys,  and  wife  of  lapetus,  to  whom  she 
bore  Atlas,  Prometheus,  and  others.  —  (2) 
Mother  of  Phaeton  by  Helios  (the  Sun), 
whence  Phaeton  is  called  ClymSneius.  —  (3) 
A  relative  of  Menelaus  and  a  companion  of 
Helena,  with  whom  she  was  carried  off  by 
Paris. 

cJLtTAEMNESTRA  (-ae),  daughter  of Tyn- 
dareus  and  Leda,  sister  of  Castor,  Pollux,  and 
Helena ;  wife  of  Agamemnon ;  and  mother 
of  Orestes,  Iphigenia,  and  Electra.  During 
her  husband's  absence  at  Troy  sho  lived  in 
adultery  with  Aegisthus,  and  on  his  return  to 
Mycenae  she  murdered  him  with  the  help  of 
Aegisthus.  [AGAMKMNON.]  She  was  subse- 
quently put  to  death  bjr  her  son  Orestes,  to 
revenge  the  murder  of  his  father. 

CL¥TIE  (-es),  a  daughter  of  Oceanus, 
changed  into  the  plant  heliotropium. 

CNIDUS  or  GNIDUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  city 
of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  promontory  of  Triopi- 
um  on  the  coast  of  Caria,  was  a  Lacedaemo- 
nian colony.  It  was  built  partly  on  the  main- 
land and  partly  on  an  island  joined  to  the 
coast  by  a  causeway,  and  had  two  harbors. 
It  had  a  considerable  commerce ;  and  it  was 
resorted  to  by  travelers  from  all  parts  of  the 
civilized  world,  that  they  might  see  the  statue 
of  Aphrodite  (Venus)  by  Praxiteles,  which 
stood  in  her  temple  here.  Among  the  cele- 
brated natives  of  the  city  were  Ctesias,  Eu- 
doxus,  Sostrutus,  and  Agatharcides. 


of  Cnidus. 


CNOSUS  or  GNDSUS,  subsequently  CNOS- 
SUS  or  GNOSSUS  (-5),  an  ancient  town  of 
Crete,  and  the  capital  of  kins:  Minos,-  situated 


COCALUS. 


121 


COLOPHON. 


at  a  short  distance  from  the  N.  coast ;  colo- 
nized at  an  early  time  by  Dorians.  It  is  fre- 
quently mentioned  by  the  poets  in.  conse- 
quence of  its  connection  with  Minos,  Ariad- 
ue,  the  Minotaur,  and  the  Labyrinth;  and 
the  adjective  Cnossius  is  used  as  equivalent 
to  Cretan. 

COCXLUS  <-i),  a  mythical  king  of  Sicily, 
who  kindly  received  Daedalus  on  his  flight 
from  Crete,  and  with  the  assistance  of  nis 
daughters  put  Minos  to  death,  when  the  latter 
came  in  pursuit  of  Daedalus. 

COCCEIUS  NERVA.    [NERVA.] 

COCEE,  a  city  on  the  Tigris,  near  Ctosi- 
phou. 

COCLES  (-Itis),  HORlTIUS  (-i),  that  is, 
Soratius  the  "  one-eyed,"  a  hero  of  the  old 
Roman  lays,  is  said  to  have  defended  the 
Sublician  bridge,  along  with  Sp.  Lai-tins  and 
T.  Herminius  against  the  whole  Etruscan 
army  under  Porseua,  while  the  Romans  broke 
down  the  bridge  behind  them.  When  the 
work  was  nearly  finished,  Horatius  sent  back 
his  two  companions.  As  soon  as  the  bridge 
was  quite  destroyed,  he  plunged  into  the 
stream  and  swam  across  to  the  city  in  safety 
amid  the  arrows  of  the  enemy.  The  state 
raised  a  statue  to  his  honor,  which  was  placed 
in  the  comitium,  and  allowed  him  as  much 
land  as  he  could  plow  around  in  one  day. 

COCOSSATES,  a  people  in  Aquitania  in 
Gaul,  mentioned  along  with  the  Tarbelli. 

COCtLIUM  <-i),  an  Aeolian  city  in  Mysia, 
whose  inhabitants  are  mentioned  by  Xeno- 
phon. 

CQCYTUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Epirns,  a  tributa- 
rv  of  the  Acheron.  Like  the  Acheron,  the 
(Jocytus  was  supposed  to  be  connected  with 
the  lower  world,  and  hence  came  to  be  de- 
scribed as  a  river  in  the  lower  world. 

CODOMANNUS.    [DABTTTS.] 

CODRUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Melanthus,  and 
last  king  of  Athens.  When  the  Dorians  in- 
vaded Attica  from  Peloponnesus,  an  oracle 
declared  that  they  should  be  victorious  if  the 
life  of  the  Attic  king  was  spared.  Codrus 
thereupon  resolved  to  sacrifice  himself  for  his 
country.  He  entered  the  camp  of  the  enemy 
in  disguise,  commenced  quarreling  with  the 
soldiers,  and  was  slain  in  the  dispute.  When 
the  Dorians  discovered  the  death  of  the  Attic 
king,  they  returned  home.  Tradition  adds 
that,  as  no  one  was  thought  worthy  to  suc- 
ceed such  a  patriotic  king,  the  kingly  dignity 
was  abolished,  and  Medon,  son  of  Codras, 
was  appointed  archon  for  life  instead. — (2)  A 
Roman  poet,  ridiculed  by  Virgil. 

COELA, "  the  Hollows  of  Enboea,"  tie  W, 
coast  of  Euboea,  between  the  promontories 
Caphareus  and  Chersonesus,  very  dangerous 
to  ships :  here  a  part  of  the  Persian  fleet  was 
wrecked  B.O.  430. 

COELEStRlA  (-ae :  i,  <?.  Holloio  Syria),  the 
name  given  to  the  great  valley  "between  the 
two  ranges  of  Mount  Lebanon  (Libauus  and 
Anti-Libanus),  in  the  S.  of  Syria,  bordering 
upon  Phoenicia  on  the  W.  and  Palestine  on 
the  S.  In  the  wars  between  the  Ptolemies 
and  the  Seleucidae,  the  name  was  applied  to 


he  whole  of  the  S.  portion  of  Syria,  which 
became  subject  for  some  time  to  the  kings  of 
Egypt. 

COELIUS.  [CAELIUS.] 
COLCHIS  (-idosor  Jdis),  a  country  of  Asia, 
)ounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Euxine,  on  the  N. 
>y  the  Caucasus,  on  the  E.  by  Iberia.  The 
and  of  Colchis  (or  Aea),  and  its  river  Phasis, 
are  famous  in  the  Greek  mythology.  [Aaao- 
NATFTAE.]  It  was  a  very  fertile  country ;  but 
t  was  most  famous  for  its  manufactures  of 
inen,  on  account  of  which,  and  of  certain 
)hysical  resemblances,  Herodotus  supposed 
;he  Colchians  to  have  been  a  colony  from 
Egypt.  The  land  was  governed  by  its  native 
princes,  uutil  Mithridates  Eupator  made  it 
subject  to  the  kingdom  of  Pontus.  After  the 
Mithridatic  war  it  was  overrun  by  the  Ro- 
mans, but  they  did  not  subdue  it  till  the  time 
of  Trajan. 

CpLlAS,  a  promontory  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Attica,  20  stadia  S.  of  Phalernm,  with  a  tem- 
ple of  Aphrodite  (Veuus),  where  some  of  the 
Persian  ships  were  cast  after  the  battle  of 
Salamis. 

COLLlTlA  (-ae),  a  Sabine  town  in  Latium, 
near  the  right  bank  of  the  Anio,  taken  by 
Tarquinius  Priscus. 

COLL1TINUS,  L.  TARQUINIUS  (-i),  son 
of  Egerius,  and  nephew  of  Tarquinius  Pris- 
cus, derived  the  surname  of  Collatinus  from 
the  town  Collatia,  of  which  his  father  had 
been  appointed  governor.  The  violence  of- 
fered by  Sex.  Tarquinius  to  his  wife  Lucretia 
led  to  the  dethronement  of  Tarquinius  Su- 
perbus.  Collatinus  and  L.  Junius  Brutus 
were  the  first  consuls;  but,  as  the  people 
could  not  endure  the  rule  of  auy  of  the  hated 
race  of  the  Tarquius,  Collatinus  resigned  his 
office,  and  retired  from  Rome  to  Laviniuin. 

COLLtTUS  <-i),  a  demus  in  Attica,  included 
within  the  walls  of  Athens.  It  was  the  de- 
mus of  Plato  and  the  residence  of  Timon  the 
misanthrope. 

COLONAE,  a  small  town  in  the  Troad. 

COLONlA  AGRIPPINA,  or  AGRIPPI- 
NENSIS  (Cologne  on  the  Rhine),  originally 
the  chief  town  of  the  XJbii,  and  called  Oppi- 
duvn,  or  Cioitas  Ubiorum,  was  a  place  of  small 
importance  till  A.D.  51,  when  a  Roman  colons 
was  planted  in  the  town  by  the  emperor 
Claudius,  at  the  instigation  of  Ms  wife  Agrip- 
pina,  who  was  born  here,  and  from  whom  it 
derived  its  new  name.  It  soon  became  a  large 
and  flourishing  city,  and  was  the  capital  of 
Lower  Germany. 

COLONUS  (-i),  a  demus  of  Attica,  10  stadia, 
or  a  little  more  than  a  mile,  N.W.  of  Athens, 
near  the  Academy ;  celebrated  for  a  temple 
of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  a  grove  of  the  Bu- 
menides,  the  tomb  of  Oedipus,  and  as  the 
birthplace  of  Sophocles,  who  describes  it  in 
his  Oedipus  Coloneus. 

COLOPHON  (-fmis),  one  of  the  12  Ionian 
cities  of  Asia  Minor,  stood  about  2  miles  from 
the  coast,  between  Lebedus  and  Ephesas,  on. 
^he  river  Halesus,  which  was  famous  for  the 
coldness  of  its  water.  Its  harbor  was  called 
Notium.  Besides  claiming  to  be  the  birth? 


COLOSSAE. 


122 


CONON. 


place  of  Homer,  Colophon  was  the  native  city 
of  Mimnermus,  Hermesianax,  and  Nicander. 
It  was  also  celebrated  for  the  oracle  of  Apollo 
Clarius  in  its  neighborhood.  [CtAKirs.] 

COLOSSAE  (-arum),  once  an  important 
city  of  Great  Phrygia,  on  the  river  Lycus,  but 
so  reduced  subsequently  that  it  might  have 
been  forgotten  bat  for  the  epistle  written  to 
its  inhabitants  by  the  apostle  Paul. 

COLUMELLA  (-ae),  L.  JtJNiUS  MODERA- 
TE'S (-i),  a  native  of  Gades,  in  Spain,  and  a 
contemporary  of  Seneca.  We  have  no  par- 
ticulars of  his  life,  but  Rome  appears  to  have 
been  his  ordinary  residence.  He  wrote  a 
work  upon  agriculture  (Dc  Me  Rustica),  in  12 
books,  which  is  still  extant.  His  style  is  easy 
and  ornate. 

COLUMNAE  HERCULIS.  [ABYLA;  CAL- 
PB.] 

COMS.NA  (-orum).  (1)  A  city  of  Pontus, 
upon  the  river  Iris,  celebrated  for  its  temple 
of  Artemis  Taurica  (Diana),  the  foundation 
of  which  tradition  ascribes  to  Orestes.  The 
high-priests  of  this  temple  took  rank  next 
after  the  king,  and  their  domain  was  in- 
creased by  Pompey  after  the  Mithridatic  war. 
—  (2)  A  city  of  Cappadocia,  also  celebrated 
for  a  temple  of  Artemis  Taurica,  the  founda- 
tion of  which  was  likewise  ascribed  by  tradi- 
tion to  Orestes. 

COMBRJ5A  <-ae),  a  town  in  the  Macedo- 
nian district  of  Crossaea. 

COM2NIUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Samnium, 
destroyed  by  the  Romans  in  the  Samnite 
wars. 

COMMlGENS  (-es),  the  N.B.-most  district 
of  Syria,  lying  between  the  Taurus  and  the 
Euphrates.  It  formed  a  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  Syria,  after  the  fall  of  which  it  maintained 
its  independence  under  a  race  of  kings,  the 
family  of  the  Seleucidae,  and  was  not  united 
to  the  Roman  empire  till  the  reign  of  Vespa- 
sian. 

COMMIUS  <-i),  king  of  the  Atrebates,  was 
advanced  to  that  dignity  by  Caesar.  He  was 
sent  by  Caesar  to  Britain,  but  he  was  cast 
into  chains  by  the  Britons,  and  was  not  re- 
leased till  they  had  been  defeated  by  Caesar. 
In  B.C.  52  he  joined  the  other  Gauls  in  their 
great  revolt  against  the  Romans,  and  con- 
tinued in  arms  even  after  the  capture  of 
Alesia. 

COMMODUS,  L.  AUREL1US  (-i),  a  Roman 
emperor,  A.D.  180-192,  son  of  M,  Aurelius  and 
the  younger  Faustina,  was  born  at  Lanuviura, 
161,  and  was  thus  scarcely  20  when  he  sue- 1 
ceeded  to  the  empire.    He  was  an  unworthy  I 
son  of  a  noble  father.    Notwithstanding  the  j 
great  care  which  Ms  father  had  bestowed  upon  j 
Sis  education,  he  turned  out  one  of  the  most 
sanguinary  and  licentious  tyrants  that  ever  j 
disgraced  a  throne.   He  sought  to  gain  popu- 1 
lar  applause  by  fighting  with  the  wild  beasts 
in  the  amphitheatre ;  and,  having  slain  im- 
mense numbers  of  them,  demanded  worship 
for  himself  as  being  the  god  Hercules. '  One 
of  his  concubines,  whom  he  had  determined 
to  put  to  death,  administered  poison  to  him  { 
but,  as  the  poison  worked  slowly,  Narcissus, 


Commodus. 

a  celebrated  athlete,  was  ordered  to  strangle 
him,  Dec.  31, 192. 

COMPSA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Hirpini,  in 
Samnium,  near  the  sources  of  the  Aufidus. 

CDMUM  (-i:  Como),  a  town  in Gallia  Cisal- 
pina,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  W.  branch  of 
the  Lacus  Larius  (L.  di  Como).  It  was  orig- 
inally a  town  of  the  Insubrian  Gauls,  and 
subsequently  a  Roman  colony.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  the  younger  Pliny. 

COMtJS  (-i),  the  god  of  festive  mirth  and 
joy,  represented  as  a  winged  youth,  occurs 
only  in  the  later  times  of  antiquity. 
-  CONCORDlA  (-ae),  a  Roman  goddess,  the 
personification  of  concord,  had  several  tem- 
ples at  Rome.  The 
earliest  was  built  by 
Camillus,  in  com- 
memoration of  the 
reconciliation  be- 
tween the  patricians 
and  the  plebeians, 
after  the  enactment  , 
of  the  Licinian  roga- 
tions, B.O.  3CT.  in 
this  temple  the  sen- 
ate frequently  met. 
Concordia  is  repre- 
sented on  coins  as  $ 
matron,  holding  in 
her  left  hand  a  cor- 
nucopia. 

C  ONDRtfSI 
(-orum),  a  German 
people  in  Gallia  Bel- 
gica,  the  dependents 
of  the  Treviri,  dwelt 
between  the  Bburo- 
nes  and  the  Treviri. 

CONFLtTENTES 
(-ium:  Cb&fente),  a 
town  in  Germany,  at 
the.  confluence  of  the 
Moselle  and  the  Rhine. 

CONON  (-oiiis),  a  distinguished  Athenian 


CONSENTES. 


123 


CONSTANTIUS. 


general,  held  several  important  corn- 
mauds  in  the  Peloponuesian  war.  After 
the  defeat  of  the  Athenians  by  Lysauder 
at  Aegos  Potami  (B.O.  405),  Conon,  who 
was  one  of  the  generals,  escaped  with  S 
ships,  and  took  refuge  with  Evagoras  in 
Cyprus,  where  he  remained  for  some 
years.  In  394  he  gained  a  decisive  vic- 
tory over  Pisauder,  the  Spartan  general, 
offCnidus.— (2)  Of  Samos,  a  distinguished 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  lived  in 
foe  time  of  the  Ptolemies  Philadelphus 
•and  Buergetes  (B.C.  283-222). 

CONSENTES  (-iuni)  DII  (-ornm),  the 
12  Etruscan  gods  who  formed  the  council 
of  Jupiter,  consisting  of  six  male  and  six 
female  divinities.  We  do  not  know  the 
names  of  all  of  them,  but  it  is  certain 
that  Juno,  Minerva,  Sumraanus,  Vulcan, 
Saturn,  and  Mars  were  among  them. 

CONSENTlA  (-ae),  chief  town  of  the 
Bruttii  on  the  river  Crathis ;  here  Alaric 
died. 

CONSTANS  (-antis),  youngest  of  the  3 
dons  of  Constantino  the  Great  and  Faus- 
ta,  received  after  his  father's  death  (A.D.  337) 
Illyricum,  Italy,  and  Africa,  as  his  share  of 
the  empire.  After  successfully  resisting  his 
brother  Constantine,  who  was  slain  in  invad- 
ing his  territory  (340),  Coustans  became  mas- 
ter of  the  whole  West.  His  weak  and  profli- 
gate character  rendered  him  an  object  of  con- 
tempt, and  he  was  slain  in  350  by  the  soldiers 
of  the  usurper  MAGNENTIITS. 

CONSTANTINA,  the  city.    [CIKTA.] 

CONSTANTINO'PO'LIS  (-is:  Constantino- 
ple), built  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  BYZAN- 
TIUM by  Constantino  the  Great,  who  called  it 
after  his  own  name,  and  made  it  the  capital 
of  the  Roman  empire.  It  was  solemnly  con- 
secrated A.D.  330.  It  was  built  over  7  hills, 
and  was  divided  into  14  regiones.  Its  ex- 
treme length  was  about  3  Roman  miles ;  and 
its  walls  included  eventually  a  circumference 
of  13  or  14  Roman  miles.  It  continued  the 
capital  of  the  Roman  empire  in  the  East  till 
its  capture  by  the  Turks  in  1453. 

CONSTANTINUS  (-1).  (1)  L,  suraamed 
"the  Great,17  Roman  emperor,  A.D.  306-337, 
eldest  son  of  the  emperor  Constantius  Chlo- 
rus  and  Helena,  was  bora  A.D.  272,  at  Nais- 
sus,  a  town  in  Upper  Moesia.  He  was  early 
trained  to  arms,  and  during  a  large  portion 
of  his  reign  he  was  engaged  in  wars.  On  the 
death  of  his  father  at  York  (306),  Constantine 
laid  claim  to  a  share  of  the  empire,  and  was 
acknowledged  as  master  of  the  countries  be- 
yond the  Alps.  In  308  he  received  the  title 
Augustus.  He  was  engaged  in  a  contest  with 
Maxentins,  who  had  possession  of  Italy,  and 
defeated  him  at  the  village  of  Saxa  Rubra, 
near  Rome,  Oct.  27, 312.  Maxentius  tried  to 
escape  over  the  Milvian  bridge  into  Rome, 
but  perished  in  the  river.  It  was  in  this  cam- 
paign that  Constantine  is  said  to  have  been 
converted  to  Christianity.  On  his  march  to 
Rome,  either  at  Autun  in  Gaul,  or  near  An- 
dernach  on  the  Rhine,  or  at  Verona,  he  is  said 
to  have  seen  in  the  sky  a  luminous  cross  with 
the  inscription,  BY  THIS  CONQUER  ;  and  on  the 


Constantine  and  Fans! 


night  before  the  last  and  decisive  battle  with 
Maxentius,  a  vision  is  said  to  have  appeared 
to  Constantine  in  his  sleep,  bidding  him  in- 
scribe the  shields  of  Ms  soldiers  with  the  sa- 
cred monogram  of  the  name  of  Christ.  The 
tale  of  the  cross  seems  to  have  grown  out  of 
that  of  the  vision,  and  even  the  latter  is  not 
entitled  to  credit.  It  was  Constantino's  in- 
terest to  gain  the  affections  of  his  numerous 
Christian  subjects  in  his  struggle  with  his  ri- 
vals; and  it  was  probably  only  self-interest 
which  led  him  at  first  to  adopt  Christianity. 
After  the  death  of  Maxentius,  Constantine 
was  engaged  in  a  contest  with  Licinius,  who 
had  obtained  possession  of  the  whole  of  the 
East;  the  struggle  ended  in  the  defeat  and 
death  of  Licinius,  so  that  Constantine  was 
now  sole  master  of  the  empire.  He  removed 
the  seat  of  empire  to  Byzantium,  which  he 
called  after  himself  Constantinople,  and  sol- 
emnly dedicated  it,  330.  Constantine  reigned 
in  peace  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  died  in  May, 
337,  and  was  baptized  shortly  before  his  death 
by  Ensebius.  His  three  sons— Constantine, 
Constantius,  and  Constans— succeeded  him  in 
the  empire.— (2)  II.,  Roman  emperor,  337-340, 
eldest  of  the  three  sons  of  Constantine  the 
Great,  by  Fausta,  received  Ganl,  Britain, 
Spain,  and  part  of  Africa  at  his  father's  death. 
Dissatisfied  with  his  share  of  the  empire,  he 
made  war  upon  his  younger  brother,  Con- 
stans, who  governed  Italy,  out  was  defeated 
and  slain  near  Aquileia. 

CONSTANTIUS  (-i).  (1)  L,  surnamed 
CHLOEUS,  "the  pale,"  Roman  emperor,  A.D. 
305-306.  He  was  one  of  the  two  Caesars  ap- 
pointed by  Maximian  and  Diocletian  in  292, 
and  received  the  government  of  Britain,  Gaul, 
and  Spain,  with  Treviri  (Trtves)  as  his  resi- 
dence. Upon  the  abdication  of  Diocletian 
and  Maximian,  in  305,  Coustantius  and  Gale- 
rius  became  the  Augusti.  Constantins  died 
15  months  afterwards  (July,  306)  at  Eboracum 
(York)  in  Britain,  on  an  expedition  against 
the  Picts;  his  son  Constautine,  afterwards 
the  Great,  succeeded  him  in  his  share  of  the 


CONSUS. 


J24 


CORJNTHUS. 


go 
361 


vernment.  —  (2)  II.,  Roman  emperor,  337- 

1,  third  son  of  Coustantiue  the  Great  by  his 
second  wife  Fausta.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Julian.  —  (3)  III.,  emperor  of  the  West  (A.D. 
421),  a  distinguished  general  of  Honorius, 
who  declared  him  Augustus  in  421,  but  he 
died  in  the  7th  month  of  his  reign. 

CONSUS  (-1),  an  ancient  Roman  divinity, 
who  was  identified  in  later  times  with  Nep- 
tune. Heuce  Livy  calls  him  Neptunus  Eques- 
tris.  He  was  regarded  by  some  as  the  god 
of  secret  deliberations,  but  he  was  most  prob- 
ably a  god  of  the  lower  world. 

CONTREB5A  (-ae).one  of  the  chief  towns 
of  the  Celtiberi,  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis, 
S.E.  of  Saragossa. 

CONVENAE  (-arum),  a  people  in  Aquita- 
nia,  near  the  Pyrenees,  ana  on  both  sides  of 
the  Garuinna  ;  a  mixed  race,  which  had  served 
under  Sertorius,  and  were  settled  in  Aquita- 
nia  by  Pompey. 

C(SPAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town  in  Boeo- 
tia, on  the  N.  side  of  the  lake  Copais,  which 
derived  its  name  from  this  place. 

C<5PA"IS  (-Idos),  a  large  lake  in  Boeotia, 
formed  chiefly  by  the  river  Cephisus.the  wa- 
ters of  which  are  emptied  into  the  Euboean 
sea  by  several  subterraneous  canals,  called 
Katabothra,  by  the  modem  Greeks.  It  was 
originally  called  CEPHISIS,  under  which  name 
it  occurs  in  Homer.  In  the  summer  the 
greater  part  of  the  lake  is  dry,  and  becomes 
a  green  meadow,  in  which  cattle  are  pastured. 
Its  eels  were  much  prized  in  antiquity,  and 
they  retain  their  celebrity  in  modern  times. 

COPHEN  or  COPHSS  (Cdbul\,  the  only 
grand  tributary  river  which  flows  into  the  In- 
dus from  the  W.  It  was  the  boundary  be- 
tween India  and  Ariaiia. 

COPTOS  (-i),  a  city  of  the  ThebaTs  or  Up- 
per Egypt,  lay  a  little  to  the  E.  of  the  Nile, 
some  distance  below  Thebes.  Under  the  Ptol- 
emies it  occupied  an  important  commercial 
position. 

CORA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Latium,  in 
the  Volscian  mountains,  S.E.  of  Velitrae. 

CORACESIUM  (-i),  a  -very  strong  city  of 
Cilicia  Aspera,  on  the  borders  of  Paraphylia, 
standing  upon  a  steep  rock,  and  possessing  a 
good  harbor. 

CORASStAE  (-arum),  a  group  of  small  isl- 
ands in  the  Icarian  sea,  S.  W.  of  Icaria.  They 
must  not  be  confounded,  as  they  often  are, 
with  the  islands  COUSEAE  or  COBSIATS,  off  the 
Ionian  coast,  and  opposite  the  promontory 
Ampelos,  in  Samoa. 

CORAX  (-actis),  a  Sicilian  rhetorician,  flour- 
ished about  B.O  467,  and  wrote  the  earliest 
work  on  the  art  of  rhetoric. 

CORBtftO  (-5nis),  CN.  DOMlTlUS  (-i),  a 
general  who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
campaigns  against  theParthians  in  the  reigns 
of  Claudius  and  Nero.  To  avoid  death,  by  the 
orders  of  Nero,  he  committed  suicide. 

CORCfRA  (-ae:  Corfu),  an  island  in  the 
Ionian  sea,  off  the  coast  of  Epirus,  about  88 
miles  in  length,  but  of  very  unequal  breadth. 
The  ancients  regarded  it  as  the  Homeric 
SOHEHIA,  where  the  sea-loving  Phaecians 


dwelt,  governed  by  their  king  Alciuous 
About  ii.o.  700  it  was  colonized  by  the  Corin- 
thians, and  soon  became  rich  and  powerful 
by  its  extensive  commerce.  The  increasing 
prosperity  of  Corcyra  led  to  a  rivalship  with 
Corinth ;  and  about  B.O.  664  a  battle  was 
fought  between  the  fleets,  which  is  memora- 
ble as  the  most  ancient  sea-fight  on  record. 
At  a  later  period  Corcyra  became  one  of  the 
causes  of  the  Peloponuesian  war,  481.  Short- 
ly afterwards  her  power  declined  in  conse-' 
quence  of  civil  dissensions ;  and  at  last  it  be- 
came subject  to  the  Romans,  with  the  rest  of 
Greece.  Corfu  is  at  present  one  of  the  T  Io- 
nian islands  under  the  protection  of  Great 
Britain,  and  the  seat  of  government. 

CORDt5"BA  (-ae :  Cordova),  one  of  the  lar- 
gest cities  in  Spain,  and  the  capital  of  Baeti- 
ca,  on  the  right  bank  of  Bnetis ;  made  a  Ro- 
man colony  B.C.  152;  birthplace  of  the  two 
Senecas  and  of  Lucan. 

CORDtJENS.    [GoRPYBNK.] 

CORE  (-es),  the  Maiden,  a  name  by  which 
Persephone  (Proserpine)  is  often  called.  [PER- 

SEVHONK.] 

CORESSUS  (-i),  a  lofty  mountain  in  Ionia, 
40  stadia  from  Ephesus,  with  a  place  of  the 
same  name  at  its  foot. 

CORFlNlUM  (-i),  chief  town  of  the  Peligni 
in  Samuium,  strongly  fortified,  and  memora- 
ble as  the  place  which  the  Italians  in  the  So- 
cial war  destined  to  be  the  new  capital  of 
Italy  in  place  of  Rome,  on  which  account  it 
was  called  Italica. 

CORINNA  (-ae),  a  Greek  poetess,  of  Tana- 
gra,  in  Boeotia,  flourished  about  B.O.  490,  and 
was  a  contemporary  of  Pindar,  whom  she  is 
said  to  have  instructed,  and  over  whom  she 
gained  a  victory  at  the  public  games  at  Thebes. 

CORINTHIACUS  ISTHMUS,  often  called 
simply  the  ISTHMUS,  lay  between  the  Corin- 
thian and  Saronic  gulfs,  and  connected  the 
Peloponnesus  with  the  mainland,  or  Hellas 
proper.  In  its  narrowest  part  it  was  40  stadia, 
or  5  Roman  miles  across :  here  was  the  tem- 
ple of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  and  the  Isthmian 
games  were  celebrated.  Four  unsuccessful 
attempts  were  made  to  dig  a  canal  across  the 
Isthmus,  namely,  by  Demetrius  Poliorcetes, 
Julius  Caesar,  Caligula,  and  Nero. 

CQRINTHIACUS  SINUS  (G.  of  Lepanto), 
the  gulf  between  the  N.  of  Greece  and  Pelo- 
ponnesus. In  early  times  it  was  called  the 
Cryssaeau  gulf,  and  its  eastern  part  the  Alcy- 
onian  sea. 

CORINTHUS  (-i),  called  in  Homer  EPHYBA, 
a  city  on  the  above-mentioned  Isthmus.  Its 
territory,  called  COHINTHIA,  embraced  the 
greater  part  of  the  Isthmus,  with  the  adjacent 
part  of  the  Peloponnesus.  In  the  N.  and  S. 
the  country  is  mountainous ;  but  in  the  cen- 
tre it  is  a  plain,  with  a  solitary  and  steep 
mountain  rising  from  it,  the  ACROCORINTIITTS, 
1900  feet  in  height,  which  served  as  the  cita- 
del of  Corinth.  The  city  itself  was  built  on 
the  N.  side  of  this  mountain.  It  had  2  har- 
bors— CENOHUT2A.E  on  the  E.  or  Saronic  gulf, 
and  LEOHAKUM:  on  the  W.  or  Cryssaean  gulf. 
Its  favorable  position,  between  two  seas, 
raised  Corinth  in  very  early  times  to  great 


CORINTHUS. 


125 


CGRIOLANUS. 


commercial  prosperity,  and  made  it  the  em- 
porium of  the  trade  between  Europe  and 
Asia.  At  Corinth  the  first  triremes  were 
built;  and  the  first  sea-fight  on  record  was 
between  the  Corinthians  and  their  colonists, 
the  Corcyraeans.  Its  greatness  at  an  early 
period  is  attested  by  numerous  colonies— 
Ambracia,  Corcyra,  Apollonia,  Potidaea,  etc. 
Its  commerce  brought  great  wealth  to  its  in- 
habitants; but  with  their  wealth,  they  be- 


came luxurious  and  licentious.  Thus  t».e 
worship  of  AphroditS  (Venus)  prevailed  in 
this  city.  It  was  taken  and  destroyed  in  JJ.G. 
140  by  JLMnmmins,  the  Roman  consul,  who 
treated  it  in  the  most  barbarous  manner. 
For  a  century  it  hiy  in  ruins ;  but  in  46  it  was 
rebuilt  by  Caesar,  who  peopled  it  with  a  col- 
ony of  veterans  and  descendants  of  freed  men. 
CORIOLANUS  (-i),  the  hero  of  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  the  early  Roman  legends- 


CORIOLI. 


326 


COKVUS. 


His  original  name  was  0.  or  Cn.  Martiu8,  and 
he  received  the  surname  Coriolauus  from  the 
heroism  he  displayed  at  the  capture  of  the 
Volscian  town  of  Corioli.  His  haughty  bear- 
ing towards  the  commons  excited  their  fear 
and  dislike,  and  he  was  impeached  and  con- 
demned to  exile,  B.O.  491.  He  took  refuge 
among  the  Volscians,  and  promised  to  assist 
them  in  war  against  the  Romans.  Attius 
Tullius,  the  king  of  the  Volscians,  appointed 
Coriolanns  general  of  the  Volscian  army. 
Coriolanus  took  many  towns,  and  advanced 
tmresisted  till  he  came  to  the  Cluilian  dike 
close  to  Rome,  4S9.  Here  he  encamped,  and 
the  Romans  in  alarm  sent  to  him  embassy 
after  embassy,  consisting  of  the  most  distin- 
guished men  of  the  state.  But  he  would  lis- 
ten to  none  of  them.  At  length  the  noblest 
matrons  of  Rome,  headed  by  Veturia,  the 
mother  of  Coriolanus,  andVolumnia  his  wife, 
with  his  two  little  children,  came  to  his  tent. 
His  mother's  reproaches,  and  the  tears  of  his 
wife  and  the  other  matrons,  bent  his  purpose. 
He  led  back  his  army,  and  lived  in  exile 
among  the  Volscians  till  his  death ;  though 
other  traditions  relate  that  he  was  killed  by 
the  Volscians  on  his  return  to  their  country. 

CORI5LI  (-Qrum),  a  town  in  Latium,  capi- 
tal of  the  Volsci,  from  the  capture  of  which, 
in  B.O.  493, 0.  Marcius  obtained  the  surname 
of  Coriolanus. 

CORMlSA  <-ae),  an  inland  town  of  Pam- 
phylia,  or  of  Pisidia,  taken  by  the  consul  Maii- 
lius. 

CORNELIA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  P.  Scipio 
Africanus  the  elder,  wife  01  Ti.  Sempronlus 
Gracchus,  and  mother  of  the  two  tribunes 
Tiberius  and  Caius.  She  was  virtuous  and 
accomplished,  and  superintended  with  the 
greatest  care  the  education  of  her  sons,  whom 
she  survived.  She  was  almost  idolized  by  the 
people,  who  erected  a  statue  to  her,  with  the 
inscription,  COBNELIA,  MOTHEB  OF  TIIE  GEAO- 
OHI. — (2)  Daughter  of  L.Cinna,  wife  of  Caesar 
the  dictator.— (3)  Daughter  of  Metellus  Scipio, 
married  first  to  P.  Crassns,  son  of  the  trium- 
vir; afterwards  to  Pompey  the  Great,  by 
whom  she  was  tenderly  loved.  She  accom- 
panied him  to  Egypt  after  the  battle  of  Phar- 
salia,  and  saw  him  murdered.  She  afterwards 
returned  to  Rome,  and  recei-ved  from  Caesar 
the  ashes  of  her  husband,  which  she  preserved 
on  his  Alban  estate. 

CORNELIA  ORESTILLA.    [OBEBTILLA.] 

CORNELIA  GENS,  the  most  distinguished 
of  all  the  Roman  gentes.  All  its  great  fami- 
lies belonged  to  the  patrician  order.  The 
names  of  the  most  distinguished  patrician 
families  are :  CETHEOUS,  CINNA,  Coseus,  Do- 
LABELLA,  LENTULTis,  SoiPio,  and  SuiXA.  The 
names  of  the  plebeian  families  are  BALBUB 
and  GALLUS. 

CORNELIUS  NEPOS.    [NEPOS.] 

CORNlCtTLUM  (-1),  a  town  in  Latium  in 
the  mountains  N.  of  Tibur,  celebrated  as  the 
residence  of  the  parents  of  Servius  Tullius. 

COROEBUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Phrygian,  son  of 
Mygdon,  loved  Cassandra,  and  for  thai  reason 
fought  on  the  side  of  the  Trojans. — (2)  An 
Elean,  who  gained  the  victory  in  the  stadium 


at  the  Olympic  games,  u.c.  776:  from  this 
time  the  Olympiads  begin  to  be  reckoned. 

CO"R(3NE  (-es),  a  town  in  Messenia  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Messenian  gulf,  founded  B.6. 
371  by  the  Messeniaus  after  their  return  to 
their  native  country,  with  the  assistance  of 
the  Thebans. 

CORONEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Boeotia,  S.W. 
of  the  lake  Copais,  and  a  member  of  the 
Boeotian  League. 

Ct>R(3NIS  (-idis).  (1)  Daughter  of  Phle 
gyas,  and  mother  by  Apollo  of  Aesculapius, 
who  is  hence  called  Coronides.  [AESCULA- 
PIUS.]—(2)  Daughter  of  Phoroneus,  king  of 
Phocis,  metamorphosed  by  Athena  (Minerva) 
into  a  crow,  when  pursued  by  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune). 

CORSICA  (-ae),  called  CYRNUS  by  the 
Greeks,  a  mountainous  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, N.  of  Sardinia.  Honey  an  d  wax  were 
the  principal  productions  of  the  island ;  but 
the  honey  had  a  bitter  taste  from  the  yew- 
trees  with  which  the  island  abounded.  The 
inhabitants  were  addicted  to  robbery,  and 
paid  little  attention  to  agriculture.  The  most 
ancient  inhabitants  appear  to  have  been  Ibe- 
rians ;  but  in  early  times  Ligurians,  Tyrrhe- 
nians, Carthagenians,  and  even  Greeks  [ALE- 
EIA],  settled  in  the  island.  It  was  subject  to 
the  Carthaginians  at  the  commencement  of 
the  1st  Punic  war,  but  soon  afterwards  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  Romans,  and  subse- 
quently formed  part  of  the  Roman  province 
of  Sardinia. 

CORSOTE  (-es),  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  on 
the  Euphrates,  which  Xenophon  found  al- 
ready deserted. 

CORTONA  (-ae),  one  of  the  12  cities  of 
Etruria,  lay  N.W.  of  the  Trasimene  lake,  and 
was  o'ne  of  the  most  ancient  cities  in  Italy. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  originally  called  Cory* 
thuj),  from  its  reputed  founder  Corythus,  who 
is  represented  as  the  father  of  Dardanus.  It 
was  an  important  place  when  possessed  by  the 
Etruscans,  and  also  previously  when  possess* 
ed  by  the  Pelasgians,  as  is  attested  by  the  re- 
mains of  the  Pelasgic  walls,  which  are  somq 
of  the  most  remarkable  in  all  Italy.  Under 
the  Romans  it  sank  into  insignificance. 

CORUNCINIUS  (-i),  TI.,  consul  B.O.  280, 
with  P.  Valerius  Laevinus,  was  the  first  ple- 
beian who  was  created  Pontifex  Maximus, 
and  the  first  person  at  Rome  who  gave  regu- 
lar instruction  in  law. 

CORVINUS  MESSILA.    [MESSALAO 

CORVUS,  M.  ViLERXUS  (-i),  one  of  the 
most  illustrious  men  in  the  early  history  of 
Rome.  He  obtained  the  surname  of  Corutw, 
or  "Raven,"  because,  when  serving  as  mili« 
taiy  tribune  under  Camillas,  B.C.  349,  he  ac- 
cepted the  challenge  of  a  gigantic  Gaul  tc 
single  combat,  and  was  assisted  in  the  con. 
flict  by  a  raven  which  settled  upon  his  hel- 
met, and  flew  in  the  face  of  the  barbarian. 
He  was  six  times  consul,  and  twice  dictator, 
and  by  his  military  abilities  rendered  the 
most  memorable  services  to  his  country.  He 
reached  the  age  of  100  years,  and  is  frequent- 
ly referred  to  by  the  later  Roman  writers  as  a 
memorable  example  of  the  favors  of  fortune* 


COEYBANTES. 


127 


CRAGUS. 


(-ium),  priests  of  Cybele, 
or  Rhea,  in  Phrygia,  who  celebrated  her  wor- 
ship with  enthusiastic  dances,  to  the  sound 
of  the  drum  and  the  cymbal.  They  are  often 
identified  with  the  Curetes  and  the  Idaean 
Dactyli,  and  thus  are  said  to  have  been  the 
nurses  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  in  Crete. 

C<5RYClA  (-ae),  a  nymph,  who  became  by 
Apollo  the  mother  of  Lycorus  or  Lycoreus, 
and  from  whom  the  Corycian  cave  on  Mount 
Parnassus  was  believed  to  have  derived  its 
name.  The  Muses  are  sometimes  called  by 
ihe  poets  Corycldes  Nymphae. 


(-i).  (1)  A  high,  rocky  hill  on 
the  coast  of  Ionia,  forming  the  S.W.  promon- 
tory of  the  Erythraean  peninsula  —  (2)  A  city 
of  Paraphylia,  near  Phaselis  and  Mount  Olym- 
pus.— (3)  A  city  in  Cilicia  Aspera,  with  a  good 
harbor,  and  a  grotto  in  the  mountains,  called 
the  Corycian  Cave,  celebrated  by  the  poets, 
and  also  famous  for  its  saffron.  At  the  dis- 
tance of  100  stadia  (10  geog.  miles)  from  Cory- 
cus  was  a  promontory  of  the  same  name. 

CORtTHlSIUM  (-i),  a  promontory  in  Mes- 
senia,  inclosing  the  harbor  of  Pylos  on  the  N., 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name  upon  it. 

C<3R¥THUS  (-\),  an  Italian  hero,  son  of  Ju- 
piter, husband  of  Electra,  and  father  of  Dar- 
danus,  is  said  to  have  founded  Corythus,  aft- 
erwards called  COETONA. 

COS,  COOS,  COO'S  (Col:  Eos,  Stanco),  one 
of  the  islands  called  Sporades,  lay  off  the 
coast  of  Caria,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ceramic 
gulf,  opposite  to  Halicaruassus.  It  was  col- 
onized by  Aeolians,  but  became  a  member  of 
the  Dorian  confederacy.  Near  its  chief  city, 
Cos,  stood  the  Asclepieum,  or  temple  of  As- 
clepius,  to  whom  the  island  was  sacred.  Its 
chief  productions  were  wine,  ointments,  and 
the  light,  transparent  dresses  called  "  Coae 
vestes."  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  physi- 
cian Hippocrates,  of  the  poet  Philetas,  and 
of  the  painter  Apelles,  whose  picture  of 
A.phrodit£  (Veuus)  Anadyomeue  adorned  the 
Ajsclepieum. 


Coins  of  COB. 


C(5SA  (-ae)  or  C5SAE  (-arum).  (1)  (Anse- 
donia),  an  ancient  city  of  Etruria  near  the  sea, 
with  a  good  harbor,  called  Herculis  Portus, 
and  after  the  fall  of  Falerii  one  of  the  12Etrus- 


can  cities — (2)  A  town  in.  Lucania  near  Tha- 

COSSAEA  (-ae),  a  district  on  the  confines 
of  Media  and  Persia,  inhabited  by  a  rude, 
warlike,  predatory  people,  the  Cossaei,  whom 
the  Persian  kings  never  subdued.  They  were 
conquered  by  Alexander  (B.C.  325,  324),  but 
after  his  death  they  soon  regained  their  inde- 
pendence. 

COSSUS,  CORNELIUS  (-i),  the  name  of 
several  illustrious  Romans  in  the  early  history 
of  the  republic.  Of  these  the  most  celebrated' 
was  Ser.  Cornelius  Cossus,  consul  B.O.  428, 
who  killed  Lar  Tolumnius,  the  king  of  the 
Veii,  in  single  combat,  and  dedicated  his 
spoils  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Feretrius—  the 
second  of  the  three  instances  in  which  the 
spolia  opima  were  won. 

COSTRA  or  COSSYRA  (Pantelaria),  a  small 
island  in  the  Mediterranean  near  Malta. 

C5TISO  (-5nis),  a  king  of  the  Dacians,  con- 
quered in  the  reign  of  Augustus  by  Lentulus. 
~3OTTA  (-ae),  AURELlUS  (-i).  (1)  C.,  con- 
B.O.  75  with  L.  Octavius,  was  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  orators  of  his  time,  and  is 
introduced  Dy  Cicero  as  one  of  the  speakers 
in  the  De  Oratore  and  the  De  Natura  Deorum. 
—(2)  L.,  praetor  in  70,  when  he  carried  the 
celebrated  law  (lex  Aurelia  j udidaria)  which 
intrusted  the  judicia  to  the  senators,  equites, 
and  tribuni  aerarii. 

COTTA,  L.  AURUNCULEIUS  (-i),  one  of 
Caesar's  legates  in  Gaul,  perished  along  with 
Sabinus  in  the  attack  made  upon  them  by 
Ambiorix,  B.O.  S4.  [AMBIOBIX.] 

COTTIUS  (-i),  king  of  several  Ligurian 
tribes  in  the  Cottian  Alps,  which  derived  their 
name  from  him.  [ALPES.]  He  submitted  to 
Augustus,  who  granted  him  the  sovereignty 
over  12  of  these  tribes,  with  the  title  of  Prae- 
fectus.  Cottius  thereupon  made  roads  over 
the  Alps,  and  erected  (B.O.  S)  at  Segusio  (Suza) 
a  triumphal  arch  in  honor  of  Augustus,  ex- 
tant at  the  present  day.  His  authority  was 
transmitted  to  his  son,  upon  whom  Claudius 
conferred  the  title  of  king.  On  his  death  his 
kingdom  was  made  a  Roman  province  by 
Nero. 

COTTUS  (-i),  a  giant  with  100  handsj  son 
of  Uranus  (Heaven)  and  Gaea  (Earth). 

COT'J'O'RA  (-orum),  a  colony  of  Siiiope,  on 
the  coast  of  Pontus  Polemoniacus,  celebrated 
as  the  place  where  the  10,000  Greeks  embarked 
for  Sinope.- 

C5TYS  (-y&s  or  yis)  or  COTYTT5  (-us),  a 
Thracian  divinity,  whose  festival,  the  Cot.nt- 
tia,  resembled  that  of  the  Phrygian  Cybele, 
and  was  celebrated  with  licentious  revelry. 
In  later  times  her  worship  was  introduced  at 
Athens  and  Corinth.  Her  worshipers  were 
called  Baptae,  from  the  purifications  which 
were  connected  with  her  rites. 

COTYS  (-y6s  or  yis),  the  name  of  several 
kings  of  Thrace.  Ovid,  during  his  exile  at 
Tomi,  addressed  an  epistle  to  one  of  those 
kings. 

CRlGUS  (-i),  a  mountain  consisting  of  8 
summits,  being  a  continuation  of  Taurus  to 
the  W.,  and  forming  at  its  extremity  the  S. W. 


CKANAE. 


128 


CREON. 


promontory  of  Lycia.  At  its  foot  was  a  town 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  sea-shore,  be- 
tween Pydna  and  Patara.  Parallel  to  it,  N. 
of  the  river  Glaucus,  was  the  chain  of  Anti- 
cragus. 

CRXNlE  (-es),  the  island  to  which  Paris 
first  carried  Helen  from  Peloponnesus.  Its 
locality  is  uncertain. 

CRANlUS  (-i),  king  of  Attica,  the  son-iu- 
law  and  successor  of  Oecrops. 

CRANII  or  -!UM,  a  town  of  Cephallenia  on 
the  S.  coast. 

CRANTOR  (-orfe).  (1)  The  armor-bearer 
of  Peleus,  slain  by  the  Centaur  Demoleon.— 
(2)  of  Soli  in  Cilicia,  an  Academic  philoso- 
pher, studied  at  Athens  under  Xenocrates  and 
Polemo,  and  flourished  B.O.  300.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  works,  chiefly  on  moral  sub- 
jects, all  of  which  are  lost.  Cicero  commends 
him  as  a  writer,  and  made  great  use  of  his 
work  On  Grftf,  in  the  3d  book  of  his  Tuscu- 
lan  Disputations,  and  in  the  Consolatio,  which 
he  composed  on  the  death  of  his  daughter 
Tullia, 

CRASSTJS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  distinguished 
family  in  the  Gens  Licinia,  the  most  distin- 
guished persons  in  which  were— (1)  L.  LIOTN- 
nrs  CBASSHS,  the  orator,  who  was  consul,  B.O. 
95,  censor  in  92,  and  died  in  91.  As  an  orator 
he  surpassed  all  his  contemporaries.  In  the 
treatise  De  Oratore  Cicero  introduces  him  as 
one  of  the  speakers,  and  he  is  understood  to 
express  Cicero's  own  sentiments.— (2)  M.  Li- 
OINIUS  CKASSTTS,  surnamed  DIVES.  His  father, 
who  was  consul  B.C.  97  and  censor  in  89,  took 
part  with  Sulla  in  the  civil  war,  and  put  an 
end  to  his  own  life  when  Marius  and  Cinna 
returned  to  Rome  at  the  end  of  87.  Young 
Crassus  fought  with  Sulla  against  the  Marian 
party,  and  on  the  defeat  of  the  latter  was  re- 
warded by  donations  of  confiscated  property. 
His  ruling  passion  was  the  love  of  money ; 
and,  that  he  might  add  to  his  wealth,  he  left 
DO  stone  unturned.  He  bought  multitudes 
of  slaves,  and,  in  order  to  increase  their  value, 
had  them  instructed  in  lucrative  arts.  He 
worked  silver  mines,  cultivated  farms,  and 
built  houses,  which  he  let  at  high  rents.  In 
71  he  was  appointed  praetor  in  order  to  carry 
on  the  war  against  Spartacus  and  the  gladia- 
tors; he  defeated  Spartacus,  who  was  slain 
in  the  battle,  and  he  was  honored  with  an 
ovation.  In  70  he  was  consul  with  Pompey, 
and  entertained  the  populace  most  sumptu- 
ously at  a  banquet  or  10.000  tables.  A  jeal- 
ousy sprang  up  between  Pompey  and  Crassns, 
which  was  reconciled  by  Caesar,  and  thus 
was  formed  the  so-called  Triumvirate  in  60. 
In  55  he  was  consul  with  Pompey  again,  and 
received  the  province  of  Syria,  where  he 
hoped  to  add  greatly  to  his  wealth.  He  was 
defeated  by  the  Parthians  in  the  plains  of 
Mesopotamia  near  Carrhae,  the  Harau  of 
Scripture.  He  was  shortly  afterwards  slain 
at  an  interview  with  the  Parthian  general. 
His  head  was  cut  oft"  and  sent  to  Orodes,  who 
caused  melted  gold  to  be  poured  into  the 
mouth  of  his  fallen  enemy,  saying,  "  Sate  thy- 
self now  with  that  metal  of  which  in  life  thou 
wert  so  greedy."  His  son,  who  was  Caesar's 


legate  in  Gaul  from  58  to  55,  was  slain  at  the 
same  time. 

CRXTERUS  (-i).  (1)  A  distinguished  gen- 
eral of  Alexander  the  Great,  on  whose  death 
(B.C.  323)  he  received,  in  common  with  An- 
tipater,  the  government  of  Macedonia  and 
Greece.  He  fell  in  a  battle  against  Eumeues, 
in  321.— (2)  A  Greek  physician,  who  attended 
the  family  of  Atticus ;  mentioned  also  by 
Horace. 

CRlTES  (-etis).  (1)  A  celebrated  Atheni- 
an poet  of  the  old  comedy,  began  to  flourish 
jj.o.  449.— (2)  Of  Thebes,  a  pupil  of  the  Cynic 
Diogenes,  and  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
of  the  Cynic  philosophers,  flourished  about 
320.  — (3)  Of  Mallus  in  Cilicia,  a  celebrated 
grammarian,  founded  the  school  of  grammar 
at  Pergamus,  and  wrote  a  commentary  on 
the  Homeric  poems,  in  opposition  to  Aristar- 
chus. 

CRITHIS  (-is  or  Idis).  (1)  A  river  in 
Achaia,  falling  into  the  sea  near  Aegae.— (2) 
A  river  in  Lower  Italy,  forming  the  boundary 
on  the  B.  between  Lucania  and  Bruttii,  and 
falling  into  the  sea  near  Sybaris.  Its  waters 
were  fabled  to  dye  the  hair  blonde. 

CRlTlNUS  (-i),  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
of  the  Athenian  poets  of  the  old  comedy,  born 
B.O.  519 ;  began  to  exhibit  in  454,  when  he  was 
65  years  of  age ;  and  died  in  422,  at  the  age 
of  97.  He  gave  the  old  comedy  its  peculiar 
character,  and  did  not,  like  Aristophanes,  live 
to  see  its  decline.  He  is  frequently  attacked 
by  Aristophanes,  who  charges  him  with  ha- 
bitual intemperance,  an  accusation  which  was 
admitted  by  Cratinus  himself. 

CRlTIPPUS  (-i),  a  Peripatetic  philosopher 
of  Mytilene,  accompanied  Pompey  in  his  flight 
after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  B.O.  48.  He  aft- 
erwards settled  at  Athens,  where  young  M. 
Cicero  was  his  pupil  in  44. 

CREMfiRA  (-ae),  a  small  river  in  Etruria, 
which  falls  into  the  Tiber  a  little  above  Rome: 
memorable  for  the  death  of  the  300  Fabii. 

CREM5NA  (-ae :  Cremona),  a  Roman  colo- 
ny in  the  N.  of  Italy,  near  the  confluence  of 
the  Addua  and  the  Po,  was  founded,  together 
with  Placentia,  B.O.  219,  as  a  protection  against 
the  Gauls  and  Hannibal's  invading  army.  It 
soon  became  a  place  of  great  importance; 
but,  having  espoused  the  cause  of  Vitellius,  it 
was  totally  destroyed  by  the  troops  of  Vespa- 
sian, A.D.  69. 

CREM5NIS  JHGTJM.    [ALPES.] 

CREON  (-ontis).  (1)  King  of  Corinth, whose 
daughter,  Glance  or  Creusa,  married  Jason. 
Medea,  thus  forsaken,  sent  Glance  a  garment 
which  burned  her  to  death  when  she  put  it 
on;  the  palace  took  fire,  and  Creon  perished 
in  the  flames. —  (2)  Son  of  Menoecus,  and 
brother  of  Jocaste,  the  wife  of  Laius.  After 
the  death  of  Laius,  Creon  governed  Thebes 
for  a  short  time,  and  then  surrendered  the 
kingdom  to  Oedipus,  who  had  delivered  the 
country  from  the  Sphinx.  [OEDIPUS.]  After 
the  death  of  Eteocles  and  Polynices,  the  sons 
of  Oedipus,  he  again  assumed  the  reins  of 
gpvernmen  t  at  Thebes.  His  cruelty  in  forbid- 
ding burial  to  the  corpse  of  Polynices,  and 
his  sentencing  Antigone  to  death  for  dis« 


CREOPHYLUS. 


129 


CRONUS. 


obeying  his  orders,  occasioned  the  death  of 
his  own  son  Haeraon.  For  details,  see  AN- 
TIGONE. 

CREOPHtLUS  (-i),  of  Chios,  one  of  the 
earliest  epic  poets,  said  to  have  been  the 
friend  or  son-in-law  of  Homer. 

CRESPHONTES  (-is),  an  Heraclid,  son  of 
Aristomachus,  and  one  of  the  conquerors  of 
Peloponnesus,  obtained  Messeuia  for  his 
share.  During  an  insurrection  of  the  Messe- 
niaus,  he  and  two  of  his  sons  were  slain.  A 
third  son,  Aepytus,  avenged  his  death.  [AE- 
PYTUS.] 

CREST5NIA  <-ae),  a  district  in  Macedonia 
between  the  Axius  and  Strymon,  near  Mount. 
Cercine,  inhabited  by  the  Crestonaei,  a  Thra- 
cian  people ;  their  chief  town  was  Creston  or 
Crestone,  founded  by  the  Pelasgians. 

CRETA  (-ae :  Canditi),  one  of  the  largest 
islands  in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  about  100 
miles  in  length,  and  from  35  to  6  miles  in 
breadth.  It  was  celebrated- for  its  fertility 
and  salubrity,  and  was  inhabited  at  an  early 
period  by  a  numerous  and  civilized  popula- 
tion. Homer  speaks  of  its  hundred  cities; 
and  before  the  Trojan  war  mythology  told  of 
a  king  MINOS,  who  resided  at  Cnossus,  and 
ruled  over  the  greater  part  of  the  island.  He 
is  said  to  have  given  laws  to  Crete,  and  to 
have  been  the  first  prince  who  had  a  navy, 
with  which  he  suppressed  piracy  in  the  Ae- 
gaean.  Cnossus,  Gortyna,  and  Cydonia  were 
the  most  important  cities.  In  the  historical 
period  the  ruling  class  were  the  Dorians,  who 
settled  in  Crete  about  60  years  after  the  Do- 
rian conquest  of  Peloponnesus,  and  intro- 
duced into  the  island  the  social  and  political 
institutions  of  the  Dorians.  Subsequently 
Doric  customs  disappeared,  and  great  degen- 
eracy in  morals  prevailed.  The  apostle  Paul, 
quoting  the  Cretan  poet  Epimenides,  de- 
scribes them  as  "always  liars,  evil  beasts, 
slow  bellies."  The  Cretans  were  celebrated 
as  archers,  and  frequently  served  as  merce- 
naries in  the  armies  of  other  nations.  The 
island  was  conquered  by  Q.  Metellus,  who 
received  in  consequence  the  surname  Creti- 
cus  (B.O.  68-66),  and  it  became  a  Roman  prov- 
ince. 

CRSTEUS  or  CATREUS  (-eos),  son  of  Mi- 
nos by  Pasiphae  or  Crete,  and  father  of  Al- 
themenesl 

CRETHEUS  (-5os  or  Si),  son  of  Aeolus  and 
Enarete,  wife  of  Tyro,  and  father  of  Aeson, 
Pheres,  Amythaon,  and  Hippolyte:  he  was 
the  founder  of  lolcus. 

CREtTS A  (-ae),  (1)  Daughter  of  Erechtheus 
and  Praxithea,  wife  of  Xuthns,  and  mother 
of  Achaeus  and  Ion.— (2)  Daughter  of  Priam 
and  Hecuba,  wife  of  Aeneas,  and  mother  of 
Ascanius.  She  perished  on  the  night  of  the 
capture  of  Troy,  having  been  separated  from 
her  husband  in  the  confusion. — (3)  Daughter 
of  Creon,  who  fell  a  victim  to  the  vengeance 
of  Medea.  [CBEON,  No.  1.] 

CRIMISUS  or  CRIMISSUS,  a  river  in  the 
W.  of  Sicily  falling  into  the  Hypsa ;  on  its 
banks  Timoleon  defeated  the  Carthaginians, 
B.O.  339. 

CRISSA  or  CRISA,  and  CIRRHA  <-ae), 


towns  in  Phocis,  regarded  by  some  writers  as 
the  same  place ;  but  it  seems  more  probable 
that  Crissa  was  a  town  inland  S.W.  of  Delphi, 
and  that  Cirrha  was  its  port  in  the  Crissaean 
gulf.  The  inhabitants  of  these  towns  levied 
contributions  upon  the  pilgrims  frequenting 
the  Delphic  oracle,  in  consequence  of  which 
the  Amphictyons  declared  war  against  them, 
B.O.  595,  and  eventually  destroyed  them.  This 
territory,  the  rich  Crissaean  plain,  was  de- 
clared sacred  to  the  Delphic  ?od,  and  was  fur- 
bidden  to  be  cultivated.  The  cultivation  of 
this  plain  by  the  inhabitants  of  Amphissa  led 
to  the  Sacred  war,  in  which  Philip  was  chosen 
general  of  the  Amphictyons,  38S.  Crissa  re- 
mained in  ruins,  but  Cirrha  was  afterwards 
rebuilt,  and  became  the  harbor  of  Delphi. 

CRITfAS  (-ae),  a  pupil  of  Socrates,  one  of 
the  80  tyrants  established  at  Athens  by  the 
Spartan*,  B.C.  404,  was  conspicuous  above  all 
his  colleagues  for  rapacity  and  cruelty. 

CRITOLAUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Phaselis  in  Lycia, 
succeeded  Aristoii  at  Athens  as  the  head  of 
the  Peripatetic  school.  In  B.O.  155  he  was 
sent  by  the  Athenians  as  embassador  to  Rome 
with  Carneades  and  Diogenes.  [CABNEADES.] 
—(2)  General  of  the  Achaean  League,  147,  dis- 
tinguished by  his  bitter  enmity  to  the  Ro- 
mans. He  was  defeated  by  Metellus,  and  was 
never  heard  of  after  the  battle. 

CRlT(5N  (-onis),  a  rich  citizen  of  Athens, 
aud  a  friend  and  disciple  of  Socrates. 

CROCUS  (-i),  the  beloved  friend  of  Smilax, 
was  changed  by  the  gods  into  a  saffron  plant. 

CROESUS  (-i),  last  king  of  Lydia,  sou  of 
Alyattes,  reigned  u.o.  560-546.  He  subdued 
all  the  nations  between  the  Aegaean  and  the 
river  Halys,  and  made  the  Greeks  in  Asia  Mi- 
nor tributary  to  him.  The  fame  of  his  power 
and  wealth  drew  to  his  court  at  Sardis  all  the 
wise  men  of  Greece,  and  among  them  Solon, 
whose  interview  with  the  king  was  celebrated 
in  antiquity.  In  reply  to  the  question,  who 
was  the  happiest  man  he  had  ever  seen,  the 
sage  taught  the  king  that  no  man  should  be 
deemed  nappy  till  he  had  finished  his  life  in 
a  happy  way.  In  a  war  with  Cyrus,  king  of 
Persia,  the  a^my  of  Croesus  was  defeated, 
and  his  capital,  Sardis,  was  tak<*n.  Uroesus 
was  condemned  by  the  conqueror  to  be 
burned  to  death.  As  he  stood  before  the 
pyre,  the  warning  tf  Solon  came  to  his  mind, 
and  he  thrice  uttered  the  name  of  Solon. 
Cyrus  inquired  who  li  was  that  he  called  on ; 
and  upon  hearing  the  story  repented  of  his 
purpose,  and  not  only  spared  the  life  of  Croe- 
sus, but  made  him  his  friend.  Croesus  sur- 
vived Cyrus,  and  accompanied  Cambyses  in 
his  expedition  against  Egypt 

CROMMtON  or  CROM?8tf,  a  town  in 
Megaris,  on  the  Saronic  gulf,  afterwards  be- 
longed to  Corinth ;  celebrated  in  mythology 
on  account  of  its  wild  sow,  which  was  slam 
by  Theseus. 

CR5NUS  (-i),  called  SATURNUS  (-i)  by 
the  Romans,  the  youngest  of  the  Titans,  son 
of  Uranus  and  Ge  (Heaven  and  Earth),  fa- 
ther, by  Rhea,  of  Hestia,  Demeter  (Ceres), 
Hera  (Juno),  Hades  (Pluto),  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune), aud  Zeus  (Jupiter).  He  deprived  his 


CROTON. 


130 


CURIOSOLITAE. 


Cronos  (Saturnns).    (From  a  Painting  at  Pompeii.) 

father  Uranus  of  the  government  of  the 
world,  and  was,  in  his  turu,  dethroned  by  his 
son  Zeus.  [ZEUS.] 

CR5TON  (-onis)  or  CROT<5NA  (-ae),  one 
of  the  most  powerful  cities  in  Magna  Graecia, 
was  situated  on  the  E.  coast  of  Bruttium,  and 
was  founded  by  the  Achaeans  j;.ov  710.  It  is 
celebrated  as  the  residence  of  Pythagoras, 
the  philosopher,  and  of  Milo,  the  athlete.  It 
attained  its  greatest  power  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  Sybaris,  in  510 ;  but  suffered  greatly 
in  the  wars  with  Dionysius,  Agathocles,  and 
Pyrrhus. 

CRTJSTUMERIA  (-ae),  RIUM  (-i),  also 
CRUSTuMlUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Sabines, 
situated  in  the  mountains  near  the  sources 
oftheAllia. 

CTSSlAS  (-ae),  of  Cnidus,  in  Caria,  a  con- 
temporary of  Xenophon,  was  private  physi- 
cian of  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  his  war  against  his  brother  Cyrus, 
B.O.  401.  He  lived  IT  years  at  the  Persian 
court,  and  wrote  in  the  Ionic  dialect  a  great 
work  on  the  history  of  Persia,  and  also  a 
work  on  India,  of  both  of  which  works  we 
possess  an  abridgment  in  Photius. 

CTSSIBIUS  (-i),  celebrated  for  his  mechan- 
ical inventions,  lived  at  Alexandria  in  the 
reigns  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  and  Euerge- 
tes,  about  B.C.  250. 

CTESIPH<5N.    [DEMOSTHENES.] 

CTESIPH5N  (-ontis),  a  city  of  Assyria,  on 
the  B.  bank  of  the  Tigris,  3  Roman  miles 
from  Seleucia,  on  the  W.  bank,  first  became 
an  important  place  under  the  Parthiaus. 


whose  kings  used  it  for  some  time  as  a  win- 
ter residence. 

CtTMAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Campania,  and 
the  most  ancient  of  the  Greek  colonies  in  It- 
aly and  Sicily,  was  founded  by  Cyme,  in  Aeo- 
lis,  in  conjunction  with  Chalcis  and  Eretria 
in  Euboea.  Its  foundation  is  placed  in  u.o] 
1050,  but  this  date  is  evidently  too  early.  It 
was  situated  on  a  steep  hill  of  Mount  Gaurus 
a  little  N.  of  the  promontory  Misenum.  It 
became  in  early  times  a  great  and  flourishing 
city ;  and  its  power  is  attested  by  its  colonies 
in  Italy  aud  Sicily— Puteoli,  Palaeopolis,  aft- 
erwards Neapolis,  Zancle,  afterwards  Messa- 
ua.  It  maintained  its  independence  till  B.O. 
417,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  Campanians, 
and  most  of  its  inhabitants  sold  as  slaves. 
From  this  time  CAPUA  became  the  chief  city 
of  Campania.  Cumae  was  celebrated  as  the 
residence  of  the  earliest  Sibyl,  and  as  the 
place  where  Tarquiuios  Superbus  died. 

CtftSTAXA  (-ae),  a  small  town  in  Babylonia, 
on  the  Euphrates,  famous  for  the  battle 
fought  here  between  the  younger  Cyrus  and 
his  brother  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  in  which 
the  former  was  killed  (B.O.  401). 

CttRES  (-ium),  an  ancient  town  of  the  Sa- 
bines, celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  T.  Ta- 
tius  and  Numa  Pompilius ;  from  this  town 
the  Romans  are  said  to  have  derived  the 
name  of  Quirites. 

CtfRETES  (-um),  a  mythical  people,  said 
to  be  the  most  ancient  inhabitants  of  Acar- 
nania  and  Aetnliu;  the  latter  country  was 
called  Curette  from  them.  They  also  occur 
in  Crete  as  the  priests  of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and 
are  spoken  of  in  connection  with  the  Cory- 
bantes  aud  Idaean  Dactyli.  The  infant  Zeus 
was  intrusted  to  their  care  by  Rhea ;  and  by 
clashing  their  weapons  in  a  warlike  dance, 
they  drowned  the  cnes  of  the  child,  and  pre- 
vented his  father  Cronus  from  ascertaining 
the  place  where  he  was  concealed. 

CtfRIATlI  (-orum),  a  celebrated  Alban 
family.  Three  brothers  of  this  family  fought 
with  3  Roman  brothers,  the  Horatii,  and  wero 
conquered  by  the  latter.  In  consequence  of 
their  defeat  Alba  became  subject  to  Rome. 

CtMO,  C.  SCRIB5NIUS.  (1)  Consul  B.O 
76,  was  a  personal  enemy  of  Caesar,  and  sup. 
ported  P.  Clodius,  when  the  latter  was  ac- 
cused of  violating  the  sacra  of  the  Bona  Dea. 
In  57  he  was  appointed  pontifex  maxiraus, 
and  died  in  58.  He  had  some  reputation  as 
an  orator,  and  was  a  friend  of  Cicero.— (2) 
Son  of  No.  1,  also  a  friend  of  Cicero,  was  a 
most  profligate  character.  He  was  married 
to  Fulvia,  afterwards  the  wife  of  Antony.  He 
at  first  belonged  to  the  Pompeian  party,  by 
whose  influence  he  was  made  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  50 ;  but  he  was  bought  over  by  Caesar, 
and  employed  his  power  as  tribune  against 
his  former  friends.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Civil  war  (49),  he  was  sent  by  Caesar  to 
Sicily  with  the  title  of  propraetor.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  driving  Cato  out  of  the  island,  and 
then  crossed  over  to  Africa,  where  he  was  de- 
feated and  slain  by  Juba  and  P.  Attius  Varus. 

CTTRIOSOLXTAE  (-urum),  a  Gallic  people 
on  the  ocean  in  Armorica,  near  the  Veueti. 


CUEIUS. 


131 


CYAXARES. 


CtMUS,  M.  DENTlTUS  (-i),  a  favorite 
hero  of  the  Roman  republic,  was  celebrated 
in  later  times  as  a  noble  specimen  of  old  Ro- 
man frugality  and  virtue.  In  his  first  consul- 
ship (B.O.  290)  he  successfully  opposed  the 
SamniteSj  and  in  his  second  consulship  (2T5) 
he  defeated  Pyrrhus  so  completely  that  the 
king  was  obliged  to  quit  Italy.  On  this  and 
on  subsequent  occasions  he  declined  to  share 
in  the  large  booty  that  he  gained.  At  the 
close  of  his  military  career  he  retired  to  his 
small  farm  in  the  country  of  the  Sabiues, 
which  he  cultivated  with  his  own  hands. 
Once  the  Samnites  sent  an  embassy  to  him 
with  costly  presents ;  they  found  him  sitting 
at  the  hearth  and  roasting  turnips.  He  re- 
jected their  presents,  telling  them  that  he 
preferred  ruling  over  those  who  possessed 
gold  to  possessing  it  himself.  He  was  censor 
in  272,  and  in  that  year  executed  public  works 
of  great  importance. 

CURSOR,  L.  PAPIRIUS.'  (1)  A  distin- 
guished Roman  general  in  the  2d  Samnite 
war,  was  5  times  consul  (B.O.  333-313),  and 
twice  dictator  (325-309).  He  frequently  de- 
feated the  Samnites,  but  his  greatest  victory 
over  them  was  gained  in  his  2d  dictatorship. 
Although  a  great  general,  he  was  not  popular 
with  the  soldiers  on  account  of  his  severity. 
—-(2)  Son  of  No.  1,  was,  like  his  father,  a  dis- 
tinguished general.  In  his  2d  consulship,  2T2, 
he  brought  the  3d  Samnite  war  to  a  close. 

CURTiUS,  METTUS  or  METTIUS  (-i),  a 
distinguished  Sabine,  fought  with  the  rest  of 
his  nation  against  Romulus.  According  to 
one  tradition,  the  Locus  Curtiw,  which  was 

Sart  of  the  Roman  forum,  was  called  after 
im,  because  in  the  battle  with  the  Romans 
he  escaped  with  difficulty  from  a  swamp  into 
which  his  horse  had  plunged.    But  the  more 
usual  tradition  respecting  the  name  of  the 


Lacus  Curtius  related  that  in  B.O.  362  the 
earth  in  the  forum  gave  way,  and  a  great 
chasm  appeared,  which  the  soothsayers  de- 
clared could  only  be  filled  up  by  throwing 
into  it  Rome's  greatest  treasure ;  that  there- 
upon M.  Curtius,  a  noble  youth,  mounted  his 
steed  in  full  armor,  and  declaring  that  Rome 
possessed  no  greater  treasure  than  a  brave 
and  gallant  citizen,  leaped  into  the  abyss, 
upon  which  the  earth  closed  over  him. 

CURTIUS  RtJ"FUS  (-i),  Q.,  the  Roman  his- 
torian of  Alexander  the  Great,  whose  date  is 
uncertain.  His  history  of  Alexander  con" 
sisted  of  10  books,  but  the  first  2  are  lost,  and 
the  remaining  S  are  not  without  considerable 
gaps.  It  is  written  in  a  pleasing  though  some- 
what declamatory  style. 

CUTILIAE  AQUAE.    [AQCTAE,  No.  3.] 

C^ANlS  (-es),  a  Sicilian  nymph  ana  play- 
mate of  Proserpine,  changed  into  a  fountain 
through  grief  at  the  loss  of  the  goddess. 

CTINEAE  (-arum),  INStfLAE,  2  small 
rocky  islands  at  the  entrance  of  the  Thracian 
Bosporus  into  the  Euxine,  the  PT.ANOTAB  and 
SYMPLEGADES  of  mythology,  so  called  because 
they  are  said  to  have  been  once  movable  and 
to  have  rushed  together,  and  thus  destroyed 
every  ship  that  attempted  to  pass  through 
them.  After  the  ship  Argo  had  passed  through 
them  in  safety  they  became  stationary. 

CYANEE  (-es),  daughter  of  Maeander, 
mother  of  Caunus  and  of  Byblis. 

CYAXARES,  king  of  Media,  B.O.  634^594, 
son  of  Phraortes,  and  grandson  of  Deioces. 
He  was  the  most  warlike  of  the  Median  kings, 
and  introduced  great  military  reforms.  He 
was  engaged  in  wars  with  the  Assyrians, 
Scythians,  and  Alyattes,  king  of  Lydia.  [At- 
YATTES.]  Cyaxares  died  in  594,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  Astyages.  Xenophon 


CYBELE. 


132 


CYNOSSEMA. 


speaks  of  a  Cyaxares  II.,  king  of  Media,  son 
of  Astyages,  respecting  whom,  see  CYEXTS. 

CYBSLE.  CRHEA.] 

CYBISTRA  (-orum),  an  ancient  city  of  Asia 
Minor,  lying  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Taurus,  iu 
the  part  of  Cappadocia  bordering  on  Cilicia. 

CYCLlDES  (-um),  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  Aegean  sea,  so  called  because  they  lay  in 
a  circle  around  Delos,  the  most  important  of 
them. 

CYCLOPES  and  CYCLOPES  (-um),  that 
is,  creatures  with  round  or  circular  eyes,  are 
described  differently  by  diflerent  writers. 
Homer  speaks  of  them  as  a  gigantic  and  law- 
less race  of  shepherds  in  SiciVi  who  devoured 
human  beings  and  cared  naught  for  Zeus  (Ju- 
piter) ;  each  of  them  had  only  one  eye  in  the 
centre  of  his  forehead ;  the  chief  among  them 
was  POLYPIIEMOS.  According  to  Hesiod  the 
Cyclopes  were  Titans,  sons  of  Uranus  and 
Ge,  were  3  in  number— A  RGBS,  STEBOPES,  and 
BRONTES— and  each  of  them  had  only  one  eye 
in  his  forehead.  They  were  thrown  into  Tar- 
tarus by  Cronus,  but  were  released  by  Zeus, 
and  in  consequence  they  provided  Zeus  with 
thunderbolts  and  lightning,  Pluto  with  a  hel- 
met, and  Poseidon  with  a  trident.  They  were 
afterwards  killed  by  Apollo  for  having  fur- 
nished Zeus  with  the  thunderbolts  to  kill 
Aesculapius.  A  still  later  tradition  regarded 
the  Cyclopes  as  the  assistants  of  Hephaestus 
(Vulcan).  Volcanoes  were  the  workshops  of 
that  god,  and  Mount  Aetna  in  Sicily  and  the 
neighboring  isles  were  accordingly  consid- 
ered as  their  abodes.  As  the  assistants  of 
Hephaestus,  they  make  the  metal  armor  and 
ornaments  for  gods  and  heroes.  Their  num- 
ber is  no  longer  confined  to  3 ;  and  besides 
the  names  mentioned  by  Hesiod,  we  also  find 
those  of  PYEAOMON  and  AOAMAS.  The  name 
Cyclopian  was  given  to  the  walls  built  of  great 
masses  of  unhewn  stone,  of  which  specimens 
are  still  to  be  seen  at  Mycenae  and  other  parts 
of  Greece,  and  also  in  Italy.  They  were  prob- 
ably constructed  by  the  Pelasgians,  and  later 
generations,  being  struck  by  their  grandeur, 
ascribed  their  buf"  '  ' 

Cyclopes. 


Cyclopes  at  work. 

CYCNUS  or  CTGNUS  (-1).  (1)  Son  of 
Apollo  by  Hyrie,  was  metamorphosed  into  a 
swan. —(2)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  and 
father  of  Tenes  and  Hemithea.  [TENES.]  In 
the  Trojan  war  Cycnus  was  slain  by  Achilles, 
and  his  body  was  metamorphosed  into  a 


swan — (3)  Son  of  Stheuelus,  king  of  the  Li- 
gurians,  and  a  friend  and  relation  of  Phae- 
thon,  was  metamorphosed  by  Apollo  into  a 
swan,  and  placed  among  the  stars. 

CYDIPPE  (-es).  (1)  The  mistress  of  Acou- 
tius.  [AOONTIUS.]— (2)  One  of  the  Nereids. 

CYDNUS  (-i),  a  river  of  Cilicia  Campestris, 
rising  in  the  Taurus,  and  flowing  through  the 
midst  of  the  city  of  Tarsus.  It  was  celebrated 
for  the  coldness  of  its  waters,  in  bathing  in 
which  Alexander  nearly  lost  his  life. 

CYDONlA  (-ae),  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
Crete,  situated  on  the  N.W.  coast,  derived  its 
name  from  the  CYDONES,  a  Cretan  race,  placed 
by  Homer  in  the  W.  part  of  the  island.  Cy- 
donia  was  the  place  from  which  quinces  (Cy- 
donia  mala}  were  first  brought  to  Italy,  and 
its  inhabitants  were  some  of  the  best  Cretan 
archers. 

CYLLlRUS  (-i),  a  beautiful  centaur,  killed 
at  the  wedding  feast  of  Pirithous.  The  horse 
of  Castor  was  likewise  called  Cyllarus. 

CYLLENE  (-es).  (1)  The  highest  mount- 
ain in  Peloponnesus  on  the  frontiers  of  Arca- 
dia and  Achaia,  sacred  to  Hermes  (Mercury), 
who  had  a  temple  on  the  summit,  was  said  to 
have  been  born  there,  and  was  hence  called 
Cyllenius. — (2)  A.  sea-port  town  of  Elis. 

C  YLON  (-oiiis),  an  Athenian  of  noble  fam- 
ily, who  gained  an  Olympic  victory  B.O.  640. 
He  seized  the  Acropolis,  intending  to  make 
himself  tyrant  of  Athens.  Pressed  by  fam- 
ine, Cylon  and  his  adherents  were  driven  to 
take  refuge  at  the  altar  of  Athena,  whence 
they  were  induced  to  withdraw  by  the  archon 
Megacles,  the  Alcmaeonid,  on  a  promise  that 
their  li^es  should  be  spared.  But  their  ene- 
mies put  them  to  death  as  soon  as  they  had 
them  in  their  power. 

CYME  (-es),  the  largest  of  the  Aeolian  cit- 
ies of  Asia  Minor,  stood  upon  the  coast  of 
Aeolis,  on  a  bay  named  after  it,  Curaaeus 
(also  Elaiticus)  Sinus.  It  was  the  mother  city 
of  Cumae  in  Campania. 

CYNAEGIEUS  (-i),  brother  of  the  poet 
Aeschylus,  distinguished  himself  by  his  valor 
at  the  battle  of  Marathon,  B.O.  490.  Accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  when  the  Persians  were 
endeavoring  to  escape  by  sea,  Cynaegirus 
seized  one  of  their  ships  to  keep  it  back,  but 
fell  with  his  right  hand  cut  off. 

CYNE&H  (-orum)  or  CYNETES  (-um),  a 
people,  according  to  Herodotus,  dwelling  in 
the  extreme  W.  of  Europe,  beyond  the  Celts, 
apparently  in  Spain. 

CYNOSARGES,  a  gymnasium,  sacred  to 
Hercules,  outside  of  Athens,  E.  of  the  city,  or 
the  use  of  those  who  were  not  of  pure  Athe- 
nian blood;  here  taught  Antisthenes,  the 
founder  of  the  Cynic  school. 

CYNOSCfiPHlLAE,  i.  e.  "Dog's  Heads," 
two  hills  near  Scotnssa  in  Thessaly,  where 
Flaminius  gained  his  celebrated  victory  over 
Philip  of  Macedonia,  B.O.  197. 

CYNOSSEMA,  "Dog's  Tomb,"  a  promon- 
tory  in  the  Thraciim  Chersonesus  near  Mady- 
tus,  so  called  because  it  was  supposed  to  be 
the  tomb  of  Hecuba,  who  had  been  previously 
changed  into  a  dog. 


CYNOSURA. 


133 


CYRUS. 


(-ae),  au  Idaean  nymph, 
and  one  of  the  nurses  of  Zeus,  who  placed 
her  amoug_the  stars.  [AitoTos.] 

CtNOSTTRA  (-ae),  "Dog's  Tail,"  a 
promontory  in  Attica,  S.  of  Marathon.  I 

CYNTHUS  (-i),  a  mountain  of  Delos,  I 
celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  Apollo  and 
Diana,  who  were  heuce  called  Cynthius 
and  Cynthia  respectively. 

CYNtTRIA  (-ae),  a  district  on  the  front- 
iers of  Argolia  and  Laconia,  for  the  pos- 
session of  which  the  Argives  and  Spar- 
tans carried  on  frequent  wars,  and  which 
the  Spartans  at  length  obtained  about 
B.c.550. 

CYNUS  (-i),  the  chief  sea-port  in  the 
territory  of  the  Locri  Opuntii. 

CYPARISSIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Messe- 
nia,  on  the  W.  coast,  on  a  promontory  and 
bay  of  the  same  name. 

ClTPARISSUS  (.i).    (1)  Son  of  Tele-  __ 

Phus,  Who.  having    inadvertently   killed     Coins  of  Cyreiie,  bearing  the  sacred  SilpMum  Plant  (which  was 
•    -         ••"•--        6          •      -      •-  J-  -  the  chief  article  of  export). 


his  favorite  stag,  was  seized  with  immod- 
erate grief,  and  metamorphosed  into  a  cy- 
press.—(2)  A  small  town  in  Phocis  on  Parnas- 
sus near  Delphi. 

CYPRUS  and  CYPRUS  (-i),  a  large  island 
in  the  Mediterranean,  S.  of  Cilicia  and  W.  of 
Syria,  about  140  miles  in  length,  and  50  miles 
in  its  greatest  breadth.  It  was  celebrated  in 
ancient  as  well  as  in  modem  times  for  its  fer- 
tility. The  largest  plain,  called  the  Sala- 
minian  plain,  is  in  the  B.  part  of  the  island 
near  Salamis.  The  rivers  are  little  more  than 
mountain  torrents,  mostly  dry  in  summer. 
Cyprus  was  colonized  both  by  the  Phoeni- 
cians and  the  Greeks ;  was  subject  at  differ- 
ent times  to  the  Egyptians,  the  Persians,  and 
the  Romans,  of  whom  the  latter  made  it  a 
province,  B.O.  58.  Cyprus  was  one  of  the  chief 

seats  of  the  worship  -*  *-*—-"*-  '•*» » 

who  is  hence  callec  ,vf.  „  __   -af.  .„, 

whose  worship  was  introduced  into  the  island 
by  the  Phoenicians. 


Copper  Proconsular  Coin  of  Cyprus. 

CYPSfiLA  (-orum).  (1)  A  town  in  Arcadia 
on  the  frontiers  of  Laconia.— (2)  A  town  in 
Thrace  on  the  Hebrus  and  the  Egnatia  Via. 

CYPSSLUS  (-i),  a  tyrant  of  Corinth,  B.O. 
655-625,  so  named  because  when  a  child  he 
was  concealed  from  the  Bacchiadae  (the  Doric 
nobility  of  Corinth)  by  Ms  mother  in  a  chest 
(Ki/^frXn).  He  was  succeeded  in  the  tyranny 
by  his  son  Feriander. 

CTRlNB  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Hypseus, 
mother  of  Arisraeus  by  Apollo,  was  carried 
by  the  god  from  Mount  Pelion  to  Libya,  where 


the  city  of  Gyrene  derived  its  name  from  her. 
—(2)  An  important  Greek  city  in  the  N.  of 
Africa,  lying  between  Alexandria  and  Car- 
thage. It  was  founded  by  Battus  (B.O.  C31), 
who  led  a  colony  from  the  island  of  Thera, 
and  he  and  his  descendants  ruled  over  the 
city  for  8  generations.  It  stood  SO  stadia  (S 
geog.  miles)  from  the  coast,  on  the  edge  of 
the  upper  of  two  terraces  of  table-land,  at  the 
height  of  1800  feet  above  the  sea,  in  one  of 
the  finest  situations  in  the  world.  At  a  later 
time  Cyrene  became  subject  to  the  Eg 


Ptolemies,  and  was  eventually  formed,  with 
the  island  of  Crete,  into  a  Roman  province. 
The  ruins  of  the  city  of  Gyrene  are  very  ex- 
tensive. It  was  the  birthplace  of  Callima- 
chus,  Eratosthenes,  and  Aristippus.  The  ter- 
ritory of  Cyrene,  called  Cyrenaica,  included 
also  the  Greek  cities  of  Barca,  Teuchira,  Hes- 
pera,  and  Apolloiiia,  the  port  of  Cyrene.  Un- 
der the  Ptolemies,  Hesperis  became  Berenice, 
Teuchira  was  called  Arsinoe,  and 
Barca  was  entirely  eclipsed  by  its 
port,  which  was  raised  into  a  city 
under  the  name  of  Ptolemais.  The 
country  was  at  that  time  usually 
called  Pentapolis,  from  the  5  cities 
of  Cyrene,  Apollonia,  Ptolemais,  Ar- 
siuoo,  and  Berenice. 

CYRESCHATA  (-ae)  or  CYROP- 
QLIS  (-is),  a  city  of  Sogdiana,  on 
the  Jaxartes,  the  farthest  of  the  col- 
onies founded  by  Cyrus,  and  the  ex- 
treme city  of  the  Persian  empire: 
destroyed,  after  many  revolts,  by  Al- 
exander. 

CYRNUS  (-i),  the  Greek  name  of  the  island 
of  Corsica,  from  which  is  derived  the  adjec- 
tive Cyrneus,  used  by  the  Latin  poets. 

CYRRHESTlCE  (-es),  the  name  given  un- 
der the  Seleucidae  to  a  province  of  Syria, 
lying  between  Commagene  on  the  N.  and  the 
plain  of  Antioch  on  the  S. 

CYRUS  (-i).  (1)  THE  ELI>EB,  the  founder 
of  the  Persian  empire.  The  history  of  his 
life  was  overlaid  in  ancient  times  with  fables 
and  romances.  According  to  the  legend  pre- 


CYRUS. 


134 


CYRUS. 


\ 


Symbolical  Figure  of  Cyrus. 

served  by  Herodotus,  Cyrus  was  the  son  of 
Cambyses,  a  noble  Persia]],  and  of  Mandane, 
daughter  of  the  Median  king  Astyages.  In 
consequence  of  a  dream,  which  seemed  to 
portend  that  his  grandson  should  be  master 
of  Asia,  Astyages  committed  the  child  as  soon 
as  it  was  born  to  Harpagus,  with  orders  to 
kill  it.  But  he  delivered  the  infant  to  a 
herdsman,  and  by  the  herdsman's  wife  the 
child  was  reared.  At  ten  years  of  age  he 
gave  proof  of  his  high  descent  by  his 'royal 
bearing,  and  on  being  sent  to  Astyages  was 


discovered  by  him  to  be  his  grandson.  By 
the  advice  of  the  Magians,  who  said  that  the 
dream  had  been  fulfilled  when  Cyrus  was 
made  king  in  sport,  he  sent  him  to  his  par- 
ents in  Persia.  When  Cyrus  grew  up  he  led 
the  hardy  mountaineers  of  Persia  against  As- 
tyages, defeated  him  in  battle,  and  took  him 
prisoner,  a. c.  559.  The  Medes  accepted  Cyrus 
for  their  king,  and  thus  the  supremacy  which 
they  had  held  passed  to  the  Persians.  Cyrus 
now  proceeded  to  conquer  the  other  parts  of 
Asia.  In  546  he  overthrew  the  Lydian  mon- 
archy, and  took  Croesus  prisoner.  [CUOESUS.] 
The  Greek  cities  in  Asia  Minor  were  subdued 
by  his  general  Harpagus.  He  nest  turned 
his  arms  against  the  Babylonian  empire,  and 
took  the  capital,  Babylon,  by  diverting  the 
course  of  the  Euphrates,  which  flowed  through 
the  midst  of  it,  so  that  his  soldiers  entered 
the  city  by  the  bed  of  the  river.  This  was  in 
538.  Subsequently  he  set  out  on  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  Massagetae,  a  Scythian  peo- 
ple, but  he  was  defeated  and  slain  in  battle. 
Tomyris,  the  queen  of  the  Massagetae,  cut  off 
his  head,  and  threw  it  into  a  bag  filled  with 
human  blood,  that  he  might  satiate  himself 
(she  said)  with  blood.  He  was  killed  in  529. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  CAMBYSES. 
Xenophon's  account  is  very  different.  He 
represents  Cyrus  as  brought  up  at  his  grand- 
father's court,  as  serving  In  the  Median  army 
under  his  uncle  Cyaxares  II.,  the  son  and 
successor  of  Astyages,  of  whom  Herodotus 
knows  nothing ;  as  making  war  upon  Baby- 
lon simply  as  the  general  of  Cyaxares;  as 
marrying  the  daughter  of  Cyaxares ;  and  at 
length  dying  quietly  in  his  bed.  But  Xeno- 
phon  merely  draws  a  picture  of  what  a  wise 
and  just  prince  ought  to  be ;  and  his  account 
must  not  be  regarded  as  a  genuine  history.— 
(2)  THE  YOUNGISH,  the  2d  son  of  Darius  No- 
thus,  king  of  Persia,  and  of  Parysatis,  was 
appointed  by  his  father  commander  of  the 
maritime  parts  of  Asia  Minor,  and  satrap  of 
Lydia,  Phrygia,  and  Cappadocia,  B.  o.  407.  He 
assisted  Lysander  and  the  Lacedaemonians 
with  large  sums  of  money  in  their  war  against 
the  Athenians.  Cyrus  was  of  a  daring  and 


Tomb  of  Cyrus. 


CYTHERA. 


135 


DAHAE. 


ambitious  temper.  On  the  accession  of  his 
elder  brother-  Artaxerxes  Muemon,  404,  he 
formed  the  design  of  dethroning  his  brother, 
to  accomplish  which  he  obtained  the  aid  of 
a  force  of  13,000  Greek  mercenaries,  set  out 
from  Sardis  in  the  spring  of  401,  and,  having 
crossed  the  Euphrates  at  Thapsacus,  marched 
dowu  the  river  to  the  plain  of  Cuuaxa,  500 
stadia  from  Babylon.  Here  he  met  the  kind's 
army.  In  the  battle  which  followed  his  Greek 
troops  were  victorious,  but  Cyrus  himself  was 
slain.  The  character  of  Cyrus  is  drawn  by 
Xenophon  in  the  brightest  colors.  It  is 
enough  to  say  that  his  ambition  was  gilded 
by  all  those  brilliant  qualities  which  win 


after  forming  the  boundai., 

and  Armenia,  uniting  with  the  Araxes,  and 

falling  into  the  W.  side  of  the  Caspian. 

C¥THf3RA  (-ae :  Cerigo),  an  island  off  the 
S.E.  point  of  Laconia,  with  a  town  of  the 
same  name  in  the  interior,  the  harbor  of 
which  was  called  SOANDEA.  It  was  colonized 
p.t  an  early  time  by  the  Phoenicians,  who  in- 
troduced the  worship  of  Aphrodite  (Venus) 
into  the  island,  for  which  it  was  celebrated. 


This  goddess  was  hence  called  CYTHERABA, 
CYTHEUKIS;  and,  according  to  some  tradi- 
tions, it  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  isl- 
and that  she  first  rose  from  the  foam  of  the 
sea. 

CYTHNUS  (-i:  Thermia),  an  island  in  the 
Aegaean  sea,  one  of  the  Cyclades. 

CYTlNlUM  (-i),  one  of  the  4  cities  in  Do- 
ris, on  Parnassus. 

C?T(5RUS  or  -UM  (-i),  a  town  on  the  coast 
of  Paphlagonia,  a  commercial  settlement  of 
Sinope,  stood  upon  the  mountain  of  the  same 
name,  celebrated  for  its  box-trees. 

CfZICUS  (-i),  one  of  the  most  ancient  and 
powerful  of  the  Greek  cities  in  Asia  Miiior, 
stood  upon  an  island  of  the  same  name  in 
the  Propontis  (Sea  of  Marmora).  This  island 
lay  close  to  the  shore  of  Mysia,  to  which  it 
was  united  by  two  bridges,  and  afterwards 
(under  Alexander  the  Great)  by  a  mole,  which 
has  accumulated  to  a  considerable  isthmus. 
The  most  noted  passages  in  its  history  are  its 
shaking  off  the  Persian  yoke  after  the  peace 
of  Antalcidas,  and  its  gallant  resistance 
against  Mithridates  (B.C.  75),  which  obtaimed 
for  it  the  rank  of  a  "libera  civitas." 


DXAE.      [DAHAE.] 

DACiA  (-ae),  as  a  Roman  province,  lay  be- 
tween the  Danube  and  the  Carpathian  mount- 
ains, and  comprehended  the  modern  Transyl- 
vania, Wattachia,  Moldavia,  and.  part  of  Hun- 
gary. The  Daci  were  of  the  same  race  and 
spoke  the  same  language  as  the  Getae,  and 
are  therefore  usually  said  to  be  of  Thracian 
origin.  They  were  a  brave  and  warlike  peo- 
ple. In  the  reign  of  Domitian  they  became 
so  formidable  under  their  king  DKOEBALUS 
that  the  Romans  were  obliged  to  purchase  a 
peace  of  them  by  the  payment  of  tribute. 
Trajan  delivered  the  empire  from  this  dis- 
grace; he  crossed  the  Danube,, and  after  a 
war  of  5  years  (A.I>.  101-106)  conquered  the 
country,  and  made  it  a  Roman  province.  At 
a  later  period  Dacia  was  invaded  by  the 
Goths ;  and,  as  Aurelian  considered  it  more 
prudent  to  make  the  Danube  the  boundary 
of  the  empire,  he  resigned  Dacia  to  the  bar- 
barians, removed  the  Roman  inhabitants  to 
Moesia,  and  gave  the  name  of  Dacia  (Aureli- 
ana)  to  that  part  of  the  province  along  the 
Danube  where  they  were  settled. 

DACT¥LI  (-Orum),  fabulous  beings,  to 
whom  the  discovery  of  iron,  and  the  art  of 
working  it  by  means  of  fire,  was  ascribed. 
Mount  Ida,  in  Phrygia,  is  said  to  have  been 
the  original  seat  of  the  Dactyls,  whence  they 
are  usually  called  Idaean  Dactyls.  In  Phryg- 
ia they  were  connected  with  the  worship  of 
Rhea,  or  Cybele.  They  are  sometimes  con- 
founded or  identified  with  the  Curetes,  Cory- 
t.antes,  and  Cabiri. 

DAEDALUS  (-i),  a  mythical  personage, 
ander  whose  name  the  Greek  writers  person- 
ified the  earliest  development  of  the  arts  of 
sculpture  and  architecture,  especially  among 


the  Athenians  and  Cretans.  He  is  sometimes 
called  an  Athenian,  and  sometimes  a  Cre- 
tan, on  account  of  the  long  time  he  lived  iu 
Crete.  He  devoted  himself  to  sculpture,  and 
made  great  improvements  in  the  art  He  in- 
structed his  sister's  son,  Calos,  Talus,  or  Per- 
dix,  who  soon  came  to  surpass  him  in  skill 
and  ingenuity,  and  Daedalus  killed  him 
through  envy.  [PKKDIX.]  Being  condemned 
to  death  by  the  Areopagus  for  this  murder, 
he  went  to  Crete,  where  the  fame  of  his  skill 
obtained  for  him  the  friendship  of  Minos.  He 
made  the  well-known  wooden  cow  for  Pasi- 
phaS ;  and  when  Pasiphae  gave  birth  to  the 
Minotaur,  Daedalus  constructed  the  laby- 
rinth at  Cnossus  in  which  the  monster  was 
kept.  For  his  part  in  this  affair,  Daedalus 
was  imprisoned  by  Minos ;  but  Pasiphae  re- 
leased him ;  and,  as  Minos  had  seized  all  the 
ships  on  the  coast  of  Crete,  Daedalus  procured 
wings  for  himself  and  his  son  Icarus,  and  fast- 
ened them  on  with  wax.  UOABUS. j  Daeda- 
lus flew  safely  over  the  Aegaean,  alighting, 
according  to  some  accounts,  at  Cumae,  in 
Italy.  He  then  fled  to  Sicily,  where  he  was 
hospitably  entertained  by  Cqcalus.  Minos, 
who  sailed  to  Sicily  in  pursuit  of  him,  was 
slain  by  Cocalus  or  his  daughters.  Several 
other  works  of  art  were  attributed  to  Daeda- 
1ns,  in  Greece,  Italy,  Libya,  and  the  islands 
of  the  Mediterranean.  They  belong  to  the 
period  when  art  began  to  be  developed.  The 
name  of  Daedala  was  given  by  the  Greeks  to 
the  wooden  statues,  ornamented  with  gilding, 
and  bright  colors,  and  real  drapery,  the  ear- 
liest known  forms  of  the  images  of  the  gods. 

DAHAE  (-arum),  a  great  Scythian  people, 
who  led  a  nomad  life  over  a  great  extent  of 
country,  on  the  E.  of  the  Caspian,  in  Hyrca- 


DALMATIA. 


136 


DAMASIPPUS. 


nia  (which  still  bears  the  name  of  Daghestari), 
on  the  banks  of  the  Margns,  the  Oxus,  ana 
even  the  Jaxartes. 

DALMAT.U  or  DELMATIA  (-ae),  a  part 
of  the  country  along  the  E.  coast  of  the  Adri- 
atic sea,  included  under  the  general  name  of 
Illyricum,  and  separated  from.  Libumia  on 
the  N.  by  the  Titius  (Kerka),  and  from  Greek 
Illyria  on  the  S.  by  the  Drilo  (Drino),  thus 
nearly  corresponding  to  the  modern  Dalina- 
tia.  The  capital  was  DALMINIUM  or  DELMIN- 
ITJM,  from  which  the  country  derived  its  name. 
The  next  most  important  town  was  SALON  A, 
the  residence  of  Diocletian,  The  Dalmatians 
were  a  brave  and  warlike  people,  and  gave 
much  trouble  to  the  Romans.  In  u.o.  119 
their  country  was  overran  by  L.  Metellns,  who 
assumed,  in  consequence,  the  surname  Dal- 
maticus,  but  they  continued  independent  of 
the  Romans.  In  39  they  were  defeated  by 
Asinins  Pollio,  of  whose  Dalmattein  trhm- 
phus  Horace  speaks ;  but  it  was  not  till  the 
year  23  that  they  were  finally  subdued  by  Sta- 
tilins  Taurus.  They  took  part  in  the  great 
Pannojjian  revolt  under  their  leader  Bato; 
but  after  a  three-years'  war  -were  again  re- 
duced to  subjection  by  Tiberius,  A.B.  9. 

DALM!NIUM.    [DALMATIC] 

DAMXLIS  (-is)  or  B5US  (-i),  a  small  place 
in  Bithynia,  on  the  shore  of  the  Thraciau 
Bosporus,  N.  of  Chalcedon;  celebrated  by 
tradition  as  the  landing-place  of  lo. 

DAMARATUS.    CDEMASATDS.] 


DAMASCUS  <-!},  one  of  the  most  ancient 
cities  of  the  world,  mentioned  as  existing  in 
the  time  of  Abraham  (Gen.xiv.  15),  stood  in 
the  district  afterwards  called  Coele-Syria, 
upon  both  banks  of  the  river  Chrysorrhoas  or 
Bardin  es  (Bur ado).  Its  frui  ts  were  eel  eb  rated 
in  ancient,  as  in  modern  times ;  and  altogeth- 
er the  situation  of  the  city  is  one  of  the  finest 
on  the  globe.  For  a  long  period  Damascus 
was  the  seat  of  an  independent  kingdom, 
called  the  kingdom  of  Syria,  which  was  sub- 
dued by  the  Assyrians,  and  passed  succes- 
sively under  the  dominion  of  the  Babylonians, 
the  Persians,  the  Greek  kings  of  Syria,  and 
the  JRomaus.  It  flourished  greatly  under  the 
emperors.  Diocletian  established  in  it  a 
great  factory  for  arms  -,  and  hence  the  origin 
of  the  fame  of  the  Damascus  blades.  Its  po- 
sition on  one  of  the  high  roads  from  Lower  to 
Upper  Asia  gave  it  a  considerable  trade. 

DAMASIPPUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Roman  senator, 
fought  on  the  side  of  the  Pompeians  in  Afri- 
ca, and  perished,  B.O.  47. — (2)  A  contempora- 
ry of  Cicero,  who  mentions  him  as  a  lover  of 
statues,  and  speaks  of  purchasing  a  garden 
from  Damasippus.  He  is  probably  the  same 
person  tis  the  Damasippus  ridiculed  by  Hor- 
ace. (Sat.  ii.  3, 16, 64.)  It  appears  from  Hor- 
ace that  Damasippus  had  become  bankrupt, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  intended  to  put 
an  end  to  himself;  but  he  was  prevented  by 
the  Stoic  Stertinius,  and  then  turned  Stoic 
himself,  or  at  least  affected  to  be  one  by  his 
long  beard. 


DAMASTES. 


137 


DANAUS. 


DAMASTES  of  Sigeiim,  a  Greek  historian, 
and  a  contemporary  of  Herodotus  and  Hel- 
lanlcus  of  Lesbos ;  his  works  are  lost. 

DAMlA.    [AUXKSIA.] 

DAMNONII  (-5rnm).  (1)  Or  DUMNONII  or 
DUMNUNII,  a  powerful  people  in  the  S.W.  of 
Britain,  inhabiting  Cornwall,  Devonshire,  and 
the  W.  part  of  Somersetshire,  from  whom  was 
called  the  promontory  DAMNONIUM,  also  OORI- 
NUM  (C.  Lizarff)i  in  Cornwall.— (2)  Or  DAMNII. 
a  people  in  N.  Britain,  inhabiting  parts  oi 
Perth,  Argyle,  Stirling,  and  Dumbarton-shires. 

DAMO,  a  daughter  of  Pythagoras  and  The- 
ano,  to  whom  Pythagoras  intrusted  his  writ- 
ings, and  forbade  her  to  give  them  to  any  one. 
This  command  she  strictly  observed,  although 
she  was  in  extreme  poverty,  and  received 
many  requests  to  sell  them. 

D5.MOCLBS  (-is),  a  Syracusan,  one  of  the 
companions  and  flatterers  of  the  elder  Diony- 
sius.  Damocles  having  extolled  the  great  fe- 
licity of  Dionysius  on  account  of  his  wealth 
and  power,  the  tyrant  invited  him  to  try  what 
his  happiness  really  was,  and  placed  him  at  a 
magnificent  banquet,  in  the  midst  of  which 
Damocles  saw  a  naked  sword  suspended  over 
his  head  by  a  single  horse-hair— a  sight  which, 
quickly  dispelled  all  his  visions  of  happiness. 
The  story  is  alluded  to  by  Horace.  (Carrn* 
iii.  1,  IT.) 

DlMON  (-5nis).  (1)  Of  Athens,  a  celebra- 
ted musician  and  Sophist,  a  teacher  of  Pericles, 
with  whom  he  lived  on  the  most  intimate 
terms.  He  was  said  to  have  been  also  a 
teacher  of  Socrates. — (2)  A  Pythagorean,  and 
friend  of  PHINTIAS  (not  Pythias).  When  the 
latter  was  condemned  to  die  for  a  plot  against 
Dionysius  I.  of  Syracuse,  he  obtained  leave 
of  the  tyrant  to  depart,  for  the  purpose  of 
arranging  his  domestic  affairs,  upon  Damon, 
offering  himself  to  be  put  to  death  instead  of 
his  friend,  should  he  fail  to  return.  Phintias 
arrived  just  in  time  to  redeem  Damon ;  and 
Dionysius  was  so  struck  with  this  instance 
of  friendship  on  both  sides  that  he  pardoned 
the  criminal,  and  entreated  to  be  admitted  as 
a  third  into  their  bond  of  brotherhood. 


DANA  (-ae),  a  great  city  of  Cappadocia, 
probably  the  same  as  the  later  TYANA. 

DXNAE  (-es),  daughter  of  Acrisius,  king  of 
Argos,  was  confined  by  her  father  in  a  brazen 
tower,  because  an  oracle  had  declared  that 
she  would  give  birth  to  a  son  who  should 
kill  his  grandfather.  But  here  she  became 
the  mother  of  Perseus  by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who 
visited  her  in  a  shower  of  gold,  and  thus 
mocked  the  precautions  of  the  king.  Acrisius 
shut  up  both  mother  and  child  in  a  chest, 
which  he  cast  into  the  sea;  but  the  chest 
floated  to  the  island  of  Seriphns,  where  both 
were  rescued  by  Dictys.  As  to  the  fulfillment 
of  the  oracle,  see  PEKSEUS.  An  Italian  legend 
related  that  Danac  came  to  Italy,  built  the 
town  of  Ardea,  and  married  Pilumnus,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Daunus,  the 
ancestor  of  Turnus. 

DiNXl.      [DANAUS.] 

D1NAIDES  (-um),  the  50  daughters  of  Dan- 
aus.  [DANAUS.] 

DANA  LA  (-orum),  a  city  in  the  territory  of 
the  Trocmi,  in  the  N.E.  of  Galatia,  notable 
in  the  history  of  the  Mithridatic  war  as  the 
place  where  Lucullus  resigned  the  command 
to  Pompey. 

DANAPRIS.      [BORYSTHENESO 

DANASTRIS.    [TvEAS.] 

DANXUS  (-i),  son  of  Belus,  and  twin-broth- 
er of  Aegyptus.  Belus  had  assigned  Libya  to 
Daaaiis,  but  the  latter,  fearing  his  brother 
and  his  brother's  sons,  fled  with  his  50  daugh- 
ters to  Argos.  Here  he  was  elected  king  by 
the  Argives  in  place  of  Gelanor,  the  reigning 
monarch.  The  story  of  the  murder  of  the  50 
sons  of  Aegyptus  by  the  50  daughters  of  Dan- 
aus (the  Danaides)  is  given  under  AEGYPTUS. 
There-  was  one  exception  to  the  murderous 
deed.  The  life  of  Lynceus  was  spared  by  hie 
wile  Hypermnestra;  and  according  to  the 
common  tradition  he  afterwards  avenged  the 
death  of  his  brothers  by  killing  his  father-in- 
law,  Danaus.  According  to  the  poets  the 
Danaides  were  punished  in  Hades  by  being 
compelled  everlastingly  to  pour  water  into  i 
sieve.  From  Danaus  the  Argives  were  called 


DanaWes.    (Visconti,  Mus.  Pio  Clem.,  vol.  4,  tav.  36.) 

DAMQXENTJS  (-i),  an  Athenian  comic  poet  I  Danai,  which  name,  like  that  of  the  Argives 
of  the  new  comedy,  and  perhaps  partly  of  the  was  often  applied  by  the  poets  to  the  collect 
middle.  I  ive  Greeks. 


DANUBIUS. 


138 


DATAMES. 


DlNtJBlUS  (-i:  Danube,  in  Germ.  Donau), 
called  ISTER  by  the  Greeks,  one  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  Europe,  rising  in  M.  Abnoba,  the 
Black  Forest,  and  falling  into  the  Black  Sea 
after  a  course  of  1770  miles.  The  Danube 
formed  the  N.  boundary  of  the  empire,  with 
the  exception  of  the  time  that  DAOIA  was  a 
Roman  province.  In  the  Roman  period  the 
upper  part  of  the  river  from  its  source  as  far 
as  Vienna  was  called  Danubius,  while  the 
lower  part  to  its  entrance  in  the  Black  Sea 
was  named  Ister. 

DAPHNE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  the  river- 
god  Penens,  in  Thessaly,  was  pursued  by 
Apollo,  who  was  charmed  by;  her  beauty ;  but 
as  she  was  on  the  point  of  being  overtaken  by 
him,  she  prayed  for  aid,  and  was  metamor- 
phosed into  a  laurel-tree  (da'^i/n),  which  be- 
came in  consequence  the  favorite  tree  of 
Apollo.— (2)  A  beautiful  spot,  5  miles  S.  of 
Antioch  in  Syria,  to  which  it  formed  a  sort  of 
park  or  pleasure  garden.  It  was  celebrated 
for  the  grove  and  temple  dedicated  to  Apollo. 

DAPHNIS  (-idis),  a  Sicilian  shepherd,  son- 
of  Hermes  (Mercury)  by  a  nymph,  was  taught 
by  Pan  to  play  on  the  flute,  and  was  regarded 
as  the  inventor  of  bucolic  poetry.  A  Naiad 
to  whom  he  proved  faithless  punished  him 
with  blindness,  whereupon  his  father  Hermes 
translated  him  to  heaven. 

DARDlNI  (-Grum),  a  people  in  Upper  Moe- 
sia,  occupying  part  of  Illyricum. 

DARDJpStfA  <-ae). 
Troad,  lying  along  the 
Abydos,  and  adjacent  to  th< 
Its  people  (Dardani)  appear  in  the  Trojan 
war?  under  Aeneas,  in  close  alliance  with  the 
Trojans,  with  whose  name  theirs  is  often  in- 
terchanged, especially  by  the  Roman  poets. 
— (2)  A  city  in  this  district.  See  Dardanus, 
No.  2. 

DARDANTTS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  Electra,  the  mythical  ancestor  of  the 
Trojans,  and  through  them  of  the  Romans. 
The  Greek  traditions  nsually  made  him  a 
king  in  Arcadia,  from  whence  he  emigrated 
first  to  Samothrace,  and  afterwards  to  Asia, 
•where  he  received  a  tract  of  land  from  king 
Teucer,  on  which  he  built  the  town  of  Darda- 
nia.  His  grandson  Tros  removed  to  Troy  the 
Palladium, 'which  had  belonged  to  his  grand- 
father. According  to  the  Italian  traditions, 
Dardanus  was  the  son  of  Corythns,  an  Etrus- 
can prince  of  Corythus  (Cortona) ;  and,  as  in 
the  Greek  tradition,  he  afterwards  emigrated 
to  Phrygia. — (2)  Also  DARDANTTM  and  -TOM,  a 
Greek  city  in  the  Troad  on  the  Hellespont,  12 
Roman  miles  from  Ilium,  built  by  Aeolian 
colonists,  at  some  distance  from  the  site  of 
the  ancient  city  Dardania.  From  Dardanus 
arose  the  name  of  the  Castles  of  the  Darda- 
nelles, after  which  the  Hellespont  is  now 
called. 

DlRSS  (-etis),  a  priest  of  Hephaestus  (Vul- 
can) at  Troy,  mentioned  in  the  Iliad,  to  whom 
was  ascribed  in  antiquity  an  Iliad,  believed 
to  be  more  ancient  than  the  Homeric  poems. 
This  work,  which  was  undoubtedly  the  com- 
position of  a  Sophist,  is  lost ;  but  there  is  ex- 
tant a  Latin  work  in  prose  in  44  chapters,  on 


the  destruction  of  Troy,  bearing  the  title  Dap 
retis  Phrygii  de  Extidio  Trojae  Historia,  and 
purporting  to  be  a  translation  of  the  work  of 
Dares  by  Cornelius  Nepos.  But  the  Latin 
work  is  evidently  of  much  later  origin ;  and 
it  is  supposed  by  some  to  have  been  written 
even  as  late  as  the  12th  century. 

DARIUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Persia,  B.O.  521- 
485,  sou  of  Hystaspes,  was  one  of  the  1  Per- 
sian chiefs  who  destroyed  the  usurper  SMEE« 
DIS.  The  1  chiefs  agreed  that  the  one  of  them 
whose  horse  neighed  first  at  an  appointed 
time  and  place  should  become  king;  and  as 
the  horse  of  Darius  neighed  first,  he  was  de- 
clared king.  He  divided  the  empire  into  20 
satrapies,  assigning  to  each  its  amount  of 
tribute.  A  few  years  after  his  accession  the 
Babylonians  revolted,  but  after  a  siege  of  20 
months,  Babylon  was  taken  by  a  stratagem 
of  ZOPYBUS,  about  516.  He  then  invaded 
Scythia,  and  penetrated  into  the  interior  of 
modern  Russia,  but  after  losing  a  large  num- 
ber of  men  by  famine,  and  being  unable  to 
meet  with  the  enemy,  he  was  obliged  to  re- 
treat On  his  return  to  Asia,  he  sent  part  of 
his  forces,  under  Megabazus,  to  subdue  Thrace 
and  Macedonia,  which  thus  became  subject 
to  the  Persian  empire.  The  most  important 
event  in  the  reign  of  Darius  was  the  com- 
mencement of  the  great  war  between  the 
Persians  and  the  Greeks.  The  history  of  this 
war  belongs  to  the  biographies  of  other  men. 
[ARISTAGOKAS,  HISTIAEUS,  MABDONIUS,  MIL* 
TiAt»ES.]  In  501  the  Ionian  Greeks  revolted ; 
they  were  assisted  by  the  Athenians,  who 
burned  Sardis,  and  thus  provoked  the  hostili- 
ty of  Darius.  Darius  sent  against  the  Greeks 
Mardonius  in  492,  and  afterwards  Datis  and 
Artaphernes,  who  sustained  a  memorable  de- 
feat by  the  Athenians  at  Marathon,  490.  Da« 
rius  now  resolved  to  call  out  the  whole  force 
of  his  empire  for  the  purpose  of  subduing 
Greece ;  bnt,  after  3  years  of  preparation,  his 
attention  was  called  off  by  the  rebellion  of 
Egypt.  He  died  in  485,  leaving  the  execution 
of  his  plans  to  his  sou  XEKXES.— (2)  King  of 
Persia,  424-405,  named  OOHUS  before  his  ac- 
cession, and  then  surnamed  NOTHTTS,  or  the 
Bastard,  from  his  being  one  of  the  bastard 
sons  of  Artaxerxes  I.  He  obtained  the  crown 
by  putting  his  brother  Sogdianns  to  death, 
and  marned  Parysatis,  by  whom  he  had  2 
sons,  Artaxerxes  IL,  who  succeeded  him,  and 
Cyras  the  younger.  Darius  was  governed  by 
eunuchs,  and  the  weakness  of  his  government 
was  shown  by  repeated  insurrections  of  his 
satraps.— (3)  Last  king  of  Persia,  336-331, 
named  CODOMANUS  before  his  accession,  was 
raised  to  the  throne  by  Bagoas,  after  the 
murder  of  ABBES.  The  history  of  his  conquest 
by  Alexander  the  Great,  and  of  his  death,  i$ 
given  in  the  life  of  ALEXANDER. 

DASSARETtl  (-orum),  or  DASSARITAB, 
DASSARSTAE  (-arum),  a  people  in  Greek 
Illyria  on  the  borders  of  Macedonia;  their 
chief  town  was  LvonNiDirs,  on  a  hill,  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  lake  LYCHNITIS,  which  was  so 
called  after  the  town. 

DATlMES  (-is),  a  distinguished  Persian 
general,  a  Carian  by  birth,  was  satrap  of  Ci* 
licia  under  Artaxerxes  n.  (Mnemon),  but  re* 


DATIS. 


139 


DECIUS. 


Tomb  of  Darius. 


volted  against  the  king.  He  defeated  the 
generals  who  were  sent  against  him,  but  was 
at  length  assassinated,  B.O.  362.  Cornelius 
Nepos,  who  has  written  his  life,  calls  him  the 
bravest  and  most  able  of  all  barbarian  gener- 
als, except  Hamilcar  and  Hannibal. 

D5.TIS  (-is),  a  Mede,  commanded,  along 
with  Artaphernes,  the  Persian  army  which 
was  defeated  at  Marathon,  B.O.  490. 

DATUM  or  DATTJS  (-i),  a  Thracian  town, 
011  the  Strymonic  gulf,  subject  to  Macedonia, 
with  gold  mines  in  Mount  Pangaens,  in  the 
neighborhood,  whence  came  the  proverb,  a 
*'  Datum  of  good  things." 

DATJLIS  (-Idis)  or  DAULlA  <-ae),  an  an- 
cient town  in  Phocis,  situated  on  a  lofty  hill, 
celebrated  in  mythology  as  the  residence  of 
the  Thracian  king  TBKEUS,  and  as  the  scene 
of  the  tragic  story  of  PHILOMEI.A  and  PROONE. 
Hence  DAULIASIS  the  surname  both  of  Procne 
ind  Philomela. 

DATJNlA.    [APULIA.] 

DAUNUS  (-i),  son  of  Pilumnus  and  Danae", 
wife  of  Venilia,  and  ancestor  of  Turnus. 

DECEBALTJS  (-i),  a  celebrated  king  of  the 
Dacians,  to  -whom  Domitian  paid  an  annual 
tribute.  He'was  defeated  by  Trajan,  and  put 
an  end  to  his  own  life,  whereupon  Dacia  De- 
came  a  Eoman  province,  A.P.  106. 

DfiCELSA  or  -IA  (-ae),  a  demus  of  Attica, 
N.W.  of  Athens,  o»  the  borders  of  Boeotia, 


near  the  sources  of  the  Cephissus,  seized  and 
fortified  by  the  Spartans  in  the  Peloponnesian 
war. 

DECETlA  (-ae :  Desfee),  a  city  of  the  Aedui, 
in  Gallia  Lngdunensis,  on  an  island  in  the 
Liger  (Loire). 

DEClDlUS  SAXA.    [SAXA.J 

DEClUS  (-i)  MtTS  (Mflris),  P.,  plebeians. 
(1)  Consul  B.O.  340  with  T.  Manlius  Torqua- 
tus,  in  the  great  Latin  war.  Each  of  the  con- 
suls had  a  vision  in  the  night  before  fighting 
with  the  Latins,  announcing  that  the  general 
of  one  side  and  the  army  of  the  other  were 
devoted  to  death.  The  consuls  thereupon 
agreed  that  the  one  whose  -wing  first  began 
to  waver  should  devote  himself  and  the  army 
of  the  enemy  to  destruction.  Decius  com- 
manded the  left  wing,  which  began  to  give 
way;  whereupon  he  devoted  himself  and  the 
army  of  the  enemy  to  destruction,  then  rushed 
into  the  thickest  of  the  enemy,  and  was  slain, 
leaving  the  victory  to  the  Romans.— (2)  Son 
of  the  preceding,  4  times  consul,  imitated  the 
example  of  his  father  by  devoting  himself  to 
death  at  the  battle  of  Sentinum,  B,O.  295. — (3> 
Son  of  No.  2,  consul  in  279,  in  the  war  against 
Pyrrhus. 

DfiClUS  (-1),  Roman  .emperor,  A.D.  249-251, 
a  native  of  Pannonia,  and  the  successor  of 
Philippus,  whom  he  slew  in  battle.  He  fell 
in  battle  against  the  Goths,  together  with  his 


DECUMATES  AGRI. 


140 


DELPHI. 


son,  in  251.  In  his  reign  the  Christians  were 
persecuted  with  great  severity. 

DEC'C'IVLS.TES  AGRI.    [Assi  DEOUMATES.] 

DSllNlRA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Althaea  and 
Oeneus,  and  sister  of  Meleager.  Achelous  and 
Hercules  both  loved  Deianira,  and  fought  for 
the  possession  of  her.  Hercules  was  victori- 
ous, and  she  became  his  wife.  She  was  the 
•unwilling  cause  of  her  husband's  death  by 
presenting  him  with  the  poisoned  robe  which 
the  centaur  Nessus  gave  her.  In  despair  she 
put  an  end  to  her  own  life.  For  details,  see 
HERCULES 

DEIDAMXA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Lycomedes, 
in  the  island  of  Scyrus.  When  Achilles  was 
concealed  there  in  maiden's  attire,  she  be- 
came by  him  the  mother  of  Pyrrhus  or  Neop- 
tolemus. 

DMQCES  (-is),  first  king  of  Media,  after 
the  Medes  had  thrown  off  the  supremacy  of 
the  Assyrians,  reigned  B.O.  T09-656.  He  built 
the  city  of  Ecbatana,  which  he  made  the  royal 
residence.  He  was  succeeded  by  bis  son, 
PHEA.OBTBS. 

DEIONlDES  (-ae),  son  of  Deione,  by  Apol- 
lo, i.  e.  Miletus. 

DElOTlRUS  <-i),  tetrarch  of  Galatia,  ad- 
hered to  the  Romans  in  their  wars  against 
Mithridates,  and  was  rewarded  by  the  senate 
•with  the  title  of  king.  In  the  civil  war  he 
sided  with  Porapey,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Pharsalia,  R.O.  48.  He  is  remarka- 
ble as  having  been  defended  by  Cicero  before 
Caesar,  in  the  house  of  the  latter  at  Rome,  in 
the  speech  (pro  Rege  Deiotarti)  still  extant. 

DltPHOBE  (-es),  the  Siby."  at  Cumae, 
daughter  of  Glaucus.  LSIBVLLA..] 

DEIPHDBUS  (-i),  son  of  Priam  and  Hecu- 
ba, who  married  Helen  after  the  death  of 
Pads.  On  the  capture  of  Troy  by  the  Greeks 
be  was  slain  and  fearfully  mangled  by  Mene- 
laus. 

DSLlTJM  (-i),  a  town  on  the  coast  of  Boeo- 
tia,  in  the  territory  of  Tanagra,  near  the  Attic 
frontier,  named  after  a  temple  of  Apollo  sim- 
ilar to  that  at  Delos.  Here  the  Athenians 
were  defeated  by  the  Boeotians,  B.O.  424. 

DEL5US  (-i)  and  BSLtA  (-ae),  surnames 
of  Apollo  and  Artemis  (Diana)  respectively, 
from  the  island  of  DELOS. 

DELOS  or  DELUS  (-i),  the  smallest  of  the 
islands  called  Cyclades,  in  the  Aegaean  sea. 
According  to  a  legend,  it  was  called  out  of 
the  deep  by  the  trident  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune), but  was  a  floating  island  until  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  fastened  it  by  adamantine  chains  to 
the  bottom  of  the  sea,  that  it  might  be  a  se- 
cure resting-place  to  Leto  (Latona)  for  the 
birth  of  Apollo  and  Artemis  (Diana).  Hence 
it  became  the  most  holy  seat  of  the  worship 
of  Apollo.  We  learn  from  history  that  Delos 
was  peopled  by  lonians,  for  whom  it  was  the 
chief  centre  ofpolitical  and  religious  union, 
in  the  time  of  Homer.  It  was  afterwards  the 
common  treasury  of  the  Greek  confederacy 
for  carrying  on  the  war  with  Persia  ?  bnt  the 
treasury  was  afterwards  transferred  to  Athens. 
It  was  long  subject  to  Athens;  but  it  pos- 
sessed an  extensive  commerce,  which  was  in- 


creased by  the  downfall  of  Corinth,  when  De« 
los  became  the  chief  emporium  for  the  trade 
in  slaves.  The  city  of  Delos  stood  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  island  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Cyn- 
thus  (whence  the  god's  surname  of  Cynthius). 
It  contained  a  temple  of  Leto,  and  the  great 
temple  of  Apollo.  With  this  temple  were 
connected  games,  called  Delia,  which  were 
celebrated  every  4  years,  and  were  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Theseus.  A  like  origin 
is  ascribed  to  the  sacred  embassy  (Theoria) 
which  the  Athenians  sent  to  Delos  every  year. 
The  greatest  importance  was  attached  to  th« 
preservation  of  the  sanctity  of  the  island; 
and  its  sanctity  secured  it,  though  wealthy 
and  unfortified,  from  plunder. 


Coin  of  Delos. 

DELPHI  (-orum :  Kastri),  a  small  town  in 
Phocis,  but  one  of  the  most  celebrated  in 
Greece,  on  account  of  its  oracle  of  Apollo. 
It  was  situated  on  a  steep  declivity  on  the  S. 
slope  of  Mount  Parnassus,  and  its  site  resem- 
bled the  cavea  of  a  great  theatre.  It  was  shut 
in  ou  the  N.  by  a  barrier  of  rocky  mountains, 
which  were  cleft  in  the  centre  into  2  great 
cliffs  with  peaked  summits,  between  which 
issued  the  waters  of  the  Castalian  spring.  It 
was  regarded  as  the  central  point  of  the  whole 
earth,  and  was  hence  called  the  "  navel  of  the 
earth."  It  was  originally  called  PYTHO,  by 
which  name  it  is  alone  mentioned  in  Homer. 
Delphi  was  colonized  at  an  early  period  by 
Doric  settlers  from  the  neighboring  town  of 
Lycorea,  on  the  heights  of  Parnassus.  The 
government  was  in  the  hands  of  a  few  distin- 
guished families  of  Doric  origin.  From  them 
were  taken  the  chief  magistrates  and  the 
priests.  The  temple  of  Apollo  contained  im- 
mense treasures ;  for  not  only  were  rich  of- 
ferings presented  to  it  by  kings  and  private 
persons,  but  many  of  the  Greek  states  had  in 
the  temple  separate  thesauri,  in  which  they 
deposited,  for  the  sake  of  security,  many  of 
their  valuable  treasures.  In  the  centre  of  the 
temple  there  was  a  small  opening  in  the 
ground,  from  which,  from  time  to  time,  an 
intoxicating  vapor  arose.  Over  this  chasm 
there  stood  a  tripod,  on  which  the  priestess, 
called  Pythia,  took  her  seat  whenever  the  or- 
acle was  to  be  consulted.  The  words  which 
she  uttered  after  inhaling  tlie  vapor  were  be- 
lieved to  contain  the  revelations  of  Apollo. 
They  were  carefully  written  down  by  the 
priests,  and  afterwards  communicated  in  hex- 
ameter verse  to  the  persons  who  had  come 
to  consult  the  oracle.  If  the  Pythia  spoke  in 
prose,  her  words  were  immediately  turned 
into  verse  by  a  poet  employed  for  the  pur- 
pose. The  oracle  is  said  to  have  been  dis- 
covered by  its  having  thrown  into  convul- 
sions some  goats  which  had  strayed  to  the 
mouth  of  the  cave.  The  Pythian  games  were 
celebrated  at  Delphi,  and  it  was  one  of  the  2 


DELTA. 


141 


DEMETER. 


View  of  Delphi  and  Mount  Parnassus. 


places  of  meeting  of  the  Amphictyonic  coun- ; 
:il. 

DELTA.    [AEGYPTUS.] 

DSM.LDKS  (-is),  an  Athenian  orator,  who 
belonged  to  the  Macedonian  party,  and.  was  a 
bitter  enemy  of  Demosthenes.  He  was  put 
to  death  by  Antipater  in  B.O.  318. 

DSMlRlTUS  or  D&MlRATUS  (-i).  (1) 
King  of  Sparta,  reigned  from  about  B.O.  510 
to  491.  He  was  deposed  by  his  colleague ; 
Cleomenes,  B.O.  491,  and  thereupon  repaired 
to  the  Persian  court.where  he  was  kindly  re- 
ceived by  Darins.  He  accompanied  Xerxes 
in  his  invasion  of  Greece,  and  recommended 
the  king  not  to  rely  too  confidently  upon  his 
countless  hosts.  —  (2)  A  merchant  noble  of 
Corinth,  who  settled  afterwards  in  Etruria, 
and  became  the  father  of  Aruns  and  Lucumo 
(Tarquinius  Priscius). 

DEMSTER,  called  CfiRSS  (-ens)  by  the 
Romans,  one  of  the  great  divinities  of  the 
Greeks,  was  the  goddess  of  the  earth,  and  her 
name  probably  signified  Mother-Earth  (7*) 
pimp).  She  was  the  protectress  of  agricult- 
ure and  of  all  the  fruits  of  the  earth.  She  was 
the  daughter  of  Cronus  (Saturn)  and  Rhea, 
and  sister  of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  by  whom  she  be- 
came the  mother  of  Persephone  (Proserpine). 
Zeus,  without  the  knowledge  of  Demeter,  had 
promised  Persephone  to  Aldoueus  (Pluto); 
and  while  the  unsuspecting  maiden  was  gath- 
ering flowers  in  the  Nysian  plain  in  Asia,  the 
earth  suddenly  opened,  and  she  was  carried 
off  by  ATdoneus.  After  wandering  for  some 
days  in  search  of  her  daughter,  Demeter 
learned  from  the  Sun  that  it  was  Aidoneus 
who  had  carried  her  off.  Thereupon  she  quit- 
ted Olympus  in  anger  and  dwelt  upon  earth 


among  men.  conferring  blessings  whwever 
she  was  kindly  received,  and  severely  punish- 
ing those  who  repulsed  her.  In  this  mannei 
she  came  to  Celeus,  at  Eleusis.  [CELETJS.]  As 
the  goddess  still  continued  angry,  and  did  not 
allow  the  earth  to  produce  any  fruits,  Zeus 
sent  Hermes  (Mercury)  into  the  lower  world 
to  fetch  back  Persephone.  Aidoneus  con- 
sented, but  gave  Persephone  part  of  a  pome- 
granate to  eat.  Demeter  returned  to  Olym- 
pus with  her  daughter,  but  as  the  latter  had 
eaten  in  the  lower  world,  she  \yas  obliged  to 
spend  one  third  of  the  year  with  Aidoneus, 
continuing  with  her  mother  the  remainder  of 
the  year.  The  earth  now  brought  forth  fruit 
again.  This  is  the  ancient  legend  as  preserved 
in  the  Homeric  hymn,  but  it  is  variously  mod- 
ified in  later  traditions.  In  the  Latin  poets 
the  scene  of  the  rape  is  near  Enna,  in  Sicily ; 
and  Ascalaphus,  who  had  aloue  seen  Per- 
sephone eat  any  thing  in  the  lower  world,  re- 
vealed the  fact,  and  was  in  consequence  turned 
into  an  owl  by  Demeter.  [ASOALAPHTJS.]  The 
meaning  of  the  legend  is  obvious :  Persepho- 
ne, who  is  carried  off  to  the  lower  world,  is 
the  seed-corn,  which  remains  concealed  in  the 
ground  part  of  the  year ;  Persephone,  who  re- 
turns to  her  mother,  is  the  corn  which  rises 
from  the  ground,  and  nourishes  men  and  ani- 
mals. Later  philosophical  writers,  and  per- 
haps the  mysteries  also,  referred  the  disap- 
pearance and  return  of  Persephone  to  tne 
burial  of  the  body  of  man  and  the  immortal- 
ity of  his  soul.— The  other  legends  about  De- 
rneter  are  of  less  importance.  To  escape  the 
pursuit  of  Poseidon  she  changed  herself  into 
a  mare,  but  the  god  effected  tiis  purpose,  and 
she  became  the  mother  of  the  celebrated 
horse  Arion.  CABION,  20 — She  felJ  in  love 


DEMETRIAS. 


142 


DEMETRIUS. 


with.  lasion,  and  lay  with  him  in  a  thrice- 
plowed  field  in  Crete ;  their  offspring  was 
Plutus  (Wealth).  [IASION.]  —  She  punished 
with  fearful  hunger  Erysichthon,  who  had  cut 
down  he*1  sacred  grove.  [ERYSIOHTHON.]  In 
Attica  Demeter  was  worshiped  with  great 
splendor.  The  Athenians  pretended  that  ag- 
riculture was  first  practiced  in  their  country, 
and  that  Triptolemus  of  Eleusis?  the  favorite 
of  Demeter,  was  the  first  who  invented  the 
plow  and  sowed  corn.  [TRIPTOLBMFS.]  Ev- 
ery year  at  Athens  the  festival  of  the  Eleuslnia 
was  celebrated  in  honor  of  these  goddesses. 
The  festival  of  the  Thesmophoria  was  also 
celebrated  in  her  honor  as  well  at  Athens  as 
in  other  parts  of  Greece ;  it  was  intended  to 
commemorate  the  introduction  of  the  laws 
and  the  regulations  of  civilized  life?  which 
were  ascribed  to  Demeter,  since  agriculture 
is  the  basis  of  civilization.— In  works  of  art 
Demeter  is  represented  in  full  attire.  Around 
her  head  she  wears  a  garland  of  corn-ears  or 
a  simple  ribbon,  and  in  her  hand  she  holds  a 
sceptre,  corn-ears  or  a  poppy,  sometimes  also 
a  torch  and  the  mystic  basket.  The  Romans 


Demeter  (Ceres).    (Mas.  Bor.,  vol.  9,  tav.  35.) 

received  from  Sicily  the  worship  of  Demeter, 
to  whom  they  gave  the  name  of  Ceres.  They 
celebrated  in  her  honor  the  festival  of  the  Ce- 
realia.  She  was  looked  upon  by  the  Romans 
much  in  the  same  light  as  Tellns.  Pigs  were 
sacrificed  to  both  divinities.  Her.  worship 
received  considerable  political  importance  at 
Rome.  The  property  of  traitors  against  the 
republic  was  often  made  over  to  her  temple. 
The  decrees  of  the  senate  were  deposited  in 
her  temple  for  the  inspection  of  the  tribunes 
of  the  people. 

DEMETRIAS  (-adis),  a  town  in  Magnesia, 
In  Thessaly,  on  the  innermost  recesses  of  the 


Pagasaean  bay,  founded  by  Demetrius  Poli- 
orcetes,  and  peopled  by  the  inhabitants  of 
loclns  and  the  surrounding  towns. 

DEMETRIUS  (-i).    L  King*  of  Macedonia. 
— (1)  Surnamed  POLIOEOETES  or  the  Besieger, 


Coim  of  Demetrius  Foliorcetes. 

son  of  Antigonus,  king  of  Asia,  and  Strato- 
nice.  At  an  early  agelie  gave  proofs  of  dis- 
tinguished bravery,  and  during  his  father's 
lifetime  was  engaged  in  constant  campaigns 
against  either  Cassander  or  Ptolemy.  In  his 
siege  of  Rhodes  (B.C.  305)  he  constructed  those 
gigantic  machines  to  assail  the  walls  of  the 
city  which  gave  him  the  surname  of  Polior- 
cetes.  He  at  length  concluded  a  treaty  with 
the  Rhodians  (304).  After  the  defeat  and 
death  of  his  father  at  the  battle  of  Ipsus  (301), 
the  fortunes  of  Demetrius  were  for  a  time  un- 
der a  cloud ;  but  in  294  he  was  acknowledged 
as  king  by  the  Macedonian  army,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  keeping  possession  of  Macedonia 
for  7  years.  In  287  he  was  deserted  by  his 
own  troops,  who  proclaimed  Pyrrhusking  of 
Macedonia.  He  then  crossed  over  to  Asia, 
and  after  meeting  with  alternate  success  and 
misfortune,  was  at  length  obliged  to  surren- 
der himself  prisoner  to  Seleucus  (286).  That 
king  kept  him  in  confinement,  but  did  not 
treat  him  with  harshness.  Demetrius  died  in 
the  3d  year  of  his  imprisonment  and  the  56th 
of  his  age  (213).  He  was  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable characters  of  his  time,  being  a  man 
of  restless  activity  of  mind,  fertility  of  re- 
source, and  daring  promptitude  in  the  execu- 
tion of  his  schemes.  His  besetting  sin  was 
unbounded  licentiousness.— (2)  Son  of  Antig- 
onus Gonatas,  reigned  B.C.  239-229. 

II.  Kings  of  Syria.— (1)  SOTEB  (reigned  B.O. 
162-159),  was  the  son  of  Seleucus  IV.  Philopa- 
tor  and  grandson  of  Antiochus  the  Great. 
While  yet  a  child  he  had  been  sent  to  Rome 
by  his  father  as  a  hostage,  where  he  remained 
until  he  was  23  years  ofage.  He  then  fled  to 
Syria,  and  was  received  as  king  by  the  Syr- 
ians. An  impostor  named  Balas  raised  an 
insurrection  against  him  and  slew  him.  He 
left  2  sons,  Demetrius  Nicator  and  Antiochus 
Sidetes,  both  of  whom  subsequently  ascended 
the  throne. — (2)  NIOATOK  (B.O.  146-142,  and 
again  128-125),  son  of  Demetrius  Soter.  With 
the  assistance  of  Ptolemy  Philometor  he  de- 
feated Balas,  and  recovered  his  kingdom; 
but,  having  rendered  himself  odious  to  his 
subjects  by  his  vices  and  cruelties,  he  was 
driven  out  of  Syria  by  Tryphon,  who  set  up 
Antiochus,  the  infant  son  of  Alexander  Balas, 
as  a  pretender  against  him.  Demetrius  re- 
tired to  Babylon,  and  thence  marched  against 


DBMETEE  ENTHBONED.   (From  a  Pompeiian  Painting,  Naples,) 


DEMOCEDES. 


143 


DEMOSTHENES. 


the  Parthians,  by  whom  he  was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner,  138.  He  remained  as  a  cap- 
tive iu  Parthia  10  years.  Demetrius  again 
obtained  possession  of  the  Syrian  throne  in 
12S ;  but  while  engaged  in  an  expedition 
against  Egypt,  Ptolemy  Physcon  set  up 
against  him  the  pretender  Alexander  Zebina, 
by  whom  he  was  defeated  and  compelled  to 
fly.  He  fled  to  Tyre,  where  he  was  assassin- 
ated, 125. 

III.  Literary.  —  PHALERRTTS,  so  called  from 
his  birthplace,  the  Attic  demos  of  Phalerus, 
where  he  was  born  about  B.C.  345.  His  par- 
ents were  poor,  but  by  his  talents  and  perse- 
verance he  rose  to  the  highest  honors  at  Ath- 
ens, and  became  distinguished  both  as  an 
orator,  a  statesman,  a  philosopher?  and  a  Doet 
The  government  of  Athens  was  intrusted  to 
him  by  Cassander  in  31T7  the  duties  of  which 
he  discharged  with  extraordinary  distinction. 
When  Demetrius  Poliorcetes  approached  Ath- 
ens in  307  Phalereus  was  obliged  to  take  to 
flight.  He  settled  at  Alexandria  in  Egypt,  and 
exerted  some  influence  in  the  foundation  of 
the  Alexandrine  library.  He  was  the  last  of 
the  Attic  orators  worthy  of  the  name. 

DEMOCEDES,  a  celebrated  physician  of 
Crotona.  He  practiced  medicine  successively 
at  Aegina,  Athens,  and  Samos.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  along  with  Polycrates  in  B.O.  522, 
and  was  sent  to  Susa  to  the  court  of  Darius. 
Here  he  acquired  great  reputation  by  curing 
the  king's  foot  and  the  breast  of  the  queen 
Atossa.  Notwithstanding  his  honors  at  the 
Persian  court,  he  was  always  desirous  of  re- 
tnrning  to  his  native  country.  In  order  to 
effect  this,  he  procured  by  means  of  Atossa 
that  he  should  be  sent  with  some  nobles  to 
explore  the  coast  of  Greece,  and  to  ascertain 
in  what  parts  it  might  be  most  successfully 
attacked.  At  Tareiitum  he  escaped,  and  set- 
tied  at  Crotona,  where  he  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  famous  wrestler,  Milo. 

DEMOCRlTUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Greek 
philosopher,  was  born  at  Abdera  in  Thrace 
about  B.  c.  460.  He  spent  the  large  inheritance 
which  his  father  left  him  on  travels  into  dis- 
tant countries  in  pursuit  of  knowledge.  He 
was  a  man  of  a  most  sterling  and  honorable 
character.  He  died  in  361  at  a  very  advanced 
age.  There  is  a  tradition  that  be  deprived 
himself  of  his  sight  that  he  might  be  less  dis- 
turbed in  his  pursuits ;  but  it  is  more  proba- 
ble that  he  may  have  lost  his  sight  by  too 
severe  application  to  study.  This  loss,  how- 
ever, did  not  disturb  the  cheerful  disposition 
of  his  mind,  which  prompted  him  to  look  in 
all  circumstances  at  the  cheerful  side  of 
things,  which  later  writers  took  to  mean  that 
he  always  laughed  at  the  follies  of  men.  His 
knowledge  was  most  extensive.  It  embraced 
not  only  the  natural  sciences— mathematics, 
mechanics,  grammar,  music,  and  philosophy 
—but  various  other  useful  arts.  JELis  works 
were  composed  in  the  Ionic  dialect,  thoughnot 
without  some  admixture  of  the  local  peculiar- 
ities of  Abdera.  They  are  nevertheless  much 
praised  by  Cicero  on  account  of  the  liveliness 
of  their  style,  and  are  in  this  respect  com- 
pared even  with  the  works  of  Plato.  Democ- 
ritns  was  the  founder  of  the  atomic  theory. 


DEMOPH5N  or  DEMOPHOON  (-ontis). 
1)  Son  of  Celeus  and  Metanirn,  whom  Deme- 
ter  wished  to  make  immortal.  For  details, 
see  CELEUS.— (2)  Son  of  Theseus  and  Phaedra, 
\ccompunied  the  Greeks  against  Troy,  and 
on  his  return  gained  the  love  of  Phyllis, 
daughter  of  the  Thracian  king  Sithon,  and 
promised  to  marry  her.  Before  the  nuptials 
were  celebrated,  he  went  to  Attica  to  settle 
lis  affairs,  and  as  he  tarried  longer  than 
Phyllis  had  expected,  she  thought  that  she 
was  forgotten,  and  put  an  end  to  her  life ;  but 
she  was  metamorphosed  into  a  tree.  Demo- 
phon  became  kins  of  Athens. 

DEMOSTHENES  (-is).  (1)  Son  of  Alcis- 
thenes,  a  celebrated  Athenian  general  in  the 
Peloponnesian  war.  In  B.C.  425  he  rendered 
important  assistance  to  Cleou  in  making  pris- 
oners of  the  Spartans  in  the  island  of  Sphac- 
teria.  In  413  he  was  sent  with  a  large  fleet 
to  Sicily  to  assist  Nicias ;  but  both  command- 
ers were  defeated,  obliged  to  surrender,  and 
put  to  death  by  the  Syracusans.  —  (2)  The 
greatest  of  Athenian  orators,  was  the  son  of 
Demosthenes,  and  was  born  in  the  Attic  de- 
mos of  Paeania,  about 
B.C.  385.  At  7  years  of 
age  he  lost  his  father, 
who  left  him  and  his 
younger  sister  to  the 
care  of  guardians,  who 
neglected  him  and 
squandered  his  prop- 
erty. When  he  was  20 
years  of  age  Demos- 
thenes accused  Apho- 
bus,  one  of  his  guard- 
ians, and  obtained  a 
verdict  in  his  favor. 
Emboldened  by  this 
success,  Demosthenes 
ventured  to  come  for- 
ward as  a  speaker  in  the  public  assembly. 
His  first  effort  was  unsuccessful,  but  he  was 
encouraged  to  persevere  by  the  actor  Satyrus, 
who  gave  him  instruction  in  action  and  dec- 
lamation. In  becoming  an  orator,  Demos- 
thenes had  to  struggle  asrainst  the  greatest 
physical  disadvantages.  His  voice  was  weak 
and  his  utterance  defective;  and  it  was  only 
by  the  most  unwearied  exertions  that  he  suc- 
ceeded in  overcoming  the  obstacles  which 
nature  had  placed  in  his  way.  Thus  it  is  said 
that  he  spoke  with  pebbles  in  his  mouth,  to 
cure  himself  of  stammering ;  that  he  repeated 
verses  of  the  poets  as  he  ran  up  hill,  to 
strengthen  his  voice ;  that  he  declaimed  on 
the  sea-shore,  to  accustom  himself  to  the 
noise  and  confusion  of  the  popular  assembly; 
that  he  lived  for  months  in  a  cave  under 
ground,  engaged  in  constantly  writing  out 
the  history  of  Thucydides,  to  form  a  standard 
for  his  own  style.  It  was  about  355  that  De- 
mosthenes began  to  obtain  reputation  as  a 
speaker  in  the  public  assembly.  His  elo- 
quence soon  gained  him  the  favor  of  the  peo- 
ple. The  influence  which  he  acquired  he  em- 
ployed for  the  good  of  his  country,  and  not 
for  his  own  aggrandizement.  He  clearly  saw 
that  Philip  had  resolved  to  subjugate  Greece, 

and  he  therefore  devoted  all  his  powers  to 
resist  the  aggressions  of  the  Macedonian 


Demostheaes. 


DENTATUS. 


DIANA. 


monarch.  For  14  years  he  continued  the 
struggle  against  Philip,  and  neither  threats 
nor  bribes  could  turn  him  from  his  purpose. 
It  is  true  he  failed,  but  the  failure  must  not 
be  considered  his  fault.  The  struggle  was 
brought  to  a  close  by  the  battle  of  Cnaeronca 
(338),  by  which  the  independence  of  Greece 
was  crushed.  Demosthenes  was  present  at 
the  battle,  and  fled  like  thousands  of  others. 
At  this  time  many  accusations  were  brought 
against  him.  Of  these  one  of  the  most  for- 
midable was  the  accusation  of  Ctesiphon  by 
Aeschines,  but  which  was  in  reality  directed 
against  Demosthenes  himself.  Aeschiues  ac- 
cused Ctesiphon  for  proposing  that  Demos- 
thenes should  be  rewarded  for  his  services 
with  a  golden  crown  in  the  theatre.  The 
trial  was  delayed  for  reasons  unknown  to  us 
till  330,  when  Demosthenes  delivered  his 
"  Oration  on  the  Crown."  Aeschines  was  de- 
feated, and  withdrew  from  Athens.  •  [AESOUI- 
NBS.]  Demosthenes  was  one  of  those  who 
were  suspected  of  having  received  money 
from  Harpalus  in  325.  [HARPALUS.]  His 
guilt  is  doubtful ;  but  he  was  condemned, 
and  thrown  into  prison,  from  which,  howev- 
er, he  escaped.  He  took  up  his  residence 
partly  at  Troezene  and  partly  in  Aegina, 
looking  daily  across  the  sea  to  his  beloved 
native  land.  His  exile  did  not  last  long.  On 
the  death  of  Alexander  (323)  the  Greek  states 
rose  in  arms  against  Macedonia.  Demosthe- 
nes was  recalled,  and  returned  in  triumph. 
But  in  the  following  year  (322)  the  confeder- 
ate Greeks  were  defeated,  and  he  took  refuge 
in  the  temple  of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  in  the 
island  of  Calauria.  Here  he  was  pursued  by 
the  emissaries  of  Antipater ;  whereupon  he 
took  poison,  which  he  had  for  some  time  car- 
ried about  his  person,  and  died  in  the  temple, 
322.  Sixty-one  orations  of  Demosthenes  have 
come  down  to  us.  Of  these  17  were  political, 
the  most  important  being  the  12  Philippic 
orations ;  42  were  judicial,  the  most  celebra- 
ted being  the  orations  AgainstMidias,  Against 
Leptines,  On  the  Dishonest  Conduct  of  Aes- 
chines during  his  Embassy  to  Philip,  and  On 
the  Crown ;  and  2  were  show  speeches,  both 
of  which  are  spurious,  as  also  probably  are 
some  of  the  others. 


DENTITUS,  CtTRtUS. 

D15,  another  name  for  Demeter  (Ceres) ; 
hence  her  daughter  Persephone  is  called  by 
the  patronymic  Deois  and  DeSine. 

DERBB  (-es),  a  town  in  Lycaonia,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Isauria. 

DERCfiTIS  (-is),  DERCETO  <-us),  also 
called  Atargatis.  a  Syrian  goddess.  •  She  of- 
fended Aphrodite  (Venus),  who  in  conse- 
quence inspired  her  with  love  for  a  youth,  to 
whom  she  bore  a  daughter,  Serairamis ;  but 
ashamed  of  her  frailty,  she  killed  the  youth, 
exposed  her  child  in  a  desert,  and  threw  her- 
self into  a  lake  near  Ascalon.  Her  child  was 
fed  by  doves,  and  she  herself  was  changed 
into  a  fish.  The  Syrians  thereupon  wor- 
shiped her  as  a  goddess.  The  upper  part 
of  her  statue  represented  a  beautiful  woman, 
while  the  lower  part  terminated  in  the  tail  of 
a  fish.  She  appears  to  be  the  same  as  Dagon 


mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament  as  a  deity  of 
the  Philistines. 

DERT5NA  <-ae:  Tertona),  an  important 
town  in  Liguria,  on  the  road  from  Genua  to 
Placentia. 

DEUC1L15N  (-onis),  son  of  Prometheus 
and  Clyraene,  king  of  Phthia,  in  Thessaly. 
When  Zeus  (Jupiter)  had  resolved  to  destroy 
the  degenerate  race  of  men,  Deucalion  and 
his  wife  Pyrrha  were,  on  account  of  their 
piety,  the  only  mortals  saved.  On  the  advice 
of  his  father,  Deucalion  built  a  ship,  in  which 
he  and  his  wife  floated  in  safety  during  the 
9  days'  flood,  which  destroyed  all  the  other 
inhabitants  of  Hellas.  At  last  the  ship  rested, 
according  to  the  more  general  tradition,  on 
Mount  Parnassus  in  Phocis.  Deucalion  and 
his  wife  consulted  the  sanctuary  of  Themis 
how  the  race  of  man  might  be  restored.  The 
goddess  bade  them  cover  their  heads  and 
throw  the  bones  of  their  mother  behind  them. 
After  some  doubts  respecting  the  meaning  of 
this  command,  they  agreed  in  interpreting 
the  bones  of  their  mother  to  mean  the  stones 
of  the  earth.  They  accordingly  threw  stones 
behind  them,  and  trom  those  thrown  by  Deu- 
calion there  sprang  up  men,  from  those  thrown 
by  Pyrrha  women.  Deucalion  then  descend- 
ed from  Parnassus,  built  his  first  abode  at 
Opus  or  at  Cynus,  and  became  by  Pyrrha  the 
father  of  Hellen,  Amphictyon,  Protogenia, 
and  others. 

DEVA.  (1)  (Chester),  the  principal  town 
of  the  Cornii  in  Britain,  on  the  Seteia  (Dee). 
—(2)  (Dee),  an  estuary  in  Scotland,  on  which 
stood  the  town  Dovanna,  near  the  modern 
Aberdeen. 

DIA,  the  ancient  name  of  Naxos. 
DIABLINTES. 


DlACRfrA  (-ae),  a  mountainous  district  in 
the  N.E.  of  Attica,  including  the  plain  of 
Marathon.  [ATTICA.]  The  inhabitants  of 
this  district  were  the  most  democratical  of  the 
3  parties  into  which  the  inhabitants  of  Attica 
were  divided  in  the  time  of  Solon, 

D1X.GORAS  (-ae).  (1)  Son  of  Damagetus 
of  lalysus  in  Rhodes,  celebrated  for  his  own 
victories  and  those  of  his  sons  and  grandsons, 
in  the  Grecian  games.  He  obtained  his  Olym- 
pic victory  B.O.  464.--  (2)  Surnamed  the  ATHE- 
IST, a  Greek  philosopher  and  poet,  a  native 
of  the  island  of  Melos,  and  a  disciple  of  De- 
mocritus.  In  consequence  of  his  attacks  upon 
the  popular  religion,  and  especially  upon  the 
Eleusinian  mysteries,  he  was  formally  ac- 
cused of  impiety,  B.O.  411,  and,  fearing  the 
results  of  a  trial,  fled  from  Athens.  He  went 
first  to  Pallene,  and  afterwards  to  Corinth, 
where  he  died. 

D15.NA  (-ae),  an  ancient  Italian  divinity, 
whom  the  Romans  identified  with  the  Greek 
Artemis.  Her  worship  is  said  to  have  been 
introduced  at  Rome  by  Servius  Tullius,  who 
dedicated  a  temple  to  her  on  the  Aventine. 
At  Rome  Diana  was  the  goddess  of  light,  and 
her  name  contains  the  same  root  as  the  word 
dies.  As  Dianus  (Janus),  or  the  god  of  light, 
represented  the  sun,  so  Diana,  the  goddess 


(Versailles.) 


DIANIUM. 


DINDYMUS. 


of  light,  represented  the  moou.  The  attri- 
butes of  the  Greek  Artemis  were  afterwards 
ascribed  to  the  Roman  Diana.  For  details, 
see  ARTEMIS. 


D15MUM  <-i  :  Denia),  a  town  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensis  on  a  promontory  of  the  same 
name  ((7.  Martin)  founded  by  the  Massilians. 
Here  stood  a  celebrated  temple  of  Diana,  from 
which  the  town  derived  its  name. 

DICAEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Thrace,  on  the 
lake  Bistonis. 


DlCAEARCElA. 

DICAEARCHUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Peripa 
tetic  philosopher,  geographer,  and  historian 
a  native  of  Messaua  in  Sicily,  a  disciple  o 
Aristotle,  and  a  friend  of  Theophrastus.  He 
wrote  a  vast  number  of  works,  of  which  only 
fragments  are  extant. 

DICTAEUS. 

DICTB  (-es),  a  mountain  in  the  E.  of  Crete 
where  Zeus  (Jupiter)  is  said  to  have  been 
brought  up.  Hence  he  bore  the  surname  Die- 
taeus.  The  Roman  poets  frequently  emploj 
the  adjective  Dictaeus  as  synonymous  with 
Cretan. 

DICTYNNA  (-ae),  a  surname  both  of  Brit 
omartis  and  Diana,  which  two  divinitie 
were  subsequently  identified.  The  name  i 
connected  with  dtK-ruov,  a  hunting-net,  am 
was  borne  by  Britomartis  and  Diana  as  god 
desses  of  the  chase. 

'  DICTYS  (-yis  or  yos)  CRfiTENSIS  (-is) 
the  reputed  author  of  an  extant  work  in  Latii 
on  the  Trojan  war,  divided  into  6  books,  an1 
entitled  Eph&ni&ris  Belli  Trojani,  professin 
to  be  a  journal  of  the  leading  events  of  th 
war.  In  the  preface  to  the  work  we  are  tol 
that  it  was  composed  by  Dictys  of  Cnossus 
who  accompanied  Idomeneus  to  the  Trojan 
war;  but  it  probably  belongs  to  the  time  o 
the  Roman  empire. 


DlDtUS  SALVIUS  J^LIANUS  (-i),  bought 
he  Romau  empire  of  the  praetorian  guards, 
vhen  they  put  up  the  empire  for  sale  after 
,he  death  of  Pertinax,  A.D.  193.  After  reign- 
ng  two  months,  he  was  murdered  by  the  sol- 
iers  when  Severus  was  marching  against  the 
ity. 

DIDO  (-us ;  ace.  -o),  also  called  Elissa,  the 
eputed  founder  of  Carthage.  She  was  daugh- 
er  of  the  Tyrian  king  Belus,  and  sister  of 
tygmalion,  who  succeeded  to  the  crown  after 
;he  death  of  his  father.  Dido  was  married  to 
her  wealthy  uncle,  Acerbas,  \yho  was  mur- 
dered by  Pygmalion.  Upon  this  Dido  secret- 
y  sailed  from  Tyre  with  his  treasures,  accom- 
panied by  some  noble  Tyrians,  and  passed 
aver  to  Africa.  Here  she  purchased  as  much 
and  as  might  be  enclosed  with  the  hide  of  a 
rail,  but  she  ordered  the  hide  to  be  cut  up 
nto  the  thinnest  possible  strips,  and  with 
hem  she  surrounded  a  spot,  on  which  she 
milt  a  citadel  called  Byrsa  (from  /3^pera,  t.  e. 
the  hide  of  a  bull).  Around  this  fort  the  city 
of  Carthage  arose,  and  soon  became  a  power- 
ul  and  flourishing  place.  The  neighboring 
sing,  Hiarbas,  jealous  of  the  prosperity  of  the 
new  city,  demanded  the  hand  of  Dido  in  mar- 
riage, threatening  Carthage  with  war  in  case 
of  refusal.  Dido  had  vowed  eternal  fidelity 
;o  her  late  husband ;  but  seeing  that  the  Car- 
thaginiaus  expected  her  to  comply  with  the 
demands  of  Hiarbas,  she  pretended  to  yield 
to  their  wishes,  and  under  pretense  of  sooth- 
ing the  manes  of  Acerbas  by^  expiatory  sacri- 
fices, she  erected  a  funeral  pile,  on  which  she 
stabbed  herself  in  presence  of  her  people, 
After  her  death  she  was  worshiped  V  the 
Carthaginians  as  a  divinity.  Virgil  has  in- 
serted in  his  Aeneidthe  legend  of  Dido,  with 
various  modifications.  According  to  the 
common  chronology,  there  was  an  interval  of 
more  than  300  years  between  the  capture  of 
Troy  (B.C.  1184)  and  the  foundation  of  Car- 
thage (B.O.  853);  but  Virgil,  nevertheless, 
makes  Dido  a  contemporary  of  Aeneas,  with 
whom  she  falls  in  love  on  his  arrival  in  Africa. 
When  Aeneas  hastened  to  seek  the  new  home 
which  the  gods  had  promised  him,  Dido,  in 
despair,  destroyed  herself  on  a  funeral  pile. 

DlDTMA.      [BBABOHIDAE.] 

DIESPlTER.    [ JUPITER.] 

DIGENTlA  (-ae :  Licenza),  a  small  stream 
in  Latium,  beautifully  cool  and  clear,  flowing 
into  the  Anio,  through  the  Sabine  farm  of 
Horace. 

DINARCHUS  (-i),  the  last  and  least  im- 
portant of  the  10  Attic  orators,  was  bora  at 
Corinth  about  B.O.  361.  As  he  was  a  foreign- 
er, he  could  not  come  forward  himself  as  an 
orator,  and  therefore  wrote  orations  for  oth- 
ers. He  belonged  to  the  friends  of  Phocion 
and  the  Macedonian  party.  Only  3  of  his 
speeches  have  come  down  to  us. 

D1NDYMENE.    [DiNDYMTis.] 

DINDYMUS  (-i)  or  DINDtMA  (-orum). 
(1)  A  mountain  in  Phrygia,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Galatia,  near  the  town  Pessinus,  sacred  to 
Cybele,  the  mother  of  the  gods,  who  is  hence 
called  Dindymone — (2)  A  mountain  in  Mysia, 
near  Cyzicus,  also  sacred  to  Cybele. 


DIOCAESAREA. 


146 


DIOMEDES. 


until  Herodes  Antipas  made  it  the  capital  of 
Galilee,  under  the  name  of  Diocaesarea. 

DlOCLSTilNUS,  VALERIUS  (-i),  Roman 
emperor,  A.D.  284-305,  was  born  near  Salona, 
in  Dalmatia,  in  245,  of  most  obscure  parent- 
age. On  the  death  of  Numerianus,  he  was 


pher,  was  a  pupil  of  Chrysippus,  and  succeed* 
ed  Zeno  of  Tarsus  as  the  head  of  the  Stoia 
school  at  Athens.  He  was  one  of  the  3  em* 
bassadors  sent  by  the  Athenians  to  Rome  in 
B.O.  155.— (3)  The  celebrated  CYNIO  philoso- 
pher, was  born  at  Sinope,  in  Pontus,  about 
B.C.  412.  His  youth  is  said  to  have  been  spent 
in  dissolute  extravagance;  but  at  Athens  his 
attention  was  arrested  by  the  character  of 


DIOCAESAREA    (-ae),    more    anciently  j  whom  he  succeeded  as  the  head  of  the  Peri- 
SSPPHORIS,  in  Galilee,  was  a  small  place    patetic  school  at  Athens.    He  flourished  B.O. 

DlODOTUS  <-i),  a  Stole  philosopher,  and 
a  teacher  of  Cicero,  in  whose  house  he  died, 
B.O.  59. 
DiOGENSS  (-is).     (1)   Of  APOLLONIA,  in 

„_.    v ,  _.  .._    Crete,  a  celebrated  Ionic  philosopher,  and  a 

proclaimed  emperor  by  the  troops,  284.  That  |  pupil  of  Anaximenes,  lived  in  the  5th  century 
he  might  more  successfully  repel  the  barbari-  .  B.O.— (2)  The  BABYLONIAN,  a  Stoic  philoso- 

ans,  he  associated  with  himself  Maximianus, - — — , 

who  was  invested  with  the  title  of  Augustus, 
286.  Subsequently  (292)  the  empire  was  again 
divided.  Constantius  Chlorus  and  Galerius 
were  proclaimed  Caesars,  and  the  government 
of  the  Roman  world  was  divided  between  the 
2  Augusti  and  the  2  Caesars.  Diocletian  gov- 
erned the  Bast  ?  but  after  an  anxious  reign  of 

21  years,  he  longed  for  repose.    Accordingly    „    ._.    

on  the  1st  of  May,  305,  he  abdicated  at  Nico- 1  Antisthenes,  and  he  soon  became  distin- 
media,  and  compelled  his  reluctant  colleague,  guished  by  his  austerity  and  moroseness.  In 
Maximian,  to  do  the  same  at  Milan.  Diocle-  |  summer  he  used  to  roll  in  hot  sand,  and  in 
tian  retired  to  his  native  Dalmatia.  and  pass-  i  winter  to  embrace  statues  covered  with  snow ; 
ed  the  remaining  8  years  of  his  life  near  Sa-  '  he  wore  coarse  clothing,  lived  on  the  plainest 
lona,  in  philosophic  retirement,  devoted  to  food,  slept  in  porticoes  or  in  the  streets ;  and 
rural  pleasures  and  the  cultivation  of  his  gar-  finally,  according  to  the  common  story,  took 
den.  He  died  in  31 3.  One  of  the  most  memor-  up  his  residence  in  a  tub  belonging  to  the 
able  events  in  the  reign  of  Diocletian  was  his  Metroum,  or  temple  of  the  Mother  of  the 

„«?,     ~,   .„       ..    God&    on  a  voyage  to  Aegina  he  was  taken 

prisoner  by  pirates,  and  carried  to  Crete  to 
be  sold  as  a  slave.  Here,  when  he  was  asked 
what  business  he  understood,  he  an* 
swered,  "  How  to  command  men."  He 
was  purchased  by  Xeniades  of  Corinth, 
who  gave  him  his  freedom,  and  intrust- 
ed him  with  the  care  of  his  children. 
During  his  residence  at  Corinth  his  cel- 
ebrated interview  with  Alexander  the 
Great  is  said  to  have  taken  place.  The 
conversation  between  them  begun  by 
the  king's  saving, "  I  am  Alexander  the 
Great;"  to  which  the  philosopher  re- 
plied, "And  I  am  Diogenes  the  Cynic." 
Alexander  then  asked  whether  he  could 
oblige  him  in  any  way,  and  received  no 
DI5D5RUS  (-i).  <1)  Surnamed  CHONTTS,  a  i  answer  except  "Yes;  you  can  stand  out  of 
celebrated  dialectic  philosopher,  was  a  native  the  sunshine."  We  are  further  told  that 
of  lasus,  in  Caria,  and  lived  at  Alexandria  in  '  Alexander  admired  Diogenes  so  much  that 
the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Soter.— (2)  SIOULTTS,  of  he  said,  "  If  I  were  not  Alexander,  I  should 
Agyrium,  in  Sicily,  a  celebrated  historian,  |  wish  to  be  Diogenes."  Diogenes  died  at  Cor- 
was  a  contemporary  of  Julius  Caesar  and  of  ,  inth,'atthe  age  of  nearly  90,  B.O.  323.— (4)  LA- 
Augustus.  In  order  to  collect  materials  for  }  EBTHTS,  of  LaSrte,  in  Cilicia,  probably  lived  in 
his  history,  he  traveled  over  a  great  part  of  the  2d  century  after  Christ  He  wrote  the 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  lived  a  long  time  at  Lives  of  the  Philosophers  in  10  books,  which 
Rome.  His  work  was  entitled  Bibliotheca  work  is  still  extant. 
Hutorica,  The  Historical  Library,  and  was  a 
universal  history,  embracing  the  period  from 
the  earliest  mythical  ages  down  to  the  begin- 
ning of  Caesar's  Gallic  wars.  Of  the  40  books 
into  which  the  work  was  divided,  15  have 


fierce  persecution  of  the  Christians  (303),  to 
which  he  was  instigated  by  his  colleague  Ga- 
terius. 


Coin  of  Diocletian. 


DlOMSDEAE  INStfLAE,  5  small  island! 
in  the  Adriatic  Sea,  N.  of  the  promontory 
Garganum,  in  Apulia,  named  after  Diomedes. 
[DiOMBDKS.]  The  largest  of  these,  called  Dio« 
medea  Insula  or  Trimerus  (Tremiti),  was  the 

come  down  to  us  entire,  namely,  the  first  5   place  where  Julia,  the  granddaughter  of  Au- 

books,  containing  the  early  history  of  the    — J —  a*~a 

Eastern  nations,  the  Egyptians,  Aethiopians,  i 

and  Greeks;  and  booKs  11  to  20  inclusive, 

containing  the  history  from  the  2d  Persian 

war,  B.O.  480,  down  to  302.    Of  the  rest,  only 

fragments  have  been  preserved.  In  his  writ- 
ings we  find  neither  method,  accuracy,  nor 


judgment.  As  an  authority,  he  can  not  be 
relied  upon.— (3)  Of  Tyre,  a  Peripatetic  phi- 
losopher, a  disciple  and  follower  of  Critolaus, 


gustus,  died. 

DR5MEDSS  (-is).  (1)  Son  of  Tydeus  and 
Deipyle,  whence  he  is  constantly  called  Ty- 
dides,  succeeded  Adrastus  as  kino:  of  Argos. 
— Homeric  Story.  Tydeus  fell  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  Thebes,  while  his  son  Diomedes 
was  yet  a  boy ;  but  Diomedes  was  afterwards 
one  of -the  Epigoni  who  took  Thebes.  He 


went  to  Troy  with  80  ships,  and  was,  next  to 
Achilles,  the  bravest  hero  in  the  Greek  army. 


DION. 


DIONYSIUS. 


He  enjoyed  the  especial  protection  of  Athena 
(Minerva) ;  he  fought  against  the  most  dis- 
tinguished of  the  Trojans,  such  as  Hector  and 
jLeneas,  and  even  with  the  gods  who  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Trojans.  He  thus  wounded 
both  Aphrodite  (Venus)  and  Ares  (Mars). — 
Later  Stories.  Diomedcs  and  Ulysses  carried 


Dioaedes  in  the  act  of  beating  away  the  Palladium. 


off  tbe  palladium  from  the  city  of  Troy,  since 
it  was  believed  that  Troy  could  not  be  taken 
so  long  as  the  palladium  was  within  its  walls. 


others,  with  Cometes  or  Cyllaharus.  This 
misfortune  befell  him  through  the  anger  of 
Aphrodite.  He  therefore  quitted  Argos,  and 
went  to  Aetolia.  He  subsequently  attempted 
to  return  to  Argos ;  but  on  his  way  home  a 
storm  threw  him  on  the  coast  of  Daunia,  in 
Italy.  He  married  Evippe,  the  daughter  of 
Daunus,  and  settled  in  Daunia,  where  he  died 
at  an  advanced  age.  He  was  buried  in  one 
of  the  islands  off  Cape  Garganum,  which  were 
called  after  him  the  Diomedean  islands.  His 
companions  were  inconsolable  at  his  loss,  and 
were  metamorphosed  into  birds  ( Aves  DMWWJ- 
&sae),  which,  mindful  of  their  origin,  used  to 
fly  towards  the  Greek  ships,  but  to  avoid 
those  of  the  Romans.  A  number  of  towns  in 
the  E.  part  of  Italy  were  believed  to  have  been 
founded  by  Diomedes.  A  plain  of  Apulia, 
near  Salapia  and  Canusium,  was  called  Dio- 
medei  Ccmpi,  after  him.— (2)  King  of  the  Bis- 
tones,  in  Thrace,  killed  by  Hercules  on  ac- 
count of  his  mares,  which  he  fed  with  human 
flesh. 

DtON  (-Snis),  a  Syracusan,  son  of  Hippari- 
nus,  and  a  relation  of  Dionysius,  who  treated 
him  with  the  greatest  distinction,  and  em- 
ployed him  in  many  services  of  trust  and  con- 
fidence. On  the  visit  of  Plato  to  Syracuse, 
Dion  became  an  ardent  disciple  of  the  philos- 
opher ;  and  when  the  younger  Dionysius  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Dion  watched  with  undis- 
guised contempt  his  dissolute  conduct,  and  so 
became  an  object  of  suspicion  to  the  youthful 
tyrant.  Dion,  aided  by  Plato,  endeavored  to 
withdraw  him  from  his  vicious  courses,  but 
failed,  and  was  banished.  He  then  retired  to 


Athens.  Plato  visited  Syracuse  a  third  time, 
that  he  might  secure  the  recall  of  Dion ;  but 
failing  in  this,  Dion  determined  on  expelling 
the  tyrant  by  force.  In  this  he  succeeded; 
but  since  his  own  conduct  towards  the  Syra- 
cusans  was  equally  tyrannical,  a  conspiracy 
was  formed  against  him,  and  he  was  assas- 
sinated in  his  own  house,  B.C.  353. 

DION  CASSIUS  (-i),  the  historian,  son  of 
a  Roman  senator;  bom  A.D.  155,  at  Nicaea, 
in  Bithynia,  He  held  several  important  of- 
fices under  Commodus,  Caracalla,  and  Aler* 
ander  Severus,  180-229,  and  afterwards  retired 
to  Campania;  subsequently  he  returned  to 
Nicaea,  his  native  town,  where  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  and  died.  The  chief 
work  of  Dion  was  a  History  of  Rome,  in  80 
books,  from  the  landing  of  Aeneas  in  Italy  to 
A.P.  229.  Unfortunately,  only  a  comparative- 
ly small  portion  of  this  work  has  come  down 
to  us  entire.  From  the  36th  book  to  the  54th 
the  work  is  extant  complete,  and  embraces 
the  history  from  the  wars  of  Lucullus  and  Cn. 
Pompey  against  Mithridates,  down  to  the 
death  of  Agrippa,  B.O.  10.  Of  the  remaining 
books  we  have  only  the  epitomes  made  by 
Xiphilinus  and  others.  Dion  Cassius  con- 
suited  original  authorities,  and  displayed 
great  judgment  and  discrimination  in  the 
use  of  them. 

DION  CHRYSOST5MTJS  (-i),  that  is,  the 
golden-mouthed,  a  surname  given  him  on'ac- 
count  of  his  eloquence,  was  born  at  Prusa,  in 
Bithynia,  about  the  middle  of  the  first  cent- 
ury of  our  era.  He  was  well  educated,  and 
increased  his  knowledge  by  traveling.  The 
emperors  Nerva  and  Trajan  entertained  for 
him  the  highest  esteem.  He  was  the  mod; 
eminent  of  the  Greek  rhetoricians  and  Soph- 
ists in  the  time  of  the  Roman  empire.  There 
are  extant  SO  of  his  orations ;  but  they  are 
rather  essays  on  political,  moral,  and  philo- 
sophical subjects  than  real  orations,  of  which 
they  have  only  the  form. 

DI5NAEA.    [DIONE.] 

DI5NE  (-es),  a  female  Titan,  by  Zeus  (Ju- 
piter), by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of 
Aphrodite  (Venus),  who  is  hence  called  Dio- 
naea,  and  sometimes  even  Dione.  Hence 
Caesar  is  called  Dionaeus  Caesar,  because  he 
claimed  descent  from  Venus. 

DlONYSlTTS  (-i).  <1)  The  Elder,  tyrant  of 
Syracuse,  son  of  Hermocrates,  born  B.O.  430. 
He  began  life  as  a  clerk  in  a  public  oflice. 
Prompted  by  ambition,  and  possessing  natu- 
ral talent,  he  gradually  raised  himself  to  dis- 
tinction ;  and  in  B.O.  405,  though  only  25  years 
of  age,  was  appointed  sole  general  at  Syra- 
cuse, with  full  powers.  From  this  period  we 
may  date  the  commencement  of  his  reign,  or 
tyranny,  which  continued  without  interrup- 
tion for  38  years.  He  strengthened  himself 
by  the  increase  of  the  army,  and  by  convert- 
ing the  island  Ortygia  into  a  fortified  resi- 
dence for  himself;  and  when  thoroughly  pre- 
pared, commenced  the  execution  of  his  am- 
bitious plans.  These  embraced  the  subjuga- 
tion of  the  rest  of  Sicily,  the  humiliation  of 
Carthage,  and  the  annexation  of  part  of 
southern  Italy  to  his  dominions.  In  all  these 


DIONYSIUS. 


148 


DIONYSUS. 


projects  he  succeeded.  During  the  last  20 
years  of  his  life  he  possessed  au  amount  of 
power  and  influence  far  exceeding  that  en- 
joyed by  any  other  Greek  before  the  time  of 
Alexander.  His  death  took  place  at  Syra- 
cuse, 36T,  in  the  middle  of  a  war  with  Car- 
thage. He  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son, 
Dionysius  the  younger.  The  character  of 
Dionysius  has  been  drawn  in  the  blackest 
colors  by  many  ancient  writers ;  he  appears, 
indeed,  to  have  become  a  type  of  a  tyrant  in 
its  worst  sense.  In  his  latter  years  he  be- 
came extremely  suspicious,  and  apprehensive 
of  treachery,  even  from  his  nearest  friends, 
and  is  said  to  have  adopted  the  most  exces- 
sive precautions  to  guard  against  it.  He 
built  the  terrible  prison  called  Lnnturniae, 
which  was  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock  in  the 
part  of  Syracuse  called  Epipolae.  Dionysius 
was  fond  of  literature  and  the  arts,  and  fre- 
quently entertained  at  his  court  men  distin- 
guished in  literature  and  philosophy,  among 
whom  was  the  philosopher  Plato.  He  was 
himself  a  poet,  and  repeatedly  contended  for 
the  prize  of  tragedy  at  Athens.  — (2)  The 
Younger,  son  of  the  preceding,  succeeded 
his  father  as  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  B.O.  367.  He 
was  at  this  time  under  30  years  of  age ;  he 
had  been  brought  up  at  his  father's  court  in. 
idleness  and  luxury,  and  was  studiously  pre- 
cluded from  taking  any  part  in  public  affairs. 
The  ascendency  which  Dion,  and  through  his 
means  Plato,  obtained  for  a  time  over  his 
mind  was  undermined  by  flatterers  and  the 
companions  of  his  pleasures.  Dion,  who  had 
been  banished  by  Dionysius,  returned  to  Sic- 
ily in  357,  at  the  head  of  a  small  force,  with 
the  avowed  object  of  dethroning  him.  Dio- 
nysius, finding  that  he  could  not  successfully 
resist  Dion,  sailed  away  to  Italy,  and  thus 
lost  the  sovereignty  after  a  reign  of  12  years, 
356.  He  now  repaired  to  Locri,  the  native 
city  of  his  mother,  Doris,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived in  the  most  friendly  manner ;  but  he 
made  himself  tyrant  of  the  city,  aud  treated 
the  inhabitants  with  the  utmost  cruelty.  Aft- 
er remaining  at  Lpcri  10  years,  he  obtain- 
ed possession  again  of  Syracuse,  where  he 
reigned  for  the  next  3  years,  until  Timoleon 
came  to  Sicily  to  deliver  the  Greek  cities 
there  from  the  dominion  of  the  tyrants.  Be- 
ing unable  to  resist  Timoleon,  he  surrendered 
the  citadel  into  the  hands  of  the  latter,  on 
condition  of  being  allowed  to  depart  in  safety 
to  Corinth,  343.  Here  he  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  a  private  condition ;  and  accord- 
ing to  some  writers  was  reduced  to  support 
himself  by  keeping  a  school.  —  (3)  Of  HALI- 
OABNA88US,  a  celebrated  Greek  rhetorician, 
lived  many  years  at  Rome  in  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus, and  died  B.O.  T.  His  principal  work 
was  a  history  of  Rome  in  22  books,  contain- 
ing the  history  of  the  city  from  the  mythical 
times  down  to  B.  o.  264.  Of  this  work  only  the 
first  11  books  have  come  down  to  us.  These 
prove  that  he  possessed  considerable  artistic 
skill  as  well  as  rhetorical  power,  but  was  de- 
ficient both  as  an  historian  aud  as  a  states- 
man. He  also  wrote  various  rhetorical  and 
critical  works,  which  abound  with  the  most 
exquisite  remarks  and  criticisms  on  the  works 
of  the  classical  writers  of  Greece.  Of  these 


several  have  been  preserved.— (4)  Of  HEBAO- 
LKA,  a  pupil  of  Zeuo,  at  first  a  Stoic  aud  after- 
wards an  JSleatic  philosopher. 

DlDNTSUS  (-i),  the  youthful,  beautiful, 
but  effeminate  god  of  wine.  He  is  also  called 
both  by  Greeks  aud  Romans  BACCHUS,  that 


Marble  Head  of  the  Youthful  Dionysus.    (Leyden.) 

is,  the  noisy  or  riotous  god,  which  was  orig- 
inally only  an  epithet  or  surname  of  Dionysus. 
He  was  the  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  andSemele, 
the  daughter  of  Cadmus  of  Thebes.  Before 
his  birth,  Semele  was  persuaded  by  Hera 
(Juno),  who  appeared  to  her  in  disguise,  to 
request  the  father  of  the  gods  to  appear  to 
her  in  the  same  glory  in  which  he  approach- 
ed his  own  wife  Hera.  Zeus  unwillingly 
complied,  and  appeared  to  her  in  thunder 
and  lightning.  Semele,  being  seized  by  the 
flames,  gave  premature  birth  to  a  child ;  but 
Zeus  saved  the  child,  sewed  him  up  in  his 
thigh,  and  thus  preserved  him  till  he  came 
to  maturity.  After  his  birth  Dionysus  was 
brought  up  by  the  nymphs  of  Mount  Nysa, 
who  were  rewarded  by  Zeus  by  being  placed 
as  Hyades  among  the  stars.  When  he  had 
grown  up,  Hera  drove  him  mad,  in  which 
state  he  wandered  through  various  parts  of 
the  earth.  He  first  went  to  Egypt,  thence 
proceeded  through  Syria,  then  traversed  all 
Asia,  teaching  the  inhabitants  of  the  differ- 
ent countries  of  Asia  the  cultivation  of  the 
vine,  aud  introducing  among  them  the  ele- 
ments of  civilization.  The  most  famous  part 
of  his  wanderings  in  Asia  is  his  expedition 
to  India,  which  is  said  to  have  lasted  several 
years.  On  his  return  to  Europe,  he  passed 
through  Thrace,  but  was  ill  received  by  Ly- 
curgns,  king  of  the  Edones.  [LYOTTBGUS.] 
He  then  returned  to  Thebes,  where  he  com- 
pelled the  women  to  quit  their  houses,  and 
to  celebrate  Bacchic  festivals  on  Mount  Ci- 
thaerou,  and  fearfully  punished  Pentheus, 
who  attempted  to  prevent  b>  worship.  [Pun- 


DIONYSUS. 


149 


DIONYSUS. 


The  Youthftd  Bacchus.   (Louvre.) 


THEUS.]  Dionysus  next  went  to  Argos,  where 
che  people  first  refused  to  acknowledge  him, 
but  after  punishing  the  women  with  frenzy, 
he  was  recognized  as  a  god.  His  last  feat  was 
performed  on  a  voyage  from  Icaria  to  Naxos. 
He  hired  a  ship  which  belonged  to  Tyrrheni- 
an pirates ;  but  the  men.  instead  of  landing 
at  Naxos,  steered  towards  Asia,  to  sell  him 
there  as  a  slave.  Thereupon  the  god  changed 
the  mast  and  oars  into  serpents,  and  himself 
into  a  lion ;  ivy  grew  around  the  vessel,  and 
the  sound  of  flutes  was  heard  on  every  side; 
the  sailors  were  seized  with  madness,  leaped 
into  the  sea,  and  were  metamorphosed  into 
dolphins.  After  he  had  thus  gradually  es- 
tablished his  divine  nature  throughout  the 
world,  he  took  his  mother  out  of  Hades, 
called  her  ThyonS,  and  rose  with  her  into 
Olympus.— Various  mythological  beings  are 
described  as  the  offspring  of  Dionysus ;  but 
among  the  women  who  won  his  love  none  is 
more  famous  in  ancient  story  than  Ariadne. 
[ABIADNE.]— The  worship  of  Dionysus  was  no 
part  of  the  original  religion  of  Greece.  In 
Homer  he  does  not  appear  as  one  of  the  great 
divinities;  he  is  there  simply  described  as 


the  god  who  teaches  man  the  preparation  oi 
wine.  As  the  cultivation  of  the  vine  spread 
in  Greece,  the  worship  of  Dionysus  likewise 
spread  farther ;  and  after  the  time  of  Alexan- 
der's expedition  to  India,  the  celebration  of 
the  Bacchic  festivals  assumed  more  and  more 
their  wild  and  dissolute  character.  Dionysus 
maybe  taken  as  the  representative  of  the  pro- 
ductive and  intoxicating  power  of  nature. 
Since  wine  is  the  natural  symbol  of  this  pow- 
er, it  is  called  "the  fruit  of  Dionysus."  On 
account  of  the  close  connection  between  the 
cultivation  of  the  soil  and  the  earlier  stages 
of  civilization,  he  is  regarded  as  a  lawgiver 
and  a  lover  of  peace.  As  the  Greek  drama 
had  grown  out  of  the  dithyrambic  choruses  at 
the  festival  of  Dionysus,  he  was  also  regarded 
as  the  god  of  tragic  art,  and  as  the  protector 
of  theatres.  Respecting  his  festivals  and  the 
mode  of  their  celebration,  and  especially  the 
introduction  and  suppression  of  his  worship 
at  Rome,  see  Diet,  of  Ant.,  art.  Diony$ia.—In 
the  earliest  times  the  Graces  or  Charites 
were  the  companions  of  Dionysus,  but  after- 
wards we  find  him  accompanied  in  his  expe- 
ditions and  travels  by  Bacchantic  women, 
called  Lenae,  Maenades,  Thyiades,  Mimal- 
lones,  Clodones,  Bassarae  or  Bassarides,  all 
of  whom  are  represented  in  works  of  art  as 
raging  with  madness  or  enthusiasm,  their 
heads  thrown  backwards,  with  disheveled 
hair,  and  carrying  in  their  hands  thyrsus' 
staffs  (entwined  with  ivy,  and  headed  with 
pine-cones),  cymbals,  swords,  or  serpents. 
Sileni,  Pans,  satyrs,  centaurs,  and  other  be- 
ings of  a  like  kind,  are  also  the  constant  com- 
panions of  the  god.  The  animal  most  com- 


Dionysus  (Bacchus)  holding  a  Cantharaa, 


MOSCORIDES. 


150 


DIOSCURI. 


Dionysus.    (From  the  Choragtc  Monument  of  Lyaicrates.) 


monly  sacrificed  to  Dionysus  was  the  ram. 
Among  the  things  sacred  to  him,  we  may 
notice  the  vine,  ivy,  laurel,  and  asphodel ; 
the  dolphin,  serpent,  tiger,  lynx,  panther, 
and  ass.  In  works  of  art  he  appears  as  a 
youthful  god.  The  form  of  his  body  is  man- 
ly, but  approaches  the  female  form  by  its 
softness  and  roundness.  The  expression  of 
the  countenance  is  languid,  and  his  attitude 
is  easy,  like  that  of  a  man  who  is  absorbed  in 
sweet  thoughts,  or  slightly  intoxicated. 


DfOSCtTRI  (-orum),  that  is,  sons  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter),  the  well-known  heroes  CASTOR  and 
POLLUX,  called  by  the  Greeks  Polydeuces. 
The  two  brothers  were  sometimes  called  CAS- 
T-ORES by  the  Romans.  According  to  Homer 
they  were  the  sons  of  Leda  and  Tyndareus, 
king  of  Lacedaemon,  and  consequently  broth- 
ers of  Helen.  Hence  they  are  often  called  by 
the  patronymic  Tipiddrwae.  Castor  was  fa- 
mous for  his  skill  in  taming  and  managing 
horses,  and  Pollux  for  his  skill  in  boxing. 


Dionysus  (Bacchus)  drawn  by  Tigers.    (Museum  Capitolinum,  vol.  4,  tav.  63.) 

D?5SCOBlDlS  (-is)  PED5.CRJS  or  PEDl- 
NIUS,  of  Ana/.arba,  in  Cilicia,  a  Greek  phy- 
sician, who  probably  lived  in  the  2d  century 
of  the  Christian  era,  the  author  of  an  extant 
work  on  Materia  Medica,  which  for  many 
agei  was  received  as  a  standard  production. 


Both  had  disappeared  from  the  earth  before 
the  Greeks  were  sent  against  Troy.  Although 
they  were  buried,  says  Homer,  yet  they  came 
to  life  every  other  day,  and  they  enjoyed  di- 
vine honors—According  to  other  traditions, 
both  were  the  sons  of  Zens  and  Leda,  and 


THE  FABNESE  BULL  (Naples.) 


DIOSCURI. 


151 


DODONA. 


were  born  at  the  same  time  with  their  sister 
Helen  out  of  an  egg.  [LEDA.]  According  to 
others  again,  Pollux  and  Helen  only  were 
children  of  Zens,  aud  Castor  was  the  sou  of 
Tyndareus.  Hence  Pollux  was  immortal, 
while  Castor  was  subject  to  old  age  and  death 
like  other  mortals.  The  fabulous  life  of  the 
Dioscuri  is  marked  by  3  great  events.  1. 
Their  expedition  against  Athens,  where  they 
rescued  their  sister  Helen,  who  had  been  car- 
ried off  by  Theseus,  and  placed  in  Aphidnae, 
wiiich  they  took.  2.  Their  part  in  the  expe- 
dition of  the  Argonauts,  during  which  Pollux 
killed,  in  a  boxing-match,  Amycus,  king  of 
Bebryces.  During  the  Argonautic  expedition 
they  founded  the'town  ofDioscurias,  in  Col- 
chis. 3.  Their  battle  with  the  sons  of  Apha- 
reus,  Idas  and  Lynceus.  Castor,  the  mortal, 
fell  by  the  hands  of  Idas,  but  Pollux  slew 
Lyuceus,  and  Zeus  killed  Idas  by  a  flash  of 
lightning.  At  the  request  of  Pollux,  Zens 
allowed  him  to  share  his  brother's  fate,  and 
to  live  alternately  one  day  under  the  earth, 
and  the  other  in  the  heavenly  abodes  of  the 
gods.  According  to  a  different  form  of  the 
story,  Zeus  rewarded  the  attachment  of  the 
two  brothers  by  placing  them  among  the 
stars  as  Gemini. — These  heroic  youths  re- 
ceived divine  honors  at  Sparta,  from  whence 
their  worship  spread  over  other  parts  of 
Greece,  and  over  Sicily  and  Italy.  They  were 
worshiped  more  especially  as  the  protectors 
of  sailors,  for  Poseidon  (Neptune)  had  re- 
warded their  brotherly  love  by  giving  them 
power  over  winds  and  waves.  Hence  they 
are  called  by  Horace,  "Fratres  Helenae,  lu- 
cida  sidera.1'  Whenever  they  appeared  they 
were  seen  riding  on  magnificent  white  steeds. 
They  were  regarded  as  presidents  of  the  pub- 
lic games,  as  the  inventors  of  the  war  dance, 
and  the  patrons  of  poets  and  bards.  They 
are  usually  represented  in  works  of  art  as 
youthful  horsemen,  with  egg-shaped  helmets, 
crowned  with  stars,  and  with  spears  in  their 
hands.— At  Rome,  the  worship  of  the  Dios- 
curi was  introduced  at  an  early  time.  They 
were  believed  to  have  assisted  the  Romans 


Dioscuri  (Castor  and  Pollux).    (From  £  Coin  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum.) 

against  the  Latins  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Ra- 
gillns;  and  the  dictator  A.  Postumius  Albinus 
during  the  battle  vowed  a  temple  to  them. 
This  temple  was  erected  in  the  forum,  oppo- 
site the  temple  of  Vesta.  The  eqnites  regard- 
ed the  Dioscuri  as  their  patrons,  and  went 
every  year,  on  the  15th  of  July,  in  a  magnifi- 
cent procession  on  horseback,  to  visit  their 
temple. 


Dioscuri  (Castor  and  Pollux).   (Millin.  Gal.  Myth.,  pi.  10S.1 

DIRAE   (-arum),  a  name  of  the  Furiae. 


DIRCE  (-es),  wife  of  Lycns,  who  married 
her,  after  divorcing  his  former  wife  Antiope. 
Dirce  treated  Antiope  with  great  cruelty; 
and  accordingly,  when  Amphion  andZethus, 
the  sons  of  Antiope  by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  ob- 
tained possession  of  Thebes,  they  took  a  sig- 
nal vengeance  upon  Dirce.  They  tied  her  to 
a  wild  bull,  which  dragged  her  about  till  she 
perished.  They  then  threw  her  body  into  a 
fountain  near  Thebes,  which  was  henceforth 
called  the  fountain  of  Dirce.  The  adjective 
Dircaeus  is  frequently  used  as  equivalent  to 
Boeotian. 

DIS  (gen.  Dltis),  contracted  from  Dives,  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  Pluto,  and  hence 
also  to  the  lower  world. 

DISCORDlA.    [Ems.] 

DIUM.  (1)  An  important  town  in  Mace- 
donia on  the  Therraaic  gulf.—  (2)  A  town  In 
Chalcidice  in  Macedonia,  on  the  Strymonic 
gnlf. 

DIVICO  (-onis),  the  leader  of  the  Helve- 
tians in  the  war  against  L.  Cassias  in  B.C.  10T, 
was  at  the  head  of  the  embassy  c-ont  to  Julius 
Caesar,  nearly  50  years  later,  u.c.  5S,  when  he 
was  preparing  to  attack  the  Helvetians. 

DIVITIlCUS  (-i),  an  Aeduan  noble  and 
brother  of  Dumnorix,  was  a  warm  adherent 
of  the  Romans  and  of  Caesar,  who,  in  consid- 
eration of  his  entreaties,  pardoned  the  treason 
of  Dnmnorix  in  u.o.  5S. 

DIVODt^RUM  (-i  :  Mctz),  subsequently  Me- 
diomatrici,  and  still  later  Metis  or  Mettis,  the 
capital  of  the  Mediomatrici  in  Gallia  Belgica. 

DIVONA.    [CAPUBOI.] 

DOBERUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Paeonia  in  Mace- 
donia. E.  of  the  river  Echedorus. 

DODO'NA  (-ae),  the  most  ancient  oracle  in 
Greece,  situated  in  Epirus,  founded  by  the 
Pelasgians,  and  dedicated  to  Zeus  (Jupiter). 
The  responses  of  the  oracle  were  given  from 
lofty  oaks  or  beech-trees.  The  will  of  the 
god  was  declared  by  the  wind  rustling  through 
the  trees,  and  In  order  to  render  the  sounds 
more  distinct,  brazen  vessels  were  suspended 
on  the  branches  of  the  trees,  which  being  set 
in  motion  by  the  wind  came  in  contact  with 
one  another.  These  sounds  were  interpreted 
in  early  times  by  men,  but  afterwards  by  aged 
women.  The  priests,  who  had  the  manage* 


DOLABELLA. 


152 


DORISCUS. 


ment  of  the  temple  were  called  Selli  or  Helli. 
The  oracle  of  Dodona  had  less  influence  m 
historical  times  than  in  the  heroic  age,  and 
was  supplanted  to  a  great  extent  by  the  ora- 
cle of  Delphi. 

DOLABELLA  (-ae),  the  name  of  a  celebra- 
ted patrician  family  of  the  Cornelia  gens. 
Those  most  deserving  of  notice  are :  (1)  CN. 
CORNELIUS  DOLABELLA,  consul  B.O.  81,  whom 
the  young  Julius  Caesar  accused  in  TT  of  ex- 
tortion in  his  province.  — (2)  CN.  CORNELIUS 
DOLABELLA,  praetor  urbanus  in  81.  Wi th  Vcr- 
res  as  his  legate,  he  plundered  his  province  in 
Cilicia,  and  upon  his  return  was  accused,  be- 
trayed by  Verres,  and  condemned.— (3)  P. 
CORNELIUS  DOLABELLA,  the  son-in-law  of  Cic- 
ero, whose  daughter  Tullia  he  married  in  51. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  profligate  men  of  his 
age,  and  his  conduct  caused  Cicero  great  un- 
easiness. On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil 
war  he  joined  Caesar,  and  fought  on  his  side 
at  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  (48),  and  was  raised 
by  him  to  the  consulship  in  44.  He  afterwards 
received  from  Antony  the  province  of  Syria. 
On  his  way  to  his  province  he  plundered  the 
cities  of  Greece  and  Asia  Minor,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  the  senate  sent  against  him 
Oassius,  who  took  Caesarea,  in  which  Dola- 
bella  had  taken  refuge.  That  he  might  not 
fall  into  the  hands  of  his  enemies,  he  com- 
mitted suicide,  43. 

DOLON  (-onis),  a  spy  of  the  Trojans  in  the 
Trojan  war,  slain  by  Diomedes. 

DOLOPES  (-urn),  a  powerful  people  in 
Thessaly,  dwelt  on  the  Enipeus,  and  fought 
before  Troy.  At  a  later  time  they  dwelt  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Pindus ;  and  their  country, 
called  DOLO>IA,  was  reckoned  part  of  Epirns. 

DOMMlNUS  (-i),  or  with  his  full  name 
T.  FLAVIUB  DOMITIANUB  AUGUSTUS,  Roman 
emperor,  A.D.  81-96,  was  the  younger  son  of 
Vespasian,  and  was  born  at  Rome  A.D.  51. 
During  the  reigns  of  Vespasian  (69-79)  and  of 
his  brother  Titus  (T9-S1)  he  was  not  allowed 
to  take  any  part  in  public  affairs.  During  the 
first  few  years  of  his  reign  his  government 
was  much  better  than  had  been  expected. 
But  his  conduct  was  soon  changed  for  the 
worse.  His  wars  were  mostly  unfortunate; 
and  his  want  of  success  both  wounded  his 
vanity  and  excited  his  fears,  and  thus  led  him 
to  delight  in  the  misfortunes  and  sufferings 
of  others.  In  88  he  undertook  an  expedition 
against  the  Chatti,  which  was  attended  with 
no  result,  though  on  his  return  to  Rome  in 
the  following  year  he  celebrated  a  triumph, 
and  assumed  the  name  of  Germanicus.  In  86 
Agricola,  whose  success  and  merits  excited 
his  jealousy,  was  recalled  to  Rome.  [AGRIO- 
OLAO  After  his  war  with  the  Dacians, 
which  terminated  very  unfavorably  [DEOEBA- 
LUS],  he  gave  full  sway  to  his  cruelty  and 
tyranny.  The  silent  fear  which  prevailed  in 
Rome  and  Italy  during  the  latter  years  of 
Domitian's  reign  is  briefly  but  energetically 
described  by  Tacitus  in  the  introduction  to 
his  Life  of  Agricola,  and  his  vices  and  tyran- 
ny are  exposed  in  the  strongest  colors  by  the 
withering  satire  of  Juvenal.  Many  conspira- 
cies had  been  formed  against  his  life,  which 
had  been  discovered;  but  he  was  at  length 


murdered  by  the  connivance  of  his  wK'e,  Do- 
mitia-. 

DOMITIUS  AFER.    [AFER.] 

DOMITIUS  AHENOBARBUS.     [AHBNO* 

BARBUS.] 

DOMlTlUS  CALVINUS.    [CALVINUS.] 
DOMITIUS  CORBtfLO.    [CORBULO.J 
DOM1TIUS  ULPIANUS.     [ULPIANUS.] 
DONATUS  (-i).    (1)  A  celebrated  gramma- 
rian, who  taught  at  Rome  in  the  middle  of  the 
4th  century,  and  was  the  preceptor  of  St.  Je- 
rome.   His  most  famous  work  is  a  system  of 
Latin  Grammar,  which  has  formed  the  ground- 
work of  most  elementary  treatises  upon  the 
same  subject  from  his  own  time  to  the  pres- 
ent day.— (2)  TIBERIUS  CLAUPIUS,  the  author 
of  a  Life  of  Virgil  in  25  chapters,  prefixed  to 
many  editions  of  Virgil. 

DONffSA  or  DONtMA  (-ae),  one  of  the 
smaller  Sporades  in  the  Aegaean  sea,  near 
Naxos.  It  produced  green  marble,  whence 
Virgil  calls  the  island  viridis.  Under  the  Ro- 
man emperors  it  was  used  as  a  place  of  ban- 
ishment 

DORA  (-ae),  D5RUS,  DORUM  (-i),  called 
DOR  in  the  O.  T.,  the  most  southerly  town  of 
Phoenicia  on  the  coast,  on  a  kind  of  penin- 
sula at  the  foot  of  Mount  Carmel. 

DORIS  (-Idis).  (1)  Daughter  of  Oceanus 
and  Thetis,  wife  of  her  brother  Nereus,  and 
mother  of  the  Nereides.  The  Latin  poets 
sometimes  use  the  name  of  this  divinity  for 
the  sea  itself.— (2)  One  of  the  Nereides,  daugh- 
ter of  the  preceding. — (3)  A  small  and  mount- 
ainous country  in  Greece,  formerly  called 
DBYSPIS,  bounded  by  Thessaly  on  the  N.,  by 
Aetolia  on  the  W.,  by  Locris  on  the  S.,  and  by 
Phocis  on  the  B.  It  contained  4  towns— Bourn, 
Citinium,  Erineus,  and  Pindus— which  form-, 
ed  the  Dorian  tetrapolis.  These  towns  never 
attained  any  consequence ;  but  the  country 
is  of  importance  as  the  home  of  the  Dorians 
(Dores),  one  of  the  great  Hellenic  races,  who 
conquered  Peloponnesus.  It  was  related  that 
Aegimius,  king  of  the  Dorians,  had  been 
driven  from  his  dominions  by  the  Lapithae, 
but  was  reinstated  by  Hercules ;  that  the  chil- 
dren of  Hercules  hence  took  refuge  in  this 
land  when  they  had  been  expelled  from  Pel- 
oponnesus ;  and  that  it  was  to  restore  them 
to  their  rights  that  the  Dorians  invaded  Pel- 
oponnesus. Accordingly,  the  conquest  of 
Peloponnesus  by  the  Dorians  is  usually  called 
the  Return  of  the  Heraclidae.  [HERAOLIDAE.] 
The  Dorians  were  divided  into  three  tribes: 
the  Hytteis,  PwmpJiyU,  and  Dymanei.  They 
were  the  ruling  class  throughout  Peloponne- 
sus; the  old  inhabitants  were  reduced  to 
slavery,  or  became  subjects  of  the  Dorians 
under  the  name  of  Perioeei — (4)  A  district  in 
Asia  Minor  consisting  of  the  Dorian  settle- 
ments on  the  coast  of  Caria  and  the  neighbor- 
ing islands.  Six  of  these  towns  formed  a 
league,  called  the  Dorian  hexapolis,  consist- 
ing of  Lindus,  lalysus,  and  Camirus  in  the 
island  of  Rhodes,  the  island  of  Cos,  and  Cni- 
dus  and  Halicarnassus  on  the  mainland. 

DORISCUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Thrace  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Hebrus,  in  the  midst  of  an  ex- 


DORUS. 


153 


DKYOPE. 


tensive  plain  of  the  same  name,  where  Xerxes 
reviewed  his  vast  forces. 

D5RUS  (-i),  a  son  of  Hellen,  and  the  myth- 
ical ancestor  of  the  Dorians. 

D5RYLAEUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Phrygia 
Epictetus,  on  the  river  Thymbris,  with  warm 
baths,  which  are  used  at  the  present  day. 

DOSSENNUS  FlBlUS,or  DORSENUS,  an 
ancient  Latin  comic  dramatist,  censured  by 
Horace  on  account  of  the  exaggerated  buf- 
foonery of  his  characters. 

DRABESCUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  district 
Edonis  in  Macedonia,  on  the  Strymon. 

DRlCON  (-onis),  the  author  of  the  first 
written  code  of  laws  at  Athens.  Li  this  code 
he  affixed  the  penalty  of  death  to  almost  all 
crimes—  to  petty  thefts,  for  instance,  as  well 
as  to  sacrilege  and  murder—  which  gave  oc- 
casion for  the  remark  that  his  la^vys  were  writ- 
ten, not  in  ink,  but  in  blood.  His  legislation 
is  placed  in  B.O.  621.  After  the  legislation  of 
Solon  (594),  most  of  the  laws  of  Dracon  fell 
into  disuse. 

DRANGilNA  (-ae),  a  part  of  Ariana, 
bounded  by  Gedrosia,  Carmania,  Arachosia, 
and  Aria.  It  sometimes  formed  a  separate 
satrapy,  but  was  more  usually  united  to  the 
satrapies  either  of  Arachosia  or  of  Gedrosia, 
or  of  Aria.  In  the  N.  of  the  country  dwelt 
the  DRANGAE,  a  warlike  people,  from  whom 
the  province  derived  its  name.  The  Ariaspae 
inhabited  the  S.  part  of  the  province. 

DRAVUS  (-i:  Drave),  a  tributary  of  the 
Danube,  flowing  through  Noricum  and  Pan- 
nonia  ;  and  after  receiving  the  Murius  (Muhr), 
falling  into  the  Danube  E.  of  Mursa  (Esseck). 

DRfiP&NUM  (-i),  that  is,  a  sickle.  (1)  Also 
DEEPANA  (-orurn),  more  rarely  DEEPANE  (-es  : 
Trapani),  a  sea-port  town  in  the  N.  W.  comer 
of  Sicily,  founded  by  the  Carthaginians.  It 
was  here  that  Auchises  died,  according  to  Vir- 
gil.— (2)  Also  DBEPANE,  a  town  in  Bithynia, 
flie  birthplace  of  Helena,  mother  of  Constan- 
tino the  Great,  in  whose  honor  it  was  called 
HELENOPOLIS,  and  made  an  important  place. 

DRtfENTtA  (-ae  :  Durance),  a  large  and 
rapid  river  in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  rising  in 
the  Alps,  and  flowing  into  the  Rhone  near 
Avenio  (Avignon). 


the 


DRUSILLA  (-ae).  (1)  Lrvi  A  (-ae),  mother  of 

emperor  Tiberius  and  wife  of  Augustus. 
_    _   ~  ----- 


[LiviA.]— (2)  Daughter  of  Germanicus  and 
Agrippina,  lived  in  incestuous  intercourse 
with  her  brother  Caligula,  who  loved  her 
most  tenderlv  and  deified  her  at  her  decease, 
A.D.  3S.-p(3)  Daughter  of  Herodes  Agrippa  I., 
king  of  the  Jews,  married  Felix,  the  procura- 
tor of  Judaea,  and  was  present  with  her  hus- 
band when  St.  Paul  preached  before  Felix  in 
A.D.  60. 

DRtFSUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  distinguished 
family  of  the  Livia  gens.  It  is  said  that  one 
of  the  Livii  acquired  the  cognomen  Drnsus 
for  himself  and  his  descendants  by  having 
slain  in  combat  one  Drausus,  a  Gallic  chief- 
tain.—(1)  M.  LIVIUS  DRUSUS,  tribune  of  the 
plebs  with  C.  Gracchus,  B.O.  122.  He  was  a 
stanch  adherent  of  the  aristocracy,  and 
gained  popularity  for  the  senate  by  proposing 


almost  the  same  measures  as  he  had  opposed 
when  brought  forward  by  Gracchns.  He  was 
consul  in  111 — (2)  M.  LIVIUS  DEUSUS,  son  of 
No.  1,  an  eloquent  orator,  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  91.  Although,  like  his  father,  he  be- 
longed to  the  aristocratical  party,  he  medi- 
tated the  most  extensive  changes  in  the  Ro- 
man state.  He  proposed  and  carried  some 
portion  of  his  scheme ;  but  eventually  his 
measures  became  very  unpopular.  The  sen- 
ate, perceiving  the  dissatisfaction  of  all  par- 
ties, voted  that  all  the  laws  of  Drusus,  being 
carried  against  the  auspices,  were  null  and 
void  from  the  beginning.  Drusus  now  began 
to  organize  a  formidable  conspiracy  against 
the  government ;  but  one  evening,  as  he  was 
entering  the  hall  of  his  own  house,  he  was 
stabbed,  and  died  a  few  hours  afterwards. 
The  death  of  Drusus  destroyed  the  hopes  of 
the  Socii,  to  whom  he  had  promised  the  Ro- 
man citizenship,  and  was  thus  immediately 
followed  by  the  Social  war.— (3)  LIVIUS  DEU- 
SUS CLAUDIANUS,  father  of  Livia,  who  was  the 
mother  of  the  emperor  Tiberius.  He  was  one 
of  the  gens  Claudia,  and  was  adopted  by  a 
Livius  Drusus.  Being  proscribed  by  the  tri- 
umvirs (42),  he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. — 
(4)  NERO  CLAUDIUS  DEUSUS,  commonly  called 
by  the  moderns  DEUSUS  SENIOE,  to  distinguish 
him  from  No.  5,  was  the  son  of  Tib.  Claudius 
Nero  and  Livia,  and  younger  brother  of  the 
emperor  Tiberius.  He  was  born  in  the  house 
of  Augustus  three  months  after  the  marriage 
of  Livia  and  Augustus,  B.O.  38.  Drusus,  as  he 
grew  up,  was  more  liked  by  the  people  than 
was  his  brother.  He  married  Antonia,  the 
daughter  of  the  triumvir,  and  was  greatly 
trusted  by  Augustus,  who  employed  him  in 
important  offices.  He  carried  on  the  war 
against  the  Germans,  and  in  the  course  of  4 
campaigns  (B.C.  12-9)  he  advanced  as  far  as 
the  Albis  (Elbe).  In  his  first  campaign  he  dug 
a  canal  (Fossa  Drusiana)  from  the  Rhine  near 
Arnheim  to  the  Yssel,  near  Doesberg;  aud 
he  made  use  of  this  canal  to  sail  from  the 
Rhine  into  the  ocean.  On  the  return  of  the 
army  from  the  Elbe  to  the  Rhine,  he  died  in 
consequence  of  a  fracture  of  his  leg,  which 
happened  through  a  fall  from  his  horse. — (5) 
DEUSUS  CAESAR,  commonly  called  by  modern 
writers  Dnusus  JUNIOR,  was  the  son  of  the 
emperor  Tiberius  by  his  1st  wife,  Vipsania. 
He  married  Livia,  the  sister  of  Germanicus. 
He  was  poisoned  by  Sejanus,  the  favorite  of 
Tiberius,  who  aspired  to  the  empire,  A.I>.  23. 
— (6)  DEUSUS,  second  son  of  Germanicus  and 
Agrippina,  also  fell  a  victim  to  the  ambition 
of  Sejanus  a  few  years  after  No.  5. 

DRYlDES.    [NTMPHAE.] 

DRYAS  (-adis),  father  of  the  Thracian  king 
Lycurgus,  who  is  hence  called  Dryantides. 

DRYMAEA  (-ae)  or  DRYMUS  (-i),  a  town 
in  Phocis,  a  little  S.  of  the  Cephissus. 

DRYMUS  (-i).    (1)  See  DRTMABW (2)  A 

strong  place  in  Attica,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Boeotia. 

DRYMUSSA  (-ae),  an  island  off  the  coast 
of  Ionia,  opposite  Clazomenae. 

DRYOPE  (-es),  daughter  of  king  Dryops, 
was  beloved  by  Apollo,  by  whom  she  became 
the  mother  of  AMPHIBSCS.  She  was  afterwards 


DRYOPES. 


154 


ECHEDORUS. 


carried  off  by  the  Hamadryades,  and  became 
a  nymph. 

DR¥OPES  (-urn),  a  Pelasgic  people,  who 
dwelt  first  in  Thessaly,  from  the  Spercheus 
to  Parnassus,  and  afterwards  in  Doris,  which 
was  called  from  them  DRYOIMS.  Driven  oat 
of  Doris  by  the  Dorians,  they  migrated  to 
other  countries,  and  settled  in  Peloponnesus, 
Buboea,  and  Asia  Minor. 

DtTBIS  (-is:  Doubs),  a  river  in  Gaul,  rising 
in  M.  Jurassus  (Jura),  flowing  past  Vesontio 
(Besani'on),  and  falling  into  the  Arar  (Saime) 
near  Cabillontira  (Chalons). 

DUBRIS  PORTUS  (Dover),  a  sea-port  town 
of  the  Cautii  iu  Britain :  here  was  a  fortress 
erected  by  the  Romans  against  the  Saxon 
pirates. 

DtJXLlUS  (-i),  consul  B.O.  260,  gained  a  vie- 


Columna  Rosfcrata. 


tory  over  the  Carthaginian  fleet  by  means  of 
grappling-irons,  which  drew  the  enemy's 
ships  towards  his,  and  thus  changed  the  sea- 
fight  into  a  land-fight.  This  was  the  first 
naval  victory  that'  the  Romans  had  ever 
gained,  and  the  memory  of  it  was  perpetuated 
by  a  column  which  was  erected  in  the  forum, 
and  adorned  with  the  beaks  of  the  conquered 
ships  (Columna  Rostrata). 

DULGIBINI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Germany, 
dwelling  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Weser. 

DtTLlCHlUM.      [EOHINAT>EB.] 

DUMNOKIX  (-igis),  a  chieftain  of  the  Ae- 
dui,  and  brother  of  Divitiacus.  He  was  an 
enemy  of  the  Romans,  and  was  put  to  death 
by  Caesar's  order,  B.C.  54. 

DUNIUM.      [DdROTRIGES.3 

DARIUS  (-i:  Ditero,  Douro),  one  of  the 
chief  rivers  of  Spain,  near  Numantia,  and 
flowing  into  the  Atlantic. 

DUROCORTORTJM  (-i :  Rheims),  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Remi  in  GalliaBelgica,  subsequent- 
ly called  Remi. 

DURONIA,  a  town  in  Samnium,  in  Italy, 
W.  of  the  Caudine  passes. 

DUROTRtGES  (-um),  a  people  in  Britain, 
in  Dorsetshire  and  the  W.  of  Somersetshire ; 
their  chief  town  was  Dunium  (Dorchester). 

DUROVERNUM  or  DARVERNUM  (-i: 
Canterbury),  a  town  of  the  Cantii  in  Britain, 
afterwards  called  Cantuaria. 

DlfMAS  (-antis),  father  of  Hecuba,  who  ia 
hence  called  Dymantis. 

DYME  (-es)  or  DTMAB  (-arum),  a  town  in 
the  W.  of  Achaia,  near  the  coast ;  one  of  the 
12  Achaean  towns. 

DYRRHACHIUM  (-i:  Durazzo),  formerly 
called  EpiDAMNtis,  a  town  in  Greek  Illyria, 
on  a  peninsula  in  the  Adriatic  Sea.  It  was 
founded  by  the  Corcyreans,  and  received  the 
name  of  Epidamnus ;  but  since  the  Romans 
regarded  this  name  a  bad  omen,  as  reminding 
them  of  damnuni,  they  changed  it  into  Dyr- 
rhachium.  It  was  the  usual  place  of  landing 
for  persons  who  crossed  over  from  Brundisi- 


E. 


EBORlCUM  or  EBURlCUM  (-i:  York),  a 
town  of  the  Brigantes  in  Britain,  made  a  Ro- 
man station  by  Agricola,  and  became  the  chief 
Roman  settlement  in  the  island.  It  was  both 
a  muuicipium  and  a  colony,  and  the  residence 
of  the  Roman  emperors  when  they  visited 
Britain.  Here  the  emperors  Septimius  Seve- 
rus  and  Constantius  Cnlorus  died. 

EBtJDAE  or  HEBtJDAE  (-arum  Hebrides), 
islands  in  the  Western  Ocean  off  Britain. 

EBURONES  (-um),  a  German  people,  who 
crossed  the  Rhine  and  settled  in  Galha  Beld- 
ca,  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Mosa  (Haas). 

EBTTROVICES. 


EBtJStrs  or  EBtfSUS  (-i  :  Iviza),  the  largest 
of  the  Pityusae  insulae,  off  the  E.  coast  of 


Spain,  reckoned  by  some  writers  among  the 
Baleares. 

ECBlTXNl  (-5rnm:  ffawadan),  a  great 
city,  most  pleasantly  situated,  near  the  foot 
of  Mount  Oroutes,  In  the  N,  of  Great  Media, 
was  the  capital  of  the  Median  kingdom,  and 
afterwards  the  summer  residence  of  the  Per- 
sian and  Parthian  kings.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  the  first  king  of  Media,  Dei- 
oces. 

ECETRA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  of  the  Vol- 
sci,  destroyed  by  the  Romans  at  an  early  po 
riod. 

ECHfiD(5RUS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  Macedo- 
nia, flowing  through  Mygdonia,  and  falling 
into  the  Thermaic  gulf. 


ECI1EMUS. 


155 


ELECTRA. 


ECHEMUS  (-1),  king  of  Arcadia,  slew,  iu 
single  combat,  Hyllus»,  the  sou  of  Hercules. 

ECHIDNA  (-ae),  a  monster,  half  woman 
and  half  serpent,  became  by  Typhon  the 
mother  of  the  Chimaera,  of  the  many-headed 
dog  Orthtis,  of  the  hundred-beaded  dragon 
who  guarded  the  apples  of  the  Hesperides,  of 
the  Colchian  dragon,  of  the  Sphinx,  of  Cerbe- 
rus (hence  called  Eckidneus  cam's),  of  Scylla, 
of  Gorgon,  of  the  Lernaean  Hydra  (Echidna, 
Lernaea),  of  the  eagle  which  consumed  the 
liver  of  Prometheus,  and  of  the  Nemean  lion. 
She  was  killed  in  her  sleep  by  Argus  Pauop- 
tes. 

ECHINA'DES  (-urn),  a  group  of  small 
islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Acbelous,  belong- 
ing to  Arcanania,  said  to  have  been  formed 
by  the  alluvial  deposits  of  the  Achelous. 
They  appear  to  have  derived  their  name  from 
their  resemblance  to  the  Echinus,  or  sea- 
urchin.  The  largest  of  these  islands  was 
named  BULIOHIUM,  and  belonged  to  the  king- 
dom of  Ulysses,  who  is  hence  called  Dulichius. 

ECHlON  (-onis).  (1)  One  of  the  heroes 
who  sprang  upfrom  the  dragon's  teeth  sown 
,  by  Cadmus.  Me  was  the  husband  of  Agave 
and  father  of  Pentheus,  who  is  hence  called 
EchldnMes.— (2)  Son  of  Hermes  (Mercury) 
and  Antianira,  took  part  in  the  Calydonian 
hunt,  and  in  the  expedition  of  the  Argonauts. 

ECHO  (-us),  a  nymph  who  used  to  keep 
Juno  engaged  by  incessantly  talking  to  her, 
while  Jupiter  was  sporting  with  the  nymphs. 
Juno,  however,  found  out  the  trick  that  was 
played  upon  her,  and  punished  Echo  by 
changing  her  into  an  echo*  Echo  in  this  state 
fell  in  love  with  Narcissus;  but  as  her  love 
was  not  returned,  she  pined  away  in  grief,  so 
that  in  the  end  there  remained  of  her  nothing 
but  her  voice. 

EDESSA  (-ac;.  (1)  Also  called  ANTWOHIA 
CALT.IEEHOB  (O.T.  Ur),  a  very  ancient  city  in 
theN.  of  Mesopotamia,  the  capital  of  Osroene, 
an  d  the  seat  of  u.  ^ndepen  dent  kingdom  from 
B.O.  1ST  to  A.D.  21o.  [ABGABUB.] — (2)  A  city 
of  Macedonia,  the  burial-place  of  the  kings. 

IDETA"  NI  or  SEDETANI  (-drum),  a  people 
in  HispauiaTarraconecsis,  E.  of  the  Celtiberi. 

ED<5NI  or  EDO*NES  (-urn),  a  Thracian  peo- 
ple, between  the  Nestus  and  the  Strymon, 
celebrated  for  their  orgiastic  worship  of  Bac- 
chus :  whence  SDONIS  in  the  Latin  poets  sig- 
nifies a  female  Bacchante,  and  SDONUS  is  used 
as  eauivalent  to  Thraciau. 

SETION  (-5nis),  king  of  the  Placian  Thebe, 
in  Cilicia,  and  father  of  Andromache,  the  wife 
of  Hector. 

EGERlA.    CAEGEBIA.] 

EGESTA.      [SEGESTA.] 

EGNATlA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Apnlia  on  the 
coast,  called  GNA-riAby  Horace.  It  was  cele- 
brated for  its  miraculous  stone  or  altar,  which 
of  itself  set  on  fire  frankincense  and  wood ;  a 
prodigy  which  afforded  amusement  to  Horace 
and  his  friends,  who  looked  upon  it  as  a  mere 
trick.  Egnatia  was  situated  on  the  high-road 
from  Rome  to  Brundisiura,  which  from  Egna- 
tia to  Brundisium  bore  the  name  of  the  VIA 
2&0&A.TXA.  The  continuation  of  this  road  on 


the  other  side  of  the  Adriatic  from  Dyrrha* 
chium  to  Byzantium  also  bore  the  name  of 
Via  JHfji.atia.  It  was  the  great  military  road 
tetweeu  Italy  and  the  E.  Commencing  at 
Dyrrhachium,  it  passed  by  Lychnidus,  Hera- 
clea,  Lyncestis,  Edessa,  Thessalonica,  Am- 
phipolis,  Philippi,  and  traversing  the  whole  of 
Thrace,  finally  reached  Byzantium. 

ElON  (-onis),  a  town  in  Thrace,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Stryraon,  25  stadia  from  Am* 
phipolis,  of  which  it  was  the  harbor. 

ELAEA  (-ae),  an  ancient  city  on  the  ccasr 
of  Aeolis  in  Asia  Minor,  subsequently  served 
as  the  harbor  of  Pergainus.  The  gulf  oc 
which  it  stood  was  named  after  it  Sinus  Ela- 
iticus. 

ELAEttS  (-untis)  or  ELEtfrS  (-untis),  a 
town  on  the  S.  E.  point  of  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonese, with  a  harbor  and  an  heroum  of  Pro- 
tesilaus. 

ELAGAB1.LUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  A.D. 
218-222,  son  of  Julia  Soemias  and  \arius  Mar- 
cellus,  was  born  at  Emesa  about  205.  and  was 
called  Elagabalus  because  in  childhood  he 
was  made  priest  of  the  Syro-Phoenician  stm* 
god  at  Emesa  bearing  that  name.  He  ob 
tained  the  purple  at 
the  age  of  IS,  by 
the  intrigues  of  his 
grandmother,  Julia 
Maesa,  who  gave  our 
that  he  was  the  son 
ofCaracalla.  On  his  | 
accession  he  took 
the  name  of  M.  Air- 
EELIUS  ANTONINUS. 
He  was  a  prince  of 
incredible  folly,  su- 
perstition, and  vice. 
He  was  slain  by  the 
soldiers  in  222,  and 
was  succeeded  by 
his  cousin  Alexan- 
der Severus. 

ELlNA.    [AuLANA,] 

ElA  TEA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in  Phocis,  sit- 
uated near  the  Cephissus  in  a  fertile  valley, 
which  was  an  imp'ortant  pass  irom  Thessaiy 
to  Boeotia.— (2)  A  town  in  Pelasgiotis  in 
Thessaiy,  near  Gonni.— (3)  Or  ELATEEA,  a 
town  in  Epirus,  near  the  sources  of  the  Co- 
cytus. 

ELiTUS  (-i),  one  of  the  Lapi*iae,  and  f* 
ther  of  Caeneus,  who  is  hence  wied  £ldte>ius. 

ELlVER  (-ens:  Alltefy  a  rfrer  in  Aquit?- 
nia,  a  tributary  of  the  Liger. 

ELEA. 


FJagabalus- 


Harpies,  ASllo  and  Ocypete.--(ai  Daughter  o 
Atlas  and  Plelone,  one  of  the  ?  Pleiades,  ana 
by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  mother  of  Ia*«ion  and  Dar« 
dauus.— (3)  Daughter  of  Agamemnon  and 
Clytaemnestra,  also  called  Laoriice,  sister  ot , 
Iphi$enia  and  Orestes.  After  the  murder  of 
her  father  by  her  mother,  she  saved  the  nie 
of  her  young  brother  Orestes  by  Bending  him 
to  King  Strophius  until  he  had  g*own  up  to 
manhood.  Electra then  excited  him  to  avenge 


EBECTRIDES. 


156 


ELYSIUM. 


the  death  of  Agamemnon, 
and  assisted  him  in  slaying 
their  mother  Clytaemnes- 
tra.  [ORESTES.]  After  the 
death  of  the  latter,  Orestes 
gave  her  in  marriage  to  his 
friend  Pylades. 

ELECTRlDES  INStJ- 
LAE.  [ERiDANtJS.] 

ELECTRON  (-onis), 
son  of  Persens  and  Andro- 
meda, and  father  of  Alc- 
meue,  the  wife  of  Amphit- 
ryon. For  details,  see  AM- 
PHITEYON. 

ELEON  (-onis),  a  town 
Electro.  in  Boeotia,  near  Tanagra. 

ELEPHANTINE  (-es),  an  island  in  the  Nile, 
with  a  city  of  the  same  name,  opposite  to  Sy- 
eue,  and  1  stadia  below  the  Little  Cataract, 
was  the  frontier  station  of  Egypt  towards 
Ethiopia,  and  was  strongly  garrisoned  under 
the  Persians  and  the  Romans. 

ELEUSIS  (-mis),  a  town  and  demus  of  At- 
tica, situated  N.W.  of  Athens,  on  the  coast 
near  the  frontiers  of  Megara.  It  possessed  a 
magnificent  temple  of  Demeter  (Ceres),  and 
gave  its  name  to  the  great  festival  and  mys- 
teries of  the  Eleusinia,  which  were  celebrated 
in  honor  of  Demeter  and  Persephone  (Pros- 
erpine). 


in  the  S.  of  Elis ;  while  the  N.  of  the  country 
was  inhabited  by  the  Epeans,  with  whom 
some  Aetolian  tribes  were  mingled.  On  the 
conquest  of  Peloponnesus  by  the  Heraclidae, 
the  Aetolian  chief  Oxylus  received  Elis  as  his 
share  of  the  conquest ;  and  it  was  the  union 
of  his  Aetolian  and  Dorian  followers  with  the 
Epeans  which  formed  the  subsequent  popu- 
lation of  the  country,  under  the  general  name 
of  Eleans.  Elis  owed  its  importance  in  Greece 
to  the  worship  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  at  Olympia, 
near  Pisa,  in  honor  of  whom  a  splendid  festi-» 
val  was  held  every  4  years.  [OLYMPIA.]  In 
consequence  of  this  festival  being  common  to 
the  whole  of  Greece,  the  country  of  Elis  waa 
declared  sacred,  and  its  inhabitants  possessed 
priestly  privileges. 

SLISSA.    [Dn>o.] 

ELLOPIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  district  in  the  N.  of 
Euboea,  near  the  promontory  Ceiiaeum,  with 
a  town  of  the  same  name :  the  whole  island 
of  Euboea  is  sometimes  called  Ellopia.— (2) 
An  ancient  name  of  the  district  about  Dodo- 
na  in  Epirus. 

1L<5NE  (-es),  a  town  of  the  Perrhaebi,  in 
Thessaly,  afterwards  called  Limone. 

ELPSNOR  (-6ris),  one  of  the  companions 
of  Ulysses,  who  were  metamorphosed  by  Cir- 
ce into  swine,  and  afterwards  back  into  men. 
Intoxicated  with  wine,  Elpeuor  one  day  fell 
asleep  on  Circe's  roof,  and  broke  his  neck. 


Eleusis. 


(-i),  a  surname  of  Jupiter  at 
Rome,  because  he  was  invoked  to  send  down, 
lightning. 

ELIMBERRUM.    CAusai.] 

SLlMEA,  -I A  (-ae),  or  ELlMlQTIS,  a  dis- 
trict of  Macedonia,  on  the  frontiers  of  Epirus 
and  Thessaly,  originally  belonging  to  Illyria. 
Its  inhabitants,  the  ELIMA.IO,  were  Epirots. 

SLIS  (-Idis),  a  country  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Peloponnesus,  bounded  by  Achaia  on  the  N., 
Arcadia  on  the  E.,  Messenia  on  the  S.,  and 
the  Ionian  sea  on  the  W.  It  was  divided  into 
3  parts :  (1)  ELIS  PBOPEB,  or  HOLLOW  ELIS, 
the  N.  part,  watered  by  the  Peneus,  of  which 
the  capital  was  also  called  Elis — (2)  PISATIS, 
the  middle  portion,  of  which  the  capital  was 
PISA.— (3)  TBIPHYLIA,  the  S.  portion,  of  which 
PTLOS  was  the  capital,  lying  between  the  Al- 
pheus  and  the  Neda.— In  the  heroic  times  we 
find  the  kingdom  of  Nestor  and  the  Pelidae 


ELTJSATES  (-urn),  a  people  in  Aquitania, 
in  the  interior  of  the  country. 

ELtMAIS  (-idis),  a  district  of  Snsiana, 
which  derived  its  name  from  the  Elymaei  or 
Elymi,  a  warlike  and  predatory  people.  They 
are  also  found  in  the  mountains  of  Great  Me- 
dia, and  were  probably  among  the  most  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  the  country  N.  of  the  head 
of  the  Persian  Gulf:  in  the  O.  T.  Susiana  i 
called  Elam.  , 

ELYMTJS  (-i),  natural  son  of  Anchises,  and 
brother  of  Eryx ;  one  of  the  Trojans  who  fled 
from  Troy  to  Sicily.  With  the  aid  of  Aeneas 
they  built  the  towns  of  Aegesta  and  Elyme. 
The  Trojans  who  settled  in  that  part  of  Sicily 
called  themselves  Elymi,  after  Elymus. 

SLTSIUM  (-i),  the  Elysian  field*.  In  Ho- 
mer Elysium  forms  no  part  or  the  realms  of 
the  dead ;  he  places  it  on  the  W.  of  the  earth, 
near  Ocean,  and  describes  it  as  a  happy  land, 


EMATHIA. 


157 


EPAMIKONDAS. 


where  there  is  neither  snow,  nor  cold,  nor 
rain.  Hither  favored  heroes,  like  Menelaus, 
pass  without  dying,  and  live  happy  under  the 
rule  of  Rhadamanthus.  In  the  Latin  poets 
Elysium  is  part  of  the  lower  world,  and  the 
residence  of  the  shades  of  the  Blessed. 

EMATHIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Macedonia, 
between  the  Haliacmon  and  the  Axius.  The 
poets  frequently  give  the  name  of  Emathi^  to 
the  whole  of  Macedonia,  and  sometimes  even 
to  thA  neighboring  Thessaly. 

EMATHlDES  (-urn),  the  9  daughters  of 
Pierus,  king  of  Emathia. 

SMJSSA  or  EMlSA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Syria,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Orontes,  the  native  city  of 
Elagabalus. 

EMPEDOCLKS  (-is),  a  philosopher  of  Agri- 
gentum,  in  Sicily,  flourished  about  B.O.  444. 
He  was  learned  and  eloquent ;  and,  on  ac- 
count of  his  success  in  curing  diseases,  was 
reckoned  a  magician.  His  death  is  said  to 
have  been  as  miraculous  as  his  life.  One  tra- 
dition related  that  he  threw  himself  into  the 
flames  of  Mount  Aetna,  that  by  his  sudden 
disappearance  he  might  be  believed  to  be  a 
god ;  out  it  was  added  that  the  volcano  threw 
up  one  of  his  sandals,  and  thus  revealed  the 
manner  of  his  death.  His  works  were  all  in 
verse;  and  some  fragments  of  them  have 
come  down  to  us.  Empedocles  was  chosen 
as  a  model  by  Lucretius. 

EMPtfRfAE  (-arum)  or  EMPORIUM  (-i: 
Ampurias),  a  town  of  the  Indigetes  in  His- 
pania  Tarraconensis,  near  the  Pyrenees,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  Clodianns,  founded  by  the 
Phocaeans  from  Massilia. 

EMPtTSA  (-ae),  a  monstrous  spectre,  which 
was  believed  to  devour  human  beings. 

ENCELADUS  (-i).  son  of  Tartarus  and  Ge 
(Earth),  and  one  of  the  hundred-armed  giants 
who  made  war  upon  the  gods.  He  was  killed 
by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who  buried  him  under 
Mount  Aetna. 

ENDlMON  (-5nis),  a  youth  renowned  for 
his  beauty  and  his  perpetual  sleep.  As  he 
slept  on  Mount  Latmus,  in  Caria,  his  surpris- 
ing beauty  warmed  the  cold  heart  of  Selene 
(the  Moon),  who  came  down  to  him,  kissed 
him,  and  lay  by  his  side.  His  eternal  sleep 
on  Latmus  is  assigned  to  different  causes; 
but  it  was  generally  believed  that  Selene  had 
sent  him  to  sleep  that  she  might  be  able  to 
kiss  him  without  his  knowledge. 

ENGYUM  (-i),  a  town  in  the  interior  of 
Sicily,  possessing  a  celebrated  temple  of  the 
great  mother  of  tne  gods. 

ENIPEUS  (-Sos  or  e*i),  a  river  in  Thessaly, 
rising  in  Mount  Othrys,  receiving  the  Apida- 
nus,  near  Pharsalus,  and  flowing  into  the 
Peneus.  Poseidon  (Neptune)  assumed  the 
form  of  the  god  of  this  river  in  order  to  obtain 
possession  of  Tyro,  who  was  in  love  with 
Enipeus.  She  became  by  Poseidon  the  moth- 
er of  Pelias  and  Neleus. 

ENNA  or  HENNA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town 
of  the  Siculi  in  Sicily,  on  the  road  from  Ca- 
tana  to  Agrigentum,  said  to  be  the  centre  of 
the  island.  It-  was  surrounded  by  fertile 
plains,  which  bore  large  crops  of  wheat ;  it 
was  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the  worship  of 


Demeter  (Ceres) ;  and  according  to  later  tra* 
dition,  it  was  in  a  flowery  meadow  near  this 
place  that  Pluto  carried  off  Proserpine. 

ENNIUS  (-i),  Q.,  the  Roman  poet,  was 
born  at  Rudiae  in  Calabria,  B.O.  239.  He  w#fe 
a  Greek  by  birth,  but  a  sub- 
ject of  Rome,  and  served  in 
the  Roman  armies.  In  204 
Cato,  who  was  then  quaes- 
tor, found  Ennius  in  Sardin- 
ia, and  brought  him  in  his 
train  to  Rome.  In  ISO  Eu- 
nius  accompaniedM.  Fulvius 
Nobilior  during  the  Aetplian 
campaign,  and  shared  his  tri- 
umph. Through  the  son  of 
Nobilior,  Ennius,  when  far 
advanced  in  life,  obtained 
the  rights  of  a  Roman  citi- 
zen. He  maintained  himself 
by  teaching  the  youths  of  the 
Roman  nobles.  He  lived  on 
terms  of  the  closest  intimacy 
with  the  elder  Scipio  Africa- 
nus.  He  died  in  169,  at  the  age  of  70,  and  was 
buried  in  the  sepulchre  of  the  Scipios.  En- 
nius was  regarded  by  the  Romans  as  the  fa- 
ther of  their  poetry,  but  all  his  works  are  lost 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  fragments.  His 
most  important  work  was  an  epic  poem  in 
dactylic  hexameters,  entitled  Annales,  being 
a  history  of  Rome,  from  the  earliest  times  to 
bis  own  day. 

ENTELLA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Sicaniin  the 
interior  of  the  island  of  Sicily,  on  the  W.  side, 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  Entellus,  one 
of  the  companions  of  the  Trojan  Acestes. 

£]STALlUS  (-i),  the  Warlike,  frequently  oc- 
curs in  the  Iliad  (never  in  the  Odyssey)  as  an 
epithet  of  Ares  (Mars).  At  a  later  time  Eny- 
alius  and  Ares  were  distinguished  as  2  differ- 
ent gods  of  war.  The  name  is  evidently  de- 
rived from  ENYO. 


5  (-us),  the  goddess  of  war,  who  de- 
lights in  bloodshed  and  the  destruction  of 
towns,  and  accompanies  Ares  in  battles.  Re- 
specting the  Roman  goddess  of  war,  see  BEL- 
LONA. 

EORDAEA  (-ae),  a  district  and  town  in  the 
N.  W.  of  Macedonia,  inhabited  by  the  EOEDI. 

WS  (and  Eos),  in  Latin  AURORA  <-ae),  the 
goddess  of  the  dawn,  daughter  of  Hyperion 
and  Thia  or  Euryphassa ;  or  of  Pallas,  accord- 
ing to  Ovid.  At  the  close  of  every  night  she 
rose  from  the  couch  of  her  spouse  Tithonus, 
and  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  swift  horses  as- 
cended up  to  heaven  from  the  river  Oceanus, 
to  announce  the  coming  light  of  the  sun.  She 
carried  off  several  youths  distinguished  for 
their  beauty,  such  as  ORION,  CEPHALUS,  and 
TITHONUS,  whence  she  is  called  by  Ovid  Tfr 
thonia  confuse.  She  bore  Memnon  to  Tithonus. 

SPlMINONDAS  (-ae),  the  Theban  general 
and  statesman,  son  of  Polymnis,  was  born 
and  reared  in  poverty,  though  his  blood  was 
noble.  He  saved  the  life  of  Pelopidas  in  bat- 
tle, B.O.  3S5,  and  lived  in  close  friendship  with 
him  afterwards.  After  the  Spartans  had  been 
expelled  from  Thebes,  379,  Epaminondas  took 
an  active  part  in  public  affairs.  He  gained  a 
great  victory  over  the  Spartans  at  Leuctra 


EPAPHUS. 


158 


EPIDAURUS. 


(B.O.  371),  which  destroyed  the  Spartan  su- 
premacy in  Greece.  Four  times  he  success- 
fully invaded  Peloponnesus  at  the  head  of  the 
Theban  armies.  In  the  last  of  these  cam- 
paigns he  gained  a  brilliant  victory  over  the 
Lacedaemonians  at  Mautinoa ;  but,  in  the  full 
career  of  victory,  died.  He  is  said  to  have 
fallen  by  the  hands  of  Grylltis,  the  sou  of 
Xenophou.  Epaminondas  was  one  of  the 
greatest  men  of  Greece.  He  raised  Thebes 
to  the  supremacy  of  Greece,  which  she  lost 
almost  as  soon  as  he  died.  Both  in  public 
and  private  life  he  was  distinguished  by  in- 
tegrity and  uprightness,  aud  he  carried  into 
daily  practice  the  lessons  of  philosophy,  of 
which  he  was  an  ardent  student. 

EPlPHUS  (-1),  sou  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and 
lo,  born  on  the  river  Nile,  after  the  long  wan- 
derings of  his  mother.  He  became  king  of 
Egypt,  aud  built  Memphis. 

EPEL    [ELis.] 

SPEUS  (-i),  son  of  Panopeus,  and  builder 
of  the  Trojan  horse. 

SPHESOS  (-i),  the  chief  of  the  12  Ionian 
cities  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor.  In  the 
plain  beyond  its  walls  stood  the  celebrated 
temple  of  Artemis  (Diana),  which  was  built 
in  the  6th  century  B.O.,  and,  after  being  burned 
down  by  Herostratus  in  the  night  ou  which 
Alexander  the  Great  was  born  (B.O.  366),  was 
restored  by  the  joint  efforts  of  all  the  Ionian 
states,  and  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  won- 
ders of  the  world.  With  the  rest  of  Ionia, 
Ephesus  fell  under  the  power  successively  of 
Croesas,  the  Persians,  the  Macedonians,  and 
the  Romans.  It  was  always  very  nourishing, 
and  became  even  more  so  as  the  other  Ionian 
cities  decayed.  In  the  early  history  of  the 
Christian  Church  it  is  conspicuous  as  having 
been  visited  both  by  St.  Paul  and  St.  John, 
who  also  addressed  epistles  to  the  Church  es- 
tablished at  Ephesus. 


Bronze  Coin  of  Epbesu; 


2PHIALTES  (-is).  (1)  One  of  the  Aloldae. 
[ALOEUS.]  — (2)  A  Malian,  who  in  B.O.  4SO, 
when  Leonidas  was  defending  the  pass  of 
Thermopylae,  guided  a  body  of  Persians  over 
the  mountain  path,  and  thus  enabled  them  to 
fall  on  the  rear  of  the  Greeks.— (3)  An  Athe- 
nian statesman,  and  a  friend  and  partisan  of 
Pericles,  whom  he  assisted  in  carrying  his 
political  measures. 

SPHORUS  (-i),  of  Cymae  in  Aeolis,  a  cele- 
brated Greek  historian,  a  contemporary  of 
Philip  and  Alexander,  flourished  about  B.O. 
840.  He  wrote  a  universal  history,  the  first 
that  was  attempted  in  Greece.  The  work, 


however,  has  perished,  with  the  exception  of 
a  few  fragments. 

SPHlfRA  (-ne),  the  ancient  name  of  Cor* 
inth,  whence  £ph$reius  is  used  as  equivalent 
to  Corinthian.  [COBINTIIUS.] 

EPICASTE,  commonly  called  JOOASTE. 

EPICHARMUS  (-i),  the  chief  comic  poet 
among  the  Dorians,  bom  in  the  island  of  Cos, 
about  B.O.  540,  was  carried  to  Megara  in  Sicily 
in  his  infancy,  and  spent  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  at  Syracuse  at  the  court  of  Hieron.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  90  (450),  or  97  (443).  Epi- 
charmus  gave  to  comedy  u  new  form,  and  in- 
troduced a  regular  plot.  His  language  was 
elegant,  and  his  productions  abounded  in 
philosophical  and  moral  maxims. 

EPlCNEMlDII  LOCRI.    [Looms.] 

EPICTlTUS  (-i),  of  Hierapolis  in  Phrygia, 
a  celebrated  Stoic  philosopher,  was  a  freed- 
raan  of  Epaphroditus,  who  was  himself  a 
freedman  of  Nero.  Being  expelled  from  Home 
by  Domitian,  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Ni- 
copolis  in  Epirus.  He  did  not  leave  any  works 
behind  him ;  and  the  short  manual  (Enchiri- 
dion) which  bears  his  name  was  compiled 
from  his  discourses  by  his  pupil  Arrian. 
[AEEIANUS.] 

SPlCtmiJS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Greek  philos- 
opher, was  born  B.O.  342,  in  the  island  of  Sa- 
mos,  and  took  up  his  permanent  residence  at 
Athens  in  306.  Here  he  purchased  the  gar- 
den, afterwards  so  noted,  in  which  he  estab- 
lished the  philosophical  school,  called  after 
him  the  Epicurean.  He  died  in  270,  at  the 
age  of  72,  after  a  long  aud  painful  illness, 
which  he  endured  with  truly  philosophical 
patience  and  courage.  Epicurus  is  the  great 
leader  of  that  philosophical  school  which 
teaches  that  the  summum  bonuvn,  or  highest 
good,  is  happiness.  The  happiness  that  he 
taught  his  followers  to  seek  after  was  not 
sens-ual  enjoyment,  but  peace  of  mind  as  the 
result  of  the  cultivation  of  all  the 
virtues.  According  to  the  teaching 
of  his  school,  virtue  should  be  prac- 
ticed because  it  leads  to  happiness ; 
whereas  the  Stoics  teach  that  virtue 
should  be  cultivated  for  her  own 
sake,  irrespective  of  the  happiness 
it  will  insure.  In  the  physical  part 
of  his  philosophy  he  followed  the  at- 
omistic doctrines  of  Democritus  and 
Diagoras.  The  pupils  of  Epicurus 
were  very  numerous,  and  were  ex- 
cessively devoted  to  him.  His  sys- 
tem has  been  most  violently  attack- 
ed, partly  because  after  the  days  of  Epicurus 
men  who  professed  to  be  his  followers  gave 
themselves  over  to  mere  sensual  enjoyment, 
partly  because  it  has  been  but  imperfectly 
understood,  and  partly  because  it  was  really 
founded  on  an  erroneous  principle,  in  making 
virtue  dependent  upon  consequent  happiness. 

SPlDAMNUS.    [DYREIIAOHIUM.] 

EPIDAURUS  (-i).  (1)  A  town  in  Argolis 
ou  the  Saronic  gulf,  formed,  with  its  territory 
EPTOATTBIA,  a  district  independent  of  Argos, 
and  was  not  included  in  Argolit?  till  the  time 
of  the  Romans.  It  was  the  chief  seat  of  the 
worship  of  Aesculapius,  whose  temple  was 


EPIGONI. 


159 


ERETEIA. 


situated  about  5  miles  from  the  town.— (2) 
Surnamed  LIMEBA,  a  town  in  Laconia,  on  the 
E.  coast,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Epi- 
daurns  in  Argolis. 

EPIGONI  (-orum),  that  is,  "the  Descend- 
ants," the  name  of  the  sous  of  the  7  heroes 
who  perished  before  Thebes.  [ADJSASTUS.] 
Ten  years  after  their  death  the  descendants 
of  the  7  heroes  marched  against  Thebes, 
which  they  took  and  razed  to  the  ground. 
The  names  of  the  Epigoni  are  not  the  same 
in  all  accounts ;  but  the  common  lists  contain 
Alcmaeon,  Aegialeus,  Diomedes,  Proaaachus, 
Sthenelus,  Thersauder,  and  Euryalus. 

EPIMENIDEJS  (-is),  a  celebrated  poet  and 
prophet  of  Crete,  whose  history  is,  to  a  great 
extent,  mythical.  There  is  a  legend  that 
when  a  boy  he  was  sent  out  by  his  father  in 
search  of  a  sheep ;  and  that,  seeking  shelter 
from  the  heat  of  the  mid-day  suu,  he  went 
into  a  cave,  and  there  fell  into  a  deep  sleep, 
which  lasted  57  years.  On  waking  and  re- 
turning home,  he  found,  to  his  great  amaze- 
ment, that  his  younger  brother  had,  in  the 
mean  time,  grown  an  old  man.  His  visit  to 
Athens,  however,  is  an  historical  fact,  and 
determines  his  date.  The  Athenians,  who 
were  visited  by  a  plague  in  consequence  of 
the  crime  of  Cylon  [CYLON],  invited  Epimen- 
ides  to  come  and  undertake  the  purification 
of  the  city.  Epimenides  accordingly  came  to 
Athens,  about  B.O.  596,  and  performed  the  de- 
sired task  by  certain  mysterious  rites  and  sac- 
rifices, in  consequence  of  which  the  plague 
ceased.  Many  works  were  attributed  to  him 
by  the  ancients,  and  the  Apostle  Paul  has  pre- 
served (Titus  i.  12)  a  celebrated  verse  of  his 
against  the  Cretans. 

EPIMBTHEUS.  [PROMETHEUS  and  PAN- 
DOB  A.] 

EPlPHiNSS  (-is),  a  surname  of  Antiochus 
IV.,  king  of  Syria. 

EPtPHANlA  or  -EA  (-ae).  (1)  In  Syria 
(0.  T.  Hamath),  in  the  district  of  Cassiotis,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Orontes.— (2)  In  Cilicia, 
close  to  the  Pylae  Amanides,  formerly  called 
Oeniandus. 

EPXPOLAE.      [SYBAOUSAE,] 

SPIRUS  (-i),  that  is,  "the  mainland,"  a 
country  in  the  N.W.  of  Greece,  so  called  to 
distinguish  it  from  Corcyra,  and  the  other 
islands  off  the  coast.  Homer  gives  the  name 
of  Epirus  to  the  whole  of  the  W.  coast  of 
Greece,  thus  including  Acarnania  in  it.  Epi- 
rus was  bounded  by  Inyria  and  Macedonia  on 
the  N.,  by  Thessaly  on  the  E.,  by  Acarnania 
and  the  Ambracian  gulf  on  the  S.,  and  by  the 
Ionian  sea  on  the  W.  Its  inhabitants  were  nu- 
merous, but  were  not  of  pure  Hellenic  blood. 
They  appear  to  have  been  a  mixture  of  Pelas- 
gians  and  Illyrians.  The  ancient  oracle  of 
Dodona  in  the  country  was  of  Pelasgic  origin. 
Epirus  contained  14  different  tribes.  Of  these, 
the  most  important  were  the  CHAONES,  THES- 
PBOTI,  and  MOLOSSI,  who  gave  their  names 
to  the  3  principal  divisions  of  the  country— 
CHAONIA,  THESPBOTIA,  and  MOLOSSTS.  The 
different  tribes  were  originally  governed  by 
their  own  princes.  The  Molossian  princes, 
who  traced  their  descent  from  Pyrrhus  (Ne- 


optolemus),  son  of  Achilles,  subsequently  ac- 
quired the  sovereignty  over  the  whole  conn* 
try,  and  took  the  title  of  kings  of  Epirus.  The 
'most  celebrated  of  these  was  PYBRnus,  who 
carded  on  war  with  the  Romans. 

EPIRUS  NOVA.      [IM.YB1CDM.] 

EPOREDIA  (-i:  Ivretf),  a  town  in  Gal  Ha 
Cisalpina,  on  the  Duria,  in  the  territory  of  the 
Salassi,  colonized  by  the  Romans,  B.criOO,  to 
serve  as  a  bulwark  against  the  neighboring 
Alpine  tribes. 

EPORED5RIX  (-igis),  a  noble  Aeduan, 
who  served  in  Caesar's  array. 

EQUUS  TtTTlCUS  or  AEQUUM  TO'Ti- 
CUM  (-2),  a  small  town  of  the  Hirpini  in  Sam- 
nium,  21  miles  from  Beneventum, 

ERAE  (-arum),  a  small  but  strong  sea-port 
town  on  the  coast  of  Ionia,  N.  of  Teos. 

ER&NA  (-ae),  a  town  in  M.  Araanus,  the 
chief  seat  of  the  Eleutherocilices,  in  the  time 
of  Cicero. 

ERASINUS  (-i),  the  chief  river  in  Argolis, 
rising  In  the  lake  Stymphalus,  and,  after  dis- 
appearing under  the  earth,  flowing  through 
the  Lernaean  marsh  into  the  Argohc  gulf. 

ERASISTRATUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian and  anatomist,  a  native  of  lulis,  in  the 
island  of  Ceos,  flourished  from  B.C.  300  to  260, 
and  was  the  founder  of  a  medical  school  at 
Alexandria. 

ERlT<5  (-us),  one  of  the  Muses.    [MUSAE.] 

ERATOSTHENES  (-is),  of  Cyrene,  born 
B.O.  276,  was  placed  by  Ptolemy  Euergetes 
over  the  library  at  Alexandria.  He  died  at 
Alexandria  at  the  age  of  80,  about  u.o.  196,  of 
voluntary  starvation,  having  lost  his  sight, 
and  being  tired  of  life.  He  was  a  man  ofex- 
tensive  learning,  and  wrote  on  almost  all  the 
branches  of  knowledge  then  cultivated — as- 
tronomy, geometry,  geography,  philosophy, 
history,  and  grammar.  His  works  have  per- 
ished, with  the  exception  of  some  fragments. 
His  most  celebrated  work  was  a  systematic 
treatise  on  geography,  of  which  Strabo  made 
great  use. 

EREBUS  (-i),  son  of  Chaos,  begot  Aether 
and  Hemera  (Day)  by  Nyx  (Night),  his  sister. 
The  name  signifies  darkness,  and  is  therefore 
applied  to  the  dark  and  gloomy  space  under 
the  earth,  through  which  the  shades  pass  into 
Hades. 

ERECHTHEtTM.    fEBioHTHONnrs.] 

ERECHTHEtfS.    [EBIOHTHONIUS.] 

EREStTS  or  ERESSUS  (-i),  a  town  on  the 
W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Lesbos,  the  birth- 
place of  Theophrastus,  and,  according  to 
some,  of  Sappho. 

ERETRlA  (-ae),  one  of  the  chief  towns  of 
Enboea,  situated  on  the  Euripus,  with  a  har- 
bor, Porthmos,  was  founded  by  the  Atheni- 
ans, but  had  a  mixed  population,  among 
which  was  a  considerable  number  of  Dorians. 
Its  commerce  and  navy  raised  it  in  early  times 
to  importance ;  it  contended  with  Chalcis  for 
the  supremacy  of  Euboea;  and  it  planted  col- 
onies in  Macedonia  and  Italy.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Persians,  B.O.  490,  and  most  of 
its  inhabitants  were  carried  away  into  slav- 
ery. 


ERICHTHONIUS. 


160 


EBYTHEAE. 


ERICHTHSNiUS  (-ae), 
(-eos  or  -e*i).  In  the  ancient  myths  these  two 
names  indicate  the  same  person  ;  but  later 
writers  mention  2  heroes,  one  called  Erich- 
thonius  or  Brechthens  L,  and  the  other  Erech- 
thens  II.  —  (1)  ERIOHTHONITJS  or  EREOHTHEUS 
L,  son  of  Hephaestus  (Vulcan)  and  Atthis, 
the  daughter  of  Cranaus.  Athena  (Minerva) 
reared  the  child  without  the  knowledge  of  the 
other  gods,  and  intrusted  him  to  Agraulos, 
Pandrosos,  and  Herse,  concealed  in  a  chest, 
which  they  were  forbidden  to  open.  But  dis- 
obeying the  commaud,  they  saw  the  child  in 
the  form  of  a  serpent,  or  entwined  by  a  ser- 
peut,  whereupon  they  were  seized  with  mad- 
ness, and  threw  themselves  down  the  rock  of 
the  acropolis.  Edchthonius  afterwards  be- 
came king  of  Athens,  and  was  succeeded  in 
the  kingdom  by  his  son  Pandion.  He  is  said 
to  have  introduced  the  worship  of  Athena,  to 
have  instituted  the  festival  of  the  Panathe- 
naea,  and  to  have  built  a  temple  of  Athena  on 
the  acropolis.  When  Athena  and  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  disputed  about  the  possession  of 
Attica,  Erichthonius  declared  in  favor  of 
Athena.  He  was,  further,  the  first  who  used  a 
chariot  with  4  horses,  for  which  reason  he  was 
placed  among  the  stars  as  Auriga.  He  was 
worshiped  as  a  god  after  his  death:  and  a 
temple,  called  the  JErechtJieum,  was  built  to 
him  on  the  acropolis.—  (2)  EBEOHTHEUS  II., 
grandson  of  the  former,  and  son  of  Pandion, 
whom  he  succeeded  as  king  of  Athens.  He 
was  father  of  Cecrops,  Procns,  Creusa,  Chtho- 
nia,  and  Orithyia.  In  the  war  between  the 
Eleusinians  and  Athenians,  Eumolpus,  the 
son  of  Poseidon,  was  slain  ;  whereupon  Po- 
seidon demanded  the  sacrifice  of  one  of  the 
daughters  of  Erechtheus.  When  one  was 
drawn  by  lot,  her  3  sisters  resolved  to  die 
with  her;  and  Erechtheus  himself  was  killed 
by  Zeus  with  a  flash  of  lightning  at  the  request 
of  Poseidon. 

EElCHTHONlUS  (-!),  son  of  Dardanus, 
father  of  Tros,  and  king  of  Troy. 

SRlDlNUS  (-i),  a  river  god,  on  the  banks  of 
whose  river  amber  was  found.  In  later  times 
the  Eridanus  was  supposed  to  be  the  same  as 
the  Padus  (Po),  because  amber  was  found  at 
its  mouth.  Hence  the  Electrifies  Insulae,  or 
"Amber  Islands,"  are  placed  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Po,  and  here  Phaethon  was  supposed  to 
have  fallen  when  struck  by  the  lightning  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter). 

SRtGONE  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Icarius, 
beloved  by  Bacchus.  For  details,  see  IOARI- 
us.—(2)  Daughter  of  Aegisthus  and  Clytaem- 
nestra. 

ERINNA  (-ae),  a  Lesbian  poetess,  a  con- 
temporary and  friend  of  Sappho  (about  B.C. 
612),  who  died  at  the  age  of  19,  but  left  behind 
her  poems  which  were  thought  worthy  to  rank 
with  those  of  Homer. 


(-CS),  daughter  of  Talaus  and 
wife  of  Amphiaraus,  whom  she  betrayed  for 
the  sake  of  the  necklace  of  Harmonia,  for 
which  she  was  slain  by  her  son  Alcmaeou. 
For  details,  see  AMPHIARAUS,  ALOMABON. 

fiRIS  (-idos),  in  Latin,  DISCORDf  A  (-ae), 
the  goddess  of  Discord,  the  friend  and  sister 


of  Ares  (Mars),  who  delighted  with  him  in  the 
tumult  of  war.  It  was  Eris  who  threw  the 
apple  into  the  assembly  of  the  gods,  the  cause 
of  so  much  suffering  and  war.  [PARIS.] 

EROS  (-otis),  in  Latin,  IMOR  (-oris),  or 
CUPIDO  (-inis),  the  god  of  Love,  son  of  Aph- 
rodite (Venus),  by  either  Ares  (Mars),  Zeus 
(Jupiter),  or  Hermes  (Mercury).  He  was  rep- 
resented as  a  wanton  boy,  of  whom  a  thou- 
sand tricks  and  cruel  sports  were  related,  and 
from  whom  neither  gods  nor  men  were  safa. 
His  arms  consist  of  arrows,  which  he  carries 
in*  a  golden  quiver,  and  of  torches  which  no 
one  can  touch  with  impunity.  His  arrows 
are  of  different  power :  some  are  golden,  and 
kindle  love  in  the  heart  they  wound ;  others 
are  blunt  and  heavy  with  lead,  and  produce 
aversion  to  a  lover.  Eros  is  farther  repre- 
sented with  golden  wings,  and  as  fluttering 
about  like  aoird.  His  eyes  are  sometimes 
covered,  so  that  he  acts  blindly.  He  is  the 
usual  companion  of  his  mother,  Aphrodite. 
ANTEROS,  literally,  return-love,  is  usually  rep- 
resented as  the  god  who  punished  those  who 
do*  not  return  the  love  of  others :  thus  he  is 
the  avenging  Eros,  or  a  dws  ultor.  But  in 
some  accounts  he  is  described  as  a  god  op- 
posed to  Eros  and  struggling  against  him.— 
Respecting  the  connection  between  Eros  and 
Psyche,  see  PSYOHB.  The  later  poets  speak 
of  a  number  of  Erotes. 


Eros  (Cupid)  whetting  his  Darts.    (De  la  Chansse, 
Gemme  Antiche.) 

$!R¥MANTHUS  (-i).  (1)  A  lofty  mountain 
in  Arcadia  on  the  frontiers  of  Achaia  and  Elis, 
celebrated  in  mythology  as  the  haunt  of  the 
savage  Erymanthian  boar  destroyed  by  Her- 
cules. •  CBLBROULES.] — The  Arcadian  nymph 
Callisto,  who  was  changed  into  a  she-bear,  is 
called  Mrymanthis  unta,  and  her  son  Areas 
Eryvwnthidis  ursae  custos.  [ABOTOS] — (2)  A 
river  in  Arcadia,  rising  in  the  above-men- 
tioned mountain,  and  falanginto  the  Alpheus. 

3BR¥SICHTE(5N  (-5nis),  son  of  the  Thessa- 
lian  king  Triopas,  who  cut  down  trees  in  a 
grove  sacred  to  Demeter,  for  which  he  was 
punished  by  the  goddess  with  a  fearful  hun- 
ger, that  caused  him  to  devour  his  own  flesh. 

SRYTHRAE  (-arum).  (1)  An  ancient  town 
in  Boeotia,  not  far  from  Plataeae  and  Hysiae, 
and  celebrated  as  the  mother  city  of  Erythrae 
in  Asia  Minor. — (2)  A  town  of  the  Locri 
Ozdlae,  E.  of  Naupactus — (3)  One  of  the  12 


HEAD  OF  Esos  (Curro).     (Vatican  Museum.) 


ERYTHRAEUM. 


161 


EUCLIDES. 


Ionian  cities  of  Asia  Minor,  stood  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  large  bay,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  pen- 
'nsula  which  lies  opposite  to  Chios. 

ERYTHRAEUM  MARE,  the  name  origi- 
nally of  the  whole  expanse  of  sea  between 
Arabia  and  Africa  on  the  W.,  and  India  on 
Ihe  E.,  including  its  two  great  gulfs  (the  Red 
Sea  and  Persian  Gulf).  In  this  sense  it  is 
used  by  Herodotus,  who  also  distinguishes 
the  Red  Sea  by  the  name  of  'Apa/3to?  KOATTO?. 
{AKABICOS  SINUS.]  Afterwards  the  parts  of 
these  seas  were  distinguished  by  different 
names,  the  main  body  of  the  sea  being  called 
Indians  Oceanus,  the  Red  Sea  Arabicus  Sinus, 
the  Persian  Gulf  Persicus  Sinus.  The  name 
Erythraeum  Mare  was  generally  used  as  iden- 
tical with  Arabicus  Sinus,  or  the  corresponding 
genuine  Latin  term,  Mare  Rnbrum  (Red  Sea). 

ERYX  (-ycis),  also  ERl?CUS  MONS  (S.  Gi- 
itliano),  a  steep  and  isolated  mountain  in  the 
N.  W.  of  Sicily,  near  Drepanum.  On  the  sum- 
toit  of  this  mountain  stood  an  ancient  and 
lelebrated  temple  of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  said 
lo  have  been  built  by  Eryx,  king  of  the  Ely  mi, 
or,  according  to  Virgil,  by  Aeneas,  but  more 
probably  by  the  Phoenicians,  who  introduced 
the  worship  of  Aphrodite  into  Sicily.  Hence 
the  goddess  bore  the  surname  EBYOINA,  under 
which  name  her  worship  was  introduced  at 
Rome  about  the  beginning  of  the  2d  Punic 
ttar.  There  was  a  town  of  the  name  of  Eryx 
on  the  W.  slope  of  the  mountain. 

ESQJJILIAE.    CROMA.] 

ESSt5l  (-orum),  a  people  in  Gaul,  W.  of  the 
Sequaua. 

ETEOCLES  (-is),  son  of  Oedipus  and  Jo- 
casta.  After  his  father's  flight  from  Thebes, 
he  and  his  brother  Polynlces  undertook  the 
government  of  the  city ;  but  disputes  having 
arisen  between  them,  Polynices  fled  to  Adras- 
tus,  who  then  brought  about  the  expedition 
of  the  Seven  against  Thebes.  [ADBASTUS.] 
Eteocles  and  Polynices  perished  iu  single 
combat 

ETESlAE  (-arum),  the  Etesian  Winds,  de- 
rived from  eVo?,  "year,"  signified  any  period- 
ical winds,  but  more  particularly  the  northerly 
winds  which  blow  in  the  Aegaean  for  40  days 
from  the  rising  of  the  dog  star. 

ETRtTRIA,  ETRtfttf A,  or  TUSCtA,  called 
by  the  Greeks  TYRRHENlA  or  TYRSBNIA 
<-ae),  a  country  in  central  Italy.  The  inhab- 
itants were  called  by  the  Romans  ETRTJSOI  or 
Tusci,  by  the  Greeks  TYKBHENI  or  TYBSENI, 
and  by  themselves  RASENA.  Etruria  proper 
was  bounded  on  the  N.  and  N.W.  by  the  Ap- 
ennines and  the  river  Macra,  which  divided  it 
from  Liguria,  on  the  W.  by  the  Tyrrhene  sea 
or  Mare  Infernum,  and  on  the  E.  and  S.  by 
the  river  Tiber,  which  separated  it  from  Um- 
bria  and  Latium.  Th  e  origin  of  the  Etruscans 
is  uncertain.  The  ancients  believed  that  they 
were  a  colony  of  Lydians,  but  more  modern 
writers  suppose  that  the  Etruscans  were  a 
Rhaetian  race,  called  Rasena,  who  descended 
from  the  Alps  and  the  valley  of  the  Po.  The 
Etruscans  were  a  very  powerful  nation  when 
Rome  was  still  in  its  infancy,  and  at  an  early 
period  their  dominions  extended  over  the 
greater  part  of  Italy,  from  the  Alps  and  the 


plains  of  Lombardy,  on  the  one  hand,  to  Ve- 
suvius and  the  gulf  of  Sarento  on  the  other. 
These  dominions  may  be  divided  into  3  great 
districts:  Circumpadane  Etruria  in  the  N., 
Etruria  proper  in  the  centre,  and  Campanian 
Etrnria  m  the  S.  In  each  of  these  districts 
there  were  12  principal  cities  or  states,  which 
formed  a  confederacy  for  mutual  protection. 
Through  the  attacks  of  the  Gauls  in  the  3STM 
and  of  the  Sabiues,  Saranites,  aiid  Greeks  in 
the  S.,  the  Etruscans  became  confined  within 
the  limits  of  Etruria  proper,  and  continued 
loug  to  flourish  in  this  country  after  they  had 
disappeared  from  the  rest  of  Italy.  The  12 
cities  which  formed  the  confederacy  in  Etru- 
ria proper  were  most  probably  COUTONA, 
ABBETIUM,  CLtrsnm,  PEBUSIA,  VOLATEUBXE, 
VETTJLONIA,  RUSELLAE,  VOLSIKII,  TAIIQUIMI, 
VALEBII,  VEII,  CAEBE,  more  anciently  called 
Agylla.  Each  state  was  independent  of  all 
the  others.  The  government  was  a  close  ar- 
istocracy, and  was  strictly  confined  to  the 
family  of  the  Lucumones,  who  united  in 
their  own  persons  the  ecclesiastical  as  well 
as  the  civil  functions.  The  people  appear 
to  have  been  in  a  state  of  vassalage  or  serf- 
dom. A  meeting  of  the  confederacy  of  the  12 
states  was  held  annually  in  the  spring,  at 
the  temple  of  Voltumna,  near  Volsinii.  The 
Etruscans  were  a  highly  civilized  people,  and 
from  them  the  Romans  borrowed  many  of 
their  religious  and  political  institutions.  The 
3  last  kings  of  Rome  were  undoubtedly  Etrus- 
cans, and  they  left  in  the  city  enduring  traces 
of  Etruscan  power  and  greatness.  The  later 
history  of  the  Etruscans  is  a  struggle  against 
the  rising  power  of  Rome,  to  which  they  be- 
came subject,  after  their  decisive  defeat  by 
Cornelius  Dolabella  in  B.O.  283.  In  91  they  re- 
ceived the  Roman  franchise.  The  numerous 
military  colonies  established  in  Etruria  by 
Sulla  and  Augustus  destroyed  to  a  great  ex- 
tent the  national  character  of  the  people,  and 
the  country  thus  became  iu,  course  of  time 
completely  Romanized. 

EUBOEA  (-ae :  Negropmtf),  the  largest  isl- 
and of  the  Aegaean  sea,  about  90  miles  iu 
length,  lying  along  the  coasts  of  Attica,  Boe- 
otia,  and  the  S.  part  of  Thessaly,  from  which 
countries  it  is  separated  by  the  Euboean  sea, 
called  the  Euripus  in  its  narrowest  part. 
Throughout  the  entire  length  of  the  island 
runs  a  lofty  range  of  mountains ;  but  it  con- 
tains many  fertile  plains.  In  Homer  the  in- 
habitants are  called  Abantes.  In  the  N.  of 
Euboea  dwelt  the  Histiaei ;  below  these  were 
the  Ellopii,  and  in  the  S.  were  the  Dryopes. 
The  centre  of  the  island  was  inhabited  chiefly 
by  lonians.  It  was  iu  this  part  of  Euboea 
that  the  Athenians  planted  the  colonies  of 
CHALOIS  and  EBETBIA,  which  were  the  2  most 
important  cities  in  the  island.  After  the 
Persian  wars,  Euboea  became  subject  to  the 
Athenians.  Since  Cumae,  in  Italy,  was  a 
colony  from  Chalcis,  in  Euboea,  the  adjective 
Euboicus  is  used  by  the  poets  in  reference  to 
the  former  city. 

EUCLIDIS  (-is).  (1)  The  celebrated  math- 
ematician, lived  at  Alexandria  in  the  time  of 
the  first  Ptolemy,  B.C.  323-2S3,  and  was  the 
founder  of  the  Alexandrian  mathematical 


EUCTEMON. 


162 


EUMOLPUS. 


school.  It  was  his  answer  to  Ptolemy,  who 
asked  if  geometry  could  uot  be  made  easier, 
that  there  was  no  royal  road.  Of  the  numer- 
ous works  attributed  to  Euclid,  several  are 
still  extant,  of  which  by  far  the  most  noted  is 
"The  Elements."— (2)  Of  Megara,  one  of  the 
disciples  of  Socrates,  quitted  Athens  on  the 
death  of  Socrates  (B.O.  399),  and  took  refuge 
in  Megara,  where  he  founded  a  school,  which 
distinguished  itself  chiefly  by  the  cultivation 
of  dialectics.  This  school  was  called  some- 
times the  Megaric,  sometimes  the  Dialectic  or 
Eristic. 

EUCTEMON,  the  astronomer.    [METON.] 

EUDOXUS  (-i),  of  Cnidus,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer and  geometer,  lived  about  B.C.  366. 
He  studied  at  Athens  and  in  Egypt,  but  prob- 
ably spent  some  of  his  time  at  his  native  place, 
where  he  had  an  observatory.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  who  taught  in  Greece  the 
motions  of  the  planets.  His  works  are  lost. 

EUG&NEI  (-orum),  a  people  who  formerly 
inhabited  Venetia,  on  the  Adriatic  Sea,  and 
were  driven  towards  the  Alps  and  the  Lacus 
Benacus  by  the  Heneti  or  Veueti. 

EUHSMfiRUS  (-i),  a  Greek  writer,  who 
lived  at  the  court  of  Cassander,  in  Macedonia, 
about  B.O.  316,  and  the  author  of  a  work,  in 
which  he  attempted  to  show  that  all  the  an- 
cient myths  were  genuine  historical  events. 
He  represented  the  gods  as  originally  men 
who  had  distinguished  themselves  either  as 
warriors  or  benefactors  of  mankind,  and  who 
after  their  death  received  divine  worship  from 
the  grateful  people. 

EULAEUS  (-i :  O.  T.  Ulafy,  a  liver  in  Susi- 
ana,  rising  in  Great  Media,  passing  E.  of  Susa, 
and  falling  into  the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf. 
Some  of  the  ancient  geographers  make  the 
Eulaeus  fall  into  the  Choaspes,  and  others 
identify  the  two  rivers. 

EUMAEtJS  <-i),  the  faithful  swineherd  of 
Ulysses. 

EUMfiNSS  (-is).  (1)  Of  CAEDIA,  served  as 
private  secretary  to  Philip  and  Alexander ; 
and  on  the  death  of  the  latter  (B.O.  323)  ob- 
tained the  government  of  Cappadocia,  Paph- 
lagonia,  and  Pontus.  Eumenes  allied  him- 
self with  Perdiccas,  and  carried  on  war  for 
him  in  Asia  Minor  against  Antipater  and  Cra- 
terns.  On  the  death  of  Perdiccas,  in  Egypt, 
Antigontis  employed  the  whole  force  of  the 
Macedonian  army  to  crush  Eumenes.  Not- 
withstanding the  numerical  inferiority  of 
his  forces.,  Eumenes  maintained  his  ground 
against  his  enemies  for  some  years,  till  he 
was  surrendered  by  the  Argyraspids  to  Antig- 
onus,  by  whom  he  was  put  to  death,  316.  tie 
was  a  great  general  and  statesman,  and  had 
he  been  a  native  Macedonian  would  probably 
have  occupied  a  more  important  position 
among  the  successors  of  Alexander. — (2)  I. 
King  of  PKUOAMTJS,  reigned  B.O.  263-241 ;  and 
was  the  successor  of  his  uncle  Philetaerus.— 
(3)  H.  King  of  PEKGAMTTS,  reigned  B.C.  19T- 
159 ;  and  was  the  son  and  successor  of  Atta- 
ins I.  He  inherited  from  his  predecessor  the 
friendship  and  alliance  of  the  Romans,  which 
he  took  the  utmost  pains  to  cultivate.  Per- 
gamus  became  under  his  rule  a  great  and 


nourishing  city,  in  which  he  founded  that 
celebrated  library  which  rose  to  be  a  rival 
even  to  that  of  Alexandria. 

EUMfiNlDES  (-urn),  also  called  SR1NYES 
(-urn),  not  Erinnyes,  and  by  the  Romans  F&- 
RlAE  or  DIRAE  (-arum),  the  Avenging 
Deities.  The  name  Erinyes  is  the  more  an- 


cient one ;  the  form  Eumenides,  which  signi- 
fies "the  well-meaning,"  or  "soothed  god- 
desses," is  a  mere  euphemism,  because  neo- 


ple  dreaded  to  call  these  fearful  goddesses  by 
their  real  name.  It  was  said  to  have  been  first 
given  them  after  the  acquittal  of  Orestes  by 
the  Areopagus,  when  the  anger  of  the  Erinyes 
had  been  soothed.  They  are  represented  as 
the  daughters  of  Earth  or  of  Night,  and  as 
fearful  winged  maidens,  with  serpents  twined 
in  their  hair,  and  with  blood  dripping  from 
their  eyes.  They  dwelt  in  the  depths  of  Tar- 
tarus, dreaded  by  gods  and  men.  With  later 
writers  their  number  is  usually  3,  and  their 
names  are  TISIPH&NJS,  ALEOTO,  and  MEGAEBA. 
They  punished  men  both  in  this  world  and 
after  death.  The  sacrifices  offered  to  them 
consisted  of  black  sheep  and  nepnalia,  i.  e.  a 
drink  of  honey  mixed  with  water.  The  crimes 
which  they  chiefly  punished  were  disobedi- 
ence towards  parents,  violation  of  the  respect 
due  to  old  age,  perjury,  murder,  violation  of 
the  laws  of  hospitality,  and  improper  conduct: 
towards  suppliants. 


Furies.    (From  a  Painted  Vase.) 


EUMOLPUS  (-i),  that  is, "the  good  singer," 
a  Thracian  bard,  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Chione,  the  daughter  of  Boreas.  As  soon 
as  he  was  born  he  was  thrown  into  the  sea  by 
his  mother,  -who  was  anxious  to  conceal  her 
shame,  but  was  preserved  by  his  father  Po- 
seidon, who  had  him  educated  in  Ethiopia  by 


EUNOMIA. 


163 


EURYBATUS. 


his  daughter  Benthesicyma.  After  dwelling 
for  a  time  in  Ethiopia,  and  afterwards  at  the 
court  of  the  Thracian  king  Tegyrius,  he  came 
to  Eleusis  in  Attica,  where  he  formed  a  friend- 
ship with  the  Eleusinians.  Subsequently  he 
joined  them  in  an  expedition  against;  Athens, 
bat  was  slain  by  Erechtheus.  Eumolpus  was 
regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  Eleusinian 
mysteries,  and  as  the  first  priest  of  Demeter 
(Ceres)  and  Dionysus  (Bacchus).  He  was 
succeeded  in  the  priestly  office  by  his  son 
Ceyx ;  and  his  family,  the  Eumolpidae,  con- 
tinued till  the  latest  times  the  priests  of  De- 
meter  at  Eleusis. 

EUNOMlA.    [HoBAE.] 

EUNUS  <-i),  a  Sicilian  slave,  and  a  native 
of  Apamea  in  Syria,  was  the  leader  of  the  Si- 
cilian slaves  in  the  Servile  war  (B.C.  134-132). 

EUPiLIUM  or  EUPftLlUM  (-i),  a  town  of 
the  Locri  Ozolae,  N.  of  Naupactus. 

EUPH1MUS  (-i),  son  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune), and  ancestor  of  Battus,  founder  of  Gy- 
rene. 

EUPHOEBUS  (-i),  son  of  Panthous,  one 
of  the  bravest  of  the  Trojans,  slain  by  Mene- 
laus,  who  dedicated  his  shield  in  the  temple 
of  Hera  (Juno),  near  Mycenae.  Pythagoras 
asserted  that  he  had  once  been  Euphorbus, 
and  in  proof  of  his  assertion  took  down  at 
first  sight  the  shield  from  the  temple  of  Hera. 

EUPHORI5N  (-onis),  of  Chalcis  in  Euboea, 
an  eminent  grammarian  and  poet,  was  the 
librarian  of  Antiochus  the  Great,  and  flour- 
ished B.O.  221.  All  his  works  *re  lost. 

EUPHRlNOR  (-dris),  a  distinguished  stat- 
uary and  painter,  was  a  native  of  Corinth, 
but  practiced  his  art  at  Athens  about  B.O.  836. 

EUPHRATES  (-is:  O.  T.  Phrat:  El  Fra€), 
a  great  river  of  Asia,  consists,  in  its  upper 
course,  of  2  branches,  both  of  which  rise  in 
the  mountains  of  Armenia.  The  northern 
branch  is  the  true  Euphrates;  the  southern 
was  called  by  the  ancients  the  ABSANIAS. 
After  their  junction  the  river  breaks  through 
the  main  chain  of  the  Taurus  between  Meli- 
tene  and  Samosata,  and  then  flows  through 
the  plain  of  Babylonia,  till  it  joins  the  Tigris 
about  sixty  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Per- 
sian Gulf. 

EUPHROSYNE  (-es),  one  of  the  Charites 
or  Graces.  [CHARITES.] 

EUPOUS  (-is),  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
Athenian  poets  of  the  old  comedy,  and  a  con- 
temporary of  Aristophanes,  was  born  about 
B.O.  446,  and  died  about  411.  The  common 
story  that  Alcibiades  threw  him  into  the  sea 
out  of  revenge  is  not  true. 

EURIPIDES  (-is),  the  distinguished  tragic 
poet,  was  born  at  Salamis,  B.C.  480,  on  the 
very  day  that  the  Greeks  defeated  the  Persians 
off  that  island,  whither  his  parents  had  fled 
from  Athens  on  the  invasion  of  Xerxes.  In 
his  youth  he  cultivated  gymnastic  pursuits, 
and  won  the  prize  at  the  Eleusinian  and  The- 
sean  contests.  But  he  soon  abandoned  these 
pursuits,  and  studied  philosophy  under  Anax- 
agoras,  and  rhetoric  under  Prodicus.  He 
lived  on  intimate  terms  with  Socrates,  and 
traces  of  the  teaching  of  Anaxagoras  have 


been  remarked  in  many 
passages  of  his  plays.  In 
441  he  sained  for  the  first 
time  the  first  prize,  and 
he  continued  to  exhibit 
plays  until  408,  the  date 
of  the  Orestes.  Soon  after 
this  he  left  Athens  for  the 
court  of  Archelaus,  kiny 
of  Macedonia,  where  he 
died  in  406,  at  the  age  of 
75.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  torn  in  pieces  by  the 
king's  dogs.  Euripides 
in  his  tragedies  brought 
down  the  ancient  heroes  and  heroines  to  the 
ordinary  standard  of  men  and  women  of  his 
own  times.  He  represented  men,  according 
to  the  remark  of  Aristotle,  not  as  they  onght 
to  be,  but  as  they  are.  Hence  the  preference 
given  to  his  plays  by  the  practical  Socrates. 
The  most  serious  defects  in  his  tragedies,  as 
works  of  art,  are  the  disconnection  of  the 
choral  odes  from  the  subject  of  the  play,  and 
the  too  frequent  introduction  of  philosophical 
maxims.  His  great  excellence  is  the  tender- 
ness and  pathos  with  which  some  of  his  char- 
acters are  invested.  Eighteen  of  his  tragedies 
are  extant,  if  we  omit  the  Rhesust  which  is 
probably  spurious. 

EUR1PUS  (-i),  any  part  of  the  sea  where 
the  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide  were  remarkably 
violent,  is  the  name  especially  of  the  narrow 
strait  which  separates  Euboea  from  Boeotia. 
At  Chalcis  there  was  a  bridge  over  the  Euri- 
ptis,  uniting  Euboea  with  the  mainland. 

EUROPA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  the  Phoe- 
nician king  Agenor,  or,  according  to  the 
Iliad,  daughter  of  Phoenix.  Her  beauty 
charmed  Zeus  (Jupiter),  who  assumed  the 
form  of  a  bull,  and  mingled  with  the  herd  as 
Europa  and  her  maidens  were  sporting  on 
the  sea-shore.  Encouraged  by  the  tameness 
of  the  animal,  Europa  ventured  to  mount  his 
back;  whereupon  the  god  rushed  into  the 
sea,  and  swam  with  her  to  Crete.  Here  she 
became  by  Zeus  the  mother  of  Minos,  Rhada- 
manthus,  and  Sarpedon.— (2)  Oue  of  the  8 
divisions  of  the  ancient  world,  said  to  have 
been  named  after  the  daughter  of  Agenor. 
In  earlier  times  the  river  Phasis  was  usually 
supposed  to  be  the  boundary  between  Europe 
and  Asia,  and  sometimes  even  the  Araxes 
and  the  Caspian  Sea ;  but  at  a  later  period 
the  river  Tanais  and  the  Palus  Maeotis  were 
generally  regarded  as  the  boundaries  between 
the  two  continents.  The  north  of  Europe  was 
little  known  to  the  ancients. 

EUR5PUS.    [TiTABEsrus.] 

EURUS  (-i),  the  S.E.  wind,  sometimes  the 
E.  wind.  , 

EUROTAS  (-ae),  the  chief  river  in  Laconia, 
on  which  Sparta  stood,  rises  in  Mount  Bore- 
urn,  in  Arcadia,  and  flows  into  the  Laconian 
gul£ 

EURtBATlS,  the  herald  of  Ulysses,  whom 
he  followed  to  Troy. 

EURlTBATU'S  (-i),  an  Ephesian,  whom 
Croesus  sent  with  a  large  sum  of  money  to 
the  Peloponnesus  to  hire  mercenaries  for  him 


EURYDICE. 


164 


FABII. 


in  his  war  with  Cyras.  He,  however,  went 
over  to  Cyrus,  and  betrayed  the  whole  matter 
to  him.  In  consequence  of  this  treachery,  his 
name  passed  into  a  proverb  among  the  Greeks. 

EURYDIC1  <-es).  (1)  Wife  of  Orpheus. 
For  details,  see  ORPHEUS.— (2)  The  name  of 
several  Illyrian  and  Macedonian  princesses. 
The  most  celebrated  was  the  wife  of  Philip 
Arrhidaeus,  who  succeeded  Alexander  the 
Great.  She  was  put  to  death  by  Olympias, 
B.O.  317. 

EURYLOCHUS  (-i),  a  companion  of  Ulys- 
ses, was  the  only  one  that  escaped  from  the 
house  of  Circe  when  his  friends  were  meta- 
morphosed into  swine. 

EURYMEDON  (-ontis).  (1;  Son  of  Thu- 
cles,  an  Athenian  general  in  the  Pelopouue- 
sian  war.— (2)  A  small  river  in  Pamphylia, 
celebrated  for  the  victory  which  Cimon  gained 
over  the  Persians  on  its  banks  (B.O.  4C9). 

EURYMUS  (-i),  father  of  the  seer  Telemus, 
who  is  hence  called  EurymMes. 

EURYNOME  (-es),  daughter  of  Oceanus, 
and  mother  of  Leucothoe. 

EURYPON,  otherwise  called  EURYTlON, 
grandson  of  Procles,  was  the  third  king  of 
that  house  at  Sparta,  and  thenceforward  gave 
it  the  name  of  Eurypontidae. 

EURYPYLUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Euaemon, 
and  leader  of  a  body  of  troops  before  Troy. 
—(2)  Sou  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  Astypa- 
laea,  king  of  Cos,  killed  by  Hercules. ' 

EURYSTHENES  (-is)  and  PROCLES  (-is), 
the  twin  sons  of  Aristodemus,  born  before 
their  father's  return  to  Peloponnesus  and  oc- 
cupation of  his  allotment  of  Laconia.  He  died 
immediately  after  the  birth  of  his  children,  and 
in  accordance  with  the  command  of  the  oracle 
at  Delphi  both  were  made  kings,  but  the 
precedence  given  to  Eurystheues  and  his  de- 
scendants. From  these  2  brothers  the  2  royal 
families  in  Sparta  were  descended,  and  were 
called  respectively  the  Eurysthenidae  and 
Proclidae.  The'former  were  also  called  the 
Agidae,  from  Agis,  son  of  Eurysthenes ;  and 
the  latter  Eurypontidae,  from  Eurypon,  grand- 
son of  Procles. 

EURYSTHEUS.    [HERCULES.] 

EURYTUS  (-i),  king  of  Oechalia,  and  father 
of  lole.  For  details,  see  HEBOTTLES. 

EUTERPE,  one  of  the  Muses. 


EUTRQPtUS  (-i),  a  Roman  historian,  con- 
temporary of  Constantine  the  Great,  Julian, 
and  Valens,  and  the  author  of  a  brief  com- 
pendium of  Roman  history  in  10  books,  from 
the  foundation  of  the  city  to  the  accession  of 
Valens,  A.D.  364,  to  whom  it  is  inscribed. 
This  work  is  extant,  and  is  drawn  up  with 
care.  The  style  is  in  keeping  with  the  nature 
of  the  undertaking,  being  plain,  precise,  and 
simple. 

EUXTNUS  PONTUS.    [PONTUS  EnxiNus.] 

EVADNJE  (-es),  daughter  of  Iphis  (hence 
called  Iphias),  and  wife  of  Capaneus.  For 
details,  see  CAPANEUS. 

EVAG6RAS  (-ae),  king  of  Salamis,  in  Cy- 
prus, from  about  B.O.  419  to  374.  He  was  as- 
sisted by  the  Athenians  in  his  wars  against 
the  Persians. 

EVANDER  (-dri)  and  EVANDRUS  (-i),  sou 
of  Hermes  (Mercury)  by  an  Arcadian  nymph, 
called  in  Roman  traditions  Carmenta  or  Ti- 
burtis.  About  60  years  before  the  Trojan  war 
Evander  is  said  to  have  led  a  colony  from 
Pallantium,  in  Arcadia,  into  Italy,  and  there 
to  have  built  a  tQjvn,  Pallantium,  on  the  Tiber, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Palatine  Hill,  which  town 
was  subsequently  incorporated  with  Rome. 
Evander  taught  his  neighbors  milder  laws, 
and  the  arts  of  peace  and  of  social  life,  and 
especially  the  art  of  writing ;  he  also  intro- 
duced among  them  the  worship  of  the  Lycae* 
an  Pan,  of  Demeter  (Ceres),  Poseidon  (Nep, 
tune),  and  Hercules. 

SVENTJS  (-i).  (1)  (Fidharfy  a  river  of  Ae- 
tolia,  rising  in  Mount  Oeta,  and  flowing  into 
the  sea,  120  stadia  W.  of  Autirrhium.  It  de, 
rived  its  name  from  Evenns,  the  father  of 
Marpessa,  who  was  carried  off  by  Idas,  the 
son  of  Aphareus ;  and  Evenus,  being  unable 
to  overtake  the  latter,  threw  himself  into  the 
river,  which  was  henceforth  called  after  him. 
—(2)  A  river  of  Mysia,  falling  into  the  Sinus 
Elaiticus  near  Pitane. 

EVERGETES,  the  "Benefactor,"  a  title  of 
honor  conferred  by  the  Greek  states  upon 
those  from  whom  they  had  received  benefits. 
It  was  assumed  by  many  of  the  Greek  kings 
in  Egypt  and  elsewhere.  [PTOLEMAEUS.] 

EVIUS,  an  epithet  of  Bacchus,  given  him 
from  the  animating  cry  evoe,  in  the  festivals 
of  the  god. 


F. 


FiBlRIS  or  FARFlRUS  (-i),  a  small  riv- 
er in  Italy,  in  the  Sabine  territory,  between 
Rente  and  Cures. 

FlBtt  .(-orum),  one  of  the  most  ancient 
patrician  gentes  at  Rome,  which  traced  its 
origin  to  Hercules  and  the  Arcadian  Evander. 
Its  most  important  members  are :  (1)  K.  FA- 
BIUS  VIBUT.ANUS,  3  times  consul,  B.O.  484,  481, 
479.  In  his  third  consulship  he  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  plebeians ;  but  as  his  proposi- 1 
tions  were  rejected  by  the  patricians,  he  and 
his  house  resolved  to  quit  Rome  altogether, 
where  they  were  regarded  as  apostates  by 
their  own  order.  Accordingly  306  Fabii,  all 


patricians,  marched  with  the  consul  at  their 
head  through  the  Carmental  Gate,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  the  banks  of  the  Cremera,  where 
they  erected  a  fortress.  Here  they  took  up 
their  abode  along  with  their  families  and  cli- 
ents, and  for  2  years  continued  to  devastate 
the  territory  of  Veii.  They  were  at  length 
destroyed  by  the  Veientes  in  477,  on  the 
18th  of  June,  the  day  on  which  the  Romans 
were  subsequently  conquered  by  the  Gauls  at 
the  Allia.  The  whole  gens  perished  with  the 
exception  of  one  individual,  from  whom  all 
the  later  Fabii  were  descended.— (2)  Q.  FABI- 
us  MAXIMUB  RULLIANUS,  6  times  consul  (B.C. 


FABRATERIA. 


1G5 


FAUNUS. 


322-296),  and  the  most  eminent  of  the  Roman 
generals  in  the  2d  Samnite  war.—  (3)  Q.  FA- 
BIUS MAXIMUS  GURGES,  or  the  Glutton,  from 
ihe  dissoluteness  of  his  youth,  son  of  the  last, 
3  times  consul  (292-265).—  (4)  Q.  FABIUS  MAX- 
IMUS,  with  the  agnomens  VEHRUOOSTJS,  from  a 
wart  on  his  upper  lip,  OVIOUI.A,  or  the  Lamb, 
from  the  mildness  or  apathy  of  his  temper, 
and  CUNOTATOB,  from  his  caution  in  war,  was 
grandson  of  Fabius  Gurges.  He  was  5  times 
consul  (B.O.  233-209).  In  217,  immediately 
after  the  defeat  at  Trasimenus,  Fabius  was 
appointed  dictator.  From  this  period,  so 
long  as  the  war  with  Hannibal  was  merely 
defensive,  Fabius  became  the  leading  man  at 
Rome.  On  taking  the  field  he  laid  down  a 
simple  and  immutable  plan  of  action.  He 
avoided  all  direct  encounter  with  the  enemy  ; 
moved  his  camp  from  highland  to  highland, 
where  the  Numidian  horse  and  Spanish  in- 
fantry could  not  follow  him  ;  watched  Hanni- 
bal's movements  with  unrelaxing  vigilance, 
and  cat  off  his  stragglers  and  foragers.  His 
enclosure  of  Hannibal  in  one  of  the  upland 
valleys  between  Gales  and  the  Vulturnus,  and 
the  Carthaginian's  adroit  escape  by  driving 
oxen  with  blazing  fagots  fixed  to  their  horns 
up  the  hill-sides,  are  well-known  facts.  But 
at  Rome  and  in  his  own  camp  the  caution  of 
Fabius  was  misinterpreted;  and  the  people 
in  consequence  divided  the  command  bet  ween 
him  and  M.  Minncius  Rnfus,  his  master  of  the 
horse.  Minucius  was  speedily  entrapped,  and 
would  have  been  destroyed  by  Hannibal  had 
not  Fabius  hastened  to  his  rescue.  In  the  clos- 
ing years  of  the  2d  Punic  war  Fabius  appears 
to  less  advantage.  The  war  had  become 
aggressive  under  a  new  race  of  generals. 
Fabius  disapproved  of  the  new  tactics  ;  he 
dreaded  the  political  supremacy  of  Scipio, 
and  was  his  opponent  in  his  scheme  of  invad- 
ing Africa.  He  died  in  203.—  (5)  C.  FABITTS 
PIOTOB,  received  the  surname  of  Pictor  be- 
cause he  painted  the  walls  of  the  temple  of 
Salus,  which  the  dictator  C.  Junius  Brutus 
Bubulcus  dedicated  in  802.  This  is  the  earli- 
est Roman  painting  of  which  we  have  any 
record.—  (6)  Q.  FABITTB  PIOTOB,  grandson  of 
the  last,  the  most  ancient  writer  of  Roman 
history  in  prose.  He  served  in  the  Gallic 
war  in  225,  and  also  in  the  2d  Pnuic  war. 
His  history,  which  was  written  in  Greek,  be- 
gan with  the  arrival  of  Aeneas  in  Italy,  and 
came  down  to  his  own  time. 

FABRlTERIA  (.Falvaterra),  a  Volscian 
town  in  Latimn,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Trerus,  subsequently  colonized  by  the  Ro- 
mans. 


(-i),  the  name  of  a  Roman 
family,  the  chief  members  of  which  were  : 
(1)  C.  FABRIOIUS,  one  of  the  most  popular 
heroes  in  the  Roman  annals.  He  was  consul 
B.O.  282,  and  two  years  afterwards  was  one  of 
the  Roman  embassadors  sent  to  Pyrrhus  at 
Tarentum  to  negotiate  a  ransom  or  exchange 
of  prisoners.  Pyrrhus  used  every  effort  to 
gain  the  favor  of  Fabricius  ;  but  the  sturdy 
Roman  was  proof  against  all  his  seductions, 
and  rejected  all  his  offers.  In  278  Fabricius 
was  consul  a  second  time,  when  he  sent  back 
to  Pyrrhus  the  traitor  who  had  offered  to 


poison  him.  Negotiations  were  then  opened. 
which  resulted  in  the  evacuation  of  Italy  by 
Pyrrhus.  He  was  censor  in  2T5,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  severity  with  whicu 
he  repressed  the  growing  taste  for  luxury. 
Ancient  writers  love  to  tell  uf  the  frugal  way 
in  which  Fabricius  and  his  contemporary  Cn- 
rius  Dentatns  lived  on  their  hereditary  farms, 
and  how  they  refused  the  rich  presents  which 
the  Samnite  embassadors  offered  them.  Fa- 
bricius  died  as  poor  as  he  had  lived,  and  left 
no  dowry  for  his  daughters,  which  the  senate 
furnished.—  (2)  L.  FABEIOIUS,  curator  viarum 
in  B.O.  62,  built  a  new  bridge  of  stone,  con- 
necting the  city  with  the  island  in  the  Tiber, 
and  called  after  him  pans  Fabricius.  This 
bridge  still  remains,  and  bears  the  name  of 
ponte  quattro  capi. 

FAESTJXAE  (-urum:  Fiesole),  a  city  of 
Etruria,  situated  on  a  hill  3  miles  KB.  of 
Florence.  It  was  the  head-quarters  of  Cati- 
line's army. 

FlLERII  (-orum)  or  FSXERIUM  (-i),  a 
town  iu  Etruria,  situated  on  a  height  near 
Mount  Soracte,  was  originally  a  Pelasgic 
town,  but  was  afterwards  one  of  the  12  Etrtts- 
cau  cities.  Its  inhabitants  were  called  FALIS- 
CT,  and  were  regarded  by  many  as  of  the  same 
race  as  the  Aequij  whence  we  find  them  often 
called  Aeqni  Falisci.  After  a  long  struggle 
with  Rome,  the  Faliscans  yielded  to  Camillus, 
B.C.  394.  The  Faliscaus  revolted  again  at  the 
close  of  the  1st  Panic  war  (B.O.  241),  when  the 
Romans  destroyed  their  city.  A  new  town 
was  built  on  the  plain.  The  white  cows  of 
Falerii  were  valued  at  Rome  for  sacrifices. 

FALERNUS  AGER,  a  district  in  the  N.  of 
Campania,  extending  from  the  Massic  hills  to 
the  river  Vulturmis.  It  produced  some  of  the 
finest  wine  in  Italy,  which  was  reckoned  only 
second  to  the  wine  of  Setia. 


FALISCL 

FANNIUS  (-i)  STRlBO  (-onis),  C.,  son-in- 
law  of  Laelius,  introduced  by  Cicero  as  a 
speaker  in  his  De  Republica  and  his  Laelius. 

F5.NUM  FORTtTNAE  (Fcwo),  a  town  in 
Umbria  at  the  mouth  of  the  Metauras,  with 
a  celebrated  temple  of  Fortuna,  whence  the 
town  derived  its  name. 

FARFARTJS. 
FAULA  or  FAUNA. 


FATINTJS  (-i),  son  of  Picns,  grandson  of 
Satumus,  and  father  of  Latinus,  was  the  third 
in  the  series  of  the  kings  of  the  Latirentee. 
He  was  worshiped  as  the  protecting  deity  of 
agriculture  and  of  shepherds,  and  also  as  a 
giver  of  oracles.  After  the  introduction  of  the 
worship  of  the  Greek  Pan  in  to  Italy,  Fannus 
was  identified  with  Pan,  and  represented, 
like  the  latter,  with  horns  and  goat's  feet. 
At  a  later  time  we  find  mention  of  Fanni  in 
the  plural.  What  Faunns  was  to  the  male 
sex,  nis  wife  Faula  or  Fanna  was  to  the  fe- 
male. As  the  god  manifested  himself  in  va- 
rious ways,  the  idea  arose  of  a  plurality  of 
Fauns  (Fauni),  who  are  described  as  half 
men,  half  goats,  and  with  horns.  Fannus 
gradually  came  to  be  identified  with  the  AT- 


EAUSTA. 


166 


FIMBRIA. 


cadian  Pan,  and  the  Famii  with  the  Greek 
Satyrs. 


Faunas.    (Gori,  Gam.  Ant.  Flor.  vol.  I,  pi.  94.) 

FATJSTA,  CORNSLf  A  (-ae),  daughter  of 
the  dictator  Sulla,  wife  of  Milo,  and  infamous 
for  her  adulteries. 

FAUSTINA  (-ae).  (1)  SENIOB,  wife  of  the 
emperor  Antoninus  Pius,  notorious  for  her 
licentiousness.—  (2)  JTINIOB,  daughter  of  the 
elder  Faustina,  and  wife  of  the  emperor  M. 
Aurelins,  also  notorious  for  her  profligacy. 

FAUSTttLUS.    [ROMULUS.] 

FlVBNTlA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Gallia  Cisal- 
pina,  on  the  river  Anemo  and  on  the  Via 
Aemilia. 

M.  FiVQNlUS  (-ae),  an  imitator  of  Cato 
tJticensis,  whose  character  and  conduct  he 
copied  so  servilely  as  to  receive  the  nickname 
of  Cato's  ape. 

FEBRIS  (-is),  the  goddess,  or  rather  the 
averter,  of  fever. 

FBBRtftJS  (-i),  an  ancient  Italian  divinity, 
to  whom  the  month  of  February  was  sacred. 
The  name  is  connected  with  feoruare  (to  pu- 
rify). 

FSLIClTlS  (-atis),  the  personification  of 
happiness,  is  frequently  seen  on  Roman  med- 
als, in  the  form  of  a  matron,  with  the  staff  of 
Mercury  and  a  cornucopia. 

FELIX  (-Tcis),  ANTONfTTS  (-i),  procurator 
of  Judaea,  in  the  reigns  of  Claudius  and  Nero. 
He  induced  Brasilia,  wife  of  Azizus,  king  of 
Emesa,  to  leave  her  husband  ;  and  she  was 
still  living  with  him  in  A.IX  60,  when  St.  Paul 
preached  before  him  "  of  righteousness,  tem- 
perance, and  judgment  to  come." 

FBLSINA. 


FENNI  (-orum),  a  savage  people,  reckoned 
by  Tacitus  among  the  Germans.  They  prob- 
ably dwelt  in  the  farther  part  of  B.  Prussia, 
and  were  the  same  as  the  modem  Finns. 


FERENTlNDTjl  (-i).  (I)  A  town  of  Etru- 
ria,  S.  of  Volsinii,  birthplace  of  the  emperor 
Otho.— (2)  An  ancient  town  of  the  Hernlci  in 
Latium,  S.  W.  of  Anagnia,  colonized  by  the 
Romans  in  the  2d  Punic  war. 

FfiRENTUM.    [FoRENTtrM.] 

FfiRETRJUS  (-i),  a  surname  of  Jupiter 
derived  from  ferire,  to  strike;  for  persons 
who  took  an  oath  called  upon  Jupiter  to 
strike  them  if  they  swore  falsely,  as  they 
struck  the  victim  which  they  sacrificed. 
Others  derived  it  from  ferre,  because  people 
dedicated  (ferebant)  to  him  the  spolia  opima. 

FERONIA  (-ae),  an  ancient  Italian  divini- 
ty, whose  chief  sanctuary  was  at  Terracina, 
near  Mount  Soracte.  At  her  festival  at  this 
place  a  great  fair  was  held. 

FESCENNIUM  (-i}  or  FESCENNlA  (-ae), 
a  town  of  the  Falisci  in  Etruria,  and  conse- 
quently, like  Falerii,  of  Pelasgic  origin.  [FA- 
LBEii.]  From  this  town  the  Romans  are  said 
to  have  derived  the  Fescenuine  songs. 

FESTUS,  SEXT.  POMPSIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
grammarian  in  the  4th  century  of  our  era, 
the  author  of  a  dictionary  or  glossary  of  Lat- 
in words  and  phrases,  of  which  a  considerable 
portion  is  extant 

FESTUS,  PORCKJS  (-!),  succeeded  Anto- 
nius  Felix  as  procurator  of  Judaea  in  A.D.  62. 
It  was  he  who  bore  testimony  to  the  inno- 
cence of  St.  Paul,  when  he  defended  himself 
before  him  in  the  same  year. 

FICJLNA  (-ae),  one  of  the  ancient  Latin 
towns  destroyed  by  Ancus  Martius. 

FlC'frLfiA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Sabines,  E.  of  Fidenae. 

FIDENAE  (-arum),  sometimes  FlDSNA 
(-ae :  Castel  Giitbileo),  an  ancient  town  in  the 
land  of  the  Sabines,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Rome, 
situated  on  a  steep  hill  between  the  Tiber 
and  the  Anio.  It  is  said  to  have  been  con- 
quered and  colonized  by  Romulus ;  but  it  was 
probably  colonized  by  the  Etruscan  Veii,  with 
which  city  we  find  it  in  close  alliance.  It  fre- 
quently revolted,  and  was  frequently  taken 
by  the  Romans.  Its  last  revolt  was  in  B.O. 
438,  and  in  the  following  year  it  was  destroyed 
by  the  Romans,  but  was  afterwards  rebuilt. 

FIDENTIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  on  the  Via  Aemilia,  between  Parma 
and  Placentia. 

FlDlS  (-ei),  the  personification  of  faithful- 
ness, worshiped  as  a  goddess  at  Rome. 

FlDiUS,  an  ancient  form  of  filius,  occurs 
in  the  connection  of  Dtua  Fidius,  or  Medius 
Fidius,  that  is,  me  2Hus  (A«6f)  films,  or  the 
son  of  Jupiter,  that  is,  Hercules.  Hence  the 
expression  medius  fidiiLS  is  equivalent  to  me 
Hercules  scil.  juvet.  Sometimes  Fidius  is  used 
alone.  Some  of  the  ancients  connected  fidius 
witla  fides. 

FiGtfLUS,  P.  NIGEDlUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
senator  and  Pythagorean  philosopher,  of 
high  reputation,  who  flourished  about  B.O.  60. 

FIMBRIA  (-ae),  C.  FLlVlUS  (-i).  (1)  A 
jurist  and  an  orator,  consul  B.O.  104.— (2)  Son 
of  the  preceding,  and  one  of  the  most  violent 
partisans  of  Marins  and  Cinna  during  the 
civil  war  with  Sulla.  In  u.o.  86  he  was  sent 


FIRMUM. 


167 


EORTUNA. 


into  Asia  as  legate  of  Valerius  Flaccus,  whom 
he  induced  the  soldiers  to  put  to  death.  He 
then  carried  on  war  against  Mithridates ;  but 
in  84  he  was  attacked  by  Sulla,  and  being  de- 
serted by  his  troops,  put  an  end  to  his  life. 

FIRMUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Picenum,  3  miles 
from  the  coast. 

FLACCUS,  FULVlUS  (-i),  the  name  of  two 
distinguished  families  in  the  Fulvia  and  Va- 
leria geutes.  Many  of  the  members  of  both 
families  held  the  highest  offices  in  the  state ; 
but  the  best  known  are:  (1)  M.  FULVIUS 
FLACOUS,  the  friend  of  the  Gracchi,  consul  in 
B.O.  125,  and  one  of  the  triumvirs  for  carrying 
into  execution  the  agrarian  law  of  Tib.  Grac- 
chus. He  was  slain,  together  with  C.  Grac- 
chus, in  121.— (2)  L.  VALERIUS  FLAOODS,  consul 
in  B.C.  100,  with  Marius,  when  he  took  an  act- 
ive part  in  putting  down  the  insurrection  of 
Saturninus.  In  86  he  was  chosen  consul  in 
place  of  Maims,  and  was  then  sent  into  Asia 
against  Mithridates,  but  was  put  to  death  by 
his  soldiers  at  the  instigation  of  Fimbria.— 
(3)  L.  VALERIUS  FLAOODS.  a  native  of  Padua, 
who  lived  in  the  time  of  Vespasian,  and  wrote 
the  Argonautica,  an  unfinished  heroic  poem, 
in  8  books,  on  the  Argonautic  expedition, 
which  is  extant. 

FLACCUS,  H5RS.TJUS.    [EonATitrs.] 

FLAMININUS,  T.  QUINTlUS  (-i),  consul 
in  B.O.  198,  had  the  conduct  of  the  war  against 
Philip  of  Macedonia,  whom  he  defeated  at 
the  battle  of  Cynoscephalae,  in  Thessaly,  in 
197,  and  compelled  to  sue  for  peace. 

FLftMfNlUS,  C.  (-i),  consul  for  the  first 
time  in  u.o.  223,  when  he  gained  a  victory 
over  the  Insubrian  Gaul? ;  and  censor  in  220, 
when  he  executed  two  great  works,  which 
bore  his  name,  viz.,  the  Circus  Flaminius  and 
the  Via  Flaminfo.  In  his  second  consulship 
(217)  he  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Hannibal, 
at  the  battle  of  the  Trasimene  lake. 

FL5.VIA  GENS,  celebrated  as  the  house 
to  which  the  emperor  Vespasian  belonged. 
During  the  later  period  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire the  name  Flavius  descended  from  one 
emperor  to  another,  Constantius,  the  father 
of  Constantine  the  Great,  being  the  first  in 
the  series. 

FLlVlUS  FIMBRIA.    [FraBBiA.] 
FLiViUS  JOSEPHUS.    [JosEPHUS.3 
FLlVlUS  VOPISCUS.    [Vopisous.] 
FLEVUM  (-i),  a  fortress  in  Germany,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Amisia  (Ems). 
FLEVUM,  FLEVO.    [RHENTJS.] 
FLSRA  (-ae),  the  Roman  goddess  of  flow- 
ers and  spring,  whose  annual  festival  (Flora- 
lia)  was  celebrated  from  the  28th  of  April  till 
the  1st  of  May,  with  extravagant  merriment 
and  lascivioueuess. 

FLORENTfA  (-ae:  Firenze,  Florence),  a 
town  in  Etruria,  and  subsequently  a  Roman 
colony,  situated  on  the  Araus ;  but  its  great- 
ness as  a  city  dates  from  the  middle  ages. 

FLORUS,  L.  ANNAEUS  (-i),  a  Roman  his- 
torian, lived  under  Trajan  and  Hadrian,  and 


wrote  a  summary  of  Roman  history,  which  is 
extant,  divided  into  4  books,  extending  from 
the  foundation  of  the  city  to  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus. 

FLORUS,  JtfLlUS  (-i),  a  poet  and  an  ora- 
tor, addressed  by  Horace  in  2  epistles. 

FONTS IUS,  M.  (-i),  propraetor  in  Narbo- 
nese  Gaul,  between  B.O.  76  and  73,  accused  in 
69  of  extortion  in  his  province,  and  defended 
by  Cicero  in  an  oration,  part  of  which  is  ex- 
tant. 

FORENTUM  or  FERENTUM  (-i),  a  town 
in  Apulia,  surrounded  by  fertile  fields  and  in 
a  low  situation,  according  to  Horace. 

FORMIAE  (-uram :  nr.  Mola  ti.i  <?aeta,-Ru.)4 
a  very  ancient  town  in  Latium,  on  the  Appia 
Via,  in  the  innermost  corner  of  the  beautiful 
Siutis  Caietaims  (Gulf  of  GaZta).  It  was 
founded  bv  the  Pelasgic  Tyrrhenians,  and 
was  the  fabled  abode  of  Lanms  and  the  Lae- 
strygones.  Near  this  place  were  numerous 
villas  of  the  Roman  nobles:  of  these  the  best 
known  is  the  Formianum  of  Cicero,  hi  the 
neighborhood  of  which  he  was  killed.  The 
tills  of  Formiae  produced  good  wine. 

FORNAX  (-acis),  a  Roman  goddess,  who 
presided  over  baking  the  corn  in  the  oven 
(fornax),  and  who  was  worshiped  at  the  fes- 
tival of  the  Fornacalia. 

FORTtftSTA  <-ae),  called  TVOHE  by  the 
Greeks,  the  goddess  of  fortune,  worshiped 
both  in  Greece  and  Italy.  She  was  represent- 
ed with  different  attributes.  With  a  rudder, 
she  was  conceived  as  the  divinity  guiding 
and  conducting  the  affairs  of  the  world;  with 
a  ball,  she  represented  the  varying  unsteadi- 
ness of  fortune ;  with  Plutus,  or  the  horn  of 
Amalthea,  she  was  the  symbol  of  the  plenti- 
ful gifts  of  fortune.  She  was  more  worshiped 
by  the  Romans  than  by  the  Greeks,  Her 
worship  was  of  great  importance  also  at  An- 


Flora.    (From  aa  ancient  statue.? 


FOHTUNATAE. 


168 


FRANCL 


tiam  and  Praeneste,  where  her  series  or  ora- 
cles were  very  celebrated. 


Fortuna.    (Bronze  In  the  British  Museum.) 


FORT^N-ITAE  or  -5RUM  INStfLAE, 
"the  Islands  of  the  Blessed."  The  early 
Greeks,  as  we  learn  from  Homer,  placed  the 
Elysiau  fields,  into  which  favored  heroes 
passed  without  dying,  at  the  extremity  of  the 
earth,  near  the  river  Oceanus.  [ELYSIUM.] 
In  poems  later  tnan  Homer,  an  island  is  spok- 
en of  as  their  abode ;  and  though  its  posi- 
tion was  of  course  indefinite,  the  poets,  and 
the  geographers  who  followed  them,  placed  it 
beyond  the  pillars  of  Hercules.  Hence  when 
certain  islands  were  discovered  in  the  ocean, 
off  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  the  name  of  Fortu- 
natae  Insulae  was  applied  to  them.  They  are 
now  called  the  Canary  and  Madeira  islands. 

FORtlLI  (-orum),  a  small  town  of  the  Sa- 
bhies,  near  the  junction  of  the  Himella  with 
the  Tiber. 

FORUM  (-i),  an  open  space  of  ground  in 
which  the  public  met  for  the  transaction  of 
public  business,  and  for  the  sale  and  purchase 
of  provisions.  The  number  of  fora  increased 
at  Rome  with  the  growth  of  the  city.  They 
were  level  pieces  of  ground  of  an  oblong  form, 
and  were  surrounded  by  buildings,  both  pri- 
vate and  public.  The  principal  fora  at  Rome 
were:  (1)  FORUM  ROMANUM,  also  called  sim- 
ply the  Forum,  and  at  a  later  time  distin- 
guished by  the  epithets  vetus  or  magnum.  It 
lay  between  the  Capitoline  and  Palatine  hills, 
and  ran  lengthwise  from  the  foot  of  the  Cap- 
itol or  the  arch  of  Septimius  Severns  in  the 
direction  of  the  urch  of  Titus;  but  it  did  not 
extend  quite  so  far  as  to  the  latter.  The  or- 
igin of  the  forum  is  ascribed  to  Romulus  and 
Tatius,  who  are  said  to  have  filled  up  the 
swamp  or  marsh  which  occupied  its  site,  and 


to  have  set  it  apart  as  a  place  for  the  admin- 
istration of  justice  and  for  holding  the  assem- 
blies of  the  people.  The  forum,  in  its  widest 
sense,  included  the  forum  properly  so  called 
and  the  comitium.  The  comitium  occupied 
the  narrow  or  upper  end  of  the  forum,  and 
was  the  place  where  the  patricians  met  in 
their  comitia  curiata ;  the  forum,  in  its  nar- 
rower sense,  was  originally  only  a  market- 
place, and  was  not  used  for  any  political  pur- 
pose. At  a  later  time,  the  forum,  in  its  nar- 
rower sense,  was  the  place  of  meeting  for  the 
plebeians  in  their  comitia  tributa,  and  was 
separated  from  the  comitium  by  the  rostra, 
or  platform,  from  which  the  orators  addressed 
the  people.  In  the  time  of  Tarquin  the  forum 
was  surrounded  by  a  range  of  shops,  proba- 
bly of  a  mean  character,  out  they  gradually 
underwent  a  change,  and  were  eventually 
occupied  by  bankers  and  money-changers. 
As  Borne  grew  in  greatness  the  forum  was 
adorned  with  statues  of  celebrated  men,  with 
temples  and  basilicae,  and  with  other  public 
buildings.  The  site  of  the  ancient  forum  is 
occupied  by  the  Oampo  Vac<yino.—(2)  FOBUM 
JULIUM  or  FORUM  CAESABTS,  built  near  the  old 
forum  by  Julius  Caesar,  because  the  latter 
was  found  too  small  for  the  transaction  of 
public  business.  —  (3)  FORUM  AUGUSTI,  built 

by  Augustus,  behind  the  Forum  Julium (4) 

FORUM  NERVATC  or  FORUM  TEANSITOKIUM,  was 
a  small  forum  lying  between  the  Temple  of 
Peace  and  the  fora  of  Julius  Caesar  and 
Augustus.  It  was  built  by  Nerva,  and  was 
intended  to  serve  as  a  passage  between  the 
Temple  of  Peace  and  the  fora  of  Caesar  and 
of  Augustus.  Hence  its  name.  —  (5)  FOB  me 
TEAJA-NT,  built  by  the  emperor  Trajan,  be- 
tween the  forum  of  Augustus  and  the  Cam- 
pus Martins. 

FORUM,  the  name  of  several  towns,  orig- 
inally simply  markets  or  places  for  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice.  (1)  APPIT.  in  Latium, 
on  the  Appia  Via,  in  the  midst  of  the  Pomp- 
tine  marshes,  43  miles  S.E.  of  Rome,  founded 
by  the  censor  Appius  Claudius  when  he  made 
the  Appia  Via.  Here  the  Christians  from 
Rome  met  the  apostle  Paul.— (2)  JULII  or  JTT- 
LIUM  (Frejm),  a  Roman  colony  founded  by 
Julius  Caesar,  u.o.  44,  in  Gallia  Narbonensis, 
on -the  coast;  the  birthplace  of  Agricola.— 
(3)  JULIUM.  See  ILLTTURGIS. 

FOSI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Germany,  the 
neighbors  and  allies  of  the  Cherusci,  in  whose 
fate  they  shared.  [CHEEDSOI.] 

FOSSA  (-ae)  or  FOSSAE  (-arum),  a  canal. 
(1)  CLUIT.IA  or  CLUIWAE,  a  trench  about  5 
miles  from  Rome,  said  to  have  been  the  ditch 
with  which  the  Alban  kingCluilius  protected 
his  camp  when  he  marched  against  Rome  in 
the  reign  of  Tullus  Hostilius. — (2)  DRUSIANAIS 
or  DRUSINAE,  a  caual  which  Drusus  caused  his 
soldiers  to  dig  in  R.O.  11,  uniting  the  Rhine 
with  the  Yssel.— (3)  MARIANA  or  MARIANAB, 
a  canal'  dug  by  command  of  Marius  during 
his  war  with  the  Cimbri,  in  order  to  connect 
the  Rhone  with  the  Mediterranean.  —  (4) 
XERXIS.  See  ATJIOS. 

FRANCI  (-orum),  i.  e.  "  the  Free  men,"  a 
confederacy  of  German  tribes,  formed  on  the 
Lower  Rhine  in  the  place  of  the  ancient  league 


FKEGELLAE. 


169 


of  the  Cherusci.  After  carrying  on  frequent 
wars  with  the  Romans,  they  at  length  settled 
permanently  in  Ganl,  of  which  they  became 
the  rulers  under  their  king  Clovis,  A.D.  496. 

FKfiG-ELLAE  (-arum :  Ceprano),  a  town  of 
the  Volsci  on  the  Liris  in  Latium,  conquered 
by  the  Romans,  and  colonized  in  B.O.  828. 

FRSGBNAE,  sometimes  called  FREGEL- 
LAE  (-arnm),  a  town  of  Etrnria,  on  the  coast 
between  Alsinm  and  the  Tiber,  colonized  by 
the  Romans,  B.C.  245. 


FREOTANI  (-orum),  a  Samnite  people 
dwelling  on  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic,  from 
the  river  Sagrus  on  the  N.  (and  subsequently 
almost  as  Tar  N.  as  from  the  Aternus)  to  the 
river  Prento  on  the  S.,  from  which  they  de- 
rived their  name.  They  submitted  to  the 
Romans  in  B.C.  304. 

FRENTO  (-onis:  Fortore),  a  river  in  Italy, 
forming  the  boundary  between  the  Frentam 
and  Apulia,  and  falling  into  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

FRlSlI  (-Orum),  a  people  in  Germany,  in- 


ERONTINUS. 


170 


GAIUS. 


habiting  the  coast  from  the  E.  mouth  of  the 
Rhine  to  the  Ainisia  (Urns),  and  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  the  Brncteri.  In  the  5th  century 
they  joined  the  Saxons  and  Angli  in  their  in- 
vasion of  Britain. 

FRONTtNUS,  SEX.  JtfLtUS  (-i),  governor 
of  Britain  (A.D.  75-T8),  where  he  distinguished 
himself  by  the  conquest  of  the  Silures.  He 
was  the  author  of  two  treatises  that  are  still 
extant—one  on  the  art  of  war,  and  another 
on  the  Roman  aqueducts.  He  was  nomina- 
ted Curator  Aquarium,  or  Superintendent  of 
the  Aqueducts,  in  9T ;  died  in  106. 

FRONTO  (-onis),  M.  CORNELIUS  (-i),  a 
celebrated  rhetorician  in  the  reigns  of  Hadri- 
an and  M.  Aurelius,  born  at  Cirta  in  Numidia. 
He  was  intrusted  with  the  education  of  M. 
Aurelius  and  L.Verus,  and  was  rewarded  with 
wealth  and  honors.  A  few  fragments 'of  his 
works  are  extant. 

FRffSlNO  (-onis),  a  town  of  the  Hernici  in 
Latium,  and  subsequently  a  Roman  colony. 

FECENTIS,  Ftf  CENT!  A.    [ALBA,  No.  1.] 

FtOlNUS  LACUS  (Lago  di  Cdano  or  Co- 
pistrano),  a  large  lake  in  the  centre  of  Italy 
and  in  the  country  of  the  Marsi,  about  30 
miles  in  circumference,  into  which  all  the 
mountain  streams  of  the  Apennines  flow.  As 
the  waters  of  this  lake  frequently  inundated 
the  surrounding  country,  the  emperor  Clau- 


dius constructed  an  emissarium  or  artificial 
channel  for  carrying  off  the  waters  of  the  lake 
into  the  river  Liris.   This  emissarium  is  near- 
ly perfect :  it  is  almost  8  miles  in  length. 
FtJTlUS  CALENUS.    [CALENUS.] 
FULVtA  (-ae).    (1)  The  mistress  of  Q.  Cu« 
rius,  one  of  Catiline's  conspirators,  who  di- 
vulged the  plot  to  Cicero.—(2)  A  daughter  of 
M.  Fulvius  Bambalio  of  Tusculum,  and  suc- 
cessively the  wife  of  P.  Clodius,  C.  Scriboniue 
Curio,  and  M.  Antony ;  died  B.O.  40. 
FULVIUS  FLACCUS.    [FLAOOUS.]      • 
FULVlUS  N5B1LIOR.    [NosiLiOB.] 
FUNDlNlUS  (-i),  a  writer  of  comedies, 
praised  by  Horace. 

FUNDI  (-orum :  Fondi),  an  ancient  town  in 
Latium  on  the  Appia  Via,  at  the  head  of  a 
narrow  bay  of  the  sea,  running  a  considerable 
way  into  the  land,  called  the  LAOUS  FUNI>A- 
NTTS.  The  surrounding  country  produced  good 
wine. 
FURCtJLAE  CATJD1NAE.  [CAUDIOM.] 

FtfRlAE.      [EUMTCNIDES.] 

FtMUS  BIBACtfLUS.    [BIBAOTTLTJS.] 
FtfRJUS  CAMILLUS.    [CAMILLTJS.] 
FUSCUS  ARJSTIUS  <,-i),  a  friend  of  the 

poet  Horace,  who  addressed  to  him  an  ode 

and  an  epistle. 


G. 


GlBlII  (-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia  Aqui- 
tanica,  whose  chief  town  was  Anderitum 
(Anterieux'). 

GiBil  (-orum),  a  town  in  Latium,  on  the 
Lacus  Gabinus  between  Rome  and  Praeneste, 
a  colony  from  Alba  Longa ;  and  the  place, 
according  to  tradition,  where  Romulus  was 
brought  up.  It  was  taken  by  Tarquinius  Su- 
perbus  by  stratagem,  and  was  in  ruins  in  the 
time  of  Augustus.  The  tinctus  Gdbinus,  a 
peculiar  mode  of  wearing  the  toga  at  Rome, 
appears  to  have  been  derived  from  this  town. 
In  its  neighborhood  are  the  stone  quarries 
from  which  a  part  of  Rome  was  built. 

GABINIUS,  A.  (-1),  tribune  of  the  plebs 
B.O.  60,  when  he  earned  a  law  conferring  upon 
Poszoey  the  command  of  the  war  against  the 
piraies,  and  consul  in  58,  when  he  took  part 
in  the  banishment  of  Cicero.  In  57  he  went 
to  Syria  as  proconsul,  and  restored  Ptolemy 
Auletes  to  the  throne  of  Egypt,  in  opposition 
to  a  decree  of  the  senate.  On  his  return  to 
Rome  in  54  he  was  accused  both  of  wajestas 
and  r&petundae.  He  was  defended  by  Cicero. 
He  was  condemned  on  the  latter  clause,  and 
went  into  exile.  In  the  civil  war  he  fought 
on  the  side  of  Caesar.  He  died  about  the  end 
ofB.o.4S. 

GiDARA,  a  large  fortified  city  of  Pales- 
tine, situated  on  an  eastern  tributary  of  the 
Jordan. 

G5.DES  (-ium :  Cadiz),  a  very  ancient  town 
in  Hispania  Baetica,  founded  by  the  Phoeni- 
cians, and  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  their  com- 
merce iu  the  W.  of  Europe,  situated  on  a 


small  island  of  the  same  name  (I.  de  Leon}, 
separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  narrow 
channel.  Herodotus  says  (iv.  8)  that  the  isl- 
and of  Erythla  was  close  to  Gadeira;  whence 
most  later  writers  supposed  the  island  of  Ga- 
des  to  be  the  same  as  the  mythical  island  of 
Erytbia,  from  which  Hercules  carried  off  the 
oxen  of  Geryon.  Its  inhabitants  received  the 
Roman  franchise  from  Julius  Caesar. 

GAEA  (-ae)  or  GS  (-es),  called  TELLUS  by 
the  Romans,  the  personification  of  the  earth, 
is  described  as  the  first  being  that  sprung 
from  Chaos,  and  gave  birth  to  Uranus  (Heav- 
en) and  Pontus  (Sea).  By  Uranus  she  be- 
came the  mother  of  the  Titans,  who  were 
hated  by  their  father.  Ge  therefore  concealed 
them  in  the  bosom  of  the  earth ;  and  she 
made  a  large  iron  sickle,  with  which  Cronos 
(Saturn)  mutilated  Uranus.  Ge  or  Tellus  was 
regarded  by  both  Greeks  and  Romans  as  one 
of  the  gods  of  the  nether  world,  and  hence  is 
frequently  mentioned  where  they  are  in- 
voked. f 

GAETtfLlA  (-ae),  the  interior  of  N.  Africa, 
S.  of  Mauretauia,  Numidia,  and  the  region 
bordering  on  the  Syrtes,  reaching  to  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  on  the  W.,  and  of  very  indefinite 
extent  towards  the  E.  and  S.  The  pure  Gae- 
tuli  were  not  an  Aethiopic  (£  e.  negro),  but  a 
Libyan  race,  and  were  most  probably  of  Asi- 
atic origin.  They  are  probably  the  ancestors 
of  the  Herbers. 

GAlUS  or  C51US  (-i),  a  celebrated  Roman 
jurist,  who  wrote  under  Antoninus  Pius  and 
M.  Aurelius.  One  of  his  chief  works  was  an 


GALANTHIS. 


171 


GALINTHIAS. 


elementary  treatise  on  Roman  law,  entitled 
Institutiones,  in  4  books,  which  was  the  ordi- 
nary text-book  nsed  by  those  who  were  com- 
mencing the  study  of  the  Roman  law,  tmtil 
the  compilation  of  the  Institutiones  of  Jus- 
tinian. It  was  lost  for  centuries,  until  dis- 
covered by  Niebuhr  in  1816  at  Verona. 

GXLANTHIS.    [GALINTHIAS.] 

GALiTEA  (»ae),  daughter  of  Nereus  and 
Boris.  [Aois.] 

G&LlTtA  or  -IA  (-ae),  a  country  of  Asia 
Minor,  composed  of  parts  of  Phrygia  and  Cap- 
padocia,  and  bounded  on  the  W.,  S.,  and  S.E. 
by  those  countries,  and  on  the  N.E.,  N.,  and 
N.W.  by  Pontus,  Paphlagonia,  and  Bithynia. 
It  derived  its  name  from  its  inhabitants,  who 
were  Gauls  that  had  invaded  and  settled  in 
Asia  Minor  at  various  periods  during  the  3d 
century  B.O.  They  speedily  overran  all  Asia 
Minor  within  the  Taurus,  and  exacted  tribute 
from  its  various  princes ;  but  Attains  I.  gained 
a  complete  victory  over  them  (B.O.  230),  and 
compelled  them  to  settle  down  within  the 
limits  of  the  country  thenceforth  called  Gala- 
tia,  and  also,  on  account  of  the  mixture  of 
Greeks  with  the  Celtic  inhabitants,  which 
speedily  took  place,  Graeco-Galatia  and  Gal- 
lograecia.  The  people  of  Galatia  adopted  to 
a  great  extent  Greek  habits  and  manners 
and  religious  observances,  but  preserved  their 
own  language.  They  retained  also  their  po- 
litical divisions  and  forms  of  government. 
They  consisted  of  3  great  tribes — the  Tolisto- 
bogi,  the  Trocmi,  and  the  Tectosages— each 
subdivided  into  4  parts,  called  by  the  Greeks 
Tetrarchies.  At  the  head  of  each  of  these  12 
tetrarchies  was  a  chief  or  tetrarch.  At  length 
one  of  the  tetrarchs,  DEIOTABUS,  was  reward- 
ed for  his  services  to  the  Romans  in  the  Mith- 
ridatic  war  by  the  title  of  king,  together  with 
a  grant  of  Pontus  and  Armenia  Minor:  and 
after  the  death  of  his  successor,  Amyntas, 
Galatia  was  made  by  Augustus  a  Roman 
province  (B.C.  25).  Its  only  important  cities 
were— in  the  S.  W.,  PEBSINTJS,  the  capital  of  the 
Tolistobogi ;  in  the  centre  ANOYBA,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Tectosages ;  and  in  the  N.E.,  TAVI- 
UM,  the  capital  of  the  Trocrai.  From  the 
Epistle  of  St.  Paul  to  the  Galatians,  we  learn 
that  the  Christian  churches  in  Galatia  con- 
sisted in  great  part  of  Jewish  converts. 


Coin  of  Galatia,  with  the  head  of  Roman  emperor. 


GALBA  (-ae),  the  name  of  a  distinguished 
family  in  the  Sulpicia  gens.— (1)  P.  STJLPIOIUS 
GALBA,  twice  consul,  B.O.  211  and  200,  and  in 
both  consulships  carried  on  war  against 
Philip,  king  of  Macedonia.— (2)  SBB.  STJLPIOIUS 


GAUJA,  praised  by  Cicero  on  account  of  his 
oratory,  praetor  in  151,  when  he  treacherously 
murdered  a  large  number  of  Lusitanians,  and 
consul  in  144.— (3)  SEE.  SDLPIOITJS  GALBA,  Ro- 
man emperor,  June,  A.D.  OS,  to  January,  A.D. 
69,  was  born  B.O.  3.  After  his  consulship  he 
had  the  government  of  Gaul,  A.T>.  39,  where 
he  carried  on  a  successful  war  against  the 
Germans,  and  restored  discipline  among  the 
troops.  Nero  gave  him,  in  A.D.  61,  the  gov- 
ernment of  EispaniaTarraconensis,  where  he 
remained  for  8  years.  When  Nero  was  mur- 
dered, Galba  proceeded  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  acknowledged  as  emperor.  But  his  se- 
verity and  avarice  soon  made  him  unpopular 
with  the  soldiers,  by  whom  he  was  murdered, 
at  the  instigation  of  Otho. 

GILENUS,  CLATJDJUS  (-i),  commonly 
called  GALEN,  a  very  celebrated  physician, 
born  at  Pergamum,  A.D.  130.  He  was  care- 
fully educated  by  his  father,  Nicon,  who,  in 
consequence  of  a  dream,  chose  for  him  the 
profession  of  medicine.  This  subject  he  first 
studied  at  Pergamum,  afterwards  at  Smyrna, 
Corinth,  and  Alexandria.  He  practiced  in 
his  native  city,  and  at  Rome,  where  he  at- 
tended the  emperors  M.  Aurelius  and  L.  Ve- 
ras.  He  died  about  A.D.  200,  at  the  age  of  TO, 
in  the  reign  of  Septimius  Severus.  He  wrote 
a  great  number  of  works  on  medical  and  phil- 
osophical subjects.  There  are  still  extant  83 
treatises  which  are  acknowledged  to  be  his, 
besides  many  that  are  spurious  or  doubtful. 

GALEPSUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Macedonia,  on 
the  Toronaic  gulf. 

G&LfiRtUS  MAXIMIINUS.     [MAXHOA- 

NTT6.] 

GIUSUS  (-i),  a  river  in  the  S.  of  Italy, 
flowing  into  the  gulf  of  Tarentum  through 
the  meadows  where  the  sheep  grazed  whose 
wool  was  so  celebrated  in  antiquity. 

GlLEUS  (-i),  that  is.  "the  lizard,"  son  of 
Apollo  and  Themistp,  from  whom  the  GALE- 
OTAE,  a  family  of  Sicilian  soothsayers,  derived 
their  origin.  The  principal  seat  of  the  Gale- 
otae  was  the  town  of  Hy  bla,  which  was  hence 
called  GALES-TIB  or  GALEATIS. 

GIULAEA  (-ae),  at  the  birth  of  Christ 
was  the  N.-mostf  of  the  3  divisions  of  Pales- 
tine W.  of  the  Jordan.  Its  inhabitants  were 
a  mixed  race  of  Jews,  Syrians,  Phoeni- 
cians, Greeks,  and  others,  and  were  there- 
w  fore  despised  by  the  Jews  of  Judaea. 

GALINTHIAS  (-adis)  or  Gl LANTHIS 
(-Idis),  daughter  of  Proetus  of  Thebes,  and 
a  friend  of  Alcmene.  When  Alcmene  was 
on  the  point  of  giving  birth  to  Hercules, 
and  the  Moerae  and  Ilithyiae,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Hera  (Jimo),  were  endeavoring  to 
delay  the  birth,  Galinthias  suddenly  rush- 
ed in  with  the  false  report  that  Alcmene 
had  given  birth  to  a  son.  The  hostile  god- 
desses were  so  surprised  at  this  informa- 
tion that  they  dropped  .their  arms.  Thus 
the  charm  was  broken,  and  Alcmene  was 
enabled  to  give  birth  to  Hercules.  The  delud- 
ed goddesses  avenged  the  deception  practiced 
upon  them  by  metamorphosing  Galinthias 
into  a  weasel  (ya\»i).  Hecate,  however,  took 
pity  upon  her,  and  made  her  her  attendant* 


GALLAECIA. 


172 


GALLUS. 


and  Hercules  afterwards  erected  a  saiictuary 
to  her. 

GALLAECiA  (-ae),  the  country  of  the  GAL- 
^AEOI  or  CALLAEOI  in  the  N.  of  Spain,  be- 
tween the  Astures  aud  the  Durius.  Its  in- 
habitants were  some  of  the  most  uncivilized 
in  Spain.  They  were  defeated  with  great 
slaughter  by  D.  Brutus,  consul  B.C.  138,  who 
obtained  in  consequence  the  surname  of  Gal- 
laecus. 

GALUA  (-ae),  in  its  widest  acceptation, 
indicated  all  the  land  inhabited  by  the  Galli 
or  Celtae,  but,  in  its  narrower  sense,  was 
applied  to  two  countries :— (1)  GALLIA,  also 
called  GALLIA  TF.ANSALPINA  or  GALLIA  ULTJS- 
BIOK,  to  distinguish  it  from  Gallia  Cisalpina, 
or  the  N.  of  Italy.  In  the  time  of  Augustas 
it  was  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Pyrenees  and 
the  Mediterranean ;  on  the  E.  by  the  river 
Varna  and  the  Alps,  which  separated  it  from 
Italy,  and  by  the  river  Khiiie,  which  separat- 
ed it  from  Germany ;  on  the  N.  by  the  Ger- 
man Ocean  and  the  English  Channel ;  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  Atlantic:  thus  including  not 
only  the  whole  of  France  and  Belgium,  but  a 
part  of  Holland,  a  great  part  of  Switzerland, 
and  all  the  provinces  of  Germany  W.  of  the 
Rhine.  The  Greeks,  at  a  very  early  period, 
became  acquainted  with  the  S.  coast  of  Gaul, 
where  they  founded,  in  B.O.  600,  the  important 
town  of  MASSILIA.  The  Romans  commenced 
the  conquest  of  Gaul  B.O.  125,  and  a  few  years 
afterwards  made  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
country  a  Roman  province.  In  Caesar's  Com- 
mentaries the  Roman  province  is  called  sim- 


he  rest  of  the  country  was  sub- 
dued by  Caesar  after  a  struggle  of  several 
years  (58-50).  At  this  time  Gaul  was  divided 
into  3  parts— Aquitania,  Celtica,  and  Belgica— 
according  to  the  3  different  races  by  which  it 
was  inhabited.  The  Aqnitania  dwelt  in  the 
S.W.,  between  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Garam- 
na ;  the  Celtae,  or  Galli  proper,  in  the  centre 
and  W.,  between  the  Garumna  and  the  Se- 
quana  and  the  Matroiia;  and  the  Belgae  in 
the  N.E.,  between  the  two  last -mentioned 
rivers  and  the  Rhine.  Of  the  many  tribes 
inhabiting  Gallia  Celtica,  none  were  more 
powerful  than  the  Aedui.  the  Sequani,  and 
the  HelvetiL  Augustus  divided  Gaul  into  4 
provinces:  1.  Gallia  Narbonensis,  the  same 
as  the  old  Provincia.  2.  G.  Aquitanica,  which 
extended,  from  the  Pyrenees  to  the  Liger. 
3.  (?.  Lugdunensis.  the  country  between  the 
Liger,  the  Sequana/and  the  Arar,  so  called 
from  the  colony  of  Lngdunum  (Lyons),  found- 
ed by  Munatius  Plancus.  4.  G.  Belgtea,  the 
•country  between  the  Sequana,  the  Arar,  and 
jthe  Rhine.  Shortly  afterwards  the  portion 
'of  Belgica  bordering  on  the  Rhine,  and  in- 
habtted  by  German  tribes,  was  subdivided 
into  2  new  provinces,  called  Germania  Prima 
and  Seeunda,  or  Germania  Superior  and  Jn- 
ferioi'.  The  Latin  language  gradually  became 
the  language  of  the  inhabitants,  and  Roman 
civilization  took  deep  root  in  all  parts  of  the 
country.  The  rhetoricians  and  poets  of  Gaul 
occupy  a  distinguished  place  in  the  later  his- 
tory of  Roman  literature.  On  the  dissolution 


of  the  Roman  empire,  Gaul,  like  the  other 
Roman  provinces,  was  overrun  by  barbari- 
ans, aud  the  greater  part  of  it  finally  became 
subject  to  the  Frauci  or  Franks,  under  their 
king  Clovis,  about  A.T>.  496. — (2)  GALLIA  CIS- 
ALPINA, also  called  G.  CITERIOR  and  G.  To- 
GATA,  a  Roman  province  in  the  N.  of  Italy, 
was  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Liguria  and  Gal- 
lia Narbonensis  (from  which  it  was  separated 
by  the  Alps),  and  on  the  N.  by  Rhaetia  and 
Noricura ;  on  the  E.  by  the  Adriatic  and  Ve- 
netia  (from  which  it  was  separated  by  the 
Athesis),  and  on  the  S.  by  Etruria  and  Um- 
bria  (from  which  it  was  separated  by  the  river 
Rubicon).  It  was  divided  by  the  Po  into 
GALLIA  TRANSPADANA,  also  called  ITALIA 
TRANSPADANA,  in  the  N.,  and  GALLTA  CISPA- 
DAWA,  in  the  S.  It  was  originally  inhabited 
by  Ligurians,  Umbriaus,  Etruscans,  and  other 
races ;  but  its  fertility  attracted  the  Gauls, 
who  at  different  periods  crossed  the  Alps, 
aud  settled  in  the  country,  after  expelling  the 
original  inhabitants.  After  the  1st  Punic 
war  the  Romans  conquered  the  whole  coun- 
try, and  formed  it  into  a  Roman  province. 
The  inhabitants,  however,  did  not  bear  the 
yoke  patiently,  and  it  was  not  till  after  the 
final  defeat  of  the  Boii  in  191  that  the  country 
became  submissive  to  the  Romans.  The  most 
important  tribes  were :  In  Gallia  Transpada- 
na,  in  the  direction  of  W.  to  E.,  the  TAURINI, 
SALASSI,  LIUIOI,  INSUJJRES,  CENOMANI;  in  G. 
Cispadaua,  in  the  same  direction,  the  BOII» 
LINGONES,  SENOWES. 

GALLIENUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  A.D. 
260-268,  succeeded  his  father  Valerian,  when 
the  latter  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Persians 
in  260.  Gallienus  was  indolent,  profligate, 
and  indifferent  to  the  public  welfare ;  and  his 
reign  was  one  of  the  most  ignoble  and  disas- 
trous in  the  history  of  Rome.  Numerous 
usurpers  sprung  up  in  different  parts  of  the 
empire,  who  are  commonly  distinguished  as 
TJie  Thirty  Tyrants.  Gallienus  was  slain  by 
his  own  soldiers  in  208,  while  besieging  Mi- 
lan, in  which  the  usurper  Anreolus  had  taken 
refuge. 

GALLTNlRlA  (-ae).  (1)  An  island  off  the 
coast  of  Liguria,  celebrated  for  its  number  of 
hens,  whence  its  name.— (2)  SILVA,  a  forest 
of  pine-trees  near  Cumae  in  Campania. 

GALLOGRAEClA.    [GALATIA.] 

GALLUS,  C.  CORNELIUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
poet,  born  in  Forum  Julii  (Frejus)  in  Gaul, 
about  B.O.  66,  went  to  Italy  at  an  early  age, 
and  rose  to  distinction  under  Julius  Caesar  and 
Augustus.  He  was  appointed  by  the  latter 
the  first  prefect  of  the  province  of  Egypt;  but 
having  incurred  the  displeasure  of  Augustus 
while  he  was  in  Egypt,  the  senate  sent  him 
into  exile ;  whereupon  he  put  an  end  to  his 
life,  B.O.  26.  Gallus  lived  on  intimate  terms 
with  Asinius  Pollio,  Virgil,  Varus,  and  Ovid, 
and  the  latter  assigns  to  him  the  first  place 
among  the  Roman  elegiac  poets.  All  Ma 
productions  have  perished. 

GALLUS,  TREBONI5.NUS  (-i),  Roman 
emperor,  A.D.  251-254,  and  the  successor  of 
Decius,  purchased  a  peace  with  the  Goths  on 
very  dishonorable  terms,  and  was  afterwards 
put  to  death  by  his  own  soldiers. 


GALLUS. 


173 


GEDROSIA. 


GALLUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Galatia,  falling 
into  the  Sangarius,  near  Pessinus.  From  it 
the  priests  of  Cybele  are  said  to  have  obtained 
their  name  of  Galli. 

GANDARIDAE,  GANDARITAE,  orGAN- 
DARAE  (-arum),  an  Indian  people,  in  the 
middle  of  the  Punjab,  between  the  rivers 
Acesines  (Chenab)  and  Hydraotes  (Eavee), 
whose  king,  at  the  time  of  Alexander's  inva- 
sion, was  a  cousin  and  namesake  of  the  cele- 
brated Porus. 

GANGES  (-is),  the  greatest  river  of  India, 
which  it  divided  into  the  2  parts  named  by 
the  ancients  India  intra  Gangem  (ffindostan), 
and  India  extra  Gangem  (Burmah,  Cochin 
China,  Siam,  and  the  Malay  Peninsula).  It 
rises  in  the  highest  part  of  the  Emodi  Montes 
(Himalaya),  and  flows  by  several  months  into 
the  head  of  the  Gangeticus  Sinns  (Bay  of  Ben- 
gal). The  knowledge  of  the  ancients  respect- 
ing it  was  very  imperfect. 

GXNYMEDES  (-is),  son  of  Tros  and  Cal- 
lirrhoe",  and  brother  of  Ilus  and  Assaracus, 
was  the  most  beautiful  of  all  mortals,  and 
was  carried  offb; 
the  cup  of  Zeus  (« 
immortal  gods.  ' 


Ganymcdes. 

trat  other  traditions  give  different  details. 
He  is  called  the  son  either  of  Laomedon,  or 
of  Ilus,  or  of  Erichthonins,  or  of  Assaracus. 
Later  writers  state  that  Zeus  himself  carried 
him  off,  in  the  form  of  an  eagle,  or  by  means 
of  his  eagle.  There  is,  further,  no  agreement 
as  to  the  place  where  the  event  occurred; 


though  later  writers  usually  represent  him  as 
carried  off  from  Mount  Ida.  Zeus  compen- 
sated the  father  for  his  loss  by  a  pair  of  di- 
vine horses.  Astronomers  placed  Ganymedes 
among  the  stars  under  the  name  of  Aquarius. 
His  name  was  sometimes  corrupted  in  Latin 
into  Catamltus. 

GARlMANTES  (-urn),  the  S.-most  people 
known  to  the  ancients  in  N.  Africa,  dwelt  far 
S.  of  the  Great  Syrtis  in  the  region  called 
Phazauia  (Fezzan),  where  they  had  a  capital 
city,  Gur&ma.  They  are  mentioned  by  He- 
rodotus as  a  weak,  unwarlike  people. 

GAEGlNUS  MONS  (Monte  Gargano),  a 
mountain  and  promontory  in  Apulia,  on 
which  were  oak  forests. 

GARG5.RX  (-6mm),  the  S.  summit  of  Mount 
Ida,  in  the  Troad,  with  a  city  of  the  same 
name  at  its  foot. 

GARGETTUS  (-i),  a  demus  in  Attica,  on 
the  N.W.  slope  of  Mount  Hymettus;  the 
birthplace  of  the  philosopher  Epicures. 

GARITES  (-um),  a  people  in  Aquitania, 
neighbors  of  the  Ausci. 

GAROCELI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Narbonensis,  near  Mount  Cenis. 

GARUMNA  (-ae:  Garonne),  one 
of  the  chief  rivers  of  Gaul,  rising  in 
the  Pyrenees,  flowing  N.W.  through 
Aquitania,  and  becoming  a  bay  of 
the  sea  below  Burdigala  (Bordeaux). 
GARTJMNI  (-orurn),  a  people  in 
Aquitania,  on  the  Garumna. 

GAUGlMELA  (-orum),  a  village 
in  Assyria,  the  scene  of  the  last  bat- 
tle between  Alexander  and  Darius, 
B.C.  331,  commonly  called  the  battle 
of  ARBET.A.. 

GAURUS  MONS,  GAURANUS 
or-NI  M.,  a  volcanic  range  of  mount- 
ains in  Campania,  between  Comae 
and  Neapolis,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Puteoli,  producing  good  wine, 
and  memorable  for  the  defeat  of  the 
Samnites  by  M.  Valerius  Corvus, 
B,O.  343. 

GlZA  (-ae),  the  last  city  on  the 
S.W.  frontier  of  Palestine,  and  the 
key  of  the  country  on  the  side  of 
Egypt,  stood  on  an  eminence  about 
2  miles  from  the  sea,  and  was  very 
stron  gly  fortified.  It  was  one  of  the 
5  cities  of  the  Philistines,  and  was 
taken  by  Alexander  the  Great  aft- 
er an  obstinate  defense  of  several 
months. 

GEBENNA  MONS.  [CEBENNA.]- 
GEDRCSlA  (-ae),  the  farthest 
province  of  the  Persian  empire  on 
the  S.E.,  and  one  of  the  subdivisions 
of  Ariana,  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Carmania,  on  the  N.  by  Drangiana 
and  Arachosia,  on  the  E.  by  India,  or,  as  the 
country  about  the  lower  course  of  the  Indus 
was  called,  Indo-Scythia,  and  on  the  S.  by  the 
Mare  Erythraeum,  or  Indian  Ocean.  It  is 
known  in  history  chiefly  through  the  distress 
suffered  for  want  of  water,  in  passing  througb 
it,  by  the  army  of  Alexander. 


GELA. 


174 


GENIUS. 


GELA  (-ae),  a  city  on  the  S.  coast  of  Sicily, 
op  a  river  of  the  same  name,  founded  by  Rho- 
diaus  from  Liudos,  and  by  Cretans,  B.O.  C90. 
It  soon  obtained  great  power  and  wealth ; 
and,  in  5S2,  it  founded  Agrigentum.  Gelon 
transported  half  of  its  inhabitants  to  Syra- 
cuse: the  place  gradually  fell  into  decay,  and 
in  the  time  of  Augustus  was  not  inhabited. 
The  poet  Aeschylus  died  here. 

GELDtJBA  (-ne;  Gelb,  below  Cologne),  a 
fortified  place  of  the  Ubii,  on  the  Rhine,  in 
Lower  Germany. 

GELLtUS,  AULUS  (-i),  a  Latin  grammari- 
an, who  lived  about  A.D.  117-180,  He  wrote 
a  work,  still  extant,  containing  numerous  ex- 
tracts from  Greek  and  Roman  writers,  which 
he  called  Noetes  Attieae,  because  it  was  com- 
posed near  Athens,  during  the  long  nights  of 
winter. 

GSL5N  (-oiiis),  tyrant  of  Gela,  and  after- 
wards of  Syracuse,  became  master  of  his  na- 
tive city,  B.O.  491.  In  485  he  obtained  the 
supreme  power  in  Syracuse,  and  henceforth 
endeavored,  in  every  possible  way,  to  enlarge 
and  enrich  it.  In  480  he  gained  a  brilliant 
victory  at  Himera  over  the  Carthaginians, 
ivho  had  invaded  Sicily  with  an  immense 
army,  on  the  very  same  day  as  that  of  Salamis. 
He  died  in  4TS,  after  reigning  7  years  at  Syra- 
cuse. He  is  represented  as  a  man  of  singular 
leniency  and  moderation,  and  as  seeking  in 
every  way  to  promote  the  welfare  of  his  sub- 
jects?. 

GELONI  (-orum),  a  Scythian  people,  dwell- 


ing in  Sarmatia  Asiatica,  to  theE.  of  the  river 
TanaTs  (Don). 

GSMONIAE  (scalae)  or  G£M(3NlI  (gra- 
dns),  a  flight  of  steps  cut  out  of  the  Aventine, 
down  which  the  bodies  of  criminals  strangled 
in  the  prison  were  dragged,  and  afterwards 
thrown  into  the  Tiber. 

GSNlBUM  or  CfiNlBUM  (-i:  Orleans),  a 
town  in  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  on  the  N.  bank 
of  the  Ligeris,  the  chief  town  of  the  Carnutes, 
subsequently  called  Civitas  Anreltanorum,  or 
Aurelianensis  Urbs,  whence  its  modern  name. 

GENAUNI  (-5rum),  a  people  in  Vindelicia, 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Alpine  valley  now 
called  Valle  di  Non,  subdued  by  Drusus. 

GENEVA  or  GSNlVA  (-ae:  Geneva),  the 
last  town  of  the  Allobrojjes,  on  the  frontiers 
of  the  Helvetii,  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
Rhone,  at  the  spot  where  the  river  flowed  out 
of  the  Lacus  Leraannus.  There  was  a  bridge 
here  over  the  Rhone. 

GENITRIX  (-tcis),  that  is,  "  the  mother," 
used  by  Ovid,  as  a  surname  of  Cybele,  in  the 
place  of  water,  or  magna  mater;  but  it  is  bet- 
ter known  as  a  surname  of  Venus,  to  whom 
Caesar  dedicated  a  temple  at  Rome,  as  the 
mother  of  the  Julia  gens. 

GENIUS  <-i),  a  protecting  spirit,  analogous 
to  the  guardian  angels  invoked  by  the  Church 
of  Rome.  The  belief  in  such  spirits  existed 
both  in  Greece  and  at  Rome.  The  Greeks 
called  them  Daemons  (Scu>oi/e?) ;  and  the 
poets  represented  them  as  dwelling  on  earth, 


Wiue  Genius.    (A  Mosaic,  from  P 


GENSERIC. 


175 


GEBMANICUS. 


unseen  by  mortals,  as  the  ministers  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter))  and  as  the  guardians  of  men  and  of 
j  ustice.  The  Greek  philosophers  took  up  this 
idea,  and  taught  that  daemons  were  assigned 
to  men  at  the  moment  of  their  birth,  that 
they  accompanied  men  through  life,  and  after 
death  conducted  their  souls  to  Hades.  The 
Romans  seem  to  have  received  their  notions 
respecting  the  genii  from  the  Etruscans, 
though  the  name  Genius  itself  is  Latin  (con- 
nected with  gi-gii-o,  gen-ui,  and  equivalent  in 
meaning  to  generator,  or  father).  According 
to  the  opinion  of  the  Romans,  every  human 
being  at  his  birth  obtained  a  genius,  whom 
he  worshiped  as  sanctus  et  swictissimiis  dews, 
especially  on  his  birthday,  with  libations  of 
wine,  incense,  and  garlands  of  flowers.  The 
bridal  bed  was  sacred  to  the  genius,  on  ac- 
count of  his  connection  with  generation,  and 
the  bed  itself  was  called  lectuv  gcnialis.  On 
other  merry  occasions,  also,  sacrifices  were  of- 
fered to  the  genius,  and  to  indulge  in  merri- 
ment was  not  uufrequently  expressed  by  (je- 
nio  indidgere,  genium  curare  or  placare.  Ev- 
ery place  had  also  its  genius.  The  genii  are 
usually  represented  in  works  of  art  as  winged 
beings.  The  genius  of  a  place  appears  in  the 
form  of  a  serpent  eating  fruit  placed  before 
him. 

GENSERIC,  king  of  the  Vandals,  and  the 
most  terrible  of  all  the  barbarian  invaders  of 
the  empire.  In  A.B.  429  he  crossed  over  from 
Spain,  and  made  himself  master  of  the  whole 
of  N.  Africa.  In  455  he  took  Rome,  and  plun- 
dered it  for  14  days.  He  died  in  477,  at  a 
great  age.  He  was  an  Arian,  and  persecuted 
his  Catholic  subjects. 

GENTJUS  (-i),  king  of  the  Illyriaus,  con- 
quered by  the  Romans,  B.C.  168. 

GfiNtSA  (-ae:  Genoa),  an  important  com- 
mercial town  in  Liguria,  situated  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  Ligurian  gulf  (Gulf^  of  Genoa}. 
and  subsequently  a  Roman  raunicipium. 

GENfrSUS  (-i),  a  river  in  Greek  Illyria,  N. 
of  the  Apsus. 

GEPlDAE  (-arum),  a  Gothic  people,  who 
fought  under  Attila,  and  afterwards  settled 
in  Dacia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Danube.  They 
were  conquered  by  the  Laugobardi  or  Lom- 
bards. 

GBRAESTUS  (-i),  a  promontory  and  har- 
bor at  the  S.  extremity  of  Euboea,  with  a  cel- 
ebrated temple  of  Poseidon  (Neptune). 

GURANKA  (-ae),  a  range  of  mountains, 
running  along  the  W.  coast  of  Megaris,  ter- 
minating in  the  promontory  Olmiae  in  the 
Corinthian  territory. 

GERSNIA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Messe- 
nia,  the  birthplace  of  Nestor,  who  is  hence 
called  Gerenian. 

GERGOVlA  (-ae).  (1)  A  fortified  town  of 
the  Arverni  in  Gaul,  situated  on  a  high  and 
inaccessible  hill,  W.  or  S.W.  of  the  Elaver 
(Allier),  probably  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
modern  Clermont. — (2)  A  town  of  the  Boii  in 
Gaul,  of  uncertain  site. 

GERMANlA  (-ae),  a  country  bounded  by 
the  Rhine  on  the  W.,  by  the  Vistula  and  the 
Carpathian  mountains  on  the  E.,  by  the  Dan- 
ube on  the  S.,  and  by  the  German  Oceau  and 


,he  Baltic  on  the  N.  It  thus  included  much 
nore  than  modern  Germany  on  the  N.  and 
E,,  but  much  less  in  the  W.  and  S.  The  N. 
mcl  N.E.  of  Gallia  Belgica  were  likewise 
called  Germania,  Prima  und  Secunda  under 
he  Roman  emperors  [GALLIA];  and  it  was 
n  contradistinction  to  these  provinces  that 
•Jermania  proper  was  also  called  GERMANIA 
dtAftNA,  or  G.  TRANSRHENANA,  or  G.  BARBARA. 
The  inhabitants  were  called  GERMANI  by  the 
Romans.  Tacitus  says  that  Germani  was  the 
name  of  the  Tungri,  who  were  the  first  Ger- 
man people  that  crossed  the  Rhine ;  and  as 
the»e  were  the  first  German  tribes  with  which 
,he  Romans  came  in  contact,  they  extended 
the  name  to  the  whole  nation.  The  Germans 
were  a  branch  of  the  great  Indo-Germanic 
race,  who,  along  with  the  Celts,  migrated  into 
Europe  from  the  Caucasus,  and  the  conntries 
around  the  Black  and  Caspian  seas,  at  a  pe- 
•iod  long  anterior  to  historical  records.  They 
are  described  as  a  people  of  high  stature  and 
of  great  bodily  strength,  with  fair  complex- 
ions, blue  eyes,  and  yellow  or  red  hair.  Many 
of  their  tribes  were  nomad,  and  every  year 
changed  their  place  of  abode.  The  men  found 
their  chief  delight  in  the  perils  and  excite- 
ment of  war.  The  women  were  held  in  hiojh 
lonor.  Their  chastity  was  without  reproach. 
Both  sexes  were  equally  distinguished  for 
Lheir  unconquerable  love  of  liberty.  In  each 
tribe  we  find  the  people  divided  into  4  class- 
es :  the  nobles,  the  freemen,  the  freedmen  or 
vassals,  and  the  slaves.  A  king  or  chief  was 
elected  from  among  the  nobles— his  authority 
was  very  limited,  and  in  case  of  war  breaking 
out  was  often  resigned  to  the  warrior  that 
was  chosen  as  leader.  The  Germani  first  ap- 
pear in  history  in  the  campaigns  of  the  Cim- 
bri  and  Teatones  (B.O.  163),  the  latter  of  whom 
were  undoubtedly  a  Germanic  people.  [Tisu- 
TONES.I  Campaigns  against  the  Germans 
were  carried  on  by  Julius  Caesar,  58-53 ;  by 
Drusus,  12-9 ;  by  Varas,  most  unsuccessfully, 
A.D.  9 ;  and  by  Germanicus,  who  was  gaining 
continued  victories  when  recalled  by  Tiberius, 
A.B.  16.  No  further  attempts  were  made  by 
the  Romans  to  conquer  Germany.  They  bad 
rather  to  defend  their  own  empire  from  the 
invasions  of  the  various  German  tribes,  espe- 
cially against  the  2  powerful  confederacies 
of  the  Alemanni  and  Pranks  [ALEMANNI; 
FRANOI];  and  iu  the  4th  and  5th  centuries 
the  Gel-mans  obtained  possession  of  some  of 
the  fairest  provinces  of  the  empire.  — The 
Germans  are  divided  by  Tacitus  into  3  great 
tribes:  1.  Ingaevones,  on  the  ocean.  2.  Her- 
miones,  inhabiting  the  central  parts.  3.  Istae- 
vones,  in  the  remainder  of  Germany,  conse- 
quently in  the  E.  and  S.  parts.  To  these  we 
ought  to  add  the  inhabitants  of  the  Scandina- 
vian peninsula,  the  Hilleviones,  divided  into 
the  Smones  and  Sitones. 

GERMANICUS  (-i),  CAESAR  (-aris),  son 
of  Nero  Claudius  Drusus  and  Antonia,  daugh- 
ter of  the  triumvir  Antony,  was  born  B.O.  15. 
He  was  adopted  by  his  uncle  Tiberius  in  the 
lifetime  of  Augustus,  and  was  raised  at  an 
early  age  to  the  honors  of  the  state.  He  as- 
sisted Tiberius  in  his  war  against  the  Panno- 
nians  and  Dalmatians  (A.I>.  7-10),  and  Ger- 
mans (11, 12).  He  had  the  command  of  the 


GERRA. 


176 


GLAUCUS. 


legions  in  Germany  when  the  alarming  mu- 
tiny broke  oat  among  the  soldiers  in  Germa- 
ny and  Illyricum  upon  the  death  of  Augus- 
tus (14).  After  restoring  order  among  the 
troops,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  conquest  of 
Germany,  and  carried  on  the  war  with  such 
vigor  and  success  that  be  needed  only  an- 
other year  to  reduce  completely  the  whole 
country  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Elbe. 
But  the  jealousy  of  Tiberius  saved  Germany. 
He  recalled  Gennanicus  to  Rome  (17),  and 
gave  him  the  command  of  all  the  Eastern 
provinces;  bat  at  the  same  time  he  placed 
Cn.  Piso  over  Syria,  with  secret  instructions 
to  check  and  thwart  Germanicus.  German- 
icus died  in  Syria  in  19,  and  it  was  believed 
both  by  himself  and  by  others  that  he  had 
been  poisoned  by  Piso.  He  was  deeply  la- 


near  its  mouths ;  but  in  the  time  of  Alexan* 
der  the  Great  they  dwelt  beyond  this  river 
andN.oftheTriballi. 

GIGANTES  (-um),  the  giants,  sprang  from 
the  blood  that  fell  from  Uranus  upon  the 
earth,  so  that  Ge  (the  earth)  was  their  mother. 
They  are  represented  as  beings  of  a  mon- 
strous size,  with  fearful  countenances  and  the 
tails  of  dragons.  They  made  an  attack  upon 
heaven,  being  armed  with  huge  rocks  and 
trunks  of  trees ;  but  the  gods,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Hercules,  destroyed  them  all,  and 
buried  many  of  them  under  Aetna  and  other 
volcanoes.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  most 
writers  place  the  giants  in  volcanic  districts ; 
and  it  is  probable  that  the  story  of  their  con- 
test with  the  gods  took  its  origin  from  vol- 
canic convulsions. 


Gigantcs. 


mented  by  the  Roman  people ;  and  Tiberius 
was  obliged  to  sacrifice  Piso  to  the  public  in- 
dignation. [Piso.]  By  Agrippina  he  had  9 
children,  of  whom  the  most  notorious  were 
the  emperor  Caligula,  and  Agrippina,  the 
mother  of  Nero.  Germanicus  was  an  author 
of  some  repute.  He  wrote  several  poetical 
works,  most  of  which  are  lost. 

GERRA,  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Arabia, 
and  a  great  emporium  for  the  trade  of  Arabia 
and  India,  stood  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Arabia 
Felix.  The  inhabitants,  called  Gerraei,  were 
said  to  have  been  originally  Chaldaeans  who 
were  driven  out  of  Babylon. 

GSRtSN  (-5n5s)  or  G®R¥5NES  (-ae),  son 
of  Chrysaor  and  Callirrhoe',  a  monster  with  3 
heads,  or,  according  to  others,  with  3  bodies 
united  together,  was  a  king  in  Spain,  and  pos- 
sessed magnificent  oxen,  which  Hercules  car- 
ried away.  [HBBOULES.] 

GESORIICUM  (-i :  Boulogne^  a  port  of  the 
Morini  in  Gallia  Belgica,  at  which  persons 
usually  embarked  to  cross  over  to  Britain ;  it 
was  subsequently  called  BONONIA,  whence  its 
modern  name. 

GfiTA  (-ae),  SEPTlMlUS  <-i),  brother  of 
Caracalla,  by  whom  he  was  assassinated,  A.D. 

212.      CCARAOALLA.] 

GSTAE  (-urum),  a  Thra,cian  people,  called 
Daci  by  the  Romans.  Herodotus  and  Thu- 
cjdides  place  them  S.  of  the  Ister  (Danube), 


GIG5NUS,  a  town  and  promontory  of 
Macedonia  on  the  Thermaic  gulf. 

GLIBRJO  <-onis),  AClLiUS  (-i).  (1)  Con- 
sul, B.O.  191,  when  he  defeated  Antiochus  at 
Thermopylae.  —  (2)  Praetor  urbanus  in  70, 
when  he  presided  at  the  impeachment  of  Ver- 
res,  and  consul  in  67,  and  subsequently  the 
successor  of  L.  Luculms  in  the  command  of 
the  war  against  Mithridates,  in  which,  how- 
ever, he  was  superseded  by  Cn.  Pompey. 

GL5.NIS  (-is),  more  usually  written  CLANIS. 

GL&PHlfRA.    [AsoHELAtrs,  No.  6.] 

GLAUCB  (-es).  £1)  One  of  the  Nereides, 
the  name  Glauce  being  only  a  personification 
of  the  color  of  the  sea. — (2)  Daughter  of  Cre- 
on  of  Corinth,  also  called  Creusa.  [CREON.] 

GLAUCUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Potniae,  son  of  Sisy- 
phus and  father  of  Belle roph on tes,  torn  to 
pieces  by  his  own  mares  because  he  had  de- 
spised the  power  of  Aphrodite  (Venus).— (2) 
Son  of  Hippolochus,  and  grandson  of  Beller- 
pphontes,  who  was  commander  of  the  Lycians 
in  the  Trojan  war.  He  was  connected  with 
Biomedes  by  ties  of  hospitality ;  and  when 
they  recognised  one  another  in  the  battle, 
they  abstained  from  fighting,  and  exchanged 
arms.  Glaucus  was  slain  by  Ajax.— (3)  One 
of  the  sons  of  the  Cretan  king  Minos  by  Pa- 
siphaS  or  Crete.  When  a  boy  he  fell  into  a 
cask  full  of  honey,  and  was  smothered.  He 
was  discovered  by  the  soothsayer  Polyidus 


GLYCERA. 


177 


GORGONES. 


of  Argos,  who  was  pointed  out  by  Apollo  for 
this  purpose.  Miuos  theo  required  him  to 
restore  his  son  to  life.  Being  nimble  to  do 
this,  he  was  buried  with  Glaucus,  when  a  ser- 
pent revealed  a  herb  which  restored  the  dead 
body  to  life.—  (4)  Of  Anthedon  in  Boeotia,  a 
fisherman,  who  became  a  sea-god  by  eating  a 
part  of  the  divine  herb  which  Cronos  (Saturn) 
had  sown.  It  was  believed  that  GUmcus  vis- 
ited every  year  all  the  coasts  and  islands  of 
Greece,  accompanied  by  marine  monsters, 
and  gave  his  prophecies.  "Fishermen  and  sail- 
ors paid  particular  reverence  to  him,  and 
watched  his  oracles,  which  were  believed  to 
be  very  trustworthy.—  (5)  Of  Chios,  a  statu- 
ary in  metal,  distinguished  as  the  inventor 
of  the  art  of  soldering  metals,  flourished  B.C. 
490. 


,  "the  sweet  one,"  a  favor- 
ite name  of  courtesans. 

GNOSUS,  GNOSSUS.    [CNOSUS.] 

GOLGI  (-orum),  a  town  in  Cyprus,  of  un- 
certain site,  a  Sicyonian  colony,  and  one  of 
the  chief  seats  of  the  worship  of  Aphrodite 
(Venus). 

GOMPHI  (-orum),  a  town  in  Hestiaeotis  in 
Thessaly,  a  strong  fortress  on  the  confines  of 
Bpirus,  commanding  the  chief  pass  between 
Thessaly  and  Epirus. 

GONNI  (-orum),  GONNUS  (-i),  a  strongly 
fortified  town  of  the  Perrhaebi  in  Thessaly, 
on  the  river  Peneus  and  at  the  entrance  of 
the  vale  of  Tempe. 

GORD1INUS,  M.  ANTSNtUS  (-i),  the  name 
of  3  Roman  emperors  —  father,  son,  and  grand- 
son. The  father  was  a  man  distinguished  by 
intellectual  and  moral  excellence,  and  had 
governed  Africa  for  many  years,  when  he  was 
proclaimed  emperor  at  the  age  of  80.  He  as- 
sociated his  son  with  him  in  the  empire,  but 
reigned  only  two  months.  His  son  was  slain 
in  battle,  and  he  thereupon  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life,  A.D.  238.  His  grandson  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  by  the  soldiers  in  Rome  in 
A.D.  238,  after  the  murder  of  Balbinus  and 
Pupienus,  although  he  was  not  more  than  12 
years  old.  He  reigned  6  years,  from  238  to 
244,  when  he  was  assassinated  by  Misitheus 
in  Mesopotamia, 

GORDIUM  (-i),  the  ancient  capital  of 
Phrygia,  situated  on  the  Sangarius,  the  royal 
residence  of  the  kings  of  the  dynasty  of  Gor- 
dius,  and  the  scene  of  Alexander's  celebrated 
exploit  of  "  cutting  the  Gordian  knot." 


GORDIUS  (-i),  an  ancient  king  of  Phrygia, 
and  father  of  Midas,  was  originally  a  poor 
peasant.  Internal  disturbances  having  brok- 
en out  in  Phrygia,  an  oracle  informed  the  in- 
habitants that  a  wagon  would  bring  them  a 
king,  who  would  put  an  end  to  their  troubles. 
Shortly  afterwards  Gordius  suddenly  ap- 
peared riding  in  his  wagon  in  the  assembly 
of  the  people,  who  at  once  acknowledged  him 
as  king.  Gordius,  out  of  gratitude,  dedicated 
his  chariot  to  Zeus  (Jupiter),  in  the  acropolis 
of  Gordium.  The  pole  was  fastened  to  the 
yoke  by  a  knot  of  bark  ;  and  an  oracle  de- 
clared that  whosoever  should  untie  the  knot 


should  reign  over  all  Asia.  Alexander,  on 
his  arrival  at  Gordium,  cut  the  knot  with  his 
sword,  and  applied  the  oracle  to  himself. 

GORDTENE  or  CORDfrENE  (-es),  a  mount- 
ainous  district  in  the  S.  of  Armenia  Major, 
between  the  Arsissa  Palus  (Lake  Van)  and 
the  Gordyaei  Montes  (Mountains  of  Kurdis- 
tan). Its  warlike  inhabitants,  called  Gordy- 
aei, or  Cordueni,  were  no  doubt  the  same 
people  as  the  CARDDCHT  of  the  earlier  Greek 
geographers,  and  the  modern  Kurds. 

GORG33  (-es),  daughter  of  Oeneus  and  sis- 
ter of  Deianira,  both  of  whom  retained  their 
original  forms  when  their  other  sisters  were 
metamorphosed  by  Artemis  (Diana)  into  birds. 

GORGIAS  (-ae).  (1)  Of  Leontini  in  Sicily, 
a  celebrated  rhetorician  and  sophist,  born 
about  B.O.  480,  and  lived  upwards  of  100  years. 
In  B.O.  427  he  was  sent  by  his  fellow-citizens 
as  embassador  to  Athens,  for  the  purpose  of 
soliciting  its  protection  against  Syracuse.  A 
dialogue  of  Plato  bears  his  name.  Gorgias 
wrote  several  works,  which  are  lost,  with  the 
exception  of  two  declamations— the  Apology 
of  Palamedes,  and  the  Encomium  on  Helena, 
the  genuineness  of  which,  however,  is  doubt- 
ful—(2)  Of  Athens,  gave  instruction  in  rhet- 
oric to  young  M.  Cicero  when  he  was  at  Ath- 
ens. 

GORGONES  (-urn),  the  name  of  3  frightful 
maidens— STHENO,  ETTBYALE,  and  MEDUSA— 
daughters  of  Phorcys  and  Ceto,  whence  they 
are  sometimes  called  PHOROYDES.  Later  tra- 
ditions placed  them  in  Libya.  Instead  of 
hair,  their  heads  were  covered  with  hissing 
serpents ;  and  they  had  wings,  brazen  claws, 
and  enormous  teeth.  Medusa,  who  alone  of 
the  sisters  was  mortal,  was,  according  to  some 
legends,  at  first  a  beautiful  maiden,  but  her 
hair  was  changed  into  serpents  by  Athena 
(Minerva),  in  consequence  of  her  having  be- 
come by  Poseidon  (Neptune)  the  mother  of 
Chrysaor  and  Pegasus,  in  one  of  Athena's 
temples.  Her  head  now  became  so  fearful 
that  every  one  who  looked  at  it  was  changed 
into  stone.  Hence  the  great  difficulty  which 
Perseus  had  in  killing  her.  [PERSEUS.]  Athe- 
na afterwards  placed  the  head  in  the  centre 
of  her  shield  or  breastplate. 


The  Gorgon  Medusa.    (Florentine  Gem.) 


GOBTYN. 


ITS 


GRAEAE. 


GORTTN,  GORTYNA,  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient cities  in  Crete,  on  the  river  Lethaeus,  90 
stadia  from  its  harbor  Lebeu,  and  130  stadia 
from  its  other  harbor  Matalia. 

GORTTNIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Bmathia  in 
Macedonia,  of  uncertain  site. 

GOTHI  (-orum),  GOTH5NES,  GUTT5NES 
~(-um),  a  powerful  German  people,  who  orig- 
inally dwelt  on  the  Prussian  coast  of  the  Bal- 
tic at  the  mouth  of  the  Vistula,  but  afterwards 
migrated  S.  At  the  beginning  of  the  3d  cent- 
ury they  appear  on  the  coasts  of  the  Black 
Sea,  and  in  A.D.  2T2  the  emperor  Aurelian  sur- 
rendered to  them  the  whole  of  Dacia.  About 
this  time  we  find  them  separated  into  2  great 
divisions—the  Ostrogoths  or  E.  Goths,  and 
the  Visigoths  or  W. 'Goths.  The  Ostrogoths 
settled  in  Moesia  and  Paunotiia,  while  the 
Visigoths  remained  N.  of  the  Danube.  The 
Visigoths,  under  their  king  Alaric,  invaded 
Italy,  and  took  and  plundered  "Rome  (410).  A 
few  years  afterwards  they  settled  permanent- 
ly in  the  S.W.  of  Gaul,  and  established  a 
kingdom  of  which  Tolosa  was  the  capital. 
Thence  they  invaded  Spain,  where  they  also 
founded  a  kingdom,  which  lasted  more  than 
2  centuries,  till  it  was  overthrown  by  the 
Arabs.  The  Ostrogoths  meantime  extended 
their  dominions  almost  up  to  the  gates  of 
Constantinople ;  and  under  their  king,  The- 
odoric  the  Great,  they  obtained  possession  of 
the  whole  of  Italy  (493).  The  Ostrogoths  em- 
braced Christianity  at  an  early  period;  and 
it  was  for  their  use  that  TTlphilas  translated 
the  sacred  Scriptures  into  Gothic,  in  the  4th 
century. 

GOTHINI,  a  Celtic  people  in  the  S.B.  of 
Germany,  subject  to  the  Quadi. 

GRACCHUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  celebrated 
family  of  the  Sempronia  gens.— (1)  TIB.  SEM- 
PBONIUS  GRACCHUS,  a  distinguished  general  in 
the  2d  Punic  war.  In  B.O.  212  he  fell  in  battle 
against  Mago,  at  Campi  Veteres,  in  Lucania. 
His  body  was  sent  to  Hannibal,  who  honored 
it  with  a  magnificent  burial.— (2)  TIB.  SEM- 
PRONIUB  GRACCHUS,  distinguished  as  the  fa- 
ther of  the  tribunes  Tiberius  and  Caius  Grac- 
chus. For  public  services  rendered  when 
tribune  of  the  plebs  (187)  to  P.  Scipio  Africa- 
nus,  he  was  rewarded  with  the  hand  of  his 
youngest  daughter,  Cornelia.  He  was  twice 
consul  and  once  censor.  He  had  12  children 
by  Cornelia,  all  of  whom  died  at  an  early  age, 
except  the  two  tribunes,  and  a  daughter,  Cor- 
nelia, who  was  married  to  P.  Scipio  Africanus 
the  younger.— (3)  TIB.  SBMPRONIUS  GBAOOHITS, 
elder  son  of  No.  2,  lost  his  father  at  an  early 
age,  and  was  educated,  together  with  his 
brother  Caius,  by  his  illustrious  mother,  Cor- 
nelia, who  made  it  the  object  of  her  life  to 
render  her  sons  worthy  of  their  father  and  of 
her  own  ancestors.  The  distressed  condition 
of  the  Roman  people  deeply  excited  the  sym- 
pathies of  Tiberius.  He  had  observed  with 
grief  the  deserted  state  of  some  parts  of  the 
country,  and  the  immense  domains  of  the 
wealthy,  cultivated  only  by  slaves;  and  he 
resolved  to  use  every  effort  to  remedy  this 
state  of  things  by  endeavoring  to  create  an 
industrious  middle  class  of  agriculturists,  and 
to  put  a  check  upon  the  unbounded  avarice 


of  the  ruling  party.  With  this  view,  when 
tribune  of  the  plebs,  133,  he  proposed  a  bili 
for  the  renewing  and  enforcing  of  the  Licin- 
ian  law,  which  enacted  that  no  citizen  should 
hold  more  than  500  jugera  of  the  public  land. 
He  added  a  clause,  permitting  a  father  of  2 
sons  to  hold  250  jngera  for  each ;  so  that  a 
father  of  two  sons  might  hold  in  all  1000  juge- 
ra.  To  this  measure  the  aristocracy  offered 
the  most  vehement  opposition ;  nevertheless, 
through  the  vigor  and  energy  of  Tiberius,  it 
was  passed,  and  triumvirs  were  appointed  fop 
carrying  it  into  execution.  These  were  Tib. 
Gracchus;  App.  Claudius,  his  father-in-law ; 
and  his  brother,  C.  Gracchus.  About  this 
time  Attalus  died,  and  on  the  proposition  of 
Gracchus  his  property  was  divided  among  the 
poor,  that  they  might  purchase  farming  im- 
plements, etc.  When  the  time  came  for  the 
election  of  tribunes  for  the  following  year. 
Tiberius  again  offered  himself  as  a  candidate ; 
but  in  the  very  midst  of  the  election  he  was 
publicly  assassinated  by  P.  Scipio  Nasica.  He 
was  probably  about  35  years  of  age  at  the  time 
of  his  death.  Tiberius  was  a  sincere  friend 
of  the  oppressed,  and  acted  from  worthy  mo- 
tives, whatever  his  political  errors  may  have 
been.  Much  of  the  odium  that  has  been 
thrown  upon  him  and  his  brother  has  risen 


rian  laws.  —  (4)  C.  SEMPRONICS  GBACOIHTS, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  123.  His  reforms  were  far  more  exten- 
sive than  his  brother's,  and  such  was  his  in- 
fluence with  the  people  that  he  carried  all  he 
proposed;  and  the  senate  were  deprived  of 
some  of  their  most  important  privileges.  His 
first  measure  was  the  renewal  of  the  agrarian 
law  of  his  brother.  He  also  enacted  that  the 
judices,  who  had  hitherto  been  elected  from 
the  senate,  should  in  future  be  chosen  from 
the  equites ;  and  that  in  every  year,  before 
the  consuls  were  elected,  the  senate  should 
determine  the  2  provinces  which  the  consuls 
should  have.  Cains  was  elected  tribune  a 
second  time,  122.  The  senate,  finding  it  im- 
possible to  resist  the  measures  of  Caius,  re- 
solved to  destroy  his  influence  with  the  peo- 
ple. For  this  purpose  they  persuaded  M. 
Livius  Drusus,  one  of  the  colleagues  of  Caius, 
to  propose  measures  still  more  popular  than 
those  of  Caius.  The  people  allowed  them- 
selves  to  be  duped  by  the  treacherous  agent 
of  the  senate,  and  the  popularity  of  Caius 
gradually  waned.  He  failed  in  obtaining  the 
tribuneship  for  the  following  year  (121) ;  and 
when  his  year  of  office  expired,  his  enemies 
began  to  repeal  several  of  his  enactments. 
Cams  appeared  in  the  forum  to  oppose  these 
proceedings,  upon  which  a  riot  ensued,  and 
while  his  triends  fought  in  his  defense  he  fled 
to  the  grove  of  the  Furies,  where  he  fell  by 
the  hands  of  his  slave,  whom  he  had  com- 
manded to  put  him  to  death.  About  3000  of 
his  friends  were  slain,  and  many  were  thrown 
into  prison,  and  there  strangled. 

GRADIVUS  (-i),  i.  e.  the  marching  (proba- 
bly from  gradior),  a  surname  of  Mars,  who  is 
hence  called  gradivu*  pater  and  rex  gradivui}. 
Numa  appointed  12  Salii  as  priests  of  this  god 

GRAJSAE  (-arum),  that  is,  "  the  old  worn 


GEAECIA. 


179 


GUGERNI. 


eii,"  daughters  of  Phorcys  and  Ceto,  were  3 
in  number— -Pephredo,  Enyo,  and  Dino,  also 
called  Phorcydes.  They  had  gray  hair  from 
their  birth ;  and  had  only  one  tooth  and  one 
eye  in  common,  which  they  borrowed  from 
each  other  when  they  wanted  them. 

GRAECIA  (-ae)  or  HELLAS  (-ados),  a 
country  in  Europe,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
were  called  GBAEOI  or  HELLENES.  Among 
the  Greeks  Hellas  did  not  signify  any  partic- 
ular country,  bounded  by  certain  geographical 
limits,  but  was  used  in  general  to  signify  the 
abode  of  the  Hellenes,  wherever  they  might 
happen  to  be  settled.  Thus  the  Greek  colo- 
nies of  Cyrene  in  Africa,  of  Syracuse  in  Sici- 
ly, of  Tarentum  in  Italy,  and  of  Smyrna  in 
Asia,  are  said  to  be  in  Hellas.  In  the  most 
ancient  times  Hellas  was  a  small  district  of 
Phthiotis  in  Thessaly.  As  the  inhabitants 
of  this  district,  the  Hellenes,  gradually  spread 
over  the  surrounding  country,  their  name  was 
adopted  by  the  other  tribes,  till  at  length  the 
whole  of  the  N.  of  Greece  from  the  Ceraunian 
and  Cambunian  mountains  to  the  Corinthian 
isthmus  was  designated  by  the  name  of  Hel- 
las. Peloponnesus  was  generally  spoken  of, 
during  the  flourishing  times  of  Greek  inde- 
pendence, as  distinct  from  Hellas  proper;  but 
subsequently  Peloponnesus  and  the  Greek 
islands  were  also  included  under  the  general 
name  of  Hellas,  in  opposition  to  the  land  of 
the  barbarians.  The  Romans  called  the  land 
of  the  Hellenes  Graecia  (whence  we  have  de- 
rived the  name  of  Greece),  probably  from 
their  first  becoming  acquainted  with  the  tribe 
of  the  Graeci,  who  appear  at  an  early  period 
to  have  dwelt  on  the  W .  coast  of  Epirns.  The 
greatest  length  of  Greece  proper  from  Mount 
Olympus  to  Cape  Taenarns  is  about  250  En- 
glish miles ;  its  greatest  breadth  from  the  W. 
coast  of  Acarnania  to  Marathon  in  Attica  is 
about  180  miles.  Its  area  is  somewhat  less 
than  that  of  Portugal.  On  the  N.  it  was  sep- 
arated by  the  Carabnnian  and  Ceraunian 
mountains  from  Macedonia  and  Illyria ;  and 
on  the  other  3  sides  it  is  bounded  by  the  sea, 
namely,  by  the  Ionian  sea  on  the  W.,  and  by 
the  Aegaean  on  the  E.  and  S.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  mountainous  countries  of  Europe,  and 
possesses  few  extensive  plains  and  few  con- 
tinuous valleys.  The  inhabitants  were  thus 
separated  from  one  another  by  barriers  which 
it  was  not  easy  to  surmount,  and  were  natu- 
rally led  to  form  separate  political  communi- 
ties. At  a  later  time  the  N.  of  Greece  was 
generally  divided  into  10  districts:  EPIBTJS, 
THESBALIA,  AOABNANIA,  AETOLTA,  DOEIS,  Lo- 
oms, Pnoois,  BOEOTIA,  ATTICA,  and  MEGABIS. 
The  S.  of  Greece  or  Peloponnesus  was  usually 
divided  into  10  districts  likewise :  CORINTEIA, 
SIOYONIA,  PHLIASIA,  AOHAIA,  ELIS,  MESSENIA, 
LAOONIA,  CYNURIA,  ARGOLIS,  ana  AROADIA. 
An  account  of  the  geography,  early  inhabit- 
ants, and  history  of  each,  of  these  districts  is 
given  in  separate  articles.  The  most  celebra- 
ted of  the  original  inhabitants  of  Greece  were 
the  Pelasgians,  from  whom  a  considerable 
part  of  the  Greek  population  was  undoubt- 
edly descended.  [PELASGIO  The  Hellenes 
traced  their  origin  to  a  mythical  ancestor 
Hellen,  from  whose  sons  and  grandsons  they 
were  divided  into  the  4  great  tribes  of  Do- 


rians, Aeolians,  Achaeans,  and  lonians.  [HEL 
LEX] 

GRAECf  A  MAGNA  or  G.  MAJOR,  a  name 
given  to  the  districts  in  the  S.  of  Italy  in- 
habited by  the  Greeks.  This  name  was  never 
used  simply  to  indicate  the  S.  of  Italy ;  it  was 
always  confined  to  the  Greek  cities  and  their 
territories,  and  did  not  include  the  surround- 
ing districts  inhabited  by  the  Italian  tribes. 
It  appears  to  have  been  applied  chiefly  to  the 
cities  on  the  Tareutine  gulf— Tareutura,  Sy- 
baris,  Croton,  Caulonia,  Siris  (Heraclea),  "Me- 
tapoutum,  Locrl,  and  Rhegium;  but  it  also 
included  the  Greek  cities  on  the  W.  coast, 
such  as  Cumae  and  Neapolis.  Strabo  ex- 
tends the  appellation  even  to  the  Greek  cities 
of  Sicily. 

GRAMPlUS  MONS  (Grampian  Hills),  a 
range  of  mountains  in  Britannia  Barbara  or 
Caledonia,  separating  the  Highlands  and  Low- 
lands of  Scotland.  Agricola  penetrated  as 
far  as  these  mountains,  and  defeated  Galga- 
cus  at  their  foot. 

GRANICUS  (-i),  a  small  river  of  Mysia, 
rising  in  Mount  Ida,  and  falling  into  the  Pro- 
pontis  (Sea  of  Marmora)  S.  of  Priapus :  mem- 
orable as  the  scene  of  the  victory  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great  over  the  Persians  (B.O.  334), 
and,  in  a  less  degree,  for  a  victory  of  Lucallus 
over  Mithridates,  B.C.  73. 

GRATIAE.    [CnATJiTES.] 

GRlTlANUS  (-i),  emperor  of  the  Western 
empire,  A.D.  367-3S3,  son  of  Valentinian  I. 
He  was  deposed  and  slain  by  the  usurper 
Maximns. 

GRATlUS  FiLISCUS  (-i),  a  contemporary 
of  O.vid,  and  the  author  of  an  extant  poem  on 
the  chase. 

GRlVISCAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  city  of 
Etruria,  subject  to  Tarquinii,  and  colonized 
by  the  Romans  B.O.  183.  It  was  situated  in 
the  Maremma,  and  its  air  was  unhealthy, 
whence  Virgil  calls  it  intempestae  Graviscae. 

GRUDR  (-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia  Belgi- 
ca,  subject  to  the  Nervii,  N.  of  the  Scheldt. 

GRUMENTUM  (-i),  a  town  in  the  interior 
of  Lucania,  on  the  road  from  Beneventum  to 
Heraclea. 

GRYLLUS  (-i),  elder  son  of  Xenophon,  fell 
at  the  battle  of  Man  tinea,  B.C.  362,  after  he 
had,  according  to  some  accounts,  given  Epam* 
inondas  his  mortal  wound. 

GRYN1A  <-ae)  or  -K7M  (-i),  an  ancient 
city  in  the  S.  of  Mysia,  celebrated  for  its  tem- 
ple and  oracle  of  Apollo,  who  is  hence  called 
Grynaeus  Apollo. 

GRYPS  (-ypis)  or  GRTPHUS  (-i),  a  griffin,  s 
fabulous  animal,  with  the  body  of  a  lion  and 
the  head  and  wings  of  an  eagle,  dwelling  in 
theRhipaean  mountains,  between  the  Hyper- 
boreans and  the  one-eyed  Arimaspians,  and 
guarding  the  gold  of  the  North.  The  Arimas- 
pians  mounted  on  horseback,  and  attempted 
to  steal  the  gold,  and  hence  arose,the  hostil- 
ity between  the  horse  and  the  griffin.  The 
belief  in  griffins  came  from  the  JEast,  where 
they  are  mentioned  among  the  fabnlons  ani- 
mals which  guarded  the  gold  of  India. 

GUGERNI  or  GUBERNI  (-orum),  a  people 


GULUSSA. 


180 


HADRIANUS. 


of  Germany,  who  crossed  the  Shine,  and  set- 
tled on  its  left  bank,  between  the  Ubii  and 
Batavi. 

GULUSSA  <-ae),  aNumidian,  2d  sou  of  Ma- 
sinissa,  and  brother  to  Micipsa  and  Mastana- 
bal.  He  left  a  son,  named  MABSIVA. 

GUTT5NBS.    [GoTHt.] 

GYiRUS  (-i)  or  GYiRA  (-orum),  one  of 
the  Cyclades,  a  small  island  S.W.  of  Andros, 
poor  and  unproductive,  and  inhabited  only 
by  fishermen.  Under  the  Koraan  emperors  it 
was  a  place  of  banishment. 

G¥lS  or  G?ES,  or  GfGSS  (-ae),  son  of 
Uranus  (Heaven)  and  Ge  (Earth),  one  of  the 
giants  with  100  hands,  who  made  war  upon 
the  gods. 

GYGAEUS  LACUS,  a  small  lake  in  Lydia, 
N.ofSardis. 

GYGES  (-ae),  the  first  king  of  Lydia  of  the 
dynasty  of  the  Mermnadae,  dethroned  Can- 
daules  and  succeeded  to  the  kingdom,  as  re- 
lated under  CANPAULES.  He  reigned  u.o.  716- 
6T8.  He  sent  magnificent  presents  to  Delphi, 
and  the  "  riches  of  Gyges"  became  a  proverb. 


GtLIPPUS  (-i),  a  Spartan,  sou  of  Cleandri. 
das,  sent  as  the  Spartan  commander  to  Syra. 
cuse  to  oppose  the  Athenians,  u.o.  414.  Un- 
der  his  command  the  Syracusaus  annihilated 
the  great  Athenian  armament,  and  took  De- 
mosthenes and  Nicias  prisoners,  413.  In  404 
he  was  commissioned  by  Lysander,  after  the 
capture  of  Athens,  to  carry  home  the  treas- 
ure; but  by  opening  the  seams  of  the  sacks 
underneath,  he  abstracted  a  considerable  por- 
tion.* The  theft  was  discovered,  and  Gylin- 
pus  went  into  exile.  • 

GYMNESfAE.    [BALEAEES.] 

G  YNDES  (-ae),  a  river  of  Assyria,  rising  in 
the  country  of  the  Matieni  (in  the  mountains 
of  Kurdistan),  and  flowing  into  the  Tigris,  cel- 
ebrated through  the  story  that  Cyrus  the 
Great  drew  off  its  waters  by  SCO  channels 
1  GYRTON  (-onis),  GYRTONA  (-ae),  an  an- 
cient  town  in  Pelasgiotis  in  Thessaly,  on  the 
Peneus. 

GTTHEUM,  GYTHIUM  (-i),  an  ancient 
sea-port  town  of  Lacouia,  situated  near  the 
head  of  the  Laconian  bay,  S.W.  of  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Eurotas. 


H. 


HADES  or  AIDES  (-ae),  or  PLUTO  (-5nis), 
the  god  of  the  nether  world.  In  ordinary  life 
he  was  usually  called  Pluto  (the  giver  of 
wealth),  because  people  did  not  like  to  pro- 
nounce the  dreaded  name  of  Hades  or  Aides. 
The  Roman  poets  use  the  names  Dis,  Onotrs, 
and  TAKTABUS,  as  synonymous  with  Pluto. 
Hades  was  the  son  of  Clonus  (Saturn)  and 
Rhea,  and  brother  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Po- 
seidon (Neptune).  His  wife  was  Persephdne 
or  Proserpina,  the  daughter  of  Demeter, 
whom  he  carried  off  from  the  upper  world,  as 
is  related  elsewhere.  [See  p.  141.]  In  the 
division  of  the  world  among  the  3  brothers, 
Hades  obtained  the  nether  world,  the  abode 
of  the  shades,  over  which  he  ruled.  His  char- 
acter is  described  as  fierce  and  inexorable, 
whence  of  all  the  gods  he  was  most  hated  by 
mortals.  The  sacrifices  offered  to  him  and 
Persephone  consisted  of  black  sheep ;  and  the 
person  who  offered  the  sacrifice  had  to  turn 
away  his  face.  The  ensign  of  hie  power  was 
n  staff,  with  which,  like  Hermes,  he  drove  the 
shades  into  the  lower  world.  There  he  sat 
upon  a  throne  with  his  consort  Persephone. 
He  possessed  a  helmet  which  rendered  the 
wearer  invisible,  and  which  he  sometimes 
lent  to  both  gods  and  men.  Like  the  other 
gods,  he  was  not  a  faithful  husband ;  the  Fu- 
ries are  called  his  daughters ;  the  nymph  Min- 
tho,  whom  he  loved,  "was  metamorphosed  by 
Persephone  into  the  plant  called  mint;  and 
the  nymph  Leuce,  whom  he  likewise  loved, 
was  changed  by  him  after  death  into  a  white 
poplar.  Being  the  king  of  the  lower  world, 
Pluto  is  the  giver  of  all  the  blessings  that 
come  from  the  earth:  hence  he  gives  the  met- 
als contained  in  the  earth,  and  is  called  Pluto. 
In  works  of  art  he  resembles  his  brothers 
Zeus  and  Poseidon,  except  that  his  hair  falls 
over  his  forehead,  and  that  his  appearance  is 


dark  and  gloomy.    His  ordinary  attributes 
are  the  key  of  Hades  and  Cerberus. 


Hades.    (From  a  Statue  in  the  Vatican.) 

HADRlA.    [ABBiA.] 

HADRlANOPOLIS  (-is:  AdriampU),  a 
town  in  Thrace,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ee- 
brus,  in  an  extensive  plain,  founded  by  the 
emperor  Hadrian. 

H5.DRt5.NUS,  P.  AELlUS  (-i),  usually 
called  HADRIAN,  Roman  emperor,  A.D.  117- 


HADRUMETUM. 


181 


HAMAXOBIL 


138,  was  born  at  Rome,  A.D.  76.  He  enjoyed 
the  favor  of  Plotina,  the  wife  of  Trajan,  and 
mainly  through  her  influence  succeeded  to  the 
empire.  He  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  reign 
in  traveling  through  the  provinces  of  the  em- 
pire, in  order  that  he  might  personally  inspect 
their  condition.  He  resided  for  some  time  at 
Athens,  which  was  his  favorite  city,  and  with 
whose  language  and  literature  he  was  inti- 
mately acquainted.  In  his  reign  the  Jews  re- 
volted, and  were  not  subdued  till  after  a  fierce 
struggle,  which  lasted  3  years.  Hadrian  was 
succeeded  by  Antoninus  Pius,  whom  he  had 
adopted  a  few  months  previously.  The  reign 
of  Hadrian  was  one  of  the  happiest  periods 
in  Roman  history.  His  policy  was  to  preserve 
peace  with  foreign  nations,  and  to  promote 
the  welfare  of  the  provinces.  He  erected 
many  magnificent  works  in  various  parts  of 
the  empire,  and  more  particularly  at  Athens. 
There  are  still  extensive  remains  of  his  mag- 
nificent villa  at  Tibnr,  where  numerous  works 
of  ancient  art  have  been  discovered.  His 
mausoleum,  which  he  built  at  Rome,  forms 
the  groundwork  of  the  present  castle  of  St. 
Angelo. 

HADRtMETUM  or  ADRtllETUM  (-i),  a 
flourishing  city  founded  by  the  Phoenicians 
in  N.  Africa,  and  the  capital  of  Bycazena  un- 
der the  Romans. 

HABMON  (-5nis).  (1)  Son  of  Pelasgus  and 
father  of  Thessalus,  from  whom  the  ancient 
name  of  Thessaly,  HAEMONIA  or  AEMQNIA, 
was  believed  to  be  derived.  The  Roman  po- 
ets frequently  use  the  adjective  Haemonius 
as  equivalent  to  Thessaliau.— (2)  Son  of  Creon 
of  Thebes,  was  in  love  with  Antigone,  and 
killed  himself  on  hearing  that  she  was  con- 
demned by  his  father  to  be  entombed  alive. 

HAEMONIA.    [HAEMON,  No.  1.] 

HAEMUS  (-i:  Balkan),  a  lofty  range  of 
mountains  separating  Thrace  and  Moesia. 
The  name  is  probably  connected  with  the 
Greek  xet/xwv  and  the  Latin  hieriis;  and  the 
mountains  were  so  called  on  account  of  their 
cold  and  snowy  climate.  The  pass  over  them 
most  used  in  antiquity  was  in  the  W.  part  of 
the  range,  called  "Succi"  or  "Succorum  aii- 
gustiae,"  also  "Porta  Trajani"  (Sulus  Der- 
BmZ)»  between  Philippopolis  and  Serdica. 

HALESA  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Sicily,  on  the  river  HALESUS,  founded  by  the 
Greek  mercenaries  of  Archonides,  a  chief  of 
the  Siculi,  and  originally  called  AROHONIDION. 

HiLESTJS  (-i),  a  chief  of  the  Auruncans 
and  Oscans,  the  son  of  a  soothsayer,  and  an 
ally  of  Turnus.  slain  by  Evander.  He  came 
to  Italy  from  Argos  in  Greece,  whence  he  is 
called  Agamemnonius,  Atrides,  or  Argolicus. 
He  is  said  to  have  founded  Falerii. 

HlLlACMSN  (-6nis:  Ffciraa),  an  impor- 
tant river  in  Macedonia,  rising  in  the  Ti 
phaean  mountains,  forming  the  boundary 
tween  Eordaea  and  Pieria,  and  falling  into  the 
Thermaic  gulf.  Caesar  incorrectly  makes  it 
the  boundary  between  Macedonia  and  Thes- 
saly. 

HlLlARTUS  (-i),  an  ancient  town  in  Boe- 
otia,  S.  of  the  lake  Copais,  destroyed  by 
Xerxes  in  his  invasion  of  Greece  (B.C.  480), 


but  afterwards  rebuilt.  Under  its  walls  Ly- 
sander  lost  his  life  (395). 

ElLIAS  (-ados),  a  district  on  the  coast 
of  Argolis  between  Asine  and  Hermione,  so 
called  because  fishing  was  the  chief  occupa- 
ion  of  its  inhabitants.  Their  town  was  called 
EALIAE  or  HALIES. 

HXLICARNASSUS  (-i:  Bitdrum),  a  cele* 
brated  city  of  Asia  Minor,  stood  in  the  S.W. 
Dart  of  Caria,  opposite  to  the  island  of  Cos. 
[t  was  founded  by  Dorians  from  Troezene. 
With  the  rest  of  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor  it 
fell  under  the  dominion  of  the  Persians,  jif  an 
early  period  of  whose  rule  Lygdamis  made 
himself  tyrant  of  the  city,  and  founded  a  dy- 
nasty which  lasted  for  some  generations.  His 
daughter  Artemisia  assisted  Xerxes  in  his 
expedition  against  Greece.  Halicaruassus  was 
celebrated  for  the  Mausoleum,  a  magnificent 
edifice  which  Artomisia  II.  built  as  a  tomb  for 
her  husband  Liausolus  (B.C.  352),  and  which 
was  adorned  with  the  works  of  the  most  em- 
inent Greek  sculptors  of  the  age.  Fragments 
of  these  sculptures,  which  were  discovered 
built  into  the  walls  of  the  citadel  of  Bitdruim^ 
are  now  in  the  British  Museum.  Halicarnas- 
sus  was  the  birthplace  of  the  historians  HE- 
BODOTTJS  and  DIONYSIUS. 

HALICtAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  the  N.W. 
of  Sicily,  between  Entella  and  Lilybaeum, 
long  in  the  possession  of  the  Carthaginians, 
and  in  Cicero's  time  a  municipium. 

HALIRRH5THIUS  (-i),  son  of  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  and  Euryte,  attempted  to  violate 
Alcippe,  daughter  of  Ares  (Mars)  and  Agrau- 
los,  but  was  slain  by  Ares.  Ares  was  brought 
to  trial  by  Poseidon  for  this  murder,  on  the 
hill  at  Athens,  which  was  hence  called  Are- 
opagus, or  the  Hill  of  Ares. 

HALIZDNES  (-urn),  a  people  of  Bithynia, 
with  a  capital  city  Alybe. 

HALONESUS  (-i),  an  island  of  the  Aegaean 
sea,  off  the  coast  of  Thessaly,  and  E.  of  Scia- 
thos  and  Peparethos,  with  a  town  of  the  same 
name  upon  it.  The  possession  of  this  island 
occasioned  great  disputes  between  Philip  and 
the  Athenians :  there  is  a  speech  on  this  sub- 
ject among  the  extant  orations  of  Demosthe- 
nes, but  it  was  probably  written,  by  Hegesip- 
pus. 

H£L¥CUS  (-i),  a  river  in  the  S.  of  Sicily, 
flowing  into  the  sea  near  Heraclea  Minoa. 

HiLtS  (-ys :  KizOrZrmdk,  i  e.  the  Red  Riv- 
er), the  greatest  river  of  Asia  Minor,  rising  in 
the  Anti-Taurus  range  of  mountains,  on  the 
borders  of  Armenia  Minor  and  Pontus,  and 
after  flowing  through  Cappadocia  and  Gala- 
tia,  and  dividing  Paphlagonia  from  Pontus, 
falling  into  the  Euxine  sea  between  Sinope 
and  Amisus.  In  early  times  it  divided  the 
Indo-European  races  which  peopled  the  W. 
part  of  Asia  Minor  from  the  Semitic  (Syro- 
Arabian)  races  of  the  rest  of  S.  W.Asia;  and 
it  separated  the  Lydian  empire  from  the  Me- 
do-Persian. 

HlMADRYADES.    [NYMPHAE.] 

HAMAXITUS  (-i),  a  small  town  on  the 
coast  of  the  Troad. 

HAMAX5BII  (-orara),  a  people  in  European 
Sarmatia,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Pains 


Maeotis,  were  a  nomad  race,  as  their  name 
signifies. 

HlMILClR  (-aris),  the  name  of  several 
Carthaginian  generals,  of  whom  the  most  cel- 
ebrated was  Hamilcar  Barca,  the  father  of 
Hannibal.  The  surname  Barca  probably  sig- 
nified "  lightning."  It  was  merely  a  personal 
appellation,  and  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  a 
family  name,  though  from  the  great  distinc- 
tion that  this  Hamiicar  obtained  we  often 
find  the  name  of  Barcine  applied  either  to  his 
family  or  to  his  party  in  the  state.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Carthagin- 
ian forces  in  Sicily  in  the  18th  year  of  the  1st 
Punic  war,  247.  At  this  time  the  Romans 
were  masters  ot  almost  the  whole  of  Sicily  ; 
but  he  maintained  himself  for  years,  notwith- 
standing all  the  efforts  of  the  Romans  to  dis- 
lodge him,  first  on  a  mountain  named  Hercte, 
in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  Panormus, 
and  subsequently  on  the  still  stronger  posi- 
tion of  Mount  Eryx.  After  the  great  naval 
defeat  of  the  Carthaginians  by  Lutatius  Catu- 
lus  (241),  which  brought  the  1st  Punic  war  to 
an  end,  he  had  to  carry  on  war  in  Africa  with 
the  Carthaginian  mercenaries,  whom  he  sub- 
dued after  a  struggle  of  3  years  (240-238). 
Hamilcar  then  crossed  over  into  Spain,  in  or- 
der to  establish  a  new  empire  for  the  Cartha- 
ginians in  that  country.  In  the  course  of 


nearly  9  years,  he  obtained  possession  of  a 
considerable  portion  of  Spain,  partly  by 


force 


of  arms  and  partly  by  negotiation.  He  fell 
in  battle  against  the  Vettones  in  229.  He  was 
succeeded  in  the  command  by  his  son-in-law 
Hasdrubal.  He  left  3  sons—  Hannibal,  Has- 
drubal,  and  Mago. 

HANNlBlL  (-alis),  a  common  name  among 
the  Carthaginians,  signifying  "the  grace  or 
favor  of  Baal  ;"  the 
final  syllable,  bal, 
having  reference  to 
this  tutelar  deity  of 
the  Phoenicians.  The 
most  celebrated  per- 
son of  this  name  was 
the  son  of  Hamilcar 
Barca.  He  was  born 
B.0.24T.  He  was  only 
9  years  old  when  his 
father  took  him  with 
him  into  Spain,  and 
made  him  swear  upon 
the  altar  eternal  hos- 
tility to  Rome.  Child 
as  he  then  was,  Han- 
nibal never  forgot  his 
vow,  and  .his  whole 
life  was  one  contin- 
ual struggle  against 
the  power  and  dom- 
Hannibai.  ination  of  Rome. 

Though  only  18  years 

oid  at  the  time  of  his  father's  death  (229),  he 
had  already  displayed  so  much  courage  and 
capacity  for  war  that  he  was  intrusted  by 
Hasdrubal  (the  son-in-law  and  successor  of 
Hamilcar)  with  the  chief  command  of  most 
of  the  military  enterprises  planned  by  that 
general.  He  secured  to  himself  the  devoted 
attachment  of  the  army  under  his  command; 


and  accordingly,  on  the  assassination  of  Has- 
drubal (221),  the  soldiers  unanimously  pro- 
claimed  their  youthful  leader  Commander-in- 
chief,  which  the  government  of  Carthage  forth- 
with  ratified.  Hannibal  was  at  this  time  in 
the  26th  year  of  his  age.  In  2  campaigns  he 
subdued  all  the  country  S.  of  the  Iberus,  with 
the  exception  of  the  wealthy  town  of  Sagun- 
tuin.  In  the  spring  of  219  he  proceeded  to 
lay  siege  to  Sagnntum,  which  he  took  after  a 
desperate  resistance,  which  lasted  neariy  8 
mouths.  Saguntum  lay  S.  of  the  Iberus,  and 
was  therefore  not  included  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  treaty  which  had  been  made  be- 
tween Hasdrubal  and  the  Romans  ;  but  as  it 
had  concluded  an  alliance  with  the  Romans, 
the  latter  regarded  its  attack  as  a  violation  of 
the  treaty  between  the  2  nations.  On  the  fall 
of  Saguntum,  the  Romans  demanded  the  sur- 
render of  Hannibal  ;  when  this  demand  was 
refused,  war  was  declared  ;  and  thus  began 
the  long  and  arduous  struggle  called  the  2d 
Punic  war.  In  the  spring  of  218  Hannibal 
quitted  his  winter-quarters  at  New  Carthage 
and  commenced  his  march  for  Italy,  across 
the  Pyrenees,  and  through  Gaul  to  the  foot 
of  the  Alps.  He  probably  crossed  the  Alps 
by  the  pass  of  the  Little  St.  Bernard,  called  m 
antiquity  the  Graian  Alps.  Upon  reaching 
the  N.  of  Italy  he  encountered  the  Roman 
army  under  the  command  of  the  consul  P. 
Scipio.  He  defeated  the  latter,  first  on  the 
river  Ticinus,  and  secondly  in  a  more  decisive 
engagement  upon  the  Trebia.  After  passing 
the  winter  in  the  N.  of  Italy  among  the  Gaul- 
ish tribes,  he  marched  early  in  217  into  Etru- 
ria  through  the  marshes  on  the  banks  of  the 
Avno.  In  struggling  through  these  marshes 
his  army  suffered  severely,  and  he  himself 
lost  the  sight  of  one  eye  by  an  attack  of  oph- 
thalmia. The  consul  Flaminius  hastened  to 
meet  him,  and  a  battle  was  fought  on  the  lake 
Trasimenus,  in  which  the  Roman  army  was 
destroyed,  and  the  consul  himself  was  slain. 
The  Romans  had  collected  a  fresh  army,  and 
placed  it  under  the  command  of  the  dictator 
Fabius  Maximus,  who  prudently  avoided  a 
general  action,  and  only  attempted  to  harass 
and  annoy  the  Carthaginian  army.  Mean- 
while the  Romans  had  made  great  prepara- 
tions for  the  campaign  of  the  following  year 
(21  6).  The  2  new  consuls,  L.  Aemilius  Paulus 
and  C.  Terentius  Varro,  marched  into  Apulia 
at  the  head  of  an  army  of  little  less  than 
90,000  men.  To  this  mighty  host  Hannibal 
gave  battle  in  the  plains  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Aufidus,  just  below  the  town  of  Can- 
nae. The  Roman  army  was  again  annihila- 
ted: the  consul  Aemilius  Paulus  and  a  greafi 
number  of  the  most  distinguished  Romans 
perished.  This  victory  was  followed  by  the 
revolt  from  Rome  of  most  of  the  nations  in 
the  S.  of  Italy.  Hannibal  established  his  army 
in  winter-quarters  in  Capua,  which  had  es- 
poused his  side.  Capua  was  celebrated  for  its 
wealth  and  luxury,  and  the  enervating  effect 
which  these  produced  upon  the  army  of  Han- 
nibal became  a  favorite  theme  of  rhetorical 
ion  In  later  ages.  The  futility  of 


such  declamations  is  sufficiently  shown  by  the 
simple  fact  that  the  superiority  of  that  army 
in  the  field  remained  as  decided  as  ever.  StiU 


HANNIBAL. 


183 


HAKMODIUS. 


it  may  be  truly  said  that  the  winter  spent  at 
Capua,  216-215,  was  in  great  measure  the  turn- 
ing-point of  Hannibal's  fortune.  The  experi- 
ment of  what  he  could  effect  with  his  single 
army  had  now  been  full/  tried,  and,  notwith- 
standing all  his  victories,  it  had  decidedly 
failed ;  for  Rome  was  still  unsubdued,  and 
still  provided  with  the  means  of  maintaining 
a  protracted  contest.  From  this  time  the  Ro- 
mans in  great  measure  changed  their  plan  of 
operations,  and,  instead  of  opposing  to  Han- 
nibal one  great  army  in  the  field,  they  hemmed 
in  his  movements  on  all  sides,  and  kept  up 
an  army  in  every  province  of  Italy,  to  thwart 
the  operations  of  his  lieutenants.  In  the  sub- 
sequent campaigns,  Hannibal  gained  several 
victories;  but  his  forces  gradually  became 
more  and  more  weakened ;  and  his  only  ob- 
ject now  was  to  maintain  his  ground  in  the 
S.  until  his  brother  Hasdrubal  should  appear 
in  the  N.  of  Italy,  an  event  to  which  he  had 
long  looked  forward  with  anxious  expecta- 
tion. In  207  Hasdrubal  at  length  crossed  the 
Alps  and  descended  into  Italy;  but  he  was 
defeated  and  slain  on  the  Metaurus.  [HAS- 
DRUBAL.] The  defeat  and  death  of  Hasdru- 
bal was  decisive  of  the  fate  of  the  war  in  It- 
aly. From  this  time  Hannibal  abandoned  all 
thoughts  of  offensive  operations,  and  collect- 
ed together  his  forces  within  the  peninsula  of 
Bruttium.  In  the  fastnesses  of  that  wild  and 
mountainous  region  he  maintained  his  ground 
for  nearly  4  years  (20T-203).  He  crossed  over 
to  Africa  towards  the  end  of  203  in  order  to 
oppose  P.  Scipio.  In  the  following  year  (202) 
the  decisive  oattle  was  fought  near  Zania. 
Hannibal  was  completely  defeated,  with  great 
loss.  All  hopes  of  resistance  were  now  at  an 
end,  and  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  urge  the 
necessity  of  an  immediate  peace.  The  treaty 
between  Rome  and  Carthage  was  not  finally 
concluded  until  the  next  year  (201).  By  this 
treaty  Hannibal  saw  the  object  of  his  whole 
life  frustrated,  and  Carthage  humbled  before 
her  rival.  Some  years  afterwards  he  was 
compelled,  by  the  jealousy  of  the  Romans, 
and  by  the  enmity  of  a  powerful  party  at  Car- 
thage, to  flee  from  his  native  city.  He  took 
refuge  at  the  court  of  Antiochus  III.,  king  of 
Syria,  who  was  at  this  time  (193)  on  the  eve 
of  war  with  Rome.  Hannibal  in  vain  urged 
the  necessity  of  carrying  the  war  at  once  into 
Italy,  instead  of  awaiting  the  Romans  in 
Greece.  On  the  defeat  of  Antiochus  (190),  the 
surrender  of  Haunibal  was  one  of  the  condi- 
tions of  the  peace  granted  to  the  king.  Han- 
nibal, however,  foresaw  his  danger,  and  fled 
to  Prusias,  king  of  Bithynia.  Here  he  found 
for  some  years  a  secure  asylum ;  but  the  Ro- 
mans could  not  be  at  ease  so  long  as  he  lived ; 
and  T.  Quintius  Flaminiuus  was  at  length 
dispatched  to  the  court  of  Prusias  to  demand 
the  surrender  of  the  fugitive.  The  Bithynian 
king  was  unable  to  resist;  and  Hannibal, 
perceiving  that  flight  was  impossible,  took 
poison,  to  avoid  falling  into  the  hands  of  his 
enemies,  about  the  year  183.  Of  Hannibal's 
abilities  as  a  general  it  is  unnecessary  to 
speak ;  but  in  comparing  Hannibal  with  any 
other  of  the  great  leaders  of  antiquity,  we 
must  ever  bear  in  mind  the  peculiar  circum- 
stances in  which  he  was  placed.  Feebly  and 


grudgingly  supported  by  the  government  at 
home,  he  stood  alone,  at  the  head  of  an  army 
composed  of  mercenaries  of  many  nations. 
Yet  not  only  did  he  retain  the  attachment  of 
these  men,  unshaken  by  any  change  of  for- 
tune, for  a  period  of  more  than  15  years,  but 
he  trained  up  army  after  array ;  and  long  after 
the  veterans  that  had  followed  him  over  the 
Alps  had  dwindled  to  an  inconsiderable  rem- 
nant, his  new  levies  were  still  as  invincible  as 
their  predecessors. 

EANNO  (-onis),  a  name  common  among 
the  Carthaginians.  The  chief  persons  of  this 
name  were:  (1)  Surnaraed  the  Great,  appar- 
ently for  his  successes  in  Africa,  though  we 
have  no  details  of  his  achievements.  He  was 
the  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party,  and,  as 
such,  the  chief  adversary  of  Hamilcar  Barca 
and  his  family.  On  all  occasions,  from  the 
lauding  of  Barca  in  Spain  till  the  return  of 
Hannibal  from  Italy,  a  period  of  above  35 
years,  Hanuo  is  represented  as  thwarting  the 
measures  of  that  able  and  powerful  family, 
and  taking  the  lead  in  opposition  to  the  war 
with  Rome.  —  (2)  A  Carthaginian  navigator, 
of  uncertain  date,  under  whose  name  we  pos- 
sess a  Periplus,  which  was  originally  written 
in  the  Punic  language,  and  afterwards  trans- 
lated into  Greek,  it  contains  an  account  of 
a  voyage  undertaken  beyond  the  Pillars  of 
Hercules,  in  order  to  found  Liby-Phoenician 
towns. 

HARMA  (-orum),  a  small  place  in  Boeotia, 
near  Tanagra. 

HARMATtTS  (-untis),  a  city  and  promon- 
tory on  the  coast  of  Aeolis  in  Asia  Minor,  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Sinus  Elaiticus. 

HARMODIUS  (-i)  and  1RIST5GITON 
(-6nis),  two  noble  Athenians,  murderers  of 
Hipparchus,  brother  of  the  tyrant  Hippias,  in 
B.O.  514.  Aristogiton  was  strongly  attached 
to  the  young  and  beautiful  Hannodius,  who 
returned  his  affection  with  equal  warmth. 
Hipparchus  endeavored  to  withdraw  the 
youth's  love  to  himself,  and,  failing  in  this, 
resolved  to  avenge  the  slight  by  putting  upon 
him  a  public  insult.  Accordingly,  he  took 
care  that  the  sister  of  Harmodius  should  be 
summoned  to  bear  one  of  the  sacred  baskets 
in  some  religious  procession,  and  when  she 
presented  herself  for  the  purpose,  he  caused 
her  to  be  dismissed  and  declared  unworthy 
of  the  honor.  This  fresh  insult  determined 
the  2  friends  to  slay  both  Hipparchus  and  his 
brother  Hippias  as  well.  They  communica- 
ted their  plot  to  a  few  friends,  and  selected 
for  their  enterprise  the  day  of  the  festival  of 
the  great  Panathenaea,  the  only  day  on  which 
they  could  appear  in  arm3  without  exciting 
suspicion.  When  the  appointed  time  arrived, 
the  2  chief  conspirators  observed  one  of  their 
accomplices  in  conversation  with  Hippias. 
Believing,  therefore,  that  they  were  betrayed, 
they  slew  Hipparchus.  Harmodious  was  im- 
mediately cut  down  by  the  guards.  Aristogi- 
ton at  first  escaped,  but  was  afterwards  tak- 
en, and  died  by  torture;  but  he  died  without 
revealing  any  of  the  names  of  the  conspira- 
tors. Four  years  after  this  Hippias  was  ex- 
pelled, and  thenceforth  Harmodius  and  Aris- 
togitou  obtained  among  the  Athenians  of  all 


HAEMOOTA. 


184 


HECATE. 


succeeding  generations  the  character  of  pa- 
triots, deliverers,  and  martyrs.  To  he  born 
of  their  blood  was  esteemed  among  the  high- 
est of  honors,  and  their  descendants  enjoyed 
an  immunity  from  public  burdens. 

HARM5NIA  (~ae),  daughter  of  Ares  (Mars) 
and  Aphrodite  (Venus),  given  by  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) to  Cadmus  as  his  wife.  On  the  wedding- 
day  Cadmus  received  a  present  of  a  necklace, 
which  afterwards  became  fatal  to  all  who 
possessed  it.  Harmonia  accompanied  Cad- 
mus when  he  was  obliged  to  quit  Thebes, 
and  shared  his  fate.  [CADMUS.] 

HARPAGIA  (-ae)  or  -IUM  (-i),  a  small 
town  in  Mysia,  between  Cyzicus  and  Priapus, 
the  scene  of  the  rape  of  Ganymedes,  accord- 
ing to  some  legends. 

HARPAGTJS  (-i),  a  noble  Median,  who  is 
said  to  have  preserved  the  infant  Cyrus.  He 
was  afterwards  one  of  the  generals  of  Cyrus, 
and  conquered  the  Greek  cities  of  Asia  Minor. 

HARP.X.LTJS  (-i),  a  Macedonian,  appointed 
by  Alexander  the  Great  superintendent  of 
the  royal  treasury,  with  the  administration  of 
the  satrapy  of  Babylon.  Having  embezzled 
Jarge  sums  of  money,  he  crossed  over  to  Greece 
in  B.O.  324,  and  employed  his  treasures  in 
gaining  over  the  leading  men  at  Athens  to 
support  him  against  Alexander  and  his  vice- 
gerent, Antipater.  He  is  said  to  have  cor- 
rupted Demosthenes  himself. 

HARPALYCE  (-es),  daughter  of  Harpaly- 
cus,  king  in  Thrace,  brought  up  by  her  father 
as  a  warrior. 

HARPASUS  (-i).  (1)  A  river  of  Caria,  flow- 
ing N.  into  the  Maeander.— (2)  A  river  of  Ar- 
menia Major,  flowing  S.  into  t.he  Araxes. 

HARPYlAE  (-arum),  the  Harpies,  that  is, 
Robbers  or  Spoilers,  described  by  Homer  as 
carrying  off  persons,  who  had  utterly  disap- 
peared. Thus  they  are  said  to  have  carried 
off  the  daughters  of  Pandareos,  which  is  rep- 
resented on  one  of  the  Lycian  monuments, 
now  in  the  British  Museum.  Hesiod  repre- 
sents them  as  fair-locked  and  winged  maid- 
ens ;  but  subsequent  writers  describe  them  as 
disgusting  monsters,  being  birds  with  the 
heads  of  maidens,  with  long  claws,  and  with 
faces  pale  with  hunger.  They  were  sent  by 
the  gods  to  torment  the  blind  Phineus ;  and 
whenever  a  meal  was  placed  before  him,  they 
darted  down  from  the  air,  and  either  carried 
it  off  or  rendered  it  unfit  to  be  eaten.  Phine- 
us was  delivered  from  them  by  Zetes  and  Ca- 
lais, sons  of  Boreas,  and  2  of  the  Argonauts. 
Later  -writers  mention  3  Harpies,  but  their 
names  are  not  the  same  in  all  accounts.  Vir- 
gil places  them  in  the  islands  called  Stropha- 
des?  in  the  Ionian  sea,  where  they  took  up 
their  abode  after  they  had  been  driven  away 
from  Phineus. 

HARODES  (-um),  a  German  people  in  the 
army  of  Ariovistus  (B.O.  58),  supposed  to  be 
the  same  as  the  CHABUDES,  who  are  placed  in 
the  Chersonesus  Cimbrica. 

HASDRtJBAL  (-alia),  a  Carthaginian  name, 
probably  signifying  one  whose  help  is  Baal. 
The  chief  persons  of  this  name  are:  (1)  The 
son-in-law  of  Hamilcar  Barca,  on  whose 
death,  in  229,  he  succeeded  to  the  command 


in  Spain.  He  founded  New  Carthage,  and 
concluded  with  the  Romans  the  celebrated 
treaty  which  fixed  the  Iberus  as  the  boundary 
between  the  Carthaginian  and  Roman  domin- 
ions. He  was  assassinated  by  a  slave,  whose 
master  he  had  put  to  death  (221),  and  was 
succeeded  in  the  command  by  HANNIBAL.-^ 
(2)  Son  of  Hamilcar  Barca,  and  brother  of 
Hannibal.  When  Hannibal  set  out  for  Italy 
(218),  Hasdrubal  was  left  in  the  command  ID 
Spain,  and  there  fought  for  some  years  against 
the  2  Scipios.  In  207  he  crossed  the  Alps  and 
marched  into  Italy,  in  order  to  assist  Hanni- 
bal ;  but  he  was  defeated  on  the  Metaurus  by 
the  consuls  C.  Claudius  Nero  and  M.  Livius 
Saliuator,  his  army  was  destroyed,  and  he 
himself  fell  in  the  battle.  His  head  was  cut 
off  and  thrown  into  Hannibal's  camp. — (3) 
Son  of  Gisco,  one  of  the  Carthaginian  gener- 
als in  Spain  during  the  2d  Punic  war,  who 
must  be  distinguished  from  the  brother  of 
Hannibal  above  mentioned. 

HEBE  (-Gs),  called  JtTVENTA'S  (-atis)  by 
the  Romans,  the  goddess  of  youth,  was  a 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  of  Hera  (Ju- 
no). She  waited  upon  the  gods,  and  tilled 
their  cups  with  nectar,  before  Ganymedes  ob- 
tained this  office.  She  married  Hercules  after 
he  was  received  among  the  gods,  and  bore  to 
him  2  sons.  Later  traditions  represent  her 
as  a  divinity  who  had  it  in  her  power  to  make 
aged  persons  young  again.  At  Rome  there 
were  several  temples  of  Juventas; 

HEBRON  (-5nis).  a  city  in  the  S.  of  Judaea, 
the  first  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  David,  who 
reigned  there  7£  years,  asking  of  Judah  only. 

HEBRUS  (-i:  Maritza),  the  principal  river 
in  Thrace,  rising  in  the  mountains  of  Scomi- 
us  and  Rhodope,  and  falling  into  the  Aegae- 
an  sea  near  Aenos,  after  forming  by  another 
branch  an  estuary  called  STENTORIS  LAOUS.— 
The  Hebrus  was  celebrated  in  Greek  legends. 
On  its  banks  Orpheus  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
the  Thracian  women;  and  it  is  frequently 
mentioned  in  connection  with  the  worship  of 
Dionysus. 

HECXLE  (-es),  a  poor  old  woman  who  hos- 
pitably received  Theseus  when  he  had  gone 
out  to  hunt  the  Marathonian  bull. 

HSCiTABXJS  (-i),  of  Miletus,  one  of  the 
earliest  and  most  distinguished  of  the  Greek 
historians  and  geographers.  In  B.O.  500  he 
endeavored  to  dissuade  his  countrymen  from 
revolting  from  the  Persians.  Previously  to 
this  he  had  visited  Egypt  and  many  other 
countries.  His  works  have  perished. 

HfiCA"TE  (-es),  a  mysterious  divinity,  com- 
monly represented  as  a  daughter  of  Persaeus 
or  Perses  and  Asteria,  and  hence  called  Per- 
seis.  She  was  one  of  the  Titans,  and  the  only 
one  of  this  race  who  retained  her  power  un- 
der the  rule  of  Zeus  (Jupiter).  She  was  hon- 
ored by  all  the  immortal  gods,  and  the  ex- 
tensive power  possessed  by  her  was  probably 
the  reason  that  she  was  subsequently  identi- 
fied with  several  other  divinities.  Hence  she 
is  said  to  have  been  Selene  or  Luna  in  heav- 
en, Artemis  or  Diana  on  earth,  and  Persepho- 
ne or  Proserpina  in  the  lower  world.  Being 
thus,  as  it  were,  a  threefold  goddess,  she  is 


HEBE.    (After  Canova.) 


HECATOMPYLOS. 


185 


HELENA. 


described  with  3  bodies  or  3  heads.  Hence 
her  epithets  Tergemina,  Tn'farmis,  Triceps 
etc.  She  took  an  active  part  iu  the  search 
after  Proserpina,  and  when  the  latter  was 
found,  remained  with  her  as  her  attendant 
and  companion.  She  thus  became  a  deity  of 
the  lower  world,  aud  is  "described  iu  this  ca- 
pacity as  a  mighty  and  formidable  divinity. 
She  was  supposed  to  send  at  night  all  kinds 
of  demons  and  terrible  phantoms  from  the 
lower  world.  She  taught  sorcery  and  witch- 
craft, and  dwelt  at  places  where  two  roads 
crossed,  on  tombs,  and  near  the  blood  of  mur- 
dered persons.  She  herself  wandered  about 
with  the  souls  of  the  dead,  and  her  approach 
was  announced  by  the  whining  and  howling 
of  dogs.  At  Athens,  at  the  close  of  every 
month,  dishes  with  food  were  set  out  for  her 
£t  the  points  where  two  roads  crossed ;  and 
this  food  was  consumed  by  poor  people.  The 
sacrifices  offered  to  her  consisted  of  dogs, 
honey,  and  black  female  lambs. 


Hecate.    (Cause!,  Museum 


vol.  1,  tav.  21.) 


HECATOMPYLOS  (-i),  a  city  in  the  middle 
of  Parthia,  enlarged  by  Seleucus,  and  after- 
wards used  by  the  Parthian  kings  as  a  royal 
residence. 

EEClTONNlSI  (-orum),  that  is,  the  100 
islands,  the  name  of  a  group  of  small  islands 
between  Lesbos  and  the  coast  of  Aeolis. 

HECTOR  (-5ris),  the  chief  hero  of  the  Tro- 
jans in  their  war  with  the  Greeks,  was  the 
eldest  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba,  the  husband 
of  Andromache,  and  father  of  Scamandrius. 
He  fought  with  the  bravest  of  the  Greeks, 
and  at  length  slew  Patroclus,  the  friend  of 
Achilles.  The  death  of  his  friend  roused 
Achilles  to  the  fight.  The  other  Trojans  fled 
before  him  into  the  city.  Hector  alone  re- 


mained without  the  walls,  though  his  parents 
implored  him  to  return ;  but  when  he  saw 
Achilles,  his  heart  failed  him,  and  he  took 
to  flight.  Thrice  did  he  race  round  the  city, 
pursued  by  the  swift- footed  Achilles,  and 
then  fell  pierced  by  Achilles's  spear.  Achil- 
les tied  Hector's  body  to  his  chariot,  and  thus 
dragged  him  into  the  camp  of  the  Greeks ; 
but  later  traditions  relate  that  he  first  dragged 
the  body  thrice  round  the  walls  of  Ilium.  At 
the  command  of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  Achilles  sur- 
rendered the  body  to  the  prayers  of  Priam, 
who  buried  it  at  Troy  with  great  pomp.  Hec- 
tor is  one  of  the  noblest  conceptions  of  the 
poet  of  the  Iliad.  He  is  the  great  bulwark 
of  Troy,  and  even  Achilles  trembles  when  he 
approaches  him.  He  has  a  presentiment  of 
the  fall  of  his  country,  but  he  perseveres  in 
his  heroic  resistance,  preferring  death  to  slav- 
ery aud  disgrace.  Besides  these  virtues  of  a 
warrior,  he  is  distinguished  also  by  those  of  a 
man :  his  heart  is  open  to  the  gentle  feeling? 
of  a  son,  a  husband,  and  a  father. 

HECtfBA  (-ae)  and  HECUBA  (^s),  daugh- 
ter of  Dymas  iu  Phrygia,  or  of  Cisseus,  king 
of  Thrace.  She  was  the  wife  of  Priam,  king 
of  Troy,  to  whom  she  bore  Hector,  Paris,  and 
many  other  children.  After  the  fall  of  Troy 
she  was  carried  away  as  a  slave  by  the  Greeks. 
On  the  coast  of  Thrace  she  revenged  the  mur- 
der of  her  sonPolydorus  by  slaying  Polymes- 
tor.  [PoLTDORtrs.]  She  was  metamorphosed 
into  a  dog,  and  leaped  into  the  sea  at  a  place 
called  Cynossema,or  "the  tomb  of  the  dog." 

HEGBSINTTS  (-i),  of  Pergamum,  the  suc- 
cessor of  Evander,  and  the  immediate  prede- 
cessor of  Carneades  in  the  chair  of  the  Acad- 
emy, nourished  about  B.O.  185. 

HBGESIPPUS  (-i),  an  Athenian  orator,  and 
a  contemporary  of  Demosthenes,  to  whose 
political  party  he  belonged.  The  srammarL* 

which  has  come  down  to  us  under  the  name 
of  Demosthenes. 

HELENA  (-ae)  and  HELEN!  (-es),  daugh. 
ter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  aud  Leda,  and  sister  of 
Castor  and  Pollux  (the  Dioscuri).  She  was 
of  surpassing  beauty.  In  her  youth  she  was 
carried  off  by  Theseus  and  Pirithous  to  At- 
tica. When  Theseus  was  absent  in  Hades, 
Castor  and  Pollux  undertook  an  expedition 
to  Attica  to  liberate  their  sister.  Athens  was 
taken,  Helen  delivered,  and  Aethra,  the  moth- 
er of  Theseus,  made  prisoner,  and  carried  as 
a  slave  of  Helen  to  Sparta.  On  her  return 
home  she  was  sought  in  marriage  by  the  no- 
blest chiefs  from  all  parts  of  Greece.  She 
chose  Menelaus  for  her  husband,  and  became 
by  him  the  mother  of  Hermione.  She  was 
subsequently  seduced  by  Paris,  and  carried 
off  to  Troy.  [For  details,  see  PABIS  and  MEW- 
ELAUS.]  The  Greek  chiefs  who  had  been  her 
suitors  resolved  to  revenge  her  abduction, 
and  accordingly  sailed  against  Troy.  Hence 
arose  the  celebrated  Trojan  war,  which  lasted 
10  years.  During  the  course  of  the  war  she 
is  represented  as  showing  great  sympathy 
with  the  Greeks.  After  the  death  of  "Paris, 
towards  the  end  of  the  war,  she  married  his 
brother  Deiphobus.  On  the  capture  of  Troy, 
which  she  is  said  to  have  favored,  she  be* 


HELENA. 


186 


HELIOS. 


trayed  Deiphobus  to  the  Greeks,  and  became 
reconciled  to  Menelaus,  whom  she  accompa- 
nied to  Sparta.  Here  she  lived  with  him  for 
some  years  in  peace  and  happiness.  The  ac- 
counts of  Helen's  death  differ.  According  to 
the  prophecy  of  Proteus  in  the  Odyssey,  Men- 
elaus and  Helen  were  not  to  die,  but  the  gods 
were  to  conduct  them  to  Elysium.  Others 
relate  that  she  and  Meuelaus  were  buried  at 
Therapne  in  Laconia.  Others,  again,  relate 
that  after  the  death  of  Menelaus  she  was 
driven  out  of  Peloponnesus  by  the  sons  of  the 
latter,  and  fled  to  Hhodes,  where  she  was  tied 
to  a  tree  and  strangled  by  Polyxo :  the  Rho- 
dians  expiated  the  crime  by  dedicating  a  tem- 
ple to  her  under  the  name  of  Helena  Dendri- 
tis.  According  to  another  tradition  she  mar- 
ried Achilles  in  the  island  of  Leuce,  and  bore 
him  a  son,  Euphoriou. 

HELENA,  FLA"  VIA  JtftJA  (-ae),  mother 
of  Constantine  the  Great,  was  a  Christian, 
and  is  said  to  have  discovered  at  Jerusalem 
the  sepulchre  of  our  Lord,  together  with  the 
wood  of  the  true  cross. 

HELENA  (-ae),  a  small  and  rocky  island, 
between  the  S.  of  Attica  and  Ceos,  formerly 
called  Cranae. 

HELENUS  (-i),  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
celebrated  for  his  prophetic  powers.  He  de- 
serted his  countrymen  and  joined  the  Greeks. 
There  are  various  accounts  respecting  his  de- 
sertion of  the  Trojans.  According  to  some 
he  did  it  of  his  own  accord ;  according  to 
others,  he  was  ensnared  by  Ulysses,  who  was 
anxious  to  obtain  his  prophecy  respecting  the 
fall  of  Troy.  Others,  again,  relate  that,  on 
the  death  of  Paris,  Helenns  and  Deiphobus 
contended  for  the  possession  of  Helena,  and 
that  Helenns,  being  conquered,  fled  to  Mount 
Ida,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Greeks.  After  the  fall  of  Troy  he  fell  to  the 
share  of  Pyrrhus.  He  foretold  to  Pyrrhns  the 
sufferings  which  awaited  the  Greeks  who  re- 
turned home  by  sea,  and  prevailed  upon  him 
to  return  by  land  to  Epirus.  After  the  death 
of  Pyrrhus  he  received  a  portion  of  that  coun- 
try, and  married  Andromache.  When  Aeneas 
in  his  wanderings  arrived  in  Epirus,  he  was 
hospitably  received  by  Helenus. 

HELf XDAE  (-amm)  and  HEI^iDES  (-urn), 
the  sons  and  daughters  of  Helios  (the  Sun). 
The  name  Heliades  is  given  especially  to  Pha- 
ethusa,  Lampetie,  and  Phoebe,  the  daughters 
of  Helios  and  the  nymph  Clymene,  and  the 
sisters  of  Phaethon.  They  bewailed  the  death 
of  their  brother  PhaSthon  so  bitterly  on  the 
banks  of  the  End  an  us  that  the  gods  in  com- 
passion changed  them  into  poplar-trees  and 
their  tears  into  amber.  [E  RED  AH  us.] 

HELlC®  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Lycaon, 
beloved  by  Zeus  (Jupiter).  Hera,  out  of  jeal- 
ousy, metamorphosed  her  into  a  she-bear, 
whereupon  Zeus  placed  her  among  the  stars, 
under  the  name  of  the  Great  Bear.— (2)  The 
ancient  capital  of  Achaia,  swallowed  up  by 
an  earthquake,  together  with  Bura,  B.O.  3T3. 

HELICON  (-onis),  a  celebrated  range  of 
mountains  in  Boeotia,  between  the  lake  Co- 
pais  and  the  Corinthian  gulf,  covered  with 
snow  the  .greater  part  of  the  year,  sacred  to 


Apollo  and  the  Muses ;  the  latter  are  hence 
called  Htilfcortiddes  and  Htllcdnides.  Here 
sprung  the  celebrated  fountains  of  the  Muses, 
AGANIPPE  and  HIPPOORENE. 

HSLIODORUS  (-i).  (1)  A  rhetorician  at 
Rome  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  whom  Horace 
mentions  as  the  companion  of  his  journey 
to  Brundusium.— (2)  A  Stoic  philosopher  at 
Borne,  who  became  a  delator  in  the  reign  of 
Nero. 

HELIOGABlLUS.    [ELAGABALTJS.] 

HELIOP5LIS  (-is:  i.  e.  the  City  of  the 
Sun).  (1)  (Heb.  Baalath:  Baalbek,  Ru.),  a 
celebrated  city  of  Syria,  a  chief  seat  of  the 
worship  of  Baal,  one  of  whose  symbols  was 
the  sun.  Hence  the  Greek  name  of  the  city 
It  was  situated  in  the  middle  of  Coele-Syria, 
at  the  W.  foot  of  Anti-Libanus,  and  was  a 
place  of  great  commercial  importance,  being 
on  the  direct  road  from  Egypt  and  the  Red 
Sea,  and  also  from  Tyre  to  Syria,  Asia  Minor, 
and  Europe.  Its  ruins,  which  are  very  ex- 
tensive aiid  magnificent,  are  of  the  Roman 
period — (2)  O.  T.  On ;  a  celebrated  city  of 
Lower  Egypt,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Pelusiac 
branch  of  the  Nile,  a  little  below  the  apex  of 
the  Delta,  and  a  chief  seat  of  the  Egyptian 
worship  of  the  sun.  Its  priests  were  re- 
nowned for  their  learning.  % 

HELlOS  (-i),  called  SOL  (-olis)  by  the 
Romans,  the  god  of  the  sun.  He  was  the  son 


Helios  (the  San).    (Coin  of  Rhodes,  in  the  British 
Museum.) 

of  Hyperion  and  Thea,  and  a  brother  of  Se- 
lene  and  Eos.  From  his  father,  he  is  fre- 
quently called  HYPERION  IDES,  or  HYPEBION, 
the  latter  of  which  is  an  abridged  form  of  the 
patronymic,  HTPBBIONION.  Homer  describes 
Helios  as  rising  in  the  E.  from  Oceanus,  trav- 
ersing the  heaven,  and  descending  iu  the 
evening  into  the  darkness  of  the  W.  and 
Oceanus.  Later  poets  have  marvelously  em- 
bellished this  simple  notion.  They  tell  of  a 
magnificent  palace  of  Helios  in  the  E.,  from 
which  he  starts  in  the  morning  in  a  chariot 
drawn  by  four  horses.  They  also  assign  him 
a  second  palace  in  the  W.,  and  describe  his 
horses  as  feeding  upon  herbs  growing  in  the 
islands  of  the  Blessed.  Helios  is  described  as 
the  god  who  sees  and  hears  every  thing,  and 
as  thus  able  to  reveal  to  Hephaestus  (Vulcan) 
the  faithlessness  of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  and 


HELLANICUS. 


387 


HEPHAESTION. 


to  Demeter  (Ceres)  the  abduction  of  her 
daughter.  At  a  later  time  Helios  became 
identified  with  Apollo,  though  the  2  gods 
were  originally  quite  distinct.  The  island  of 
Thrinacia  (Sicily)  was  sacred  to  Helios,  and 
there  he  had  flocks  of  sheep  and  oxen,  which 
were  tended  by  his  daughters  Phaetusa  and 
Lampetia.  He  was  worshiped  in  many  parts 
of  Greece,  and  especially  in  the  island  of 
Rhodes,  where  the  famous  Colossus  was  a 
representation  of  the  god.  The  sacrifices 
offered  to  him  consisted  of  white  rams,  boars, 
bulls,  goats,  lambs,  and  especially  white 
horses,  and  honey.  Among  the  animals  sa- 
cred to  him,  the  cock  is  especially  mentioned. 
HELLANICUS,  of  Mytilene  in  Lesbos,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  of  the  early  Greek  histo- 
rians, was  born  about  B.C.  490,  and  died  411. 
All  his  works  have  perished. 
HELLAS,  HELLENES.  CGRAEOiA.3 
HELLE  (-es),  daughter  of  Athamas  and 
NephSle,  and  sister  ofPhrixus.  When  Phrix- 
us  was  to  be  sacrificed  [PHKIXTJS],  Nephele 
rescued  her  2  children,  who  rode  away  through 
the  air  upon  the  ram  with  the  golden  fleece, 
the  gift  of  Hermes ;  but,  between  Sigeum  and 
the  Chersonesus,  Helle  fell  into  the  sea,  which 
was  thence  called  the  sea  of  Helle  (Hellespon- 

tltS). 

HELLEN  (-Snos),  son  of  Deucalion  and 
Pyrrha,  and  father  of  Aeolus,  Doras,  and 
Xuthus.  He  was  king  of  Phthia  in  Thessaly, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Aeolus.  He 
was  the  mythical  ancestor  of  all  the  Hellenes  : 
from  his  2  sons  Aeolus  and  Dorus  were  de- 
scended the  Aeolians  and  Dorians ;  and  from 
his  2  grandsons  Achaeus  and  Ion,  the  sons  of 
Xuthus,  the  Achaeans  and  loniaus. 

HELLESPONTUS  (-i:  Strait  of  the  Darda- 
nelles), the  long,  narrow  strait  connecting  the 
Propontis  (Sea  of  Marmora)  with  the  Aegaean 
sea.  The  length  of  the  strait  is  about  50 
miles,  and  the  width  varies  from  6  miles  at 
the  upper  end  to  2  at  the  lower,  and  in  some 
places  it  is  only  1  mile  wide,  or  even  less. 
The  narrowest  part  is  between  the  ancient 
cities  of  SEBTUS  and  ABYDTTS,  where  Xerxes 
made  his  bridge  of  boats  [XERXES],  and  where 
the  legend  related  that  Leander  swam  across 
to  visit  Hero.  [LEANDEB.]  The  name  of  the 
Hellespont  (i.  e.  the  Sea  of  Helle)  was  derived 
from  the  story  of  Helle's  being  drowned  in  it. 
[HELI.E.]  The  Hellespont  was  the  boundary 
of  Europe  and  Asia,  dividing  the  Thracian 
Chersonese  in  the  former  from  the  Troad  and 
the  territories  of  Abydus  and  Lampsacus  in 
the  latter.  The  district  just  mentioned,  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  Hellespont,  was  also  called 
Hellespontus,  and  its  inhabitants  Hellespont!!. 

HELLOMENUM  (-i),  a  sea-port  town  of  the 
Acarnaniaus  on  the  island  of  Leucas. 

HELSRUS  or  HELORUM  <-i),  a  town  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Sicily,  S.  of  Syracuse,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Helorus. 

HJ8LOS.  (1)  A  town  in  Laconia,  on  the 
coast,  in  a  marshy  situation,  whence  its  name 
(f\oy=marsK).  It  was  commonly  said  that 
the  Spartan  slaves,  called  Helotes  (EVXtorer), 
were  originally  the  Achaean  inhabitants  of 
this  town,  who  were  reduced  by  the  Dorian 


conquerors  to  slavery;  but  this  acconnt  of 
the  origin  of  the  Helotes  seems  to  have  been 
merely  an  invention,  in  consequence  of  the 
similarity  of  their  name  to  that  of  the  town 
of  Helos.— (2)  A  town  or  district  of  Elis  on 
the  Alpheus. 

HELVECDNAE  (-arum),  a  people  in  Ger- 
many,  between  the  Viadus  and  the  Vistula, 
S.  of  the  Rugii  and  N.  of  the  Burgundiones, 
reckoned  by  Tacitus  among  the  Ligii. 

HELVETII  (-orum),  a  brave  and  powerful 
Celtic  people,  who  dwelt  between  M.  Juras- 
sus  (Jura),  the  Lacus  Lemannus  (Lake  of  Ge- 
neva), the  Rhone,  and  the  Rhine  as  far  as  the 
Lacus  Brigantinus  (Lake  of  Constance).  Their 
country,  called  Ager  Helvetiorum  (but  never 
Helvetia),  thus  corresponded  to  the  "W.  part 
of  Switzerland.  Their  chief  town  was  A^ra- 
TIOUM.  They  were  divided  into  4  pagi  or  can- 
tons, of  which  the  Pagus  Tigurlnus  was  the 
most  celebrated.  The  Helvetii  are  first  men- 
tioned in  the  war  with  the  Cimbri.  In  B.C. 
107  the  Tigurini  defeated  and  killed  the  Ro- 
man consul  L.  Cassias  Longinus,  on  the  lake  of 
Geneva,  while  another  division  of  the  Helvetii 
accompanied  the  Cimbri  and  Teutoues  in  their 
invasion  of  GauL  Subsequently  the  Helvetii 
invaded  Italy  along  with  the  Cimbri ;  and  re- 
turned home  in  safety,  after  the  defeat  of  the 
Cimbri  by  Marius  and  Catulus  in  101 .  About 
40  years  afterwards  they  resolved,  upon  the 
advice  of  Orgetorix,  one  of  their  chiefs,  to 
migrate  from  their  country  with  their  wives 
and  children,  and  seek  a  new  home  in  the 
more  fertile  plains  of  Gaul.  In  58  they  en- 
deavored to  carry  their  plan  into  execution, 
but  they  were  defeated  by  Caesar,  and  driven 
back  into  their  own  territories.  The  Romans 
now  planted  colonies  and  built  fortresses  in 
their  country  (Noviodunum,  Vindonissa, 
Aventicum),  and  the  Helvetii  gradually  adopt- 
ed the  customs  and  language  of  their  con- 
querors. 

HELVtA  C-ae),  mother  of  the  philosopher 
SENEGA. 

HELVIDIUS  PRISCUS.    [PBisous.] 
HELVlI  (-5rum),  a  people  in  Gaul,  between 
the  Rhone  and  Mount  Cebenna,  which  sepa- 
rated them  from  the  Arverni,  were  for  a  long 
time  subject  to  Massilia,  but  afterwards  be- 
longed to  the  province  of  Gallia  Narbonensis. 
Their  country  produced  good  wine. 
HELVlUS  CINNA.    [CJNNA.] 

HENETI  (-orum),  an  ancient  people  in 
Paphlagonia,  dwelling  on  the  river  Parthe- 
nins,  fought  on  the  side  of  Priam  against  the 
Greeks,  but  had  disappeared  before  the  his- 
torical times.  They  were  regarded  by  many 
ancient  writers  as  the  ancestors  of  the  Veneti 
in  Italy,  CVKNETI.] 

HSJNlOCHI  (-Srum),  a  people  in  Colchis, 
N.  of  the  Phasis,  notorious  as  pirates. 

HENNA.    [ENNA.] 

HEPHAESTSON  (-onis),  a  Macedonian, 
celebrated  as  the  friend  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  with  whom  he  had  been  brought  up. 
He  died  at  Ecbatana,  B.C.  325,  to  the  great 
grief  of  Alexander. 


HEPHAESTUS. 


188 


HERA. 


HEPHAESTUS  (-1),  called  VULClNTTS  (-1) 
by  the  Romaus,  the  god  of  fire.  He  was,  ac- 
cording to  Homer,  the  sou  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  of  Hera  (Juno).  Later  traditions  state 
that  he  had  no  father,  aud  that  Hera  gave 
birth  to  him  independent  of  Zeus,  as  she  was 
jealous  of  Zeus  having  given  birth  to  Athena 
(Minerva)  independent  of  her.  He  was  born 
lame  and  weak,  and  was  in  consequence  so 
much  disliked  by  his  mother  that  she  threw 
him  down  from  Olympus.  The  marine  divin- 
ities, Thetis  and  Eurynome,  received  him,  and 
he  dwelt  with  them  for  9  years  in  a  grotto, 
beneath  Oceanus.  He  afterwards  returned  to 
Olympus,  and  he  appears  in  Homer  as  the 
great  artist  of  the  gods  of  Olympus.  Although 
he  had  been  cruelly  treated  by  his  mother,  he 
always  showed  her  respect  and  kindness; 
and  on  one  occasion  took  her  part  when  she 
was  quarreling  with  Zeus,  which  so  much  en- 
raged the  father  of  the  gods  that  he  seized 
Hephaestus  by  the  leg,  aud  hurled  him  down 
from  heaven.  Hephaestus  was  a  whole  day 
falling,  but  in  the  evening  he  alighted  in  the 
island  of  Lemnos,  where  he  was  kindly  re- 
ceived by  the  Sintians.  Later  writers  describe 
his  lameness  as  the  consequence  of  this  fall, 
while  Homer  makes  him  lame  from  his  birth. 
He  again  returned  to  Olympus,  and  subse- 
quently acted  the  part  of  mediator  between 
his  parents.  On  that  occasion  he  offered  a 
cup  of  nectar  to  his  mother  and  the  other 
gods,  who  burst  out  into  immoderate  laughter 
on  seeing  him  busily  hobbling  from  one  god 
to  another.  Hephaestus  appears  to  have  been 
originally  the  god  of  fire  simply;  but  as  fire 
is  indispensable  in  working  metals,  he  was 
afterwards  regarded  as  an  artist.  His  palace 
in  Olympus  was  imperishable  and  shining  like 
stars.  It  contained  his  workshop,  with  the 
anvil  and  20  bellows,  which  worked  spontane- 
ously at  his  bidding.  All  the  palaces  in  Olym- 
pus were  his  workmanship.  He  made  the 
armor  of  Achilles ;  the  fatal  necklace  of  Har- 
monia;  the  fire-breathing  bulls  of  AeStes, 
king  of  Colchis,  etc.  In  later  accounts  the 


forging  a  Thunderbolt.     (From  an  antique  Ro- 
man Gem.) 


Cyclops  are  his  workmen  and  servants,  and 
his  workshop  is  no  longer  in  Olympus,  but  in 
some  volcanic  island.  In  the  Iliad  the  wife 
of  Hephaestus  is  Chads ;  in  Hesiod,  Aglaia, 
the  youngest  of  the  Charites ;  but  in  the 
Odyssey,  as  well  as  in  later  accounts,  Aphro- 
dite (Venus)  appears  as  his  wife.  Aphrodite 
R  roved  faithless  to  her  husband,  and  was  in 
>ve  with  Ares  (Mars),  the  god  of  war ;  but 
Helios  (the  Sun)  disclosed  their  amours  to 
Hephaestus,  who  caught  the  guilty  pair  in  an 
invisible  net,  and  exposed  them  to  the  laugh- 
ter of  the  assembled  gods. —  The  favorite 
abode  of  Hephaestus  on  earth  was  the  island 
of  Lemnos :  but  other  volcanic  islands  also, 
such  as  Lipara,  Hiera,  Imbros,  and  Sicily,  are 
called  his  abodes  or  workshops.  The  Greeks 
frequently  placed  small  dwarf-like  statues  of 
the  god  near  the  hearth.  During  the  best 
period  of  Grecian  art  he  was  represented  as 
a  vigorous  man  with  a  beard,  and  is  charac- 
terized by  his  hammer  or  some  other  instru- 
ment, his  oval  cap,  and  the  chiton,  which 
leaves  the  right  shoulder  and  arm  uncovered. 
—The  Roman  Vulcanus  was  an  old  Italian 
divinity.  [VULCAN  us.] 

HERA  (-ae)  or  HERB  (-es),  called  JUNO 
by  the  Romans.  The  Greek  Hera,  that  is, 
Mistress,  was  a  daughter  of  Cronos  (Saturn) 
and  Rhea,  and  sister  and  wife  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter). According  to  Homer,  she  was  brought 
up  by  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  and  afterwards 
became  the  wife  of  Zeus,  without  the  knowl- 
edge of  her  parents.  Later  writers  add  that 
she,  like  the  other  children  of  Cronos,  was 
swallowed  by  her  father,  but  afterwards  re- 
stored. In  the  Iliad,  Hera  is  treated  by  the 
Olympian  gods  with  the  same  reverence  as 
her  husband.  Zeus  himself  listens  to  her 
counsels,  and  communicates  his  secrets  to 
her.  She  is,  notwithstanding,  far  inferior  to 
him  in  power,  and  must  obey  him  uncondi- 
tionally. She  is  not,  like  Zeus,  the  queen  of 
gods  and  men,  but  simply  the  wife  of  the  su- 
preme god.  The  idea  of  her  being  the  queen 
of  heaven,  with  regal  wealth  and  power,  is 
of  much  later  date.  Her  character,  as  de- 
scribed by  Homer,  is  not  of  a  very  amiable 
kind;  and  her  jealousy,  obstinacy,  and  quar- 
relsome disposition  sometimes  make  her  hus- 
band tremble.  Hence  arise  frequent  disputes 
between  Hera  and  Zeus ;  and  on  one  occasion 
Hera,  in  conjunction  with  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Athena  (Minerva),  contemplated  putting 
Zeus  into  chains.  Zeus,  in  such  cases,  not  only 
threatens,  but  beats  lier.  Once  he  even  hung 
her  up  in  the  clouds,  with  her  hands  chained, 
and  with  two  anvils  suspended  from  her  feet; 
and  on  another  occasion,  when  Hephaestus 
(Vulcan)  attempted  to  help  her,  Zeus  hurled 
him  down  from  Olympus.— By  Zeus  bhe  was 
the  mother  of  Ares  (Mars),  Hebe,  and  He- 
phaestus.—Hera  was,  properly  speaking,  the 
only  really  married  goddess  among  the  Olym- 
pians,for  the  marriage  of  Aphrodite  (Venus) 
with  Hephaestus  can  scarcely  be  taken  into 
consideration.  Hence  she  is  the  goddess  of 
marriage  and  of  the  birth  of  children,  and  is 
represented  as  the  mother  of  the  Ilithyiae.— 
She  is  represented  in  the  Iliad  riding  in  a 
chariot  drawn  by  2  horses,  in  the  harnessing 
and  unharnessing  of  which  she  is  assisted  by 


HHAX>  OF  HERA  (JUNO).    (Supposed  to  be  from  a  Statue  of  Polydetus.   Naples.; 

L 


HEKACLEA. 


189 


HERCULES. 


Pio.ciem.,vol.4,tav.3.) 


Hebe  and  the  Horae. 
Owing  to  the  judg- 
ment of  Paris  [PATHS], 
she  was  hostile  to  the 
Trojans,  and  in  the 
Trojan  war  she  ac-  : 
cordingly  sided  with  j 
the  Greeks.  She  per- 
secuted all  the  chil- 
dren of  Zeus  by  mortal 
mothers,  and  hence 
appears  as  the  enemy 
of  Dionysus  (Bacchus), 
Hercules,  and  others. 
—  Hera  was  worship- 
ed in  many  parts  of 
Greece,  but  more  espe- 
cially at  Argos,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  which 
she  had  a  splendid 
temple,  on  the  road  to 
Mycenae.  She  had  also 
a  splendid  temple  in 
Samos.  —The  worship 
of  the  Roman  Juno  is 
spoken  of  in  a  separate 
article.  [JUNO.]  Hera 
was  usually  represent- 
e<*  as  a  majestic  wom- 
811  of  mature  age,  with 
beautiful  forehead, 


large  and  widely  open- 
ed eyes,  and  with  a  grave  expression  com- 
manding reverence.  Her  hair  was  adorned 
with  a  crown  or  a  diadem.  A  veil  frequently 
hangs  down  the  back  of  her  head,  to  charac- 
terize her  as  the  bride  of  Zeus,  and  the  dia- 
dem, veil,  sceptre,  and  peacock  are  her  ordi- 
nary attributes. 

HERACLEA  (-ae),  that  is,  the  city  of  Hera- 
cles or  Hercules,  was  the  name  of  several 
cities.  I.  In  Europe.  (1)  In  Lucania,  on  the 
river  Siris,  founded  by  the  Tarentines.—(2) 
In  Acarnania,  on  the  Ambracian  gulf.—  (3) 
l"he  later  name  of  Perinthus  in  Thrace.  [PE- 
BENTHUS.]—  (4)  H.  LYNOESTIS,  also  called  Pela- 
gonia,  in  Macedonia,  on  the  Via  Egnatia,  W. 
of  the  Erigon,  the  capital  of  one  of  the  4  dis- 
tricts into  which  Macedonia  was  divided  by 
the  Romans.  —  (5)  H.  MINOA,  on  the  S.  coast 
of  Sicily,  at  the  month  of  the  river  Halycus, 
between  Agrigentnm  and  Selinns.  Accord- 
ing to  tradition,  it  was  founded  by  Minos 
when  he  pursued  Daedalus  to  Sicily,  and  it 
may  have  been  an  ancient  colony  of  the  Cre- 
tans. It  was  colonized  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Selinns,  and  its  original  name  was  Minoa^ 
which  it  continued  to  bear  till  about  B.O.  500, 
when  the  town  was  taken  by  the  Lacedaemo- 
nians, under  Euryleon,  who  changed  its  name 
into  that  of  Heraclea.  It  fell  at  an  early  pe- 
riod into  the  hands  of  the  Carthaginians,  and 
remained  in  their  power  till  the  conquest  of 
Sicily  by  the  Romans.—  (6)  SINTIOA,  in  Mace- 
donia, a  town  of  the  Sinti,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Strymon,  founded  by  Amyntas.  brother 
of  Philip.—  (7)  H.  TEACUINTAE,  in  Thessaly. 
[TRACHIS.]—  II.  In  Asia.  (1)  H.  PONTIOA,  a 
city  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Pontus  Enxinus. 
on  the  coast  of  Bithynia,  in  the  territory  of 
;he  Mariandyni,  founded  about  B.O.  550,  by 
Colonists  from  Megara  and  from  Tanagra,  in 


3oeotia.—  (2)  H.  AP  LATAim^a  town  of  louia, 
S.E.  of  Miletus,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Latmus*. 
md  upon  the  Sinus  Latmicus  ;  formerly  called 
jatmus.  Near  it  was  a  cave,  with  the  tomb 
of  Endymion. 

HERACLEUM  (-i),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
the  Delta  of  Egypt,  a  little  W.  of  Canopus  ; 
from  wmcn  the  ^anopic  raouth  of  the  Nile 
was  often  called  also  the  Heracleotic  month. 

EERACLIDAE  (-arum),  the  descendants 
>f  Heracles  or  Hercules,  who,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Dorians,  conquered  Peloponnesus 
80  years  after  the  destruction  of  Troy,  or  B.C. 
104,  according  to  mythical  chronology.  In 
,his  invasion  they  were  led  by  Temenus, 
Cresphontes,  and  Aristodemus,  the  three  sons 
of  Aristomachns.  Aristodemus  died  before 
entering  Peloponnesus,  but  his  twin  sons  re- 
ceived his  share  of  the  conquest  Temenna 
obtained  Argos  ;  Procles  and  Eurystheus,  the 
sons  of  Aristodemus,  Lacedaemon  ;  and  Cres- 
Dhontes,  Messenia.  This  legend  represents 
i;he  conquest  of  the  Achaean  population  by 
Dorian  invaders,  who  henceforward  appear 
as  the  ruling  race  in  the  Peloponnesus. 

HERACLIDES  (-ae)  PONTICUS,  so  called 
because  he  was  born  at  Heraclea,  in  Pontns, 
was  a  Greek  philosopher,  and  a  disciple  of 
Plato  and  Aristotle.  He  wrote  several  works, 
almost  all  of  which  are  lost. 

HERACL1TUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Ephesus,  a  phi- 
losopher of  the  Ionian  school,  flourished  about 
B.O.  513.  He  considered  fire  to  be  the  prima- 
ry form  of  all  matter.—  -(2)  An  Academic  phi- 
losopher of  Tyre,  a  friend  of  Antiochus,  and 
a  pupil  of  Clitomachus  and  Fhilo. 

HERAEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Arcadia,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Alpheus,  near  the  borders 
of  El  is. 

HERAEI  MONTES,  a  range  of  mountains 
in  Sicily,  running  from  the  centre  of  the  isl- 
and S.E.,  and  ending  in  the  promontory  Pa* 
chynum. 

HERAEUM. 


HERBlTA,  a  town  in  Sicily,  N.  of  Agyri- 
ura,  in  the  mountains,  the  residence  of  the 
tyrant  Archonides. 

HERCtfLANEUM  or  HERCtf  LANUM  (-i), 
an  ancient  city  in  Campania,  near  the  coast, 
between  Neapolis  and  Pompeii,  was  origin- 
ally founded  by  the  Oscans,  was  next  in  pos- 
session of  the  Tyrrhenians,  and  subsequently 
was  chiefly  inhabited  oy  Greeks.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Romans  in  the  Social  war  (B.O. 
89,  88),  and  was  colonized  by  them.  In  A.D. 
63  a  great  part  of  it  was  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake  ;  and  in  T9  it  was  overwhelmed, 
along  with  Pompeii  and  Stabiae,  by  the  great 
eruption  of  Mount  Vesuvius.  It  was  buried 
under  showers  of  ashes  and  streams  of  lava, 
from  70  to  100  feet  under  the  present  surface 
of  the  ground.  On  its  site  stand  the  modern 
Portiti  and  part  of  the  village  of  Hasina.  The 
ancient  city  was  accidentally  discovered  by 
the  sinking  of  a  well  in.  1720;  and  many 
buildings  and  works  of  art  have  been  discov- 
ered at  the  place. 

HERCULES  (-is  and  i),  called  HERA- 
CLES by  the  Greeks,  the  most  celebrated  of 
all  the  heroes  of  antiquity.  According  to 


HERCULES. 


190 


HERCULES. 


Head  of  Hercules.    (From  a  Statue  in  the  British 
Museum.) 

Homer,  Hercules  was  the  son  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) by  Alcmene,  the  wife  of  Amphitryon,  of 
Thebes  in  Boeotia.  Zeus  visited  Alcmene  in 
the  form  of  Amphitryon,  while  the  latter  was 
absent,  warring  against  the  Taphians ;  and 
pretending  to  be  her  husband,  he  became  by 
her  the  father  of  Hercules.  On  the  day  on 
which  Hercules  was  to  be  born,  Zens  boasted 
of  becoming  the  father  of  a  hero  destined  to 
rule  over  the  race  of  Perseus,  who  was  the 
grandfather  both  of  Amphitryon  and  Alc- 
mene. Hera  (Juno)  prevailed  upon  him  to 
swear  that  the  descendant  of  Perseus,  born 
that  day,  should  be  the  ruler.  Thereupon 
she  hastened  to  Argos,  and  there  caused  the 
wife  of  Stheuelus,  the  son  of  Perseus,  to  give 
birth  to  Eurystheus;  whereas  she  delayed 
the  birth  of  H«rcules,  and  thus  robbed  him 
of  the  empire  which  Zeus  had  destined  for 
him.  Zeus  was  enraged  at  the  imposition 
practiced  upon  him,  but  could  not  violate 
his  oath.  Alcmone  brought  into  the  world  2 
boys,  Hercules,  th<?  son  of  Zeus,  and  Iphi- 
cles,  the  son  of  Amphitryon,  who  was  one 
night  younger  than  Hercules.  As  he  lay  in 
his  cradle,  Hera  sent  2  serpents  to  destroy 
him,  but  the  infant  hero  strangled  them  with 
his  own  hands.  As  he  grew  up  he  was  in- 
structed by  Amphitryon  in  driving  the  char- 
iot, by  Autolycus  in  wrestling,  by  Eurytus  in 
archery,  by  Castor  in  fighting  in  heavy  ar- 
mor, and  by  Linus  in  singing  and  playing 
the  lyre.  Linus  was  killed  by  his  pupil  with 
the  lyre,  because  he  had  censured  him ;  and 
Amphitryon,  to  prevent  similar  occurrences, 
sent  him  to  feed  his  cattle.  In  this  manner 
he  spent  his  life  till  his  18th  year.  His  first 
great  adventure  happened  while  he  was 
watching  the  oxen  of  his  father.  A  huge 
lion,  which  haunted  Mount  Cithaeron,  made 
great  havoc  among  the  flocks  of  Amphitryon 
and  Thespius  (orThestius),  king  of  Thespiae. 
Hercules  promised  to  deliver  the  country  of 
the  monster;  and  Thespius,  who  had  50 
daughters,  rewarded  Hercules  by  making 
him  his  guest,  so  long  as  the  chase  lasted, 
and  by  giving  up  his  daughters  to  him.  Her- 
cules slew  the  lion,  and  henceforth  wore  its 
skin  as  his  ordinary  garment,  and  its  mouth 
and  head  as  his  helmet.  Others  related  that 
the  lion's  skin  of  Hercules  was  taken  from 
the  Nemean  lion.  He  next  defeated  and 
killed  Erginus,  king  of  Orchomenos,  to  whom 
ihe  Thebans  used  to  pay  tribute.  In  this  bat- 


tle Hercules  lost  his  father  Amphitryon ;  but 
Creon  rewarded  him  with  the  hand  of  his 
daughter,  Megara,  by  whom  he  became  the 
father  of  several  children.  The  gods  made 
him  presents  of  arms,  and  he  usually  carried 
a  huge  club,  which  he  had  cut  for  himself  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Nemea.  Soon  after- 
wards Hercules  was  driven  mad  by  Hera, 
and  in  this  state  he  killed  his  own  children 
by  Megara  and  2  of  Iphicles's.  In  his  grief  he 
sentenced  himself  to  exile,  and  went  to  Thes- 
pius, who  purified  him.  He  then  consulted 
the  oracle  of  Delphi  as  to  where  he  should 
settle.  The  Pythia  first  called  him  by  the 
name  of  Hercules— for  hitherto  his  name  had 
been  Alcides  or  Alcaeus — and  ordered  him  to 
live  at  Tiryns,  and  to  serve  Eurystheus  for 
the  space  of  12  years,  after  which  he  should 
become  immortal.  Hercules  accordingly 
went  to  Tiryns,  and  did  as  he  was  bid  DJ 
Eurystheus.  The  accounts  of  the  12  labors 
which  Hercules  performed  at  the  bidding  of 
Eurystheus  are  tound  only  in  the  later  writ- 
ers. The  only  one  of  the  12  labors  mentioned 
by  Homer  is  his  descent  into  the  lower  world 
to  carry  off  Cerberus.  We  also  find  in  Homer 
the  fight  of  Hercules  with  a  sea-monster ;  his 
expedition  to  Troy  to  fetch  the  horses  which 
Laomedou  bad  refused  him?  and  his  war 
against  the  Pylians,  when  he  destroyed  the 
whole  family  of  their  king  Neleus,  with  the 
exception  of  Nestor.  The  12  labors  are  usu- 
ally arranged  in  the  following  order:  (1) 
The  fight  with  the  Nemean  lion.  The  valley 
of  Nemea,  between  Cleonae  and  Phlius,  was 
inhabited  by  a  monstrous  lion,  the  offspring 
of  Typh  on  and  Echidna.  Eurystheus  ordered 
Hercules  to  bring  him  the  skin  of  this  mon- 
ster. After  using  in  vain  his  club  and  arrows 
against  the  lion,  he  strangled  the  animal  with 
his  own  hands,  and  returned  to  Tiryns  car- 


Herculos  and  Neinean  Lion.    (i<>om  a  Roman  Lamp.) 

rying  the  dead  lion  on  his  shoulders.— (2) 
The  fight  against  the  Lernean  hydra.  This 
monster,  like  the  lion,  was  the  offspring  of 
Typhon  and  Echidna,  and  was  brought  up  by 
Hera.  It  ravaged  the  country  of  Lerna,  near 
Argos,  and  dwelt  in  a  swamp  near  the  well 
of  Amymone.  It  had  nine  heads,  of  which 
the  middle  one  was  immortal.  Hercules 


THE  FAKNESE  HEEOUI.EB.    (Naples.) 


HERCULES. 


191 


HERCULES. 


struck  off  its  heads  with  his  club ;  but  in  the 
place  of  the  head  he  cut  off,  2  new  ones  grew 
forth  each  time.  However,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  his  faithful  servant  lolaus,  he  burned 
away  the  heads  of  the  hydra,  and  buried  the 
ninth,  or  immortal  one,  under  a  huge  rock. 
Haviog  thus  conquered  the  monster,  he  poi- 
soned his  arrows  with  its  bile,  whence  the 
wounds  inflicted  by  them  became  incurable. 
—(3)  Capture  of  the  Arcadian  stag.  This  an- 
imal had  golden  antlers  and  brazen  feet. 
Hercules  was  ordered  to  bring  the  animal 
alive  to  Eurystheus.  He  pursued  it  in  vain 
for  a  whole  year ;  at  length  he  wounded  it 
with  an  arrow,  caught  it,  and  carried  it  away 
on  his  shoulders.— (4)  Destruction  of  the  Ery- 
manthian  "boar.  This  animal,  which  Hercules 
was  also  ordered  to  bring  alive  to  Eurysthe- 
us, had  descended  from  Mount  Erymanthus 
into  Psophis.  Hercules  chased  it  through 
the  deep  snow,  and  having  thus  worn  it  out 
he  caught  it  in  a  net,  and  carried  it  to  Eurys- 
theus. Other  traditions  place  the  hunt  of  the 
Erymanthian  boar  in  Thessaly.  It  must  be 
observed  that  this  and  the  subsequent  labors 
of  Hercules  are  connected  with  certain  sub- 
ordinate labors,  called  Parerga.  The  first  of 
these  is  the  fight  of  Hercules  with  the  cen- 
taurs. In  his  pursuit  of  the  boar  he  came  to 
the  centaur  Pholus,  who  had  received  from 
Dionysus  (Bacchus)  a  cask  of  excellent  wine. 
.Hercules  opened  it,  contrary  to  the  wish 
of  his  host,  and  the  delicious  fragrance  at- 
tracted the  other  centaurs,  who  besieged 
the  grotto  of  Pholus.  Hercules  drove  them 
away ;  they  fled  to  the  house  of  Chiron ;  and 
Hercules,  eager  in  his  pursuit,  wounded  Chi- 
ron, his  old  friend,  with  one  of  his  poisoned 
arrows;  in  consequence  of  which  Chiron 
died.  [CHIEON.]  Pholus  likewise  was 
wounded  by  one  of  the  arrows,  which  by  ac- 
cident fell  on  his  foot  and  kilted  him.— (5) 
Cleansing  oft7ie  stables  of  Augeas.  Eurysthe- 
us imposed  upon  Hercules  the  task  of  cleans- 
ing in  one  day  the  stalls  of  Augeas,  king  of 
Efts.  Augeas  had  a  herd  of  3000  oxen,  whose 
stalls  had  not  been  cleansed  for  30  years. 
Hercules,  without  mentioning  the  command 
of  Eurystheus,  went  to  Augeas,  and  offered 
to  cleanse  his  stalls  in  one  day  if  he  would 
give  him  the  10th  part  of  his  cattle.  Augeas 
agreed  to  the  terms ;  and  Hercules,  after  tak- 
ing Phyleus,  the  son  of  Augeas,  as  his  wit- 
ness, turned  the  rivers  Alpheus  and  Peneus 
through  the  stalls,  which  were  thus  cleansed 
in  a  single  day.  But  Augeas,  who  learned 
that  Hercules  had  undertaken  the  work  by 
the  command  of  Enrystheus,  refused  to  give 
him  the  reward.  His  son  Phyleus  then  bore 
witness  against  his  father,  who  exiled  him 
from  Elis.  At  a  later  time  Hercules  invaded 
Elis,  and  killed  Augeas  and  his  sons.  After 
this  he  is  said  to  have  founded  the  Olympic 
games.— (6)  Destruction  of  the  Styniphalian 
oirds.  These  voracious  birds  had  been 
brought  up  by  Ares.  They  had  brazen  claws, 
wings,  and  beaks,  used  their  feathers  as  ar- 
rows, and  ate  human  flesh.  They  dwelt  on 
a  lake  near  Stymphalus,  in  Arcadia,  from 
which  Hercules  was  ordered  by  Eurystheus 
to  expel  them.  When  Hercules  undertook 
the  task,  Athena  provided  him  with  a  brazen 


rattle,  by  the  noise  of  which  he  startled  the 
birds ;  and,  as  they  attempted  to  fly  away,  he 
killed  them  with  his  arrows.  According  to 
some  accounts,  he  only  drove  the  "birds  away, 
and  they  appeared  again  in  the  island  of  Are- 
tias,  where  they  were  found  by  the  Argo* 
nauts.— (7)  Capture  of  the  Cretan  bull.  The 
bull  had  been  sent  put  of  the  sen.  by  Posei- 
don, that  Minos  might  offer  it  in  sacrifice. 
But  Minos  was  so  charmed  with  the  beauty 
of  the  animal  that  he  kept  it,  and  sacrificed 
another  in  its  stead.  Poseidon  punished 
Minos  by  driving  the  bull  mad,  and  causing 
it  to  commit  great  havoc  in  the  island.  Her- 
cules was  ordered  by  Eurystheus  to  cateh 
the  bull,  which  he  succeeded  in  doing.  He 
brought  the  bull  home  on  his  shoulders ;  but 
he  then  set  the  animal  free  again.  The  bull 
now  roamed  through  Greece,  and  at  last  came 
to  Marathon,  where  we  meet  it  again  in  the 


Hercules  and  Bull.    (From  a  Buss-relief  in  the  Vatican.) 


story  of  Theseus.— (8)  Capture  of  the  mares 
of  the  Thradan  Diomedes.  This  Diomedes, 
king  of  the  Bistones  in  Thrace,  fed  his  horses 
with  human  flesh.  Eurystheus  ordered  Her- 
cules to  bring  him  these  animals.  With  a 
few  companions,  he  seized  the  animals,  and 
conducted  them  to  the  sea-coast  But  here 
he  was  overtaken  by  the  Bistones.  During 
the  fight  he  intrusted  the  mares  to  his  friend 
Abderus,  who  was  devoured  by  them,  Her- 
cules defeated  the  Bistones,  killed  Diomedes, 
whose  body  he  threw  before  the  mares,  built 
the  town  of  Abdera  in  honor  of  his  unfortu- 
nate friend,  and  then  returned  to  Enrystheus 
with  the  mares,  which  had  become  tame  after 
eating  the  flesh  of  their  master.  The  mares 
were  afterwards  set  free,  and  were  destroyed 
on  MountOlympus  by  wildbeasta.— (9)  Seizure 
of  the  girdle  of  the  queen  of  the  Amazons. 
Hippolyte,  the  queen  of  the  Amazons,  pos- 
sessed a  girdle,  which  she  had  received  from 
Ares.  Admete,  the  daughter  of  Eurystheus, 
wished  to  obtain  this  girdle;  and  Hercules 


HERCULES. 


192 


HERCULES. 


was  therefore  sent  to  fetch  it  After  various 
adventures  in  Europe  and  Asia,  he  at  length 
reached  the  country  of  the  Amazons.  Hip- 
polyte  at  first  received  him  kindly,  and  prom- 
ised him  her  girdle ;  but  Hera  having  excited 
the  Amazons  against  him,  a  contest  ensued, 
in  which  Hercules  killed  their  queen.  He 
then  took  her  girdle,  and  carried  it  with  him. 
On  his  way  home  he  lauded  in  Troas,  where 
he  rescued  Hesione  from  the  monster  sent 
against  her  by  Poseidon ;  in  return  for  which 
service  her  father,  Laomedon,  promised  him 
the  horses  he  had  received  from  Zeus  as  a 
compensation  for  Ganymedes.  But,  as  La- 
omedon did  not  keep  his  word,  Hercules  on 
leaving  threatened  to  make  war  against 
Troy,  a  threat  which  he  afterwards  carried 
into  execution.— -(10)  Capture  of  the  oxen  of 
Geryones  in  Erythia.  Geryones,  the  monster 
with  3  bodies,  lived  in  the  fabulous  island  of 
Ery  thla  (the  reddish),  so  called  because  it  lay 
in  the  W.,  under  the  rays  of  the  setting  sun. 
This  island  was  origiually  placed  off  the 
coast  of  Epirus,  but  was  afterwards  identified 
either  with  Gades  or  the  Balearic  islands. 
The  oxen  of  Geryones  were  guarded  by  the 
giant  Eurytion  and  the  two-headed  dog  Or- 
thrus ;  and  Hercules  was  commanded  by  Eu- ' 
rystheus  to  fetch  them.  After  traversing 
various  countries,  he  reached  at  length  the 
frontiers  of  Libya  and  Europe,  -where  he 
erected  2  pillars  (Calne  and  Abyla)  on  the  2 
sides  of  the  strait  or  Gibraltar,  which  were 
hence  called  the  pillars  of  Hercules.  Being 
annoyed  by  the  heat  of  the  sun,  Hercules 
shot  at  Helios  (the  sun),  who  so  much  ad- 
mired his  boldness  that  he  presented  him 
with  a  golden  cup  or  boat,  in  which  he  sailed 
to  Erytnia.  He  there  slew  Eurytion  and  his 
dog,  as  well  as  Geryones,  and  sailed  with  his 
booty  to  Tartessus,  where  he  returned  the 
golden  cup  (boat)  to  Helios.  On  his  way 
borne  he  passed  through  'Gaul,  Italy,  Ulyri- 
cum,  and  Thrace,  and  met  with  numerous 
adventures,  which  are  variously  embellished 
by  the  poets.  Many  attempts  were  made  to 
deprive  him  of  the  oxen,  but  he  at  length 
brought  them  in  safety  to  Eurystheus,  who 
sacrificed  them  to  Hera.— (11)  Fetching  the 
golden  apples  of  the  Hesperides.  This  was  par- 
ticularly difficult,  since  Hercules  did  not  know 
where  to  find  them.  They  were  the  apples 
which  Hera  had  received  at  her  wedding 
from  Ge  (the  Earth),  and  which  she  had  in- 
trusted to  the  keeping  of  the  Hesperides  and 
the  dragon  Ladon,  on  Mount  Atlas,  in  the 
country  of  the  Hyperboreans.  [HESPERIDES.] 
On  arriving  at  Mount  Atlas,  Hercules  sent 
Atlas  to  fetch  the  apples,  and  in  the  mean 
time  bore  the  weight  of  heaven  for  him.  'At- 
las returned  with  the  apples,  but  refused  to 
take  the  burden  of  heaven  on  his  shoulders 
again.*  Hercules,  however,  contrived  by  a 
stratagem  to  get  the  apples,  and  hastened 
away.  On  his  return  Eurystheus  made  him 
a  present  of  the  apples ;  but  Hercules  dedi- 
cated them  to  Athena  (Minerva),  who  restored 
them  to  their  former  place.  Some  traditions 
add  that  Hercules  killed  the  dragon  Ladon. 
—(12)  Bringing  Cerberus  from  the  lower  icorld. 
This  was  the  most  difficult  of  the  12  labors 
of  Hercules.  He  descended  into  Hades,  near 


I-Iercules  mid  the  Hesperides.  (from  a  Bass-relief  at  Home.) 


Taenarum  in  Laconia,  accompanied  by  Her- 
mes (Mercury)  and  Athena.  He  delivered 
Theseus  and  Ascalaphus  from  their  torments. 
He  obtained  permission  from  Pluto  to  carry 
Cerberus  to  the  upper  world,  provided  he 
could  accomplish  it  without  force  of  arms. 
Hercules  succeeded  in  seizing  the  monster 
and  carrying  it  to  the  upper  world ;  and  after 
he  had  shown  it  to  Eurysthens,  he  carried  it 
back  again  to  the  lower  world.  Besides 
these  12  labors,  Hercules  performed  several 
other  feats  without  being  commanded  by 
Eurysthens.  Several  of  them  were  in  terwov- 
en  with  the  12  labors,  and  have  been  already 
described;  those  which  had  no  connection 
with  the  12  labors  are  spoken  of  below.  Aft- 
er Hercules  had  performed  the  12  labors  he 
was  released  from  the  servitude  of  Eurysthe- 
us, and  returned  to  Thebes.  He  there  gave 
Megara  in  marriage  to  lolaus ;  and  he  wished 
to  gain  in  marriage  for  himself  lole,  the 
daughter  of  Enrytus,  king  of  Oechalia.  Eu- 
rytns  promised  his  daughter  to  the  man  who 
should  conquer  him  and  his  sons  in  shooting 
with  the  bow.  Hercules  defeated  them ;  but 
Eurytus  and  his  sous,  with  the  exception  of 
Iphitus,  refused  to  give  lole  to  him,  because 
he  had  murdered  his  own  children.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  killed  his  friend  Iphitus  in  a 
fit  of  madness.  Though  purified  from  thfe 
murder,  he  was,  nevertheless,  attacked  by  a 
severe  illness.  The  oracle  at  Delphi  declared 
that  he  would  be  restored  to  health  if  he 
would  serve  3  years  for  wages,  and  surrender 
his  earnings  to  Eurytus,  as  an  atonement  for 
the  murder  of  Iphitus.  Thereupon  he  became 
a  servant  of  Omphale,  queen  of  Lydia  and 
widow  of  Tmolus.  Later  writers  describe 
Hercules  as  living  effeminately  during  his 
residence  with  Omphale :  he  spun  wool,  it  ia 
said,  arid  sometimes  put  on  the  garmerts  of 


HERCULES. 


193 


HERCULES. 


a  woman,  while  Omphale  wore  his  lion's  skin. 
According  to  other  accounts  he  nevertheless 
performed  several  great  feats  during  this 
time.  He  undertook  an  expedition  to  Col- 
chis, which  brought  him  into  connection  with 
the  Argonauts ;  he  took  part  in  the  Calydo- 
nian  hunt,  and  met  Theseus  on  his  landing 
from  Troezene  on  the  Corinthian  isthmus. 
When  the  time  of  his  servitude  bad  expired, 
he  sailed  against  Troy,  took  the  city,  and 
killed  Laomedon,  its  king.  It  was  about 
this  time  that  the  gods  sent  for  him  in  order 
to  fight  against  the  Giants.  [GIGANTES.] 
Soon  after  his  return  to  Argos  he  marched 
against  Augeas,  as  has  been  related  above. 
He  then  proceeded  against  Pylos,  which  he 
took,  and  killed  the  whole  family  of  Neleus, 
with  the  exception  of  Nestor.  He  then  pro- 
ceeded to  Calydou,  where  he  obtained  Deia- 
nira, the  daughter  of  Oeneus,  for  his  wife, 
after  fighting  with  Achelous  for  her.  [DEIA- 
NIBA;  AOHELOTFS.]  After  Hercules  had  been 
married  to  Deianira  nearly  3  years,  he  acci- 
dentally killed  at  a  banquet  in  the  house  of 
Oeneus  the  boy  Eunomus.  In  accordance 
with  the  law,  Hercules  went  into  exile,  tak- 
ing with  him  his  wife,  Deiauira.  On  their 
road  they  came  to  the  river  Evenus,  across 
which  the  centanr  Nessus  carried  travelers 
for  a  small  sum  of  money.  Hercules  himself 
forded  the  river,  but  gave  Deianira  to  Nessns 
to  carry  across.  Nessus  attempted  to  outrage 
her :  Hercules  heard  her  screaming,  and  shot 
an  arrow  into  the  heart  of  Nessus.  The  dy- 
ing centaur  called  out  to  Deianira  to  take  his 
blood  with  her,  as  it  was  a  sure  means  of  pre- 
serving the  love  of  her  husband.  After  this 
he  took  up  his  abode  at  Trachis,  whence  he 
marched  against  Eurytus  of  Oechalia.  He 
took  Oechalia,  killed  Eurytus  and  his  sons, 
and  carried  off  his  daughter  lole  as  a  prison- 
er. On  his  return  home  he  landed  at  Cenae- 
mn,  a  promontory  of  Euboea,  erected  an  altar 
to  Zeus,  and  sent  his  companion,  Lichas,  to 
Trachis,  in  order  to  fetch  him  a  white  gar- 
ment, which  he  intended  to  use  during  the 
sacrifice.  Deianira,  afraid  lest  lole  should 
supplant  her  in  the  affections  of  her  husband, 
steeped  the  white  garment  he  had  demanded 
in  the  blood  of  Nessus.  This  blood  had  been 
poisoned  by  the  arrow  with  which  Hercules 
had  shot  Nessus ;  and,  accordingly,  as  soon 
as  the  garment  became  warm  on  the  body  of 
Hercules,  the  poison  penetrated  into  all  his 
limbs,  and  caused  him  the  most  excruciating 
agony.  He  seized  Lichas  by  his  feet,  ana 
threw  into  the  sea.  He  wrenched  off  the 
garment,  but  it  stuck  to  his  flesh,  and  with  it 
he  tore  away  whole  pieces  from  his  body.  In 
this  state  he  was  conveyed  to  Trachis.  Deia- 
nira, on  seeing  what  she  had  unwittingly 
done,  hanged  herself.  Hercules  commanded 
Hyllus,  his  eldest  son  by  Deianira,  to  marry 
lole  as  soon  as  he  should  arrive  at  the  age  of 
manhood.  He  then  ascended  Mount  Oeta, 
raised  a  pile  of  wood,  on  which  he  placed 
himself,  and  ordered  it  to  be  set  on  fire. 
When  the  pile  was  burning,  a  cloud  came 
down  from  heaven,  and,  amid  peals  of  thun- 
der, carried  him  to  Olympus,  where  he  was 
honored  with  immortality,  became  reconciled 
to  Hera,  and  married  her  daughter  Hebe. 


He  was  in  course  of  time  worshiped  through- 
out all  Greece,  both  as  a  god  and  as  a  hero. 
His  worship,  however,  prevailed  more  ex- 
tensively among  the  Dorians  than  among 
any  other  of  the  Greek  races.  The  sacrifices 
offered  to  him  consisted  principally  of  bulls, 
boars,  rams,  and  lambs.  The  works  of  art 
in  which  Hercules  is  represented  are  extreme- 
ly numerous;  but  whether  he  appears  as  a 
child,  a  youth,  a  struggling  hero,  or  as  the 
immortal  inhabitant  of  Olympus,  his  charac- 
ter is  always  one  of  heroic  strength  and  en-, 
ergy.  The  finest  representation  of  the  hero 
that  has  come  down  to  us  is  the  so-called 
Farnese  Hercules.  The  hero  is  resting,  lean- 
ing on  his  right  arm,  and  his  head  reclining 
on  his  left  hand:  the  whole  figure  is  a  most 
exquisite  combination  of  peculiar  softness 
with  the  greatest  strength.  The  worship  of 
Hercules  at  Rome  and  in  Italy  is  connected 
by  Roman  writers  with  the  hero's  expedition 
to  fetch  the  oxqn  of  Geryones.  They  stated 
that  Hercules,  on  his  return,  visited  Italy, 
where  he  abolished  sacrifices  among  the  Sa- 
bines,  established  the  worship  of  fire,  and 
slew  Cacus,  a  robber,  who  had  stolen  his 
oxen.  [CAOUS.]  The  aborigines,  and  espe- 
cially Evandsr,  honored  Hercules  with  di- 
vine worship;  and  Hercules,  in  return, 
taught  them  the  way  in  which  he  was  to  be 
worshiped,  and  in  trusted  the  care  of  his  wor- 
ship to  two  distinguished  families,  the  Potitii 
and  Pinarii.  [PI>-ABIA  GENS.]  At  Rome 
Hercules  was  connected  with  the  Muses, 
whence  he  is  called  ftlusagetes,  and  was  rep- 
resented with  a  lyre,  of  which  there  is  no 
trace  in  Greece.  The  Greeks  and  Romans 
also  gave  the  name  of  Hercules  to  heroes  dis- 
tinguished by  their  bodily  strength  among 


Hercules  carrying  Thieves. 


HERCULES. 


194 


HERMES. 


other  nations  of  the  ancient  world.  Thus  we 
find  mention  of  the  Egyptian,  Indian,  and 
Phoenician  Hercules. 

HERC"frLES  (-is  and  i),  son  of  Alexander 
the  Great  by  Barsine,  the  widow  of  the  Rho- 
dian  Memnon,  murdered  by  Polysperchon, 
B.O.  310. 

HERC&US  COLUMNAE.  [ABYLA.  ;  CAL- 
KS.] 

HERCtfLIS  MONOECI  PORTUS.     [Mo- 

NOEOU8.] 

HERCt5"LIS  PORTUS.    CCosA.] 

HERCtJUS  PR5MONT5RIUM  (C.  Sparti- 
vento),  the  most  southerly  point  of  Italy  in 
Bruttium. 

HERCYNIA  SILVA  (-ae),  an  extensive 
range  of  mountains  in  Germany,  covered 
with  forests,  described  by  Caesar  as  9  days1 
journey  in  breadth,  and  more  than  60  days1 
journey  in  length,  extending  E.  from  the  ter- 
ritories of  the  Helvetii,  Nemetes,  and  Raura- 
ci,  parallel  to  the  Danube,  to  the  frontiers  of 
the  Daciaus.  Under  this  general  name  Cae- 
sar appears  to  have  included  all  the  mount- 
ains and  forests  in  the  S.  and  centre  of  Ger- 
many. The  name  is  still  preserved  in  the 
modern  Harz  and  Erz. 

HERDONtA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Apulia, 
destroyed  by  Hannibal. 

HERILLUS  (-i),  of  Carthage,  a  Stoic 
philosopher,  the  disciple  of  Zeiio  of  Cit- 
tium. 

HERMAEUM  (-: 

CURII   PR5MON ,..,. , 

the  extreme  N.E.  point  of  the  Carthagin- 
ian territory,  opposite  to  Lilybaeura,  the 
space  between  the  two  being  the  shortest 
distance  between  Sicily  and  Africa. 

HERMAGORAS  (-ae).  (1)  Of  Temnos, 
a  distinguished  Greek  rhetorician  of  the 
time  of  Cicero,  belonging  to  the  Rhodian 
school  of  oratory.  —  (2)  A  Greek  rheto- 
rician, who  taught  rhetoric  at  Rome  in 
the  time  of  Augustus. 

HERMAPERODITUS  (-i),  son  of  Her- 
mes  and  AphroditS  (Venus),  and  conse- 

guently  great-grandson  of  Atlas,  whence 
e  is  called  Atlantiades  or  Atlantius.  He 
had  inherited  the  beauty  of  both  his 
parents,  and  thus  excited  the  love  of  the 
nymph  of  the  fountain  of  Salmacis,  near 
Haliearnassus.  She  tried  in  vain  to  win 
hie  affections ;  and  as  he  was  one  day 
bathing  in  the  fountain,  she  embraced 
him,  and  prayed  to  the  gods  that  she 
might  be  united  with  him  forever.  The 
gods  granted  her  request,  and  the  bodies 
of  the  youth  and  the  nymph  became  united 
together,  but  retained  the  characteristics  of 
each  sex. 

HERMiS  (-ae),  called  MERCttaUS  (-i)  by 
the  Romans.  The  Greek  Hermes  was  a  son 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Maia,  the  daughter  of 
Atlas,  and  was  born  in  a  cave  of  Mount  Cyl- 
lene  in  Arcadia,  whence  he  is  called  Atlanti- 
adea  or  Cyllenius.  A  few  hours  after  his  birth 
he  displayed  his  natural  propensities:  escnp- 
ing  from  his  cradle,  he  went  to  Pieria,  and 


or,  in  Latin,  MER-   e 
'RIUM  (Cape  £on), 


carried  off  some  of  the  oxen  of  Apollo,  which 
he  drove  to  Pylos.  He  then  returned  to  Cyl- 
lene,  and  finding  a  tortoise  at  the  entrance 
of  his  native  cave,  he  placed  strings  across  its 
shell,  and  thus  invented  the  lyre,  on  which 
he  immediately  played.  Apollo,  by  his  pro- 
phetic power,  had  meantime  discovered  the 
thief,  and  went  to  Cyllene  to  charge  Hermes 
with  the  crime.  His  mother,  Mala,  showed 
to  the  god  the  child  in  its  cradle ;  but  Apollo 
carried  the  boy  before  Zeus,  who  compelled 
him  to  restore  the  oxen.  But  when  Apollo 
heard  the  sounds  of  the  lyre,  he  was  so 
charmed  that  he  allowed  Hermes  to  keep  the 
animals,  and  became  his  friend.  Zeus  made 
Hermes  his  herald,  and  he  was  employed  by 
the  gods,  and  more  especially  by  Zeus,  on  a 
variety  of  occasions  which  are  recorded  in 
ancient  story.  Thus  he  led  Priam  to  Achil- 
les to  fetch  the  body  of  Hector ;  tied  Ixion  to 
the  wheel;  conducted  Hera  (Juiio),  Aphro- 
dite (Venus),  and  Athena  (Minerva)  to  Paris ; 
rescued  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  after  his  birth 
from  the  flames ;  sold  Hercules  to  Omphale ; 
and  was  ordered  by  Zeus  to  carry  off  lo,  who 
was  metamorphosed  into  a  cow,  and  guarded 
by  Argus,  whom  he  slew.  [AuGus.]  He  was 
also  employed  by  the  gods  to  conduct  the 


ie  dead  from  the  upper  into  thj 


Hermee  (Mercury)  bearing  tlie  Caduceos. 


lower  world.  Being  the  herald  of  the  gods, 
he  is  the  go.d  of  eloquence,  since  the  heralds 
are  the  public  speakers  in  the  assemblies  and 
on  other  occasions.  He  was  also  the  god  of 
prudence  and  cunning,  both  in  words  and 
actions,  and  even  of  fraud,  perjury,  and  theft, 
Being  endowed  with  this  shrewdness  and  sa- 
gacity, he  was  regarded  as  the  author  of  a 
variety  of  inventions,  such  as  the  lyre  and 
syrinx,  the  alphabet,  numbers,  astronomy, 
music,  the  art  of  fighting,  gymnastics,  the  cut 


STATUE  oy  HERMES.    CCaoltolf  ne  Collection.  Kome> 


HERMINIUS. 


195 


HERO. 


tivation  of  the  olive-tree,  measures,  weights, 
and  many  other  things.  From  being  the  her- 
ald of  the  gods,  he  was  regarded  as  the  god 
of  roads,  who  protected  travelers ;  and  nu- 
merous statues  of  him,  called  Hermae,  were 
erected  on  roads,  and  at  doors  and  gates.  He 
was  also  the  god  of  commerce  and  of  good 
luck,  and  as  such  presided  over  the  game  of 
dice.  Hermes  was  believed  to  have  been  the 
inventor  of  sacrifices,  and  hence  was  the  pro- 
tector of  sacrificial  animals.  For  this  reason 
he  was  especially  worshiped  by  shepherds, 
and  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  Pan  and 
the  nymphs.  Hermes  was  likewise  the  pa- 
tron of  all  the  gymnastic  games  of  the  Greeks. 
All  gymnasia  were  under  his  protection ;  and 
the  Greek  artists  derived  their  ideal  of  the 
god  from  the  gymnasium,  and  represented 
him  as  a  youth  whose  limbs  were  beautifully 
and  harmoniously  developed  by  gymnastic 


Herme*  (Mercury). 
(Pitture  e  Bronzi  d'£rcolano,*vol.  4,  tav.  31.) 

exercises.  The  most  ancient  seat  of  the  wor- 
ship of  Hermes  is  Arcadia,  the  land  of  his 
birth,  whence  his  worship  was  carried  to 
Athens,  and  ultimately  spread  through  all 
Greece.  The  festivals  celebrated  in  his  honor 
were  called  H&rmaea.  Among  the  things  sa- 
cred to  him  were  the  palm-tree,  the  tortoise, 
the  number  4,  and  several  kinds  offish ;  and 
the  sacrifices  offered  to  him  consisted  of  in- 
cense, honey,  cakes,  pigs,  and  especially 
lambs  and  young  goats.  The  principal  attri- 
butes of  Hermes  are :  1.  A  traveling  hat  with 
a  broad  brim,  which  in  later  times  was 
adorned  with  2  small  wings.  2.  The  staff 
which  he  bore  as  a  herald,  and  had  received 
from  Apollo.  In  late  works  of  art  the  white 
ribbons  which  surrounded  the  herald's  staff 
were  changed  into  2  serpents.  3.  The  san- 
dals which  carried  the  god  across  land  and 
sea  with  the  rapidity  of  wind,  and  which 
were  provided  at  the  ankles  with  wings, 
whence  he  is  called  alipes.  The  Roman  MKR- 
OTTBIUS  is  spoken  of  separately. 
HERMINIUS  (-i)  MONS  (Sierra  de  laJEs- 


trella),  the  chief  mountain  in  Lusltania,  S.  of 
the  Durius. 

HERMlONE  (-es).  (1)  The  beautiful  daugh- 
ter of  Menelaus  and  Helena.  She  had  been 
promised  in  marriage  to  Orestes  before  the 
Trojan  war,  but  Menelaus  after  his  return 
home  married  her  to  Neoptolemus  (Pyrrhus). 
After  the  murder  of  the  latter  [NEOPTOI.EMUB], 
Hermipne  married  Orestes,  and  bore  him  a 
son,  Tisamenus — (2)  A  town  of  Argolis,  but 
originally  independent  of  Argos,  was  situated 
on  a  promontory  on  the  E.  coast,  and  on  a 
bay  of  the  sea,  which  derived  its  name  from 
the  town  (Hermionicus  Sinus).  It  was  orig- 
inally inhabited  by  the  Dryopes. 

HERMIONES.    CGEBMANIA.] 

HERMOCRlTES,  one  of  the  Syracusau 
generals,  when  the  Athenians  attacked  Syra- 
cuse, B.C.  414.  He  was  banished  by  the  Syra- 
cusans  (410),  and  having  endeavored  to  effect 
his  restoration  by  force  of  arms,  was  slain, 
40T. 

HERMOGENES,  a  celebrated  Greek  rheto- 
rician, was  a  native  of  Tarsus,  and  lived  in 
the  reign  of  M.  Aurelius,  A.P.  161-1SO.  Sev- 
eral of  his  works  are  extant. 

HERMOGENES,  M.  TIGELLlUS  (-i),  a  no- 
torious detractor  of  Horace,  who  calls  him, 
however,  optimus  cantor  et  modulator. 

HERMOLAUS  (-i),  a  Macedonian  youth, 
and  a  page  of  Alexander  the  Great,  formed  a 
conspiracy  against  the  king's  life,  B.C.  32T, 
but  the  plot  was  discovered,  and  Hermolaus 
and  his  accomplices  were  stoned  to  death  by 
the  Macedonians. 

EERMOP5LIS  (-is),  i.  e.  "the  city  of  Her- 
mes (Mercury)."  (1)  PABVA,  a  city  of  Lower 
Egypt,  stood  upon  the  canal  which  connected 
the  Canopic  branch  of  the  Nile  with  the  lake 
Mareotis.--(2)  MAGNA,  an  ancient  city  in  Mid- 
dle Egypt,  stood  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Nile, 
a  little  below  the  confines  of  Upper  Egypt 

HERMUNDttRI  (-orum),  one  of  the  most 
powerful  nations  of  Germany,  belonged  to  the 
Suevic  race,  and  dwelt  between  the  Maine 
and  the  Danube. 

HERMUS  (-i),  a  considerable  river  of  Asia 
Minor,  rising  in  Mount  Dindymene.  and  after 
flowing  through  the  plain  of  Sardis,  falling 
into  the  gulf  of  Smyrna,  between  Smyrna  and 
Phocaea.  It  formed  the  boundary  between 
Aeolia  and  Ionia. 

HERNIOI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Latiura,  be- 
longing to  the  Sabine  race,  who  inhabited  the 
mountains  of  the  Apennines  between  the  lake 
Fucinus  and  the  river  Trerus,  and  were  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  Marsi  and  Aequi,  and  on 
the  S.  by  the  Volsci.  Their  chief  town  was 
ANAGKIA.  They  were  a  brave  and  warlike 
people,  and  long  offered  a  formidable  resist- 
ance to  the  Romans.  The  Romans  formed  a 
league  with  them  on  equal  terms  in  the  3d 
consulship  of  Sp.  Cassius,  B.O.  486.  They  were 
finally  subdued  by  the  Romans,  306. 

HERO".    [LEANDER.] 

HERO  (-us),  an  eminent  mathematician, 
was  a  native  of  Alexandria,  and  lived  in  the 
reigns  of  the  Ptolemies  Philadelphus  and 
Evergetes  (B.O.  280-222).  He  is  celebrated  on 


HERODES. 


196 


HERODOTUS. 


account  of  his  mechanical  inventions.    Sev- 
eral of  his  works  are  extant. 

HERODES  (-is),  commonly  called  HEROD. 
(1)  Surnamed  the  Great,  king  of  the  Jews, 
was  the  son  of  Antipater.  He  received  the 
kingdom  of  Judaea  from  Antony  and  Octa- 
vian  in  B.O.  40.  He  possessed  a  jealous  tem- 
per and  ungovernable  passions.  He  put  to 
death  his  beautiful  wife,  Mariumne,  whom  he 
suspected  without  cause  of  adultery,  and  with 
whom  he  was  violently  in  love;  and  at  a 
later  period  he  also  put  to  death  his  two  sons 
by  Mariarnue,  Alexander  and  Arfstobulus. 
His  government,  though  cruel  and  tyrannical, 
was  vigorous.  In  the  last  year- of  his  reign 
Jesus  Christ  was  bom ;  and  it  must  have 
been  on  his  death-bed  that  he  ordered  the 
massacre  of  the  children  at  Bethlehem.  He 
died  in  the  37th  year  of  his  reign,  and  the  70th 
of  his  age,  B.O.  4.*— (2)  HEEODES  ANTIPASJ  son 
of  Herod  the  Great  by  Malthace,  a  Samaritan, 
obtained  the  tetrarchy  of  Galilee  and  Peraea 
on  his  father's  death,  while  the  kingdom  of 
Judaea  devolved  on  his  elder  brother,  Arche- 
laus.  He  married  Herodias,  the  wife  of  his 
half-brother,  Herod  Philip,  she  having,  in  de- 
fiance of  the  Jewish  law,  divorced  her  first 
husband.  He  was  deprived  of  his  dominions 
by  Caligula,  and  sent  into  exile  at  Lyons,  A.D. 
39.  It  was  this  Herod  Antipas  who  impris- 
oned and  put  to  death  John  the  Baptist,  who 
had  reproached  him  with  his  unlawful  con- 
nection with  Herodias.  It  was  before  him 
also  that  Christ  was  sent  by  Pontius  Pilate 
at  Jerusalem,  as  belonging  to  his  jurisdiction, 
on  account  of  his  supposed  Galilaean  origin. — 
(3)  HEEODES  AGRIPPA.  [AGRIPPA.]— (4)  HE- 
EODES  ATTIOUS,  the  rhetorician.  [ATTIOUS.] 

HSRODIANUS  (-i),  the  author  of  an  extant 
history,  in  the  Greek  language,  of  the  Roman 
empire  in  8  books,  from  the  death  of  M.  Au- 
relius  to  the  commencement  of  the  reign  of 
Gordianus  IH.  (A.D.  180-238). 

HERODOTUS  (-i),  a  Greek  historian,  and 
the  father  of  history,  was  born  at  Halicarnas- 
sus,  a  Doric  colony  in  Ca- 
ria,  B.C.  4S4.  He  belonged 
to  a  noble  family  at  Hali- 
carnassus.  He  was  the  son 
of  Lyxes  and  Dryo ;  and 
the  epic  poet  Panyasis  was 
one  of  his  relations.  He- 
rodotus left  his  native  city 
at  an  early  age,  in  order  to 
escape  from  the  oppressive 
government  of  Lygdamis, 
the  tyrant  of  Halicarnassus, 
who  put  to  death  Panyasis. 
He  probably  settled  at  Sa- 
ra os  for  some  time,  and 
there  became  acquainted 
with  the  Ionic  dialect ;  but 
he  spent  many  years  in  his 
extensive  travels  in  Europe. 


Heroiotua. 


c-vi.cij.oj.vc  iiiavcjo  .iu  .liiuujpc, 

Asia,  and  Africa.  At  a  later  time  he  returned 
to  Halicarnassus,  and  took  a  prominent  part 
in  expelling  Lygdamis  from  his  native  city. 


*  The  death  of  Herod  took  place  in  the  same  year  with 
the  actual  birth  of  Christ,  as  la  mentioned  above,  but  it  is 
well  known  that  this  is  to  be  placed  4  years  before  the  date 
in  general  use  as  the  Christian  era. 


Subsequently  he  again  left  Halicarnassus,  and 
settled  at  Thurii,  uu  Athenian  colony  in  Ita- 
ly, where  he  died.  Whether  he  accompanied 
the  first  colonists  to  Thurii  in  443,  or  followed 
them  a  few  years  afterwards,  can  not  be  de- 
termined with  certainty.  It  is  also  disputed 
where  Herodotus  wrote  his  history.  Lucian 
relates  that  Herodotus  read  his  work  to  the 
assembled  Greeks  at  Olympia,  which  was  re- 
ceived  with  such  universal  applause  that  the 
9  books  of  the  work  were  in  consequence 
honored  with  the  names  of  the  9  Muses.  The 
same  writer  adds  that  the  young  Thucydideg 
was  present  at  this  recitation,  and  was  moved 
to  tears.  But  this  celebrated  story,  which 
rests  upon  the  authority  of  Lucian  alone 
must  be  rejected  for  many  reasons.  Nor  is 
there  sufficient  evidence  in  favor  of  the  tra- 
dition that  Herodotus  read  his  work  at  the 
Panathenaea  at  Athens  in  446  or  445,  and  re- 
ceived from  the  Athenians  a  reward  of  10  tal 
ents.  It  is  more  probable  that  he  wrote  his 
work  at  Thurii,  when  he  was  advanced  in 
years ;  though  he  appears  to  have  been  col- 
lecting materials  for  it  during  a  great  part  of 
his  lite.  It  was  apparently  with  this  view 
that  he  undertook  his  extensive  travels 
through  Greece  and  foreign  countries;  and 
his  work  contains  on  almost  every  page  the 
results  of  his  personal  observation  and  in- 
quiries. There  was  scarcely  a  town  of  any 
importance  in  Greece  Proper  and  on  the 
coasts  of  Asia  Minor  with  which  he  was  not 
perfectly  familiar.  In  the  N.  of  Europe  he 
visited  Thrace  and  the  Scythian  tribes  on  the 
Black  Sea.  In  Asia  he  traveled  through  Asia 
Minor  and  Syria,  and  visited  the  cities  of 
Babylon,  Ecbatana,  and  Susa.  He  spent  some 
time  in  Egypt,  and  traveled  as  far  S.  as  Ele- 
phantine. The  object  of  his  work  is  to  give 
an  account  of  the  struggles  between  the 
Greeks  and  Persians.  He  traces  the  enmity 
between  Europe  and  Asia  to  the  mythical 
times.  He  passes  rapidly  over  the  mythical 
ages  to  come  to  Croesus,  king  of  Lydia,  who 
was  known  to  have  committed  acts  of  hostil- 
ity against  the  Greeks.  This  induces  him  to 
give  a  full  history  of  Croesus  and  of  the  king- 
dom of  Lydia.  The  conquest  of  Lydia  by  the 
Persians  under  Cyrus  then  leads  him  to  relate 
the  rise  of  the  Persian  monarchy  and  the 
subjugation  of  Asia  Minor  and  Babylon.  The 
nations  which  are  mentioned  in  the  course 
of  this  narrative  are  again  discussed  more  or 
less  minutely.  The  history  of  Cambyses  and 
his  expedition  into  Egypt  induce  him  to  en- 
ter into  the  details  of  Egyptian  history.  The 
expedition  of  Darius  against  the  Scythians 
causes  him  to  speak  of  Scy  thia  and  the  N.  of 
Europe.  In  the  mean  time  the  revolt  of  the  lo- 
nians  breaks  out,  which  eventually  brings  the 
contest  between  Persia  and  Greece  to  an  end. 
An  account  of  this  insurrection  is  followed 
by  the  history  of  the  invasion  of  Greece  by 
the  Persians ;  and  the  history  of  the  Persian 
war  now  runs  in  a  regular  channel  until  the 
taking  of  Sestos  by  the  Greeks,  B.O.  478,  with 
which  event  his  work  concludes.  In  order 
to  form  a  fair  judgment  of  the  historical  value 
of  the  work  of  Herodotus,  we  must  distin- 
guish between  those  parts  in  which  he  speaks 
from  his  own  observations  and  those  in  which 


HEROPOLIS. 


197 


HESTIA. 


be  merely  repeats  what  lie  was  told  by  priests 
and  others.  In  the  latter  case  he  was  un- 
doubtedly often  deceived ;  but  whenever  he  , 
speaks  from  his  own  observations,  he  is  a  real 
model  of  truthfulness  and  accuracy ;  and  the 
more  tbe  countries  whicb  he  describes  have 
been  explored  by  modern  travelers,  the  more 
firmly  has  his  authority  been  established.  The 
dialect  in  which  he  wrote  is  the  Ionic,  inter- 
mixed with  epic  or  poetical  expressions,  and 
sometimes  even  with  Attic  and  Doric  forms. 
The  excellences  of  his  style  consist  in  its  an- 
tique and  epic  coloring,  its  transparent  clear- 
ness, and  the  lively  flow  of  the  narrative. 

HEROP5LIS  (-is)  or  HERO  (-us),  a  city  in 
C<owei  Egypt,  standing  on  the  border  of  the 
desert  E.  of  tbe  Delta,  upon  the  canal  con- 
necting the  Nile  with  the  W.  head  of  the  Red 
Sea,  which  was  called  from  it  Sinus  Heroopo- 
liticus. 

HEROSTRX  TUS  (-i),  an  Ephesiau,  who  set 
fire  to  the  temple  of  Artemis  at  Ephesus  on 
the  same  night  that  Alexander  the  Great  was 
born,  E.G.  356,  in  order  to  immortalize  him- 
self. 

HERSS  (-es),  daughter  of  Cecrops  and  sis- 
ter of  Agraulos,  beloved  by  Hermes.  Re- 
specting her  story,  see  AGKAULOS. 

HERSlLlA  (-ae),  the  wife  of  Romulus,  wor- 
shiped after  her  death  under  the  name  of  Hora 
or  Horta. 

H£Rt5XI  or  SR'&LI  (-orum),  a  powerful 
German  race,  who  are  said  to  have  come  orig- 
inally from  Scandinavia,  attacked  the  Roman 
empire  on  its  decline.  Under  the  command 
of  Odoacer,  who  is  said  to  have  been  an  He- 
rulian,  they  destroyed  the  Western  empire, 
A.D.  476. 

HESR5DUS  (-i),  one  of  the  earliest  Greek 
poets,  frequently  mentioned  along  with  Ho- 
mer. As  Homer  represents  the  Ionic  school 
of  poetry  in  Asia  Minor,  so  Hesiod  represents 
the  Boeotian  school  of  poetry.  The  only 
points  of  resemblance  between  the  2  schools 
consists  in  their  versification  and  dialect  In 
other  respects  they  entirely  differ.  The  Ho- 
meric school  takes  for  its  subject  the  restless 
activity  of  the  heroic  age,  while  the  Hesiodic 
turns  its  attention  to  the  quiet  pursuits  of  or- 
dinary life,  to  the  origin  of  the  world,  the 
gods  and  heroes.  Hesiod  lived  about  a  cent- 
ury later  than  Homer,  and  is  placed  about 
B.C.  735.  We  learn  from  his  own  poem  on 
Works  and  Days  that  he  was  born  in  the  vil- 
lage of  Ascra  in  Boeotia,  wbither  his  father 
had  emigrated  from  the  Aeolian  Cyme  in  Asia 
Minor.  After  the  death  of  his  father  he  was 
involved  in  a  dispute  with  his  brother  Perses 
about  his  small  patrimony,  which  was  decid- 
ed in  favor  of  his  brother.  He  then  emigrated 
to  Orchomenos,  where  he  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life.  This  is  all  that  can  be  said  with 
certainty  about  the  life  of  Hesiod.  Many  of 
the  stories  related  about  him  refer  to  his 
school  of  poetry,  and  not  to  the  poet  person- 
ally. In  this  light  we  may  regard  the  tradi- 
tion that  Hesiod  had  a  poetical  contest  with 
Homer,  which  is  said  to  have  taken  place 
either  at  Chalcis  or  Aulis.  The  two  principal 
works  of  Hesiod*  which  have  come  down  to 


us,  are  his  Works  and  Days,  containing  ethical, 
political,  and  economical  precepts,  and  a  Tlie- 
ogony,  giving  an  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
world  and  the  birth  of  the  gods. 

HESIONE  (-es),  daughter  of  Laoraedon, 
king  of  Troy,  was  chained  by  her  father  to  a 
rock,  in  order  to  be  devoured  by  a  sea-mon- 
ster, that  he  might  thus  appease  the  anger 
of  Apollo  and  Poseidon.  Hercules  promised 
to  save  her  if  Laomedon  would  give  him  the 
horses  which  he  had  received  from  Zeus  as  a 
compensation  for  Ganymedes.  Hercules  killed 
the  monster,  but  Laomedon  refused  to  keep 
his  promise.  Thereupon  Hercules  took  Troy, 
killed  Laomedon,  and  gave  Hesione  to  his 
friend  and  companion  Telamou,  to  whom  she 
bore  Teucer.  Her  brother  Priam  sent  Ante- 
nor  to  claim  her  back,  and  the  refusal  on  the 
part  of  the  Greeks  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
causes  of  the  Trojan  war. 

HESPERIA  (-ae),  the  Western  land  (from 
fcWepos,  vesper),  the  name  given  by  the  Greek 
poets  to  Italy,  because  it  lay  W.  of  Greece, 
In  imitation  of  them,  the  Roman  poets  gave 
the  name  of  Hesperia  to  Spain,  which  they 
sometimes  called  Ultima  Hesperia,  to  distin- 
guish it  from  Italy,  which  they  occasionally 
called  Hesperia  Magma. 

HESPERIDES  (-urn),  the  celebrated  guard- 
ians of  the  golden  apples  which  Ge  (Earth) 
gave  to  Hera  at  her  marriage  with  Zeus.  Ac- 
cording to  some  they  were  the  daughters  of 
Atlas  and  Hesperis  (whence  their  names— 
Atlantides  or  Hesperides)  •  but  their  parent- 
age is  differently  related  by  others.  Some 
traditions  mentioned  3  Hesperides,  viz.,Aegle, 
Arethnsa,  and  Hesperia;  others  4,  Aegte, 
Crytheia,  Hestia,  and  Arethwa;  and  others, 
again,  7.  In  the  earliest  legends  they  are  de- 
scribed as  living  on  the  river  Oceanns,  in  the 
extreme  W. ;  but  they  were  afterwards  placed 
near  Mount  Atlas,  and  in  other  parts  of  Libya. 
They  were  assisted  in  watching  the  golden 
apples  by  the  dragon  Ladon.  It  was  one  of 
the  labors  of  Hercules  to  obtain  possession 
of  these  apples.  [See  p.  192.] 

HESPfiRlDUM  INS'&LAE.    [HESPEBIUM.] 

HESPERIS.      [BERENICE.} 

EESPERlUM  (-i:  C.  Verde  or  C.  JRoxo),  'a 
headland  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  was  one 
of  the  farthest  points  along  that  coast  to 
which  the  knowledge  of  the  ancients  extend- 
ed. At  a  day's  journey  from  it  was  a  group 
of  islands  called  HESPERIDTTMLSSULAE,  wrong- 
ly identified  by  some  with  the  Fortunatae 
Insulae;  they  are  either  the  Cape  de  Verde 
islands,  or,  more  probably,  the  Jfissagoa,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

HESPERUS  (-i),  the  evening  star,  sou  of 
Astraeus  and  Eos  (Aurora),  of  Cephalus  and 
Eos,  or  of  Atlas.  He  was  also  regarded  as 
the  same  as  the  morning  star.  [LUCIFER.] 

HESTlA  (-ae),  called  VESTA  (-ae)  by  the 
Romans,  the  goddess  of  the  hearth,  or,  rather, 
of  the  fire  burning  on  the  hetxrth,  was  one  of 
the  12  great  divinities  of  the  Greeks.  She 
was  a  daughter  of  Cronos  (Saturn)  and  Rhea, 
and,  according  to  common  tradition,  was  the 
first-born  of  Rhea,  and  consequently  the  first 
of  the  children  swallowed  by  Cronos.  She 


HESTIAEOTIS. 


198 


HIMERA. 


~         r 

Hestia  (Vesta).    (From  an 
ancient  statue.) 


was  a  maiden  divinity; 
an  d  when  Apollo  an  d  Po- 
seidon (Neptune)  sued 
for  her  hand,  she  swore 
by  the  head  of  Zeus  to 
remain  a  virgin  forever. 
As  the  hearth  was  looked 
upon  as  the  centre  of 
domestic  life,  so  Hestia 
was  the  goddess  of  do- 
mestic life,  and,  as  such, 
was  boJieved  to  dwell  in 
the  inner  part  of  every 
house.  Being  the  god- 
dess of  the  sacred  fire 
of  the  altar,  Hestia  had 
a  share  in  the  sacrifices 
offered  to  all  the  gods. 
Hence  the  first  part  of 
every  sacrifice  was  pre- 
sented to  her.  Solemn 
oaths  were  sworn  by  the 
goddess  of  the  hearth  : 
and  the  hearth  itself 
was  the  sacred  asy- 
lum  where  suppli- 

g^    implored    the 
protection  Of  the  in- 

habitants  of  the  house.  A  town  or  city  is 
only  an  extended  family,  and  therefore 
had  likewise  its  sacred  hearth.  This  pub- 
lic hearth  usually  existed  in  the  prytane- 
nm  of  a  town,  where  the  goddess  had  her 
especial  sanctuary.  There,  as  at  a  private 
hearth,  Hestia  protected  the  suppliants. 
When  a  colony  was  sent  out,  the  emi- 
grants took  the  fire  which  was  to  burn 
on  the  hearth  of  their  new  home  from 
that  of  the  mother  town.  The  worship  of 
the  Roman  Vesta  is  spoken  of  under  VESTA. 

HEST5EAE5TIS  (-is).  (1)  The  N.W.  part 
of  Thessaly.  [THESSALIA.]—  (2)  Or  HISTIAEA, 
a  district  in  Euboea.  [EITBOEA.] 

HBTRIC-OXUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Bruttii. 

HIBERNfA  (-ae),  also  called  IERNE, 
IVERNA,  or  JUVERNA  (-ae),  the  island  of 
Ireland,  appears  to  have  derived  its  name 
from  tne  inhabitants  of  its  S.  coast,  called  Ju- 
verni;  but  its  original  name  was  probably 
Bergion  or  Vergion.  It  is  mentioned  by  Cae- 
sar ;  but  the  Romans  never  made  any  attempt 
to  conquer  the  island,  though  they  obtained 
some  knowledge  of  it  from  the  commercial 
intercourse  which  was  carried  on  between  it 
and  Britain. 

HtEMPSlL  (-alls).  (1)  Son  of  Micipsa, 
king  of  Numidia,  and  grandson  of  Masinissa, 
murdered  by  Jugurtha,  soon  after  the  death 
of  Micipsa,  B.O.  118.—  (2)  King  of  Numidia, 
grandson  or  great-grandson  of  Masinissa,  and 
father  of  Juba,  appears  to  have  received  the 
sovereignty  of  part  of  Nnmidia  after  the  Ju- 
gurtbine  war.  He  was  'expelled  from  his 
kingdom  by  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenqbarbus,  the 
leader  of  the  Marian  party  in  Africa,  but  was 
restored  by  Pompey  in  81.  Hiempsal  wrote 
some  works  in  the  Punic  language,  which  are 
cited  by  Snllust. 

HlfiRAPOLIS  (-is).  (1)  A  city  of  Great 
Phrygia,  near  the  Maeander,  was  an  early 
seat  of  Christianity,  and  is  mentioned  in  St. 


Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Colossians.—QZ)  Formerly 
BAMBYOE,  a  city  in  the  N.E.  of  Syria,  one  of 
the  chief  seats  of  the  worship  of  Astarte. 

HIERON  (-onis).  (1)  Tyrant  of  Syracuse 
(B.C.  478-467),  and  brother  of  Gelon,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  the  sovereignty.  He  gained  a 
great  victory  over  the  Etruscan  fleet  near  CH- 
mae,  B.C.  474.  He  was  a  patron  of  literature : 
and  the  poets  Aeschylus,  Pindar,  and  Simon- 
ides  took  up  their  residence  at  his  court  —(2) 
King  of  Syracuse  (B.O.  2TO-216),  a  noble  Syra- 
cusan,  descended  from  the  great  Gelon,  was 
voluntarily  elected  kins;  by  his  fellow-citi- 
zens, after  his  defeat  of  the  Mamertines,  in 
B.O.  270.  He  sided  with  the  Carthaginians  at 
the  commencement  of  the  first  Punic  war  (B.O. 
264),  but  in  the  following  year  he  concluded 
a  peace  with  the  Romans ;  and  from  this  time 
till  his  death,  a  period  of  little  less  than  half 
a  century,  he  continued  the  steadfast  friend 
and  ally  of  the  Romans.  He  died  in  216,  at 
the  age  of  92.  He  was  succeeded  by  his 
grandson,  Hieronymus. 


Coin  of  Hieron. 


HffiRONYMUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Cardia,  accom- 
panied Alexander  the  Great  to  Asia,  and 
after  the  death  of  that  monarch  (B.O.  323) 
served  under  his  countryman  Eumenes.  He 
afterwards  fought  under  Antigonus,  his  son 
Demetrius,  and  grandson  Antigonus  Gonatas. 
He  survived  Pyrrhus,  and  died  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  104.  Hieronymus  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  the  events  from  the  death  of  Alexan- 
der to  that  of  Pyrrhns,  which  is  lost. — (2) 
King  of  Syracuse,  succeeded  his  grandfather, 
Hieron  IL,  B.C.  216,  at  15  years  of  age,  and 
was  assassinated  after  a  short  reign  of  only 
13  months.— (3)  Of  Rhodes,  a  peripatetic  phi- 
losopher, and  a  disciple  of  Aristotle. 

HJEROSOLYMA.    [JERUSALEM.] 

HILLEVI5NES.    [GERMANIA.] 

HIMSRA  (-ae).  (1)  (Mume  Salsa),  one  of 
the  principal  rivers  in  the  S.  of  Sicily,  at  one 
time  the  boundary  between  the  territories  of 
the  Carthaginians  and  Syracusans,  received 
near  Enna  the  water  of  a  salt  spring,  and 
hence  has  salt  water  as  far  as  its  mouth.— 
(2)  A  smaller  river  in  the  N.  of  Sicily,  flowing 
into  the  sea  between  the  towns  of  Himera 
and  Thermae.— (3)  A  celebrated  Greek  city 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  W.  of  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Himera  [No.  2],  was  founded  by  the 
Chalcidians  of  Zancle,  B.O.  648,  and  afterwards 
received  Dorian  settlers,  so  that  the  inhabit 
ants  spoke  a  mixed  dialect,  partly  Ionic  (Chal 
cidian),  and  partly  Doric.  In  B.C.  409  it  was 
taken  by  the  Carthaginians,  and  leveled  to 


HIPPARCHUS. 


199 


HISPALIS. 


the  ground.  It  was  never  rebuilt ;  but  on  the 
opposite  bank  of  the  river  Himera  the  Car- 
thaginians founded  a  new  town,  which,  from 
a  warm  medicinal  springin  its  neighborhood, 
was  called  THERMAE.  The  poet  Stesichorus 
was  born  at  the  ancient  Himera,  and  the  ty- 
rant Agathocles  at  Thermae. 

HIPPARCHUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Pisistratus. 
[PisiBTRATiDAE.]— (2)  A  celebrated  Greek  as- 
tronomer, a  native  of  Nicaea  in  Bithynia, 
who  flourished  B.O.  160-146,  and  resided  both 
at  Rhodes  and  Alexandria.  The  catalogue 
which  Hipparchus  constructed  of  the  stars  is 
preserved  by  Ptolemy. 

HIPPIAS  (-ae).  (1)  Son  of  Pisistratus. 
[PisisTBATiDAE.]— (2)  A  celebrated  Sophist, 
was  a  native  of  Elis,  and  the  contemporary 
of  Socrates. 

HIPPO  (-onis).  (1)  H.  REGIUS,  a  city  on  the 
coast  of  Numidia,  once  a  royal  residence,  and 
afterwards  celebrated  as  the  bishopric  of  St 
Augustine.— (2)  H.  DIARSIIYTUS  or  ZABITUS,  a 
city  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  Carthaginian  ter- 
ritory W.  of  Utica.— (3)  A  town  of  the  Carpe- 
tani  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  S.  of  Tole- 
tum. 

HIPPOC05N  (-ontis),  son  of  Oebalus  and 
Batea.  After  his  father's  death  he  expelled 
his  brother  Tyndareus,  in  order  to  secure  the 
kingdom  to  himself;  but  Hercules  led  Tyn- 
dareus back,  and  slew  Hippocoon  and  his 
sons. 

HIPPOCRATES  (-is),  the  most  celebrated 
physician  of  antiquity,  was  born  in  the  island 
of  Cos,  about  B.O.  460.  He  wrote,  taught,  and 
practiced  his  profession  at  home ;  traveled  in 
different  parts  of  the  continent  of  Greece ; 
and  died  at  Larissa  in  Thessaly,  about  857,  at 
the  age  of  104  He  had  two  sons,  Thessalus 
and  Dracon,  and  a  son-in-law,  Polybus,  all 
of  whom  followed  the  same  profession.  The 
writings  which  have  come  down  to  us  under 
the  name  of  Hippocrates  were  composed  by 
several  different  persons,  and  are  of  very  dif- 
ferent merit. 

HIPPOCRINE  (-es),  the  "Fountain  of  the 
Horse,"  was  a  fountain  in  Mount  Helicon  in 
Boeotia,  sacred  to  the  Muses,  said  to  have  been 
produced  by  the  horse  Pegasus  striking  the 
ground  with  his  feet. 

HIPPODIMIA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  Oe- 
nomaus,  king  of  Pisa  in  Elis.  [OENOMAUB 
and  PBLOPB.]— (2)  Wife  of  Pirithous,  at  whose 
nuptials  took  place  the  celebrated  battle  be- 
tween the  Centaurs  and  Lapithae.  [PIBITHO- 

US.] 

HIPPOLYTS  (-es).  (1)  Daughter  of  Ares 
and  Otrera,  was  queen  of  the  Amazons,  and 
sister  of  Antiope  and  Melanippe.  She  wore 
a  girdle  given  to  her  by  her  father ;  and  when 
Hercules  came  to  fetch  this  girdle,  he  slew 
her.  According  to  another  tradition,  Hippol 
yte,  with  an  army  of  Amazons,  marched  into 
Attica,  to  take  vengeance  on  Theseus  for  hav 
ing  carried  off  Antiope ;  but  being  conquered 
by  Theseus,  she  fled  to  Megara,  where  she 
died  of  grief.  In  some  accounts  Hippolyte 
and  not  Antiope,  is  said  to  have  been  mar 
ried  to  Theseus.— (2)  Or  ASTYDAMIA,  wife  of 
Acastns,  fell  in  love  with  Peleus-  f  AOASTUS.; 


HIPPOLtTUS  (-i),  son  of  Theseus  by  Hip- 
polyte, queen  of  the  Amnzons,  or  by  her  sis- 
er  Antiope.  Theseus  afterwards  married 
'haedra,  who  fell  in  love  with  Hippolytus ; 
*)ut  as  her  offers  were  rejected  by  her  step- 
on,  she  accused  him  to  his  father  of  having 
ittempted  her  dishonor.  Theseus  thereupon 
.urged  his  son,  and  devoted  him  to  destruc- 
ion;  and,  accordingly,  as  Hippolytus  was 
iding  in  his  chariot  along  the  sea-coast,  Po- 
seidon sent  forth  a  bull  from  the  water,  at 
which  the  horses  took  fright,  overturned  the 
chariot,  and  dragged  Hippolytus  along  the 
ground  till  he  was  dead.  Theseus  afterwards 
earned  the  innocence  of  his  son,  and  Phae- 
dra, in  despair,  made  away  with  herself.  Ar- 
emis  (Diana)  induced  Aesculapius  to  restore 
lippolytus  to  life  again ;  and,  according  to 
Italian  traditions,  Diana,  having  changed  his 
name  to  Virbius,  placed  him  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  nymph  Egeria,  in  the  grove  of 
Aricia,  in  Latium,  where  he  was  honored  with 
divine  worship.  Horace,  following  the  more 
ancient  tradition,  says  that  Diana  could  not 
restore  Hippolytus  to  life. 

HIPPOMENES  (-is).  (1)  Son  of  Megareus, 
and  great-grandson  of  Poseidon  (Neptune), 
conquered  Atalanta  in  a  foot-race.  [ATA- 
LANTA,  No.  2.]— (2)  A  descendant  of  Codrus, 
the  4th  and  last  of  the  decennial  archons.  In- 
censed at  the  barbarous  punishment  which  he 
inflicted  on  his  daughter,  the  Attic  nobles  de- 
posed him. 

HIPP5NAX  (-actis),  of  Ephesus,  a  Greek 
Iambic  poet,  flourished  B.C.  646-520.    He  was 
celebrated  for  the  bitterness  of  his  satires. 
HIPPONlCUS.  [CALLIAS  and  HIPFONICUS.] 
HIPP5N1UM.    [Vnjo.] 
HIPPQNOUS.    [BELLimoraoN.3 
HIPPOTlDES  (-ae),  son  of  Hippotes,  that 
*~  Aeolus.  Hence  the  Aeoliae  Insulae  are  call- 


HIPPOTHOUS  (-i),  son  of  Cercyon,  and  fa- 
ther of  Aepy  tus,  king  of  Arcadia. 

HIRPINI  (-Orum),  a  Samnite  people,  dwell- 
ing in  the  S.  of  Samnium,  between  Apulia, 
Lucania,  and  Campania.  Their  chief  town 
was  AECULAKUM. 

HIRTtUS  (-i),  A.T  a  friend  of  Caesar  the  dic- 
tator, and  consul  with  Pansa.  B.C.  43.  Hirtius 
and  his  colleague  fell  at  the  battle  of  Mu tin  a, 
fighting  against  Antony.  [AUGUSTUS.]  Hir- 
tius divides  with  Oppius  the  claim  to  the  au- 
thorship of  the  8th  book  of  the  Gallic  war,  as 
well  as  to  that  of  the  histories  of  the  Alex- 
andrian, African,  and  Spanish  wars.  It  is  not 
impossible  that  he  wrote  the  first  three,  but 
he  certainly  did  not  write  the  Spanish  war.  , 

HISPALIS  (-is),  more  rarely  HISPAL  (-ftlise 
Seville),  a  town  of  the  Turdetani  in  Hispania 
Baetica,  founded  by  the  Phoenicians,  situated 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Baetis,  and  in  reality 
a  sea-port,  for,  although  500  stadia  from  ttie 
sea,  the  river  is  navigable  for  the  largest  ves- 
sels up  to  the  town.  Under  the  Romans  it 
was  an  important  place ;  under  the  Goths  and 
Vandals  the  chief  town  in  the  S.  of  Spain ; 
and  under  the  Arabs  the  capital  of  a  separate 
kingdom. 


HISPANIA. 


200 


HISTIAEUS. 


HISPl NIA  (-ae :  Spain),  a  peninsula  in  the 
S.  W.  of  Europe,  connected  with  the  land  only 
on  the  N.E.,  where  the  Pyrenees  form  its 
boundary,  and  surrounded  on  all  other  sides 
by  the  sea,  and  on  the  N.  by  the  Cantabrian 
sea.  The  Greeks  and  Romans  had  no  accu- 
rate knowledge  of  the  country  till  the  time 
of  the  Roman  invasion  in  the  2d  Punic  war. 
It  was  first  mentioned  by  Hecataeus  (about 
B.O.  500)  under  the  name  of  Iberia;  but 
this  name  originally  indicated  only  the  E. 
coast ;  the  W.  coast  beyond  the  Pillars  of  Her- 
cules was  called  Tartessis  (Taprn^f^)-  It was 
called  by  the  Greeks  Iberia,  a  name  usually 
derived  from  the  river  Iberus,  and  by  the 
Romans  Hispania.  Spain  was  celebrated  in 
antiquity  for  its  mineral  treasures.  Gold  was 
found  in  abundance  in  various  parts  of  the 
country ;  and  there  were  many  silver  mines, 
of  which  the  most  celebrated  were  near  Car- 
thago Nova,  Ilipa,  Sisapon,  and  Castulo.  The 
precious  stones,  copper^  lead,  tin,  and  other 
metals,  were  also  found  in  more  or  less  abun- 
dance. The  most  ancient  inhabitants  of  Spain 
were  the  Iberi,  who  dwelt  on  both  sides  of 
the  Pyrenees,  and  were  found  in  the  S.  of 
Gaul  as  far  as  the  Rhone.  Celts  afterwards 
crossed  the  Pyrenees,  and 'became  mingled 
with  the  Iberi,  whence  arose  the  mixed  race 
of  the  Celtiberi,  who  dwelt  chiefly  in  the  high 
table  land  in  the  centre  of  the  country.  [CEL- 
TIBERI.]  But  besides  this  mixed  race  of  the 
Celtiberi,  there  were  also  several  tribes,  both 
of  Iberians  and  Celts,  who  were  never  united 
with  one  another.  The  unmixed  Iberians, 
from  whom  the  modern  Basques  are  descend- 
ed, dwelt  chiefly  in  the  Pyrenees  and  on  the 
coasts,  and  their  most  distinguished  tribes 
were  the  ASTUKES,  CANTABBI,  VAOOAEI,  etc. 
The  unmixed  Celts  dwelt  chiefly  on  the  river 
Anas,  and  in  the  N.W.  corner  of  the  country, 
or  Gallaecia.  Besides  these  inhabitants,  there 
were  Phoenician  and  Carthaginian  settle- 
ments on  the  coasts,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant were  GADKS  and  CARTHAGO  NOVA  ;  there 
were  likewise  Greek  colonies,  such  as  EMPO- 
EIAE  and  SAGTTNTUM  :  and  lastly  the  conquest 
of  the  country  by  the  Romans  introduced 
many  Romans  among  the  inhabitants,  whose 
civilization  and  language  gradually  spread 
over  the  whole  peninsula.  Under  the  empire 
some  of  the  most  distinguished  Latin  writers 
were  natives  of  Spain,  such  as  the  two  Sen- 
«cas,  Lucan,  Martial,  Quintilian,  Silius  Itali- 
cus,  Pomponius  Mela,  Pradentius,  and  others. 
The  ancient  inhabitants  of  Spain  were  a 
proud,  brave,  and  warlike  race;  lovers  of 
their  liberty,  and  ready  at  all  times  to  sacri- 
fice their  lives  rather  than  submit  to  a  foreign 
master.  The  history  of  Spain  begins  with 
the  invasion  of  the  country  by  the  Carthagin- 
ians, B.O.  238.  Under  the  command  of  Ha- 
milcar  (238-229),  and  that  of  his  son-in-law  and 
successor,  Hasdrubal  (22S-221),  the  Carthagin- 
ians conquered  the  greater  part  of  the  S.E. 
of  the  peninsula  as  far  as  the  Iberus ;  and 
Hasdrubal  founded  the  important  city  of  Car- 
thago Nova.  These  successes  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians excited  the  jealousy  of  the  Romans ; 
and  a  treaty  was  made  between  the  two  na- 
tions about  22S,  by  which  the  Carthaginians 
bound  themselves  not  to  cross  the  Iberus. 


The  town  of  Saguntum,  although  on  the  W, 
side  of  the  river,  was  under  the  protection  of 
the  Romans ;  and  the  capture  of  this  town  by 
Hannibal,  in  219,  was  the  immediate  cause  of 
the  2d  Punic  war.  In  the  course  of  this  war 
the  Romans  drove  the  Carthaginians  out  of 
the  peninsula,  and  became  masters  of  their 
possessions  in  the  S.  of  the  country.  But 
many  tribes  in  the  centre  of  the  country  re- 
tained their  independence ;  and  those  in  the 
N.  and  N.  W.  of  the  country  had  been  hitherto 
quite  unknown  both  to  the  Carthaginians  and 
Romans.  There  now  arose  a  long  and  bloody 
struggle  between  the  Romans  and  the  various 
tribes  in  Spain,  and  it  was  nearly  2  centuries 
before  the  Romans  succeeded  in  subduing  en- 
tirely the  whole  of  the  peninsula.  The  Cel- 
tiberians  were  conquered  by  the  elder  Cato 
(195),  and  Tib.  Gracchus,  the  father  of  the  2 
tribunes  (179).  The  Lusitanians,  who  lono- 
resisted  the  Romans  under  their  brave  leader 
Viriathus,  were  obliged  to  submit,  about  the 
year  1ST,  to  D.  Brutus,  who  penetrated  as  far 
as  Gallaecia;  but  it  was  not  till  Nmnantia 
was  taken  by  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger, 
in  188,  that  the  Romans  obtained  the  undis- 
puted sovereignty  over  the  various  tribes  in 
the  centre  of  the  country,  and  of  the  Lusita- 
nians to  the  S.  of  the  Tagus.  Julius  Caesar 
after  his  praetorship,  subdued  the  Lusitanians 
N.  of  the  Tagus  (60).  The  Cantabri,  Astures, 
and  other  tribes  in  the  mountains  of  the  N., 
were  finally  subjugated  by  Augustus  and  his 
generals.  The  Romans  had,  as  early  as  the 
end  of  the  2d  Punic  war,  divided  Spain  into 
2  provinces,  separated  from  one  another  by 
the  Iberus,  and  called  Hispania  Citerior  and 
Hispania  interim',  the  former  being  to  the  E. 
and  the  latter  to  the  W.  of  the  river.  In  con- 
sequence of  there  being  2  provinces,  we  fre- 
quently find  the  country  called  Hispaniae. 
The  provinces  were  governed  by  2  proconsuls 
or  2  propraetors,  the  latter  of  whom  also  fre- 
quently bore  the  title  of  proconsuls.  Augus- 
tus made  a  new  division  of  the  country,  and 
formed  3  provinces — Tarraconensis,  Baetfca, 
and  lAisitania.  The  province  Tarraconensis, 
which  derived  its  name  from  Tarraco,  the 
capital  of  the  province,  was  by  far  the  largest 
of  the  3,  and  comprehended  the  whole  of  the 
N.,  W.,  and  centre  of  the  peninsula.  The 
province  Baetica,  which  derived  its  name  from 
the  river  Baetis,  was  separated  from  Lusitania 
on  the  N.  and  W.  by  the  river  Anas,  and  from 
Tarraconensis  on  the  E.  by  a  line  drawn  from 
the  river  Anas  to  the  promontory  Charidemus 
in  the  Mediterranean.  The  province  Lusi- 
tania  corresponded  very  nearly  in  extent  to 
the  modern  Portugal.  In  Baetica,  Corduba 
or  Hispalis  was  the  seat  of  government;  in 
Tarraconensis,  Tarraco ;  and  in  Lusitania,  Au- 
gusta Emerita.  On  the  fall  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire Spain  was  conquered  by  the  Vandals, 
A.D.  409. 

HISTTAEA.    [HESTIAKOTIS.] 

HIST1CAEUS  (-i),  tyrant  of  Miletus,  was 
left  with  the  other  Ionian  s  to  guard  the 
bridge  of  boats  over  the  Danube  when  Da- 
rius invaded  Scythia  (B.O.  513).  He  opposed 
the  proposal  of  Miltiades,  the  Athenian,  to 
destroy  the  bridge,  and  leave  the  Persians  to 
their  fate,  and  was  in  consequence  rewarded 


HOMERUS. 


201 


HOMERUS. 


by  Darius  with  a  district  in  Thrace,  where  he 
built  a  towu  called  Myrcinus,  apparently  with 
the  view  of  establishing  an  independent  king- 
dom. This  excited  the  suspicions  of  Darius, 
who  invited  Histiaeus  to  Susa,  where  he 
treated  him  kindly,  but  prohibited  him  from 
returning.  Tired  of  the  restraint  in  which 
he  was  kept,  he  induced  his  kinsman  Aris- 
tagoras  to  persuade  the  lonians  to  revolt, 
hoping  that  a  revolution  in  Ionia  might  lead 
to  his  release.  His  design  succeeded.  Da- 
rius allowed  Histiaeus  to  depart  (496)  on  his 
engaging  to  reduce  Ionia.  Here  Histiaeus 
threw  off  the  mask,  and  carried  on  war 
against  the  Persians.  He  was  at  length  tak- 
en prisoner,  and  put  to  death  by  Artapher- 
nes,  satrap  cf  Ionia. 

HOMERUS  (-i),  the  great  epic  poet  of 
Greece.  His  poems  formed  the  basis  of 
Greek  literature.  Every 
Greek  who  had  received 
a  liberal  education  was 
perfectly  well  acquainted 
with  them  from  his  child- 
hood, and  had  learned 
them  by  heart  at  school ; 
but  nobody  could  state 
any  thing  certain  about 
their  author.  His  date 
and  birthplace  were 
equally  matters  of  dis- 
pute. Seven  cities  claim- 
ed Homer  as  their  coun- 
tryman (Smyrna,  Eho- 
'dus,  Colophon,  Salamis, 
Chios,  Argos,  Athenae) ; 
bat  the  claims  of  Smyrna 


and  Chios  are  the  most  plausible.  The  best 
modern  writers  place  his  date  about  B.C.  £50. 
With  the  exception  of  the  simple  fact  of  his 
being  an  Asiatic  Greek,  all  other  particulars 
respecting  his  life  are  purely  fabulous.  The 
common  tradition  related  that  he  was  the  son 
of  Maeou  (hence  called  Maeonides  vates),  and 
that  in  his  old  nge  he  was  bliud  and  poor.— 
Homer  was  universally  regarded  by  the  an- 
cients as  the  author  of  the  2  great  poems  of 
the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey.  Such  continued 
to  be  the  prevalent  belief  in  modern  times, 
till  the  year  1T95,  when  the  German  profess- 
or F.  A.  Wolf  wrote  his  famous  Prolegome- 
na, in  which  he  endeavored  to  show  that 
the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  were  not  two  complete 
poems,  but  small,  separate,  independent  epic 
songs,  celebrating  single  exploits  of  the  he- 
roes, and  that  these  lays  were  for  the  first 
time  written  down  and  united,  as  the  Iliad 
and  Odyssey,  by  Pisistratus,  the  tyrant  of 
Athens.  This  opinion  gave  rise  to  a  long 
and  animated  controversy  respecting  the  or- 
igin of  the  Homeric  poems,  which  is  not  yet 
settled,  and  which  probably  never  will  be. 
The  following,  however,  may  be  regarded  as 
the  most  probable  conclusion.  An  abundance 
of  heroic  lays  preserved  the  tales  of  the  Tro- 
jan war.  'These  unconnected  songs  were,, 
for  the  first  time,  united  by  a  great  genins 
called  Homer,  and  he  was  the  one  individual 
who  conceived  in  his  miud  the  lofty  idea  of 
that  poetical  unity  which  we  must  acknowl- 
edge and  admire  in  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey. 
But  as  writing  was  not  known,  or  at  least 
little  practiced,  in  the  age  in  which  Homer 
lived,  it  naturally  followed  that  in  such  long 


OIKOYMENH    XPON02IMA2  OAY2IEIA  OMI1POS   MY60I 


Homer  enthroned. 


HOMOLE. 


202 


HORAT7A. 


works  many  interpolations  were  introduced, 
and  that  they  gradually  became  more  and 
more  dismembered,  and  thus  returned  into 
their  original  state  of  separate  independent 
songs.  They  were  preserved  by  the  rhapso- 
dists,  who  Were  minstrels,  and  who  san^  lays 
at  the  banquets  of  the  great and  at  public  fes- 
tivals. Solon  directed  the  attention  of  his 
countrymen  towards  the  unity  of  the  Homeric 
poems ;  but  the  unanimous  voice  of  antiquity 
ascribed  to  Pisistratus  the  merit  of  having 
collected  the  disjointed  poems  of  Homer,  and 
of  having  first  committed  them  to  writing. 
The  ancients  attributed  many  other  poems  to 
Homer  besides  the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey ; 
but  the  claims  of  none  of  these  to  this  honor 
can  stand  investigation.  The  hymns  which 
still  bear  the  name  of  Homer  probably  owe 
their  origin  to  the  rhapsodists.  Batrachomy- 
amaicMaj'vt  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice,  an 
extant  poem,  and  the  Margites,  a  poem  which 
is  lost,  and  which  ridiculed  a  man  who  was 
said  to  know  many  things  and  who  knew  all 
badly,  \vere  both  frequently  ascribed  by  the 
ancients  to  Homer,  but  were  clearly  of'later 


cation  of  honor  at  Rome,  to  whom  temples 
were  built  both  by  Marcellus  and  by  Marias, 
close  to  the  temples  of  Houos.  Marcellus 
also  built  oue  to  Virtus :  and  the  two  deities 
are  frequently  mentioned  together. 

HONORIUS  FLAVIUS  (-i),  Roman  em- 
peror of  the  West,  A.D.  395-428,  was  the  2d 
son  of  Theodosins  the  Great.  In  his  reign 
Alaric  took  and  plundered  Rome. 

HORAE  (-arum),  daughters  of  Zeus  (Jupu 
ter)  and  Themis,  the  goddesses  of  the  order 
of  nature  and  of  the  seasons,  who  guarded 
the  doors  of  Olympus,  and  promoted  the  fer. 
tility  of  the  earth  by  the  various  kinds  of 
weather  which  they  gave  to  mortals.  At 
Athens  2  Horae,  Thallo  (the  Hora  of  spring) 
and  Carpo  (the  Hora  of  autumn),  were  -wor- 
shiped from  very  early  times ;  but  they  are 
usually  represented  as  three  or  four  in  num- 
ber. Hesiod  gives  them  the  names  of  Eu- 
nomia  (good  order),  Dice  (justice),  and  Irene 
(peace).  In  works  of  art  the  Horae  are  rep- 
resented as  blooming  maidens  or  youths, 
carrying  the  different  products  of  the  seasons. 


Home  (Seasons).    (From  a  Bass-relief  at  Rome.) 


origin.-— The  Odyssey  was  evidently  com- 
posed after  the  Iliad ;  and  many  writers  main- 
tain that  they  are  the  works  of  2  different 
authors.  But  it  has  been  observed,  in  reply, 
that  there  is  not  a  greater  difference  in  the"  2 
poems  than  we  often  find  in  the  productions 
of  the  same  man  in  the  prime  of  life  and  in 
old  age ;  and  the  chief  cause  of  difference  in 
the  *2  poems  is  owing  to  the  difference  of  the 
subject.  The  Alexandrine  grammarians  paid 
great  attention  to  the  text  of  the  Homeric 
poems ;  and  the  edition  of  the  Iliad  and  the 
Odyssey  by  Aristarchus  has  been  the  basis  of 
the  text  to  the  present  day. 

HOMOLE  <-es).  (1)  A  lofty  mountain  in 
Thesaaly,  near  Tempe,  with  a  sanctuary  of 
Pan.— (2)  Or  HOMOLIPM  (-i),  a  town  in  Mag- 
nesia in  Thessaly,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ossa. 
near  the  Peueus. 

HONOR  or  HONSS  (-oris),  the  personifi- 


HORATlA  GENS,  one  of  Ihe  most  ancient 
patrician  gentes  at  Rome.  3  brothers  of  this 
race  fought  with  the  Curiatii,  3  brothers  from 
Alba,  to  determine  whether  Rome  or  Alba 
were  to  exercise  the  supremacy.  The  battle 
was  long  undecided.  2  of  the  Horatii  fell ; 
but  the  3  Cnriatii,  though  alive,  were  severely 
wounded.  Seeing  this,  the  surviving  Hora- 
tius,  who  was  still  unhurt,  pretended  to  fly, 
and  vanquished  his  wounded  opponents  by 
encountering  them  severally.  He  returned 
in  triumph,  bearing  his  threefold  spoils.  As 
he  approached  the  Capene  gate  his  sister 
Horatia  met  him,  and  recognized  on  his 
shoulders  the  mantle  of  one  of  the  Curiatii, 
her  betrothed  lover.  Her  importunate  grief 
drew  on  her  the  wrath  of  Horatius,  who 
stabbed  her,  exclaiming,  "So  perish  every 
Roman  woman  who  bewails  a  foe."'  For 
this  murder  he  was  adjudged  by  the  duum- 
viri to  be  scourged  with  covered  head,  and 


HORATTUS. 


203 


HORATIUS. 


^...  on  the  accursed  tree.  Horatius  ap- 
H^led  to  his  peers,  the  burghers  or  populus ; 
and  his  father  pronounced  him  guiltless,  or 
he  would  have  punished  him  by  the  paternal 
power.  The  popalus  acquitted  Horatius,  but ' 
prescribed  a  form  of  punishment.  With  veil- 
ed head,  led  by  his  father,  Horatius  passed 
under  a  yoke  or  gibbet — tigillum  sororium, 
"sisters' gibbet." 

HORATIUS  COCLES.  [CooLEsJ 
HORATIUS  FLACCUS,  Q.  (-i),  the  poet, 
was  born  December  Sth,  K.C.  65,  at  Ventisia 
in  Apulia.  His  father  was  a  libertiuus  or 
freedmau.  He  had  received  his  manumission 
before  the  birth  of  the  poet,  who  was  of  in- 
genuous birth,  but  who  did  not  altogether 
escape  the  taunt  which  adhered  to  persons 
even  of  remote  servile  origin.  His  father's 
occupation  was  that  of  collector  (coaetor) 
either  of  the  indirect  taxes  farmed  by  the 
publicans  or  at  sales  by  auction.  With  the 
profits  of  his  office  he  had  purchased  a  small 
farm  in  the  neighborhood  of  Veuusia,  where 
'the  poet  was  born.  The  father  devoted  his 
whole  time  and  fortune  to  the  education  of 
the  future  poet.  Though  by  no  means  rich, 
he  declined  to  send  the  young  Horace  to  the 
common  school,  kept  in  Venusia  by  one  Fla- 
vins, to  which  the  children  of  the  rural  aris- 
tocracy resorted.  Probably  about  his  12th 
year  his  father  carried  him  to  Rome,  to  re- 
ceive the  usual  education  of  a  knight's  or  sen- 
ator's son.  He  frequented  the  best  schools 
in  the  capital.  One  of.  these  was  kept  by 
Orbilius,  a  retired  military  man,  whose  flog- 
ging propensities  have  been  immortalized  by 
his  pupil.  In  his  18th  year  Horace  proceeded 
to  Athens,  in  order  to  continue  his  studies  at 
that  seat  of  learning.  When  Brutus  came  to 
Athens  after  the  death  of  Caesar,  Horace 
joined  his  army,  and  received  at  once  the 
rank  of  a  military  tribune,  and  the  command 
of  a  legion.  He  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Philippi,  and  shared  in  the  flight  of  the  re- 
publican army.  In  one  of  his  poems  he  play- 
fully alludes  to  his  flight  and  throwing  away 
his  shield.  He  now  resolved  to  devote  him- 
self to  more  peaceful  pursuits,  and  having 
obtained  his  pardon,  he  ventured  at  once  to 
return  to  Rome.  He  had  lost  all  his  hopes  in 
life ;  his  paternal  estate  had  been  swept  away 
in  the  general  forfeiture ;  but  he  was  enabled, 
however,  to  obtain  sufficient  money  to  pur- 
chase a  clerkship  in  the  quaestor's  office, 
and  on  the  profits  of  that  place  he  managed 
to  live  with  the  utmost  frugality.  Meantime 
some  of  his  poems  attracted  the  notice  of  Va- 
rius  and  Virgil,  who  introduced  him  to  Mae- 
cenas (B.C.  39).  Horace  soon  became  the 
friend  of  Maecenas,  and  this  friendship 
quickly  ripened  into  intimacy.  In  a  year  or 
two  after  the  commencement  of  their  friend- 
ship (37)  Horace  accompanied  his  patron  on 
that  journey  to  Brnndosinm  so  agreeably 
described  in  the  5th  satire  of  the  1st  book. 
About  the  year  34  Maecenas  bestowed  upon 
the  poet  a  Sabine  farm  sufficient  to  maintain 
him  in  ease,  comfort,  and  even  in  content 
(satis  beattts  unicte  Sabinis)  during  the  rest 
of  Ms  life.  The  situation  of  this  Sabine  farm 
was  In  the  valley  of  Ustica,  within  view  of  the 


mountain  Lncretilis,  and  near  the  Digentia, 
about  15  miles  from  Tibur  (Tivoli).  A  site 
exactly  answering  to  the  villa  of  Horace,  and 
on  which  were  found  ruins  of  buildings,  has 
been  discovered  in  modern  times.  Besides 
this  estate,  his  admiration  of  the  beautiful 
scenery  in  the  neighborhood  of  Tibur  inclined 
him  either  to  hire  or  to  purchase  a  small  cot- 
tage in  that  romantic  town ;  and  all  the  later 
years  of  his  life  were  passed  between  these 
two  country  residences  and  Rome.  He  con- 
tinued to  live  on  the  most  intimate  terms 
with  Maecenas ;  and  this  intimate  friendship 
naturally  introduced  Horace  to  the  notice  of 
the  other  great  men  of  his  period,  and  at 
length  to  Augustus  himself,  who  bestowed 
upon  the  poet  substantial  marks  of  his  favor. 
Horace  died  on  Nov.  17,  B.C.  8,  aged  nearly 
57,— Horace  has  described  his  own  person: 
He  was  of  short  stature,  with  dark  eyes  and 
dark  hair,  but  early  tinged  with  gray.  In  his 
youth  he  was  tolerably  robust,  but  suffered 
from  a  complaint  in  his  eyes.  In  more  ad- 
vanced life  he  grew  fat,  and  Augustus  jested 
about  his  protuberant  belly.  His  health  was 
not  always  good,  and  he  seems  to  have  in- 
clined to  be  a  valetudinarian.  His  habits, 
even  after  he  became  richer,  were  generally 
frugal  and  abstemious :  though  on  occasions, 
both  in  youth  and  maturer  age,  he  seems  to 
have  indulged  in  conviviality.  He  liked 
choice  wine,  and  in  the  society  of  friends 
scrupled  not  to  enjoy  the  luxuries  of  his  time. 
He  was  never  married.--The  philosophy  of 
Horace  was  that  of  a  man  of  the  world.  He 
playfully  alludes  to  his  Epicureanism,  but  it 
was  practical  rather  than  speculative  Epicu- 
reanism. His  mind,  indeed,  was  not  in  the 
least  speculative.  Common-life  wisdom  was 
his  study,  and  to  this  he  brought  a  quickness 
of  observation  and  a  sterling  common-sense 
which  have  made  his  works  the  delight  of 
practical  men.  The  Odes  of  Horace  want  the 
higher  inspirations  of  lyric  verse;  but  as 
works  of  refined  art,  of  the  most  skillful  fe- 
licities of  language  and  of  measure,  of  trans- 
lucent expression  and  of  agreeable  images, 
embodied  in  words  which  imprint  themselves 
indelibly  on  the  memory,  they  are  unrivaled. 
—In  the  Satires  of  Horace  there  is  none  of  the 
lofty  moral  indignation,  the  fierce  vehemence 
of  invective,  which  characterized  the  later 
satirists.  It  is  the  folly  rather  than  the  wick- 
edness of  vice  which  he  touches  with  such 
playful  skill.  Nothing  can  surpass  the  keen- 
ness of  his  observation,  or  his  ease  of  ex- 
pression :  it  is  the  finest  comedy  of  manners, 
in  a  descriptive  instead  of  a  dramatic  form. — 
In  the  Epodes  there  is  bitterness  provoked,  it 
should  seem,  by  some  personal  hatred  or' 
sense  of  injury,  and  the  ambition  of  imitating 
Archilochns ;  but  in  these  he  seems  to  have 
exhausted  all  the  malignity  and  violence  of 
his  temper. — But  the  Epistles  are  the  most 
perfect  of  the  Horatian  poetry,  the  poetry  of 
manners  and  society,  the  beauty  of  which 
consists  in  akind  of  ideality  of  common-sense 
and  practical  wisdom.  The  title  of  the  Art 
of  Poetry  for  the  Epistle  to  the  Pisos  is  as 
old  as  Quiutilian,  but  it  is  now  agreed  that  it 
was  not  intended  for  a  complete  theory  of  the 
poetic  art.  It  is  conjectured  with  great  prob* 


HOHTA. 


204 


HYBLA. 


abihiy  that  it  was  intended  to  dissuade  one 
of  the  younger  Pisos  from  devoting  himself 
to  poetry,  fur  which  he  hud  little  genius,  or 
at  least  to  suggest  the  difficulties  of  attaining 
to  perfection.—  The  chronology  of  the  Horn- 
tiau  poems  is  of  great  importance,  as  illus- 
trating  the  life,  tfie  times,  and  the  writings 
of  the  poets.  The  1st  book  of  Satires,  which 
was  the  first  publication,  appeared  about  B.O. 
35,  in  the  3mn  year  of  Horace.—  The  2d  book 
of  Satire*  was  published  about  33,  in  the  32d 
year  of  Horace.  —  The  Epodes  appeared  about 


ETJNNI  (-urum),  an  Asiatic  people  who 

dwelt  for  some  centuries  in  the  plains  of  Tar* 

tary,  and  were  formidable  to  the  Chinese 

empire  long  before  they  were  known  to  the 

Romans.    A  portion  of  the  nation  crossed 

into  Europe,  and  were  allowed  by  Valene  td 

settle  in  Thrace,  A.D.  876.    Under  their  king. 

J  Attila  (A.P.  434-453),  they  devastated  the 

(  fairest  portions  of  the  empire  ;  but  a  few 

j  years  after  Attila's  death  their  empire  was 

.  completely  destroyed. 


Jdeswerept 

23,  in  the  41st  or  42d  year  of  Horace.— The 
1st  book  of  the  Epi&tles  was  published  about 
20  or  19,  in  the  45th  or  46th  year  of  Horace.— 
The  Carmen  Seculare  appeared  in  17,  in  the 
43th  year  of  Horace.— The  4th  book  of  the 
Odes  was  published  in  14  or  18,  in  his  51st  or 
5-2d  year The  dates  of  the  2d  book  of  Epis- 
tles and  of  the  Artt  Poetica  are  admitted  to 
be  uncertain,  though  both  appeared  before  the 
poet's  death,  B.C.  S. 

HORTA  (-ae)  or  HORTANUM  (-i),  a  town 
in  Etrnria,  at  the  junction  of  the  Nar  and  the 
Tiber,  so  called  from  the  Etruscan  goddess 
Horta,  whose  temple  at  Rome  always  re- 
mained open. 

EORTEXSlUS,  Q.  (-i),  the  orator,  was 
born  in  B.C.  114,  eight  years  before  Cicero. 


*— The  I  by  Apollo  and  Zephyrns.     He  re tu rued  the 


love  of  Apollo  ;  but  as  he  was  once  playing  at 
quoits  with  the  god,  Zephyrus,  out  of  jeal- 
ousy, caused  the  quoit  of  Apollo  to  strike  the 
head  of  the  youth  and  kill  him  on  the  spot. 


the  flower  of  the  same  name  (hyacinth),  on 
the  leaves  of  which  appeared  the  exclamation 
of  woe,  AI,  AI,  or  the  letter  Y,  being  the  ini- 
tial of  'YuKivS-o?.  According  to  other  tradi- 
tions, the  hyacinth  sprang  from  the  blood  of 
Ajax.  Hyacinth  us  was  worshiped  at  Amy- 
clae  as  a  hero,  and  a  great  festival,  Hyacin- 
thia,  was  celebrated  in  his  honor. 

EVADES  (-urn),  that  is,  the  Rainers,  the 
name  of  nymphs  forming  a  group  of  7  stars 
in  the  head  of  Taurus.  Their  names  were 
Ambrosia,  Eudora,  Pedile,  Coronis,  Polyxo, 


..       ,  .       mrosa,     uorat     ee,     orojis,     oyxo, 

early  age  of  19  he  spoke  with  great    Phuto,  and  Thiiene  or  Dicne.    Their  number, 
e  in  the  forum,  and  at  once  rose  to    however,  is  differently  stated  by  the  ancient 


At  the  - 

applause  i.  ....... 

eminence  as  an  advocate.    In  the  civil  wars  he    writers.  '  They  were  intrusted  bv  Zeus  '(Ju- 
joiued  Sulla,  and  was  afterwards  a  constant    puer)  with  the  care  of  his  infant"  sou  Diony- 

supporter  of  the  aristocratical  party.     His    — -  '«---'---»•    —  •> -*•• *-  -• 

chief  professional  labors  were  iu  defending 
men  of  this  party  when  accused  of  malad- 
ministration and  extortion  in  their  provinces, 
or  of  bribery  and  the  like  in  canvassing  for 


public  honors.  He  had  no  rival  iu  the  forum 
till  he  encountered  Cicero,  and  he  long  ex- 
ercised an  undisputed  sway  over  the  courts 


of  justice.  In  SI  he  was  quaestor ;  in  75 
aedile ;  in  72  praetor ;  and  in  69  consul  with 
(D.  Caecilius  Metellus.  He  died  in  50.  The 


sus  (Bacchus),  and  were  afterwards  placed 
by  Zeus  among  the  stars.  The  story  which 
made  them  the  daughters  of  Atlas  relates 
that  their  number  was  12  or  15,  and  that  at 
first  5  of  them  were  placed  among  the  stars 
as  Hyades,  and  the  7  (or  10)  others  after- 
wards, under  the  name  of  Pleiades,  to  reward 
them  for  the  sisterly  love  they  had  evinced 


after  the  death  of  their  brother  Hyas,  who 
had  been  killed  in  Libya  by  a  wild  beast. 

_.  —    The  Romans  derived  their  naine  from  5?,  a 

eloquence  of  Hortensius  was  of  the  florid  or  |  pior}  aild  translated  it  by  Suculae.  The  most 
(as  it  was  termed)  "Asiatic  "style,  fitter  for  !  natural  derivation  is  from  wet*,  to  rain,  as  the 
hearing  than  for  reading.  His  memory  was  constellation  of  the  Hyades,  when  rising  si- 

so  ready  and  retentive  that  he  is  said  to    — -•---—-' — --'-  *•*- *"• 

have  been  able  to  come  out  of  a  sale-room 
and  repeat  the  auction-list  backwards.    His 


action  was  very  elaborate ;  and  the  pains  he 


multaueously  with  the  sun,  announced  rainy 
weather.  Hence  Horace  speaks  of  the  tristes 
Hyades. 


bestowed  in  arranging  the  folds  of  Sto  toia  i  HjAMPgLIS  (-is),  a  town  in  Phocis  E. 
have  been  recorded  bv  ancient  writers.  Ros- 1  ?,f  th_J  Cephissus,  near  Cleonae,  founded  by 
cius,  the  tragedian,  used  to  follow  him  into  *?«  Hyantes,  destroyed  by  Philip  and  the 
•  •  .»..».  ...  Amphictyons. 

HtANTES  (-urn),  the  ancient  inhabitants 
of  Boeotia,  from  which  country  they  were 
expelled  by  the  Cadmeans.  Part  of  the  Hy- 
antes emigrated  to  Phocis,  where  they  found- 
ed Hyampolis,  and  part  to  Aetolia.  The  po- 
ets use  the  adjective  Hyantius  as  equivalent 
to  Boeotian. 

H¥1S  (-antis),  son  of  Atlas,  and  father  or 
brother  of  the  Hyades. 

HYBLA  (-ae),  3  towns  in  Sicily.  (I)  MA- 
JOE,  on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Aetna  and  on 
the  river  Symaethus,  was  originally  a  town 
of  the  SiculL— (2)  MINOR,  afterwards  called 


the  forum  to  take  a  lesson  in  his  own  art 
He  possessed  immense  wealth,  and  had  sev- 
eral splendid  villas.—His  son,  Q.HOBTENSIUS 
HOBTALUS,  was  put  to  death  by  M.  Antony 
after  the  battle  of  Philippi. 

H<5RUS  (-i),  the  Egyptian  god  of  the  sun, 
who  was  also  worshiped  in  Greece  and  at 
Rome. 

HOSTILf  A  (-ae),  a  small  town  in  Gallia 
Cisalpina,  on  the  Po,  and  on  the  road  from 
Mntina  to  Verona ;  the  birthplace  of  Corne- 
liuv  Nepos. 

HOSTXLIUS  TtTLLUS.  [TULLTJS  HOSTIL- 
IDS.} 


HYCCARA. 


HYPEUIDES. 


Megara.— (3)  HERA.EA,  in  the  S.  of  the  island, 
ou  the  road  from  Syracuse  to  Agrigentum. 
It  is  doubtful  from  which  of  these  3  places 
the  Hyblaean  honey  came,  so  frequently  men- 1 
tioned  by  the  poets. 

HYCCXRA  (-orum),  a  town  of  the  Sicani  j 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  W.  of  Panormns,  ; 
taken  by  the  Athenians,  and  its  inhabitants  ' 
sold  as  slaves,  B.C.  415.    Among  the  captives 
was  the  beautiful  Timandra,  the  mistress  of 
Alcibiades  and  the  mother  of  Lais. 

HTDASPES  (-ae  or  is:  Jeluni),  the  N.- 
most  of  the  5  great  tributaries  of  the  Indus, 
which,  with  the  Indus  itself,  water  the  great 
plain  of  N.  India,  which  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Himalaya  range,  and  which  is  now 
called  the  Punjab,  i.  e.  5  rivers.  The  Hydas- 
pes  falls  into  the  Acesines  (CfienaV),  which 
itself  falls  into  the  Indus.  The  epithet  "fabu- 
losus,"  which  Horace  applies  to  the  Hydas- 
pes,  refers  to  the  marvelous  stories  current 
among  the  Romans,  who  knew  nest  to  noth- 
ingabout  India ;  and  the  "Hedits  Hydaspes  " 
of  virgil  is  merely  an  example  of  the  vague- 
ness with  which  the  Roman  poets  refer  to 
the  countries  beyond  the  eastern  limit  of  the 
empire. 

HYDRA.    [HEKOTTLES.] 

ETDRE A  (-ae :  Hydra),  a  small  island  in 
the  gulf  of  Hermione  off  Argolis,  of  no  im- 
portance in  antiquity,  but  the  inhabitants  of 
which  in  modern  times  played  a  distinguished 
part  in  the  war  of  Greek  independence,  and 
are  some  of  the  best  sailors  in  Greece. 

HYDRUNTUM  (-i)  or  HYDROS  (-untis : 
Otranto),  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  of 
Calabria,  situated  on  the  S.E.  coast,  near  a 
mountain  of  the  same  name :  it  had  a  good 
harbor,  from  which  persons  frequently  crossed 
over  to  Epirus. 

HtGlKA,  also  called  H^GlA  or  HtGlA 
(-ae),  the  goddess  of  health,  and  a  daughter 
of  Aesculapius,  though  some  traditions  make 
her  the  wife  of  the  latter.  In  works  of  art 
she  is  represented  as  a  virgin  dressed  in  a 
long  robe,  and  feeding  a  serpent  from  a  cup. 

HTLAEUS  (-i),  that  is,  the  Woodman,  the 
name  of  an  Arcadian  centaur  who  was  slain 
by  Atalante  when  he  pursued  her.  Accord- 
ing to  some  legends  Hylaeus  fell  in  the  fight 
against  the  Lapithae,  and  according  to  others 
he  was  one  of  the  centaurs  slain  by  Hercules. 

H"?LAS  (-ae),  a  beautiful  youth,  beloved 
by  Hercules,  whom  he  accompanied  in  the 
Argonautic  expedition.  Having  gone  on 
shore  on  the  coast  of  Mysia  to  draw  water, 
he  was  carried  off  by  the  Naiads,  and  Her- 
cules long  sought  for  him  in  vain. 

HIM  <-es),  a  small  town  in  Boeotia,  situ- 
ated on  the  lake  HYLIOE,  which  was  called 
after  this  town. 

HYLI5.S  (-ae),  a  river  in  Bruttium,  sepa- 
rating the  territories  of  Sybaris  and  Croton. 

HTLlCE.    [KYLE.] 

HYLLUS  (-i),  son  of  Hercules  by  Deiamra, 
and  husband  of  lole.  Along  with  the  other 
sons  of  Hercules,  he  was  excelled  from  Pel- 
oponnesus by  Enrystheus,  and  took  refuge 
at  Athens.  He  was  slain  in  battle  by  Eche- 


mus,  king  of  Arcadia,  when  he  attempted 
after  wards  to  enter  Peloponnesus. 

HYLLUS  (-i),  a  river  of  Lydia,  foiling  into 
the  Hermus  on  its  N.  s^ide. 

HtMEN  or  Hf  MfiXAEUS  (-i),  the  god  ot 
marriage, was  conceived  as  a  handsome  youth, 
and  invoked  in  the  hymeneal  or  bridal  song. 
The  name  originally  designated  the  bridal 
song  itself,  which  was  subsequently  personi- 
tied.  His  parentage  is  differently  staled,  but 
he  is  usually  called  the  son  of  A* polio  and  a 
Muse.  He  is  represented  in  works  of  art  as 
a  youth,  but  taller  and  with  a  more  serious 
expression  than  Eros  (Amor),  and  carrying  in 
his  hand  a  bridal  torch. 

HltMETTUS  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Attica, 
about  3  miles  S.  of  Athens,  celebrated  for  its 
marble  and  its  honey. 

HYPACtRIS,  EYPAClRIS,  or  PAC&- 
RIS  (-is),  a  river  in  European  Sarrnatia,  flow- 
ing through  the  country  of  the  nomad  Scythi- 
ans, and  falling  into  the  Sinus  Carcinites  in 
the  Enxine  Sea. 

HtPAEPA  (-Grura),  a  city  of  Lydia,  on 
the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Tmolus,  near  the  N. 
bankoftheCalster. 

HYP.INIS  (-is :  Bog),  a  river  in  European 
Sarmatia,  falling  into  the  Euxine  Sea  W.  of 
the  Borysthenes. 

HYPiTA  (-Gram),  a  town  of  the  Aenianes 
in  Thessaly,  S.  of  the  Spercheus,  whose  in- 
habitants were  notorious  for  witchcraft. 

HY PERBOLUS  (-i),  an  Athenian  dema- 
gogue in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  of  servile 
origin.  In  order  to  get  rid  either  of  Nicias 
or  Alcibiades,  Hyperbolus  called  for  the  ex- 
ercise of  the  ostracism.  But  the  parties  en- 
dangered combined  to  defeat  him,  and  the 
vote  of  exile  fell  on  Hyperbolus  himself:  an 
application  of  that  dignified  punishment  by 
which  it  was  thought  to  have  been  so  debased 
that  the  use  of  it  was  never  recurred  to. 
Some  years  afterwards  he  was  murdered  by 
the  oligarchs  at  Samos,  u.o.411. 

HTPERBORfil  or  -El  (-Grum),  a  fabulous 
people,  supposed  to  live  in  a  state  of  perfect 
happiness,  in  a  land  of  perpetual  sunshine, 
beyond  t?ie  N.  wnd;  whence  their  name 
(virepfiopeot,  fr.  vvtp  and  Bop  tar).  The  poets 
use  the  term  Hyperborean,  to  mean  only  most 
northerly,  as  when  Virgil  and  Horace  speak 
of  the  Hyperborean  orae  and  Hyperborei 
campi.  The  fable  of  the  Hyperboreans  may 
probably  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  forms  in 
which  the  tradition  of  an  original  period  of 
innocence  and  happiness  existed  among  the 
nations  of  the  ancient  world. 

Hf  PERBOREI  MONTES  was  originally 
the  mythical  name  of  an  imaginary  range  of 
mountains  in  the  N.  of  the  earth,  and  was 
afterwards  applied  by  the  geographers  to 
various  chains,  as,  for  example,  the  Cauca- 
sus, the  Rhipaei  Montes,  and  others. 

HYPERXDES  or  HYPERlDES  (-is),  one  of 
the  10  Attic  orators,  was  a  Mend  of  Demos- 
thenes, and  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  popular 
party.  He  was  slain  by  the  emissaries  of 
Autipater,  at  the  end  of  the  Lamian  war,  B.O. 
332.  None  of  his  orations  are  extant. 


HYPERION. 


206 


IARDJVNES. 


OX  (-uiiN)t  a  Titan,  son  of  Uranus 
(Heaven)  and  Ge  (Earth),  and  father  of  Helios 
(the  Suu),  Selene  (the  .Moon),  and  Eos  (Auro- 
ra). Helios  himself  is  also  called  Hyperion, 
which  is  a  contraction  of  the  patronymic  Uy- 
perionioru  [HELIOS.] 

HYPERMNESTRA  (-ae>.  (1)  Mother  of 
Amphiaraus. — (2)  One  of  the  daughters  of 
Danans  and  wife  of  Lynceas.  [D  ANAUS  ;  LYN- 

OF.trS.] 

HfPHASIS  or  Hf PASIS  or  HfPANIS 
'-is),  a  river  of  India,  falling  into  the  Acesines. 
'  HYPSlPfLE  (-es),  daughter  of  Thoas,  king 
of  Lemnos,  saved  her  father  when  the  Lem- 
nian  women  killed  all  the  men  in  the  island. 
When  the  Argonauts  landed  there,  she  bore 
twin  sons  to  Mason.  The  Leninian  women 
subsequently  discovered  that  Thoas  was  alive, 
whereupon  they  compelled  Hypsipyle  to  quit 
the  island.  On  her  flight  she  was  taken  pris- 
oner by  pirates  and  sold  to  theNemean  kins:, 
Lycurgus,  who  intrusted  to  her  care  his  son 
ArcheVnorus  or  Opheltes.  [Ar.ciiEiioi:trs.] 

HYRCANIA  (-ac),  a  province  of  the  ancient 
Persian  empire,  on  the  S.  and  S.E.  shores  of 
the  Caspian  or  Hvrcaniau  sea,  and  separated 
by  mountains  on  the  W.,  S.,  and  E.  from  Me- 
dia, Parthia,  and  Margiana.  It  flourished  most 
under  the  Parthians,  whose  kings  often  re- 
sided in  it  during  the  summer. 

HYRCANTJM  or  -IUM  MARE.    [CASPITTM 


HYRCANUS  (-i).  (1)  JOANNES,  prince  and 
hii^h-priest  of  the  Jews,  was  the  sou  and  suc- 
cessor of  Simon  Maccabaens,  the  restorer  of 
the  independence  of  Judaea.  He  succeeded 
to  his  father's  power  c.c.135,  and  died  in  106. 
Although  he  did  not  assume  the  title  of  king, 
he  mav  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the 
monarchy  of  Judaea,  which  continued  in  Ms 
family  till  the  accession  of  Herod.— (2)  High- 
priest  and  king  of  the  Jews,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Alexander  Jatmaeus  and  his  wife  Al- 
exandra, and  was  frequently  ensued  in  war 
with  his  brother  Arlstobnlns.  He  "was  put  to 
death  by  Augustus,  u.o.  30.  He  was  succeed- 
ed in  the_kini;dom  by  Herod. 

HtRlE  (-es).  (1)  A  town  in  Boeotia  near 
Tanagra.  —(2)  A  town  in  Apulia.  [URIA.] 

HYRMINE  (-es),  a  town  in  Elis,  mentioned 
by  Homer. 

HYRTACUS  (-i),  a  Trojan,  to  whom  Priam 
gave  his  first  wife  Arisba  when  he  married 
Hecuba.  Homer  makes  him  the  father  of 
Asins,  called  Hijrtdcbdes.—lu.  Viroril,Nisns  and 
Hippocoon  are  also  represented  as  sons  of 
Hyrtacus. 

HYSt  AE  (-arum).  (1)  A  town  in  Argolis, 
S.  of  Argos,  destroyed  by  the  Spartans  in  the 
Peloponnesian  war.— (2)  A  town  in  Boeotia, 
E.  of  Plataeae,  called  by  Herodotus  a  demos 
of  Attica,  but  probably  belonging  to  Plataeae. 

HYSTASPES  (-is),  father  of  the  Persian 
king  Darius  L 


1. 


IACCHTJS  <-i),  the  solemn  name  of  Bac- 
ehns  in  the  Elensinian  mysteries,  whose  name 
was  derived  from  the  boisterous  song  called 
lacchus.  In  these  mysteries  lacchns'was  re- 
garded as  the  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  De- 
meter  (Ceres),  and  was  distinguished  from 
the  Theban  Bacchus  (Dionysus),  the  son  of 
Zens  and  Semele.  In  some  traditions  lacchus 
is  even  culled  a  son  of  Bacchus,  but  in  others 
the  two  are  identified. 

IADI2RA  or  IADER,  a  town  on  the  coast 
ofUlyricum. 

IS.Lli'SUS  (-i),  one  of  tbe  3  ancient  Dorian 
cities  in  the  island  of  Rhodes,  stood  on  the 
N.W.  coast  of  the  island,  about  60  stadia  S.W. 
of  Rhodes. 

IAMBL5CHUS  <-i),  a  celebrated  Neo-Pla- 
tonic  philosopher  in  the  reign  of  Constantino 
the  Great.  Among  his  extant  works  is  a  life 
of  Pythagoras. 

IAMNIA  (-ae :  O.  T.  Jabneel,  Jabneh),  a 
considerable  city  of  Palestine,  between  Dios- 
polis  and  A20tus,  near  the  coast,  with  a  good 
harbor. 

IAMTJS  (-i),  son  of  Apollo  and  Evadne,  re- 
ceived the  art  of  prophecy  from  his  father, 
and  was  regarded  as  the  ancestor  of  the  fa- 
mous family  of  seers  the  lamidae  at  Olym- 
pia. 

IANTH2.    [Ipnis.] 

IXPETUS  (-i),  one  of  the  Titans,  son  of 
Uranus  (Heaven)  and  Ge  (Earth),  and  father 


of  Atlas,  Promethens,  Epimetheus,  and  Me- 
noetius.  He  was  imprisoned  with  Cronus 
(Saturnus)  in  Tartarus.  His  descendants- 
Prometheus,  Atlas,  and  others_— -are  often 
designated  by  the  patronymics  Mpe&dae  (es), 
lapettoriidae  (es),  and  the  feminine  Jftp&z- 
dnis. 

15.PYDES  (-um),  a  warlike  and  barbarous 
people  in  the  N.  of  Illyricnm,  between  the 
rivers  Arsia  and  Tedanins,  were  a  mixed  race, 
partly  Illyrian  and  partly  Celtic,  who  tattooed 
their  bodies.  They  were  subdued  by  Augus- 
tus. Their  country  was  called  IAPYDIA. 

IAPTGIA  (-ae),  the  name  given  by  the 
Greeks  to  the  S.  of  Apulia,  from  Tareutum 
and  Brundusium  to  the  PROM.  IAPYGICM  (C. 
Leiwa),  though  it  is  sometimes  applied  to  the 
whole  of  Apulia.  [ APULIA.  ]  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  mythical  lapys. 

IAPYS  (-ygis).  (1)  Son  of  Lycaon  and 
brother  of  Daunras  and  Peucetins,  who  went 
as  leaders  of  a  colony  to  Italy.  According  to 
others  he  was  a  Cretan  and  a  son  of  Daeda- 
lus.—(2)  The  W.N.W.  wind,  blowing  off  the 
coast  of  lapygia  (Apulia),  in  the  S.  of  Italy, 
and  consequently  favorable  to  persons  cross- 
ing over  to  Greece. 

IARBAS  or  HIARBAS  (-ae),  king  of  tbe 
Gaetulians,  and  son  of  Juniter  Ammon  by  a 
Libyan  nymph,  sued  in  vain  for  the  hand  of 
Dido  in  marriage.  [Dn>o.] 

JARDINES,  king  of  Lydia,  and  father  of 
Omphale,  who  is  hence  called  larddnis. 


IARDANES. 


207 


ICHTHYOPHAGI. 


or  IARDANUS  H).  <i> 

A  river  in  Elis.— (2)  A  river  in  the  N.  of 
Crete,  which  flowed  near  the  town  Cydo- 
nia. 

IASION  (-onis),  lASlUS,  or  IASUS  (-i). 
(1)  Son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Electra,  be- 
loved by  Demeter  (Ceres),  who  became  by 
him  the  mother  of  Plnton  or  Plutus  in 
Crete.  From  lasion  came  the  patronymic  i 
Abides,  a  name  given  to  Palinurus,  as  a  de- 
scendant of  Atlas.— (2)  Father  of  Atalante, 
who  is  heuce  called  Idsis.--(3)  A  city  of 
Caria,  founded  by  Argives  and  farther  col- 
onized by  Milesians,  situated  on  the  las- 
aiu£  or  fassbGus  Sinus,  to  which  it  gave  its 
name. 

IASUS.    ClASius.] 

lAZYGES  (-urn),  a  powerful  Sarmatian 
people,  who  originally  dwelt  on  the  coast 
of  the  Pontus  Euxinus  and  the  Pains  Mae- 
otis,  bat  in  the  reign  of  Claudius  settled 
near  the  Quadi  in  Dacia,  in  the  country 
bounded  by  the  Danube,  the  Theiss,  and 
the  Sarmatian  mountains. 

I BBRIA  <-ae).    .  . 
the  Greeks  to  Spain, 


1S  —  given  by 

-,.      [HlSPANIA.]— (2),  Dioavsus  viaitine  Icarius 

(Part  of  Georgia)  A  country  of  Asia,  in  the  u.oaysus  visiting  icariu. 

centre  of  the  isthmus  between  the  Black  and 


Caspian  seas,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Cau- 
casus, on  the  W.  by  Colchis,  on  the  B.  by  Al- 
bania, and  on  the  S.  by  Armenia.  It  was  sur- 
rounded on  every  side  by  mountains,  and  was 
famed  for  a  fertility  of  which  its  modern 
name  (from  rewp-yor)  remains  a  witness.  Its 
inhabitants,  IBEBES  or  IBEBI,  were  more  civ- 
ilized than  their  neighbors  in  Colchis  and  Al- 
bania. Their  chief  employment  was  agri- 
culture. The  Romans  first  became  acquaint- 
ed with  the  country  through  the  expedition 
of  Pompey,  in  B.O.  65.  No  connection  can  be 
traced  between  the  Iberians  of  Asia  and  those 
of  Spain. 

IBS  KITS  (-i:  JE&ro),  the  principal  river  in 
theN.E.  of  Spain,  rising  among  the  mount- 
ains of  the  Cantabri,  and  falling  into  the 
Mediterranean  near  Dertosa,  after  forming  a 
delta. 

IB¥CUS  (-i),  a  Greek  lyric  poet  of  Rhegi- 
um,  spent  the  best  part  of  his  life  at  Samos, 
at  the  court  of  Polycrates,  about  B.O.  540.  It 
is  related  that  traveling  through  a  desert 
place  near  Corinth,  he  was  murdered  by  rob- 
bers, bat  before  he  died  he  called  upon  a  flock 
of  cranes  that  happened  to  fly  over  him  to 
avenge  his  death.  Soon  afterwards,  when 
the  people  of  Corinth  were  assembled  in  the 
theatre,  the  cranes  appeared;  and  one  of  the 
murderers,  who  happened  to  be  present,  cried 
out  involuntarily,  "Behold  the  avengers  of 
Ibycus:"  and  thus  were  the  authors  of  the 
crime  detected. 

ICARIUS  (-i)  or  ICARUS  (-i).  (1)  An 
Athenian,  who  hospitably  received  Dionysus 
in  Attica,  and  was  taught  in  return  the  culti- 
vation of  the  vine.  Icarius  was  slain  by  peas- 
ants who  had  become  intoxicated  by  some 
•wine  which  he  had  given  them,  and  who 
thought  that  they  had  been  poisoned  by  him. 
Bis  daughter  Erigone,  after  a  long  search, 
found  his  grave,  to  which  she  was  conducted 


by  his  faithful  dog  Maera.  From  grief  she 
hung  herself  on  the  tree  under  whicE  he  was 
buried.  Zeus  (Jupiter),  or  Dionysus,  placed 
her  and  Icarius  among  the  star*,  mating  Brig- 
one  the  Virffin,  Icarius  £ootes  or  Arctunts, 
and  Maera  Procyon,  or  the  little  dog.  Hence 
the  latter  is  called  Icariu*  canis. — (2)  A  Lace- 
daemonian, son  of  Perieres  and  Gorgophone, 
or  brother  of  Tyndareus,  grandson  of  Perie- 
res, and  son  of  Oebalus.  He  promised  to  give 
his  daughter  Penelope  to  the  hero  who  should 
conquer  in  a  foot-race ;  but  when  Ulysses  won 
the  prize  he  tried  to  persuade  her  to  remain 
with  him.  Ulysses  allowed  her  to  do  as  she 
pleased,  whereupon  she  covered  her  face  with 
her  veil  to  hide  her  blushes,  thus  intimating 
that  she  would  follow  her  husband. 

ICARUS  (-i),  a  son  of  Daedalus.  [DAEDA- 
LUS.] 

ICARUS  (-i)  or  ICIRIA  (-ae),  an  island  of 
the  Aegaean  sea ;  one  of  the  Sporades,  W.  of 
Samos.  Its  common  name,  and  that  of  the 
surrounding  sea,  Icarlum  Mare,  were  derived 
from  the  myth  of  ICARUS.  It  was  first  colo- 
nized by  the  Milesians,  but  afterwards  be- 
longed to  the  Samians. 

ICCIUS  (-i),  a  friend  of  Horace,  who  ad- 
dressed  to  him  an  ode,  in  which  the  poet  rep- 
rehends delicately  his  friend's  inordinate  de- 
sire for  wealth. 

ICENI  (-orum),  a  powerful  people  in  Brit- 
ain, dwelling  N.  of  the  Trinobantes,  in  the 
modern  counties  of  Suffolk  and  Norfolk. 
Their  revolt  from  the  Romans,  under  their, 
heroic  queen  Boadicea,  is  celebrated  in  his* 
tory.  [BoADicEA.]  Their  chief  town  was 
VENT  A  ICENOEUM  (Caister),  about  3  miles  from 
Norwich. 

1CHTHY5PHAGI  (-orum,  £  e.  Ftelwaterti, 
was  a  vague  descriptive  name  given  by  the 
ancients  to  various  peoples  on  the  coasts  of 
Asia  and  Africa,  of  whom  they  knew  but  lit- 
tle. Thus  we  find  Ichthyophagi:  1,  in  the 


ICILIUS. 


208 


ILIONA. 


extreme  S.E.  of  Asia,  in  the  country  of  the 
Sinae ;  2,  on  the  coast  of  GEDROSIA  ;  3,  on  the 
N.E.  coast  of  Arabia  Felix;  4,  in  Africa,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  above  Egypt ;  5,  on 
the  W.  coast  of  Africa, 

ICIL5US  (-i),  the  name  of  a  celebrated  ple- 
beian family,  the  most  distinguished  mem- 
ber of  which  was  Sp.  Icilius,  tribune  of  the 
plebs.  B.C.  456  and  465.  He  was  one  of  the 
chief  leaders  in  the  outbreak  against  the  de- 
cemvirs, 449,  Virginia  having  been  betrothed 
to  him.  [VIRGINIA.] 

ICONIUM  (-i:  Kom'yeh),  the  capital  ofLy- 
caonia,  iu  Asia  Minor,  was,  when  visited  by 
St.  Paul,  a  flourishing  city. 

IDA  (-ae).  (1)  A  mountain  range  of  Mysia, 
in  Asia  Minor,  celebrated  in  mythology  as  the 
scene  of  the  rape  of  Ganymede  (hence  called 
Idaeus  puer)  uud  of  the  judgment  of  Paris 
(hence  called  Idaeus  Judex).  In  Homer  the 
summit  of  Ida  is  the  place  from  which  the 
gods  watch  the  battles  in  the  plain  of  Troy. 
It  is  an  ancient  seat  of  the  worship  of  Cybele, 
who  obtained  from  it  the  name  of  Idaea  Ma- 
ter.—(2)  A  mountain  in  the  centre  of  Crete, 
closely  connected  with  the  worship  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter),  who  is  said  to  have  been  brought 
up  in  a  cave  in  this  mountain. 

IDAEI  DACTtLI.    [DACTYLI.] 

IDALIUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Cyprus,  sacred  to 
Venus,  who  hence  bore  the  surname  Idalia. 

IDAS  (-ae),  son  of  Aphareus  and  Arene, 
and  brother  of  Lynceus.  From  the  name 
of  their  father,  Idas  and  Lynceus  are  called 
Apharettdae  or  Apharldae.  Apollo  was  in 
love  with  Marpessa,  the  daughter  of  Evenus, 
but  Idas  carried  her  off  in  a  winged  chariot 
which  Poseidon  (Neptune)  had  given  him. 
The  lovers  fought  for  her  possession :  but 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  separated  them,  and  left  the 
decision  with  Marpessa,  who  chose  Idas,  from 
fear  lest  Apollo  should  desert  her  if  she  grew 
old.  The  Apharetidae  also  took  part  in  the 
Calydonian  hunt,  and  in  the  expedition  of  the 
Argonauts.  But  the  most  celebrated  part  of 
their  story  is  their  battle  with  the  Dioscuri- 
Castor  and  Pollux— which  is  related  else- 
where [p.  150]. 

IDISTAVISUS  CAMPUS,  a  plain  in  Ger- 
many near  the  Weser,  probably  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  Porta  Westphalica,  memora- 
ble for  the  victory  of  Germanicus  over  the 
Cherusci,  A.D.  16. 

IDMON  (-onis).  (1)  Father  of  Arachne,  a 
native  of  Colophon.— (2)  Son  of  Apollo  and 
Asteria,  or  Cyrene,  was  a  soothsayer,  and  ac- 
companied the  Argonauts,  although  he  knew 
beforehand  that  death  awaited  him.  He  per- 
ished in  the  country  of  the  Mariandynians. 

ID5MJ&NEUS  <-ei,  eos,  or  eos),  son  of  the 
Cretan  Deucalion,  and  grandson  of  Minos 
and  Pasiphae,  was  king  of  Crete.  He  is 
sometimes  called  Lr.ctius  or  Cnossius,  from 
the  Cretan  towns  of  Lyctus  and  Cnossus.  He 
led  the  Cretans  against  Troy,  and  was  one  of 
the  bravest  heroes  in  the  Trojan  war.  He 
vowed  to  sacrifice  to  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
whatever  he  should  first  meet  on  his  landing, 
if  the  god  would  grant  him  a  safe  return. 
This  was  his  own  son,  whom  he  accordingly  i 


sacrificed.  As  Crete  was  thereupon  visited 
by  a  plague,  the  Cretans  expelled  Idomeneus, 
who  went  to  Italy,  where  he  settled  in  Ca- 
labria. 

IDtTMAEA  (-ae),  the  Greek  form  of  the 
Scriptural  name  EDOM.  In  the  O.  T. ,  Edom  is 
the  district  of  Mount  Seir,  that  is,  the  mount- 
ainous region  extending  from  the  Dead  Sea 
to  the  E.  head  of  the  Red  Sea.  The  decline 
of  the  kingdom  of  Judaea  enabled  the  Edom- 
ites  to  extend  their  power  over  the  S.  part  of 
Judaea  as  far  as  Hebron,  while  their  original 
territory  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Na- 
barhaean  Arabs.  Tims  the  Idumaea  of  the 
later  Jewish  and  of  the  Roman  history  is  the 
S.  part  of  Judaea,  and  a  small  portion  of  the 
N.  of  Arabia  Petraea,  extending  from  the 
Mediterranean  to  the  W.  side  of  Mount  Seir. 
Antipater,  the  father  of  Herod  the  Great,  was 
an  Idumaean.  The  Roman  writers  of  the 
Augustan  and  of  later  ages  use  Idumaea  and 
Judaea  as  equivalent  terms.  Both  the  old 
Edoraites  and  the  later  Idumaeans  were  a 
commercial  people,  and  carried  on  a  great 
part  of  the  traffic  between  the  East  and  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean. 

IDYIA  (-ae),  wife  of  the  Colchian  kinp 
Aeotes,  and  mother  of  Medea. 

IETAE  (-urum),  a  town  in  the  interior  of 
Sicily,  on  a  mountain  of  the  same  name,  S  "W 
ofMacella. 

IGILIUM  (-i:  Giglto),  a  small  island  off  the 
Etruscan  coast,  opposite  .Cosa. 

IGTIVIUM  (-i:  Gubbio  or  Eugubio),  an  im- 
portant town  in  Umbria,  on  the  S.  slope  of 
the  Apennines.  On  a  mountain  near  this 
town  was  a  celebrated  temple  of  Jupiter,  in 
the  ruins  of  which  were  discovered  7  brazen 
tables,  covered  with  Umbrian  inscriptions, 
and  which  are  still  preserved  at  Gubbio. 
These  tables,  frequently  called  the  EuguMan 
Tables,  contain  more  than  1000  TTmbrian 
words,  and  are  of  great  importance  for  a 
knowledge  of  the  ancient  languages  of  Italy. 

ILAIRA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Leucippus  and 
Philodice,  and  sister  of  Phoebe.  The  2  sis- 
ters are  frequently  mentioned  by  the  poets 
under  the  name  of  Leucippidae.  Both  were 
carried  off  by  the  Dioscuri,  and  Ilaira  became 
the  wife  of  Castor. 

ILERACONES,  ILERCAONENSES,  or  IL- 
LURGAVONENSES  (-urn),  a  people  in  His- 
pania  Tarraconensis  on  the  W.  coast  between 
the  Iberus  and  Mount  Idube'da.  Their  chief 
town  was  DERTOSA, 

iLERDA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Hergetes  in 
Hispauia  Tarraconensis,  situated  on  a  height 
above  the  river  Sicoris  (Segre),  which  was 
here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge.  It  was  here 
that  Afranius  and  Petreius,  the  legates  of 
Pompey,  were  defeated  by  Caesar  (B.C.  49). 

ILERGETES  (-nm),  a  people  in  Hispania 
Tarraconeusis,  between  the  Iberus  and  the 
Pyrenees. 

ILIA  or  RHEA  SILVIA.    [ROMULTO.] 

ILIENSES,  an  ancient  people  in  SARDINIA. 

IHONA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Priam  and  Hec- 
uba, wife  of  Polymnestor  or  Polymestor,  king 
of  the  Thracian  Chersonesus,  to  whom  she 


ILIONEUS. 


209 


INACHUS. 


bore  a  son,  Deipylns.    As  to  her  connection  ! 
with  Polydorns,  see  POLTDOEUS.  j 

IIlONEUS  (-ei,  eos,  or  eos),  a  son  of  !Nio-  ! 
he,  whom  Apollo  would  have  liked  to  save,  I 
because  he  was  praying ;  hut  the  arrow  was 
no  longer  under  the  control  of  the  god.    [Ni- 
OBE.] 

ILIPA,  a  town  in  Hispania  Baetica,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Baetis,  which  was  navigable 
to  this  place  with  small  vessels. 

ILISSUS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  Attica,  rising 
on  the  N.  slope  of  Mount  Hymettus,  flowing 
through  the  E.  side  of  Athens,  and  losing  it- 
self in  the  marshes  in  the  Athenian  plain. 

ILITHTIA  (-ae),  the  goddess  of  the  Greeks 
who  aided  women  in  childbirth.  In  the  Iliad 
the  Ilithyiae  (in  the  plural)  are  called  the 
daughters  of  Hera  (Juno)  •  but  in  the  Odys- 
sey and  in  later  poets  there  is  only  one  god- 
dess of  this  name. 

IL5UM.      [TBOAS.] 

ILLIBERIS  (-is).  (1)  (Tech),  called  Tionis 
or  TECHUM  by  the  Romans,  a  river  in  Gallia 
Narbonensis  in  the  territory  of  the  Sardones, 
rising  in  the  Pyrenees  and  falling,  after  a 
short  course,  into  the  Mare  Gallicum.  —  (2) 
(Sine),  a  town  of  the  Sautoues,  on  the  above- 
mentioned  river,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees. 
Constantine  changed  its  name  into  HELENA, 
whence  the  modern  JSlne. 

ILLITURGIS  or  ILLITURGI,  an  important 
town  of  the  Turduli  in  Hispania  Tarraconen- 
sis,  situated  on  a  steep  rock  near  the  Baetis. 

ILLYRICUM  (-i)  or  ILLYRIS  (-idis),  more 
rarely  ILLYRIA  (-ae),  was,  in  its  widest  sig- 
nification, all  the  land  W.  of  Macedonia  and 
E.  of  Italy  and  Rhaetia,  extending  S.  as. far 
as  Epirus,  and  N.  as  far  as  the  valleys  of  the 
Savus  and  Dravus,  and  the  junction  of  these 
rivers  with  the  Danube.  The  country  was 
divided  into  two  parts :  I.  ILLYEIS  BAEBAEA 
or  ROMANA,  the  Roman  province  of  ILLYEI- 
OTTM,  extended  along  the  Adriatic  Sea  from 
Italy  (Istria),  from  which  it  was  separated  by 
the  Arsia,  to  the  river  Drilo,  and  was  bound- 
ed on  the  E.  by  Macedonia  and  Moesia  Supe- 
rior, from  which  it  was  separated  by  the  Dri- 
nus,  and  on  the  N.  by  Pannonia,  from  which 
it  was  separated  by  the  Dravus.  It  thus  com- 
prehended a  part  of  the  modern  Croatia,  the 
whole  of  Dalmatia^  almost  the  whole  of  Bos- 
nia, and  a  part  of  Albania.  It  was  divided  in 
ancient  times  into  3  districts:  lapydia,  the 
interior  of  the  country  on  the  N.,  from  the 
Arsia  to  the  Tedanius  [!APYDES]  ;  Liburnia, 
along  the  coast  from  the  Arsia  to  the  Titius 
[LIJBUENI]  ;  and  Dalmatia,  S.  of  Liburnia, 
along  the  coast  from  the  Titius  to  the  Drilo. 
tDALMATiA.]  The  Libnmians  submitted  at 
an  early  day  to  the  Romans ;  but  it  was  not 
till  after  the  conquest  of  the  Dalmatians  in 
the  reign  of  Augustus  that  the  entire  country 
was  organized  as  a  Roman  province.  From 
this  time  the  Illyrians,  and  especially  the  Dal- 
matians, formed  an  important  part  of  the 
Roman  legions.— II.  ILLYEIS  GEABOA,  or  IL- 
LYBIA  proper,  also  called  EPIETTS  NOVA,  ex- 
tended from  the  Drilo,  along  the  Adriatic,  to 
the  Ceraunian  mountains,  which  separated  it 
from  Epirus  proper;  it  was  bounded  on  the 


E.  by  Macedonia.  It  thus  embraced  the  greater 
part  of  the  modern  Albania.  Its  inhabitants 
were  subdned  by  Philip,  the  father  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great ;  but  after  the  death  of  the 
latter  they  recovered  their  independence.  At 
a  later  time  the  injury  which  the  Roman 
trade  suffered  from  their  piracies  brought 
against  them  the  arms  of  the  republic.  Their 
queen  Teuta  was  defeated  by  the  Romans, 
and  compelled  to  pay  an  annual  tribute,  B.O. 
229.  The  Illyrians  were  again  conquered  by 
the  consul  Aemilius  Paulas,  219.  Their  king 
Gentius  formed  an  alliance  with  Perseus, 
king  of  Macedonia,  against  Rome ;  but  he 
was  conquered  by  the  praetor  L.  Anicius,  in 
the  same  year  as  Perseus,  1GS ;  whereupon 
Illyria,  as  well  as  Macedonia,  became  subject 
to  Rome.  The  Illyrian  tribes  were  all  more 
or  less 'barbarous.  They  were  probably  of 
the  same  origin  as  the  Thracians,  but  some 
Celts  were  mingled  with  them. 

ILUS  (-i),  sou  of  Tros  and  Callirrhoe,  great- 
grandson  of  Dardanus ;  whence  he  is  called 
Dardanides.  He  was  the  father  of  Laomedon 
and  the  grandfather  of  Priam.  He  was  be- 
lieved to  be  the  founder  of  Ilion,  which  was 
also  called  Troy,  after  his  father. 

ILVA.      [AETHALIA.] 

ILViTES  (-urn),  a  people  in  Liguria,  S.  of 
the  Po,  in  the  modem  Montferrat. 

IMACHlRA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Sicily,  in  the 
Heraeau  mountains. 

IMAUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  great  mountain 
range  of  Asia,  is  one  of  those  terms  which 
the  ancient  geographers  appear  to  have  used 
indefinitely,  for  want  of  exact  knowledge. 
In  its  most  definite  application,  it  appears  to 
mean  the  W.  part  of  the  Himalaya,  between 
the  Paropamisus  and  the  Emodi  Montes ;  but 
when  it  is  applied  to  some  great  chain,  ex- 
tending much  farther  to  the  N.  and  dividing 
Scythia  into  2  parts — Scythia  intra  Imaum 
and  Scythia  extra  Imaum— it  must  either  be 
understood  to  mean  the  Moussour  or  Altai 
mountains,  or  else  some  imaginary  range, 
which  can  not  be  identified  with  any  actually 
existing  mountains. 

IMBROS  or  IMBRUS  (-i),  an  island  in  the 
N.  of  the  Aegaean  sea,  near  the  Thracian 
Chersonesus,  about  25  miles  in  circumference. 
Like  the  neighboring  island  of  Samothrace, 
it  was  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the  worship 
oftheCabiri. 

IN&CHIS  (-idis),  a  surname  of  lo,  the 
daughter  of  Inachus.  The  goddess  Isis  is 
also  called  Inachis,  because  she  was  identified 
with  lo ;  aud  sometimes  Inachis  is  used  as 
synonymous  with  an  Argive  or  Greek  wom- 
an.— Inachides  in  the  same  way  was  used  as 
a  name  of  Epaphus,  a  grandson  of  Inachus, 
and  also  of  Perseus,  because  he  was  born  at 
Argos,  the  city  of  Inachus. 

INACHUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Oceanus  and 
Tethys,  and  father  of  Phoroneus  and  lo,  was 
the  first  king  of  Argos,  and  said  to  have  given 
his  name  to  the  river  Inachus.  Some  of  the 
ancients  regarded  him  as  the  leader  of  an 
Egyptian  or  Libyan  colony  on  the  banks  of 
the  Inachus.— (2)  The  chief  river  in  Argolis, 
rising  on  the  borders  of  Arcadia,  receiving 


I3ARIME. 


210 


INUI. 


near  Argos  the  small  river  Charadrus,  and 
falling  into  the  Sinus  Argolicus  S.E.  of  Argos. 

1NARUHE.    [AENABIA.] 

Ds  ARCS  (-i),  son  of  Psamraitichus,  a  Liby- 
an, and  the  leader  of  a  revolt  of  the  Egyp- 
tians against  the  Persians?,  u.c.  401.  He  was 
at  first  successful,  bat  was-  eventually  defeat- 
ed by  the  Persians,  taken  prisoner  and  cruci- 
fied, 455. 

INDIA  (-ae),  was  a  name  nsed  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  much  as  the  modern 
terra  East  Indie*,  to  describe  the  whole  of 
the  S.E.  part  of  Asia,  including;  the  2  penin- 
sulas of  Hindustan,  aud  of  Bunmh,  Cockiti- 
China,  Sfam,  and  Malacca,  and  also  the  isl- 
ands of  the  Indian  Archipelago.  The  direct 
acquaintance  of  the  Western  nations  with 
India  dates  from  the  reign  of  Darius,  the  son 
of  Hystaspes.  who  added,  to  the  Persian  em- 
pire a  pan  of  its  N.YT.  regions,  perhaps  only 
as  far  as  the  Indus,  certainly  not  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  Punjab.  The  expedition  of  AL- 
EXA>T>EE  into  India  first  brought  the  Greeks 
into  actual  contact  with  the  country;  but  the 
conquests  of  Alexander  only  extended  within 
Seinde  and  the  Punjab,  as  far  as  the  river 
HYPIIASIS,  down  which  he  sailed  into  the 
Indus,  and  down  the  Indus  to  the  sea.  The 
Greek  king  of  Syria,  Seleucus  Nicator,  crossed 
the  Hyphasis,  and  made  war  with  the  Prasii, 
a  people  dwelling  on  the  banks  of  the  Upper 
Ganges,  to  whom  he  afterwards  sent  embas- 
sadors,  named  Megasthenes  and  Daimachus, 
who  lived  for  several  years  at  Palibothra, 
the  capital  of  the  Prasii,  and  had  thus  the  op- 
portunity of  obtaining  much  information  re- 
specting the  parts  of  luftia  about  the  Ganges. 
The  later  geographers  made  two  great  divis- 
ions of  India,  which  are  separated  by  the 
Ganges,  and  are  called  India  intra  Gangem, 
and  India  extra  Gangem,  the  former  includ- 
ing the  peninsula  of  Hindus  fan,  the  latter  the 
Burmese  peninsula.  They  were  acquainted 
with  the  division  of  the  people  of  Hindustan 
into  castes,  of  which  they  enumerate  7. 

INDlCBTAB  or  INDfGETES  (-urn),  a 
people  in  the  N.E.  corner  of  Hispania  Tarra- 
conensis,  close  upon  the  Pyrenees.  Their 
chief  town  was  EMPORIUM. 

INDICUS  OCDXNUS.  [EBYTHBAEUM 
MARE.] 

1NDIGETES  (-urn),  the  name  of  those 
indigenous  gods  and  heroes  at  Rome  who 
once  lived  on  earth  as  mortals,  and  were 
worshiped  after  their  death  as  gods.  Thus 
Aeneas,  after  his  disappearance  on  the  banks 
of  the  Numicus,  became  a  deus  Indiges,  pater 
fndiftes,  or  Jitpiter  Indices;  and  in  like  man- 
ner Romulus  became  Quirinus,  and  Latinus 
Jupiter  Latiaris. 

INDUS  (-i).  (1)  A  great  river  of  India, 
rising  in  the  table-land  of  Thibet,  and  flowing 
through  the  great  plain  of  the  Punjab  into 
the  Erythraeum  Mare  (Indian  Ocean),  which 
it  enters  by  several  mouths.  The  ancient 
name  of  India  was  derived  from  the  native 
name  of  the  Indus  (Sind). — (2)  A  considerable 
river  of  Asia  Minor,  rising  in  Phrygia,  and 
flowing  through  Oaria  into  the  Mediterrane- 
an opposite  to  Rhodes. 


INDUTIOMARUS    or   INDUCIOMlRUS 

(-i),  one  of  the  leading  chiefs  of  the  Treviri 
in  Gaul,  defeated  aud  slain  by  Labienus,  B.C. 

54.      [ClNGETOBIX.] 

INESSA.     [AETNA,  No.  58.] 

INFfiRI  (-Gram),  the  gods  of  the  nether 
world,  in  contradistinction  from1  the  Sitperi, 
or  the  gods  of  heaven.  But  the  word  Inferi 
is  also  frequently  used  to  designate  the  dead, 
and  therefore  comprises  all  the  inhabitants 
of  the  lower  world,  Doth  the  gods,  viz.,  Hades 
or  Pluto,  his  wife  Persephone  (Proserpina), 
the  Erinnyes  or  Furies,  etc.,  and  also  as  the 
souls  of  departed  men. 

INFERUM.  MARE. 

INGAEVONES. 

INGAUNI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Liguria  on 
the  coast,  whose  chief  town  was  ALBXTOC  IN- 

GATTNUM. 

INO  (-us  ;  ace..  -G),  daughter  of  Cadmus  and 
Harmonia,  and  wife  of  Athamas.  [ATHAMAS.] 

INOUS  (-i),  a  name  both  of  Melicertes  and 
of  Palaemon,  because  they  were  the  sons  of 
Ino. 

INSttBRES  (-ium),  a  Gallic  people,  who 
crossed  the  Alps  and  settled  in  Gallia  Trans- 
padana  in  the  N.  of  Italy.  Their  chief  town 
was  MEDIOLANUM.  They  were  conquered  by 
the  Romans,  shortly  before  the  commence- 
ment of  the  2d  Punic  war. 

INTfiMfiLlI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Liguria 
on  the  coast,  whose  chief  town  was  ALBJUM 
INTEMELIUM. 

INTERAMNA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several 
towns  in  Italy,  so  called  from  their  lying 
between  2  streams.  (1)  (Term),  in  Umbria, 
situated  on  the  Nar,  and  surrounded  by  a 
canal  flowing  into  this  river,  whence  its  in- 
habitants were  called  Interamnates  Nartes. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  historian  Taci- 
tus. —  (2)  In  Latium,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Casinus  with  the  Liris,  whence  its  inhabit- 
ants are  called  Interamnates  Lirinates. 

INTERCATlA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Vaccaei 
in  Hispania  Tarraconeusis,  on  the  road  from 
Asturica  to  Caesaraugnsta. 

INTERNUM  MARE,  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  extending  on  the  W.  from  the  Strait  of 
Hercules,  which  separated  it  from  the  At- 
lantic, to  the  coasts  of  Syria  and  Asia  Minoi 
on  the  E.  It  was  called  by  the  Romans 
Mare  Internum  or  Intestinum  ;  by  the  Greeks 

-  - 


h  €<ru>  2-aXoTTa,  Or  TJ  kvros  S-oXoTTO,  or,  more 
fully,  n  evTOc  'HpaK\e«t>v  <rr»jX(Si/  SoXaTTa,  and 

by  Herodotus,  f}6e  f»  $d\a-na  ;  and  from  its 


washing  the  coasts  both  of  Greece  and  Italy, 
it  was  also  called,  both  by  Greeks   and 

Romans,  Our  Sea  (i,  t^erepa  SdVarra,  J)  KaS' 

njtia*  3-rfXctTTa,  Mare  jVtotram).  The  term' 
Mare  Mediterraneum  is  not  used  by  the  best 
classical  writers,  and  occurs  first  in  Solinus. 
The  ebb  and  flow  of  the  tide  are  perceptible 
in  only  a  few  parts  of  the  Mediterranean, 
such  as  in  the  Syrtes  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
in  the  Adriatic,  etc.  The  different  parts  of 
the  Mediterranean  are  called  by  different 
names,  which  are  spoken  of  in  separate  ar- 
ticles. 
INUI  CASTRUM.  [CASTBTJM,  No.  1J 


10. 


211 


IMMIGRATES. 


15  (-us),  daughter  of  Inachus,  first  kins  i 
of  Argos,  beloved  l)y  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and 
metamorphosed,  through  fear  of  Hera  (Juno)  ! 
into  a  heifer.    The  gocldess,  who  was  aware  ; 
of  the  change,  placed  her  under  the  care  of  i 
hundred-eyed   Argus,   who    was,   however,  > 
slain  by  Hermes  (Mercury)  at  the  command 
of  Zeus.    Hera  then  tormented  lo  with  a 
gad-fly,  and  drove  her  in  a  state  of  frenzy 
from  land  to  land,  until  at  length  she  found 
rest  on  the  banks  of  the  Nile.    Here  she  re- 
covered her  original  form,  and  bore  a  sou  to 
Zeus,  called  Epaphus.    (EPAPUUS.]   The  wan- 
derings of  lo  were  very  celebrated  in  antiq- 
uity, and  the  Bosporus  (i.  e.  Ox-ford)  is  said 
to  have  derived  its  name  from  her  swimming 
across  it.    According  to  some  traditions,  lo 
married  Ariris  or  Telegonus,  king  of  Egypt, 
and  was  afterwards  identified  with  the  Egyp- 
tian goddess  Isis.    It  appears  that  Jo  was 
identical  with  the  moon ;  whence  she  is  rep- 
resented as  a  woman,  with  the  horns  of  a 
heifer. 

I5BITES,  king  of  Lycia.    [BELLEBOPHON.] 

IOL.    [CAESA.BEA,.NO.  4.] 

tOLATTS  (-i),  son  of  Iphicles  and  Autome- 
dnsa.  Iphicles  was  the  half-brother  of  Her- 
cules, and  lolaus  was  the  faithful  companion 
and  charioteer  of  the  hero.  Hercules  sent 
him  to  Sardinia  at  the  head  of  his  sons  by 
the  daughters  of  Thespias ;  but  he  returned 
to  the  hero  shortly  before  his  death,  and  was 
the  first  who  offered  sacrifices  to  him  as  a 
demigod.  lolaus  after  his  death  obtained 
permission  from  the  gods  of  the  nether 
world  to  come  to  the  assistance  of  the  chil- 
dren of  Hercules.  He  slew  Eurystheus,  and 
then  returned  to  the  shades. 

lOLCUS  (-i),  au  ancient  town  in  Magnesia 
in  Thessaly,  at  the  top  of  the  Pagaseaii  gulf, 
about  a  mile  from  the  sea.  It  was  celebrated 
iu  mythology  as  the  residence  of  Pelias  and 
Jason,  and  as  the  place  from  which  the  Argo- 
nauts sailed  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece. 

K5 IM  (-es),  daughter  of  Eurytus  of  Oecha- 
Jia,  beloved  by  Hercules.  [HEUOCTLES.]  After 
the  death  of  Hercules,  she  married  his  son 
Hyllus. 

K5N  (-onis),  the  fabulous  ancestor  of  the 
lonians,  son  of  Xuthus  and  Creusa,  or  of 
Apollo  and  Creusa,  grandson  of  Helen.  Ac- 
cording to  some  traditions  he  reigned-  in 
Attica. 

K5NIA  <-ae)  and  I5NIS  (-Idis)  (Roman 
poet.),  a  district  on  the  W.  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  so  called  from  the  Ionian  Greeks  who 
colonized  it  at  a  time  earlier  than  any  dis- 
tinct historical  records.  The  mythical  ac- 
count of  "  the  great  Ionic  migration  "  relates 
that  in  consequence  of  the  disputes  between 
the  sons  of  Codrus,  king  of  Athens,  about 
the  succession  to  his  government,  his  younger 
sons,  Neleus  and  Androclus,  crossed  the  Ae- 
gaean  sea  iu  search  of  a  new  home,  140  years 
after  the  Trojan  war,  or  B.O.  1044.  In  the 
historical  times  we  find  12  great  cities  on  the 
above-named  coast  claiming  to  be  of  Ionic 
origin,  and  all  united  into  one  confederacy. 
The  district  they  possessed  formed  a  narrow 
strip  of  coast,  extending  between,  and  some- 


what beyond,  the  mouths  of  the  rivers  Mean- 
der on  the  S.  and  Hennas  on  the  N.  The 
names?  of  the  1-  cities,  ijoinir  from  S.  to  N., 
were  MILETUS,  M\cs,  PRIENE,  SAMOS  (city 
and  island),  EPHE&CS,  COLOPUON,  LKBEDCS, 
TEOS,  EEYTUEAS,  CHIOS  (city  and  island), 
CLAZOMENAE,  and  PIIOGABA.;  the  city  of 
Smyrna,  which  lay  within  this  district,  but 
was  of  Aeolic  origin,  was  afterwards  (about 
•B.C.  700)  added  to  the  Ionian  confederacy. 
The  common  sanctuary  of  the  leasrue  was  the 
Panioniam,  a  sanctuary  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune), on  the  promontory  of  Mycale,  opposite 
to  Samos ;  and  here  was  held  the  great  na- 
tional assembly  of  the  confederacy,  called 
Panionia.  At  an  early  period  these  cities 
attained  a  high  degree"  of  prosperity.  They 
were  first  conquered  by  Croesus,  king  of 
Lydia ;  a  second  time  by  Harpagus,  the  gen- 
eral of  Cyrus,  B.O.  545 ;  and  having  revolted 
from  the  Persians,  they  were  reconquered  by 
the  latter,  49C.  In  no  country  inhabited  by 
the  Hellenic  race,  except  at  Athens,  were  the 
refinements  of  civilization,  the  arts,  and  lit- 
erature more  highly  cultivated  than  in  Ionia. 
Out  of  the  long  list  of  the  authors  and  artists 
of  louia,  we  may  mention  the  poets  Mimner- 
mus  of  Colophon,  and  Anacreon  of  Teos; 
the  philosophers,  Thales  of  Miletus,  and  An- 
asagorasofClazomenae;  the  early  annalists, 
Cadmus  and  Hecataeus  of  Miletus ;  and  the 
painters,  Zeuxis,  Apelles,  and  Parrhasius. 
The  important  place  which  some  of  the  chief 
cities  of  Ionia  occupy  in  the  early  history  of 
Christianity  is  attested  by  the  Acts  of  th& 
Apostles,  and  by  the  epistles  of  St.  Paul  to 
the  Ephesians  and  of  St.  John  to  the  7 
churches  of  Asia. 

IONIUM  MARE,  the  sea  between  Italy 
and  Greece  S.  of  the  Adriatic,  beginning  on. 
the  W.  at  Hydruntum  in  Calabria,  and  on  the 
E.  at  Oricns  in  Epiras,  or  at  the  Cewmnian 
mountains.  In  more  ancient  times  the 
Adriatic  was  called  the  Ionian  gulf;  while 
at  a  later  time  the  Ionium  Mare  itself  was 
included  in  the  Adriatic,  In  its  widest  sig- 
nification the  Ionium  Mare  included  the  Mare 
Sfadwm,  Creticum,  and  Icarfam.  Its  name 
was  usually  derived  by  the  ancients  from  the 
wanderings  of  lo,  but  it  was  more  probably 
so  called  trom  the  Ionian  colonies  which  set- 
tled in  Cephallenia  and  the  other  islands  oft 
the  W.  coasts  of  Greece. 

I5PH(5N  (-outis),  son  of  Sophocles  by 
Nicostrate,  was  a  distinguished  tragic  poet. 
For  the  celebrated  story  of  his  undutifnl 
charge  against  his  father,  see  SOPHOCLES. 

IPHIAS  (-adis).  i.  e.  Evadne,  a  daughter  of 
Iphis,  and  wife  of  Capaneus. 

IPHICLES  (-is)  or  XPHK3LITS  (-i).  (1J 
Son  of  Amphitryon  and  Alcraene  of  Thebes, 
was  one  night  younger  than  his  half-brother 
Hercules.  Me  was  first  married  to  Autome- 
dusa,  the  daughter  of  Alcathous,  by  whom? 
he  became  the  father  of  lolaus,  and  after- 
wards to  the  youngest  daughter  of  Creon. — 
(2)  Son  of  Phylacus  of  Cepnalus,  one  of  the 
Argonauts,  and  celebrated  for  his  swiftness 
in  ranning. 

IPHICRATES,  a  famous  Athenian  general, 
son  of  a  shoemaker,  introduced  into  the 


IPHIGEXIA. 


212 


IRA. 


Athenian  army  the  peUastae  or  targeteers, 
a  body  of  troops  possessing,  to  a  certain 
extent,  the  advantages  of  heavy  and  light 
armed  forces.  This  lie  effected  by  substitut- 
ing a  small  target  for  the  heavy  shield,  adopt- 
ing a  longer  sword  and  spear,  and  replacing 
the  old  coat  of  mail  by  a  linen  corslet.  At 
the  head  of  his  targeteers  he  defeated  and 
nearly  destroyed  a  Spartan  mora,  in  B.C.  892, 
an  exploit  which  became  very  celebrated 
throughout  Greece.  He  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  Cot  vs.  king  of  Thrace,  and  died  shortly 
before  24S. 

IPHIGENIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Agamem- 
non and  Clytaemnestra,  according  to  the 
common  tradition  ;  bat  daughter  of  Theseus 
and  Helena,  according  to  others.  In  conse- 
quence of  Agamemnon  bavins;  once  killed  a 
hart  in  the  grove  of  Artemis  (Diana),  the 
goddess  in  anirer  produced  a  calm  which 
prevented  the  Greek  fleet  in  Aulis  from  sail- 
ing against  Troy.  Upon  the  advice  of  the 
seer  Calchas,  Agamemnon  proceeded  to  sac- 
rifice Iphisenia,  in  order  to  appease  the  god- 
dess ;  but" Artemis  put  a  hart  in  her  place, 
and  carried  her  to  Tauris,  where  she  became 
the  priestess  of  the  goddess.  Here  she  aft- 
erw-»rd-  slaved  her  brother  Orestes,  when  he 
vaf  ?n  *he  point  of  being  sacrificed  to  Arte- 


mis, and  fled  with  him  to  Greece,  carrying 
off  the  statue  of  Artemis.  Iphigenia  was  wor- 
fchiped  both  in  Athens  and  Sparta;  and  it  is 
i  probable  that  she  was  originally  the  same  as 
Artemis  herself. 

IPHIMfiDlA  (-ae)  or  IPHlMfiDE  (-es),  wifc 
of  Aloeus,  became  by  Poseidon  (Neptune)  the 
mother  of  Aloldae,  Otus,  and  Ephialtes. 

1PHIS  (-Idis).  (1)  A  youth  in  love  with 
Anaxarete.  [AXAXABETE.]  —  (2)  A  Cretan 
girl,  was  brought  up  as  a  boy,  and  being  be- 
trothed to  Ian  the,  was  metamorphosed  by 
Isis  into  a  youth. 

IPHITUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Eurytus  of  Oe 
chalia,  one  of  the  Argonauts,  afterwards 
killed  by  Hercules.  IHEUOULEB.]— (2)  King 
of  Elis,  who  restored  the  Olympic  games,  aiiS 
instituted  the  cessation  of  all  war  during  their 
celebration,  u.o.  SS4. 

IPSUS  (-i),  a  small  town  in  Great  Phrygia, 
celebrated  for  the  great  battle  in  which  An- 
tigonus  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Seleucus 
and  Lysimachus,  B.C.  301. 

IRA  (-ae),  a  mountain  fortress  in  Messe- 
nia,  memorable  as  the  place  where  Aristo- 
menes  defended  himself  for  11  years  against 
the  Spartans.  Its  capture  by  the  Spartans  in 
i5.o.  G(J3  put  an  end  to  the  2d  Messenian  war. 


Sacrifice  of  Ipliigeiiia.    (From  a  Painting  at  Pompeii.) 


IRENE. 


213 


ISSEDONES. 


IRENE  (-es),  called  PAX  (-ficis)  by  the  \ 
Romans,  the  goddess  of  peace,  was,  according  ] 
to  llesiod,  a  daughter  of  Zeus  and  Themis^ 
and  one  of  the  Horae.  [HORAE.]  She  was 
worsliiped  at  Athens  and  Rome ;  and  in  the 
Jatter  city  a  magnificent  temple  was  built  to 
her  by  the  emperor  Vespasian.  Pax  is  rep- 
resented on  coins  as  a  youthful  female,  hold- 
ing iu  her  left  arm  a  cornucopia,  and  in  her 
riirlit  hand  an  olive  branch  or  the  staff  of 
Mercury. 

IRIS  (-is  or  idis).  (1)  Daughter  of  Thau- 
mas  (whence  she  is  called  Thaumantias)  and 
of  Electra,  and  sister  of  the  Harpies.  In  the 
Iliad  she  appears  us  the  messenger  of  the 
gods ;  but  in  the  Odyssey,  Heriues,  (Mercury) 
is  the  messenger  of  the  gods,  and  Iris  is  never 
mentioned.  Iris  was  originally  the  personi- 
fication of  the  rainbow,  which  was  regarded 
as  the  swift  messenger  of  the  gods.  In  the 
earlier  poets  Iris  appears  as  a  virgin  god- 
dess ;  but  iu  the  later  she  is  the  wife  ot  Ze- 
phyrus,  and  the  mother  of  Eros  (Amor). 
iris  is  represented  in  works  of  art  dressed  in 
a  long  and  wide  tunic,  over  which  hangs  a 
light  upper  garment,  with  wings  attached  to 
her  shoulders,  carrying  the  herald's  staff  iu 
her  left  hand,  and  sometimes  also  holding  a 
pitcher.— (2)  (Yeshil-Innak),  a  considerable 
river  of  Asia  Minor,  rising  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  Anti-Taurus,  and  flowing  through  Pou- 
tns  into  the  Sinus  Amisenus  in  the  Euxine. 

IS  (Hit),  a  city  in  the  S.  of  Mesopotamia, 
S  days'  journey  from  Babylon,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  and  upon  a  little 
river  of  the  same  name.  In  its  neighborhood 
were  the  springs  of  asphaltus,  from  which 
was  obtained  the  bitumen  that  was  nsed,  in- 
stead of  mortar,  in  the  walls  of  Babylon. 

ISAEUS  <-i),  one  of  the  10  Attic  orators, 
was  born  at  Chalcis,  and  came  to  Athens  at 
an  early  age.  He  wrote  judicial  orations  for 
others,  and  established  a  rhetorical  school  at 
Athens,  in  which  Demosthenes  is  said  to 
have  been  his  pupil.  He  lived  between  B.C. 
420  and  348.  Eleven  of  his  orations  are  ex- 
tant, all  relating  to  questions  of  inheritance: 
they  afford  considerable  information  respect- 
ing this  branch  of  the  Attic  law. 

ISIRA  (-ae :  Istre),  a  river  in  Gallia  Nar- 
bonensis,  descending  from  the  Graian  Alps, 
and  flowing  into  the  Rhone  N.  of  Valentia. 

ISAURIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Asia  Minor, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  Taurus,  between  Pisidia 
and  Cilicia,  whose  inhabitants,  the  Isauri, 
were  daring  robbers.  They  were  defeated  by 
the  Roman  consul,  L.  Servilius,  in  B.O.  75,  who 
received  in  consequence  the  surname  of  Isau- 
ricus. 

ISIONDA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Pisidia  in  Asia 
Minor,  near  Termessus. 

ISIS  (-is,  idis,  or  Idos),  one  of  the  chief 
Egyptian  divinities,  wife  of  Osiris  and  moth- 
er of  Horns.  She  was  originally  the  goddess 
of  the  earth,  and  afterwards  of  the  moon. 
The  Greeks  identified  her  both  with  Demeter 
(Ceres)  and  with  lo.  [Io.]  Her  worship 
was  introduced  into  Rome  towards  the  end 
of  the  republic,  and  became  very  popular 
among  the  Romans  under  the  empire.  The 


most  important  temple  of  Isis  at  Rome  stood 
hi  the  Campus  ^Martins,  whence  she  was  call- 
ed Ws  Campensis.  The  priests  and  servants 
of  the  goddess  wore  linen  garments,  whence 
she  herself  is  called  Lininefa. 


Gnostic  Gem  of  Isis,  on  a  Scarabaeus. 


ISMlRUS  <-i)  or  ISMlRA  (-orum),  a  town 
iu  Thrace,  near  Marouea,  situated  on  a  mount- 
ain of  the  same  name,  which  produced  excel- 
lent wine.  It  is  mentioned  in  the  Odyssev  as 
a  town  of  the  Cicones.  The  poets  frequently 
use  the  adjective  Ismarius  as  equivalent  to 
Thracian. 

ISMENE  (-es),  daughter  of  Oedipus  and 
Jocasta,  and  sister  of  Antigone. 

ISMENTJS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  Boeotia, 
rising  iu  Mount  Cithaeron,  flowing  through 
Thebes,  and  falling  into  the  lake  Hylica. 
The  brook  Dirce,  so  celebrated  in  Theban 
story,  flowed  into  the  Israenus.  From  this 
river  Apollo  was  called  Ismeniiis. 

ISOCRlTES  (-is),  oca  of  the  10  Attic  ora- 
tors, was-,  boru  at  Athens  B.C.  486,  and  received 
a  careful  education.  Among  his  teachers 
were  Gor.gias,  Prodicns,  and  Socrates.  He 
first  taught  rhetoric  in  Chios,  and  afterwards 
at  Athens.  At  the  latter  place  he  met  with 
great  success,  and  gradually  acquired  a  large 
fortune  by  his  profession.  He  had  100  pupils, 
every  one  of  whom  paid  him  10UO  drachmae. 
He  also  derived  a  large  income  from  the  ora- 
tions which  he  wrote  for  others;  but  being 
naturally  timid,  and  of  a  weakly  constitution, 
he  did  not  come  forward  as  a  public  speaker 
himself.  He  was  an  ardent  lover  of  his  coun- 
try; and  accordingly,  when  the  battle  of 
Chaeronea  had  destroyed  the  last  hopes  of 
freedom,  he  put  an  end  to  his  life,  B.C.  33S,  at 
the  age  of  98.  He  took  great  pains  with  the 
composition  of  his  orations,  but  his  style  is 
artificial.  Twenty-one  of  his  orations  have 
come  down  to  us :  of  these  the  most  celebra- 
ted is  the  Panegyric  oration,  in  which  he 
shows  what  services  Athens  had  rendered  to 
Greece  in  every  period  of  her  history. 

ISSA  (-ae:  Lissa),  a  small  island  in  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
off  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  said  to  have  derived 
its  name  from  Issa,  daughter  of  Macereus  of 
Lesbos,  -who  was  beloved  by  Apollo.  The 
island  was  inhabited  by  a  hardy  race  of  sail- 
ors, whose  barks  (lemba  Issaei)  were  much 
prized. 

ISSEOONES  (-nm),  a  Scythian  tribe  iu 
Great  Tartary,  near  the  Massagetae,  whom 
they  resembled  in  their  manners.  They  are 


ISSICUS. 


2U 


ITALIA. 


represented  as  extending  as  far  as  the  bor- 
ders of  Serica. 

ISSICUS  SINUS.    CIssrs.] 

ISSUS  (-i),  a  city  in  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Oil  Ida,  near  the  head  of  the  Issicus  Sinus 
(Gulf  of  Inktmtlcroon'),  and  at  the  N.  foot  of 
the  pass  of  Mount  Amaniib,  called  the  Syrian 
Gates.;  memorable  for  the  great  battle  in 
which  Alexander  defeated  Darius  Codomau- 
nu#  (B.C.  $?&),  which  vas>  fought  in  a  narrow 
valley  near  the  town. 


to  signify  the  whole  country  S.  of  Posidonia 
on  the  \V.  and  Tareutum  on  the  E.  Aftet 
the  Romans  had  conquered  Tarentum  and 
the  S.  part  of  the  peninsula,  about  B.C.  272, 
the  name  Italia  had  a  still  further  extension 
£iven  to  it.  It  then  signified  the  whole  coun- 
try subject  to  the  Romans,  from  the  Sicilian 
s-traits  as  far  N.  as  the  Arnus  and  the  Rubico. 
The  country  N.  of  these  rivers  continued  to 
be  called  Gallia  Cisalpina  and  Liguria  down 
to  the  end  of  the  republic.  Augustas  was 
the  lirst  who  extended  the  name  of  Italia  so 


Battle  of  Issus.    (From  a  Mosaic  at  Pompeii.) 


ISTAEV5NES.    [GEnxrAKiA.3 

ISTER.    [DANTJIUUS.] 

ISTRIA  or  HISTRIA  (-ae),  a  peninsula  at 
the  2*.  extremity  of  the  Adriatic,  separated 
from  Veaetia  by'the  river  Timavus,  and  from 
Illyricum  by  the  river  Arsia.  Its  inhabitants, 
the  ISTHI  or  HISTRI,  were  a  warlike  Illyrian 
race,  who  carried  on  several  wars  with  the 
Romans,  till  their  final  subjugation  by  the 
consul  C.  Claudius  Palcher,  u."c.  177.  Their 
chief  towns  were  TEEGESTE  and  POLA. 

ISTR5PDLIS  (-is),  ISTROS  or  ISTRfA 
(-ae),  a  town  in  Lower  Moesia,  not  far  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Danube ;  a  colony  from  Mi- 
letus. 

ITIHA  and  ITALIA  (-ae)  signified,  from 
the  time  of  Augustus,  the  country  S.  of  the 
Alps,  which  we  call  1 fall/.  The  name  Italia 
was  originally  used  to  indicate  a  much  more 
limited  extent  of  country.  Most  of  the  an- 
cients derived  the  name  from  an  ancient 
kin^jltalns :  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
Italia,  or  Vitalia,  as  it  was  also  called,  was 
the  land  of  the  Itati,  ntali,  Vitelli,  or  Vituli, 
an  ancient  race,  who  are  better  known  under 
the  name  of  Siculi.  This  race  was  widelv 
spread  over  the  S.  half  of  the  peninsula,  and 
may  be  said  to  have  been  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  a  line  drawn  from  Mount  Garsanus  on  the 


as  to  comprehend  the  country  from  the  Mar- 
itime Alps  to  Pola  in  Istria,  both  inclusive. 
Besides  Italia,  the  country  was  called  by  va- 
rious other  names,  especially  by  the  poets. 
These  were  HESPEEIA,  a  name  which  the 
Greeks  gave  to  it,  because  it  lay  to  the  W.  of 
Greece,  or  HESPEEIA  MAGNA,  to  distinguish 
it  from  Spain  [HESPEBIA],  and  SATUBNIA,  be- 
cause Saturn  was  said  to  have  once  reigned  in 
Latium.  The  names  of  separate  parts  of  Italy 
were  also  applied  by  the  poets  to  the  whole 
country.  Thus  it  was  called  OENOTBIA,  orig- 
inally the  land  of  the  Oenotri,  in  the  coun- 
try afterwards  called  Bruttium  and  Lucania ; 
AUSONIA,  or  OPICA  or  OPIOIA,  originally  the 
land  of  the  Ausones  or  Ausonii,  Opici  or 
Osci,  on  the  W.  coast,  in  the  country  after- 
wards called  Campania ;  TYBRHENIA,  proper- 
ly the  land  of  the  Tyrrheni,  also  on  the  W. 


coast,  N.  of  Ausonia  or  Opica,  and  more  espe- 
cially in  the  country  afterwards  called  Etra- 
ria ;  IAPYGIA,  properly  the  land  of  the  lapy- 
ges,  on  the  E.  coast,  in  the  country  afterwardi 
called  Calabria;  and  OMBRIOA,  the  land  of 
the  Umbri,  on  the  E.  coast,  alongside  of  Etra- 
ria.  Italy  was  never  inhabited  hy  one  single 
race.  It  contained  a  great  number  of  differ- 
ent races,  who  had  migrated  into  the  coun- 
try at  a  very  early  period.  The  most  ancient 

I  inhabitants  were  Pelasgiarts  or  Oenotrians,  a 

E.  to  Terracina  on  the  W.  The  ^Greeks  were  !  branch  of  the  same  great  race  who  originally 
ignorant  of  this  wide  extent  of  the  name.  J  inhabited  Greece  and  the  coasts  of  Asia  Mi- 
According  to  them  Italia  was  originally  only  i  nor.  They  were  also  called  Aborigines  and 
theS.-most  part  of  what  was  afterwards  called  i  Siculi,  who,  as  we  have  already  seen,  were 
Bruttium,  and  was  bounded  on  the  N.  by  a  !  the  same  as  the  Vital!  or  Itali.  At  the  tune 
line  drawn  from  the  Lametic  to  the  Scylletic  j  when  Roman  history  begins,  Italy  was  in- 
gulf. They  afterwards  extended  the  name  !  habited  by  the  following  races.  From  the 


ITALICA. 


215 


IXION. 


month  of  the  Tiber,  between  its  right  bank 
and  the  sea,  dwelt  the  Etruscans,  who  ex- 
tended as  far  N.  as  the  Alps.  Alongside  of 
these,  between  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber  and 
the  Adriatic,  dwelt  the  Umbrians.  To  the  S. 
of  the  Etruscans  were  the  Sacraui,  Casci,  or 
Prisci,  Oscau  tribes,  who  had  been  driven  oat 
of  the  mountains  by  the  Sabines,  had  over- 
come the  Pelasgian  tribes  of  the  Siculi,  Ab- 
origines, or  Latins,  and,  uniting  with  these 
conquered  people,  had  formed  the  people 
called  Prisci  Latini,  subsequently  simply 
Latini.  S.  of  these  again,  as  far  as  the  river 
Laus,  were  the  Opici,  who  were  also  called 
Ausones  or  Auruuci,  and  to  whom  the  Volsci, 
Sidicini,  Saticuli,  and  Aequi,  also  belonged. 
The  S.  of  the  peninsula  was  inhabited  by  the 
Oenotrians,  who  were  subsequently  driven 
into  the  interior  by  the  numerous  Greek  col- 
onies founded  aloug  the  coasts.  S.  of  the 
Umbrians,  extending  as  far  as  Mount  Garga- 
nus,  dwelt  the  various  Sabellian  or  Sabine 
tribes,  the  Sabines  proper,  the  Peligni,  Marsi, 
MaiTutini,  Vestini,  and  Heraici,  from  which 
tribes  the  warlike  race  of  the  Samnites  sub- 
sequently sprung.  From  Mount  Garganus  to 
the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  peninsula  the  coun- 
try was  inhabited  by  the  Daunians  or  Apu- 
lians,  Peucetii,  Messapii,  and  SaUeutini.  An 
account  of  these  people  is  given  in  separate 
articles.  They  were  all  eventually  subdued 
by  the  Romans,  who  became  the  masters  of 
the  whole  of  the  peninsula.  At  the  time  of 
Augustus  the  following  were  the  chief  divi- 
sions of  Italy,  an  account  of  which  is  also 
given  in  separate  articles:  I.  UPPER  ITALY, 
which  extended  from  the  Alps  to  the  rivers 
Macra  on  the  W.  and  Rubico  on  the  E.  It 
comprehended,  1,  LIQTTRIA  ;  2,  GALLIA  CISAL- 
PINA;  3,  VENETIA,  including  Carnia;  4,  Is- 
TRIA.  II.  CENTRAL  ITALY,  sometimes  called 
ITALIA  PEOPEIA  (a  term  not  used  by  the  an- 
cients), to  distinguish  it  from  Gallia  Cisalpina 
or  Upper  Italy,  and  Magna  Graecia  or  Lower 
Italy,  extended  from  the  rivers  Macra  on  the 
W.  and  Rubico  on  the  E.  to  the  rivers  Silarus 
on  the  W.  and  Prento  on  the  E.  It  compre- 
hended, 1,  ETRURIA  ;  2,UM»RiA ;  3,  PIOENITM  , 

4.  SAMNIUM,  including  the  country  of  the  Sa- 
bini,  Vestini,  Marrucini,  Marsi,  Peligni,  etc. ; 

5,  LATIOM  ;  6,  CAMPANIA.    III.  LOWER  ITALY, 
or  MAGNA  GRAEOIA,  included  the  remaining 
part  of  the  peninsula,  S.  of  the  rivers  Silarus 
and  Prento.   It  comprehended,  1,  APULIA,  in- 
cluding Calabria ;  2,  LTTOANIA  ;  3,  BRTTTTIUM. 
—Augustus  divided  Italy  into  the  following 
11  Regiones :  1,  Latium  and  Campania ;  2, 
The  land  of  the  Hirpini,  Apulia  and  Calabria  ; 
3,Lucania  and  Bruttium ;  4,  The  land  of  the 
Frentani,  Marrncim,  Peligni,  Marsi,  Vestini, 
and  Sabini,  together  with  Samninm  •  5,  Pi- 
cenum;  6,  Umbria  and  the  district  of  Arimi- 
num,  in  what  was  formerly  called  Gallia  Cis- 
alpina ;  7,  Etruria ;  8,  Gallia  Cispadana ;  9, 
Liguria ;  10,  The  E.  part  of  Gallia  Transpa- 
dana,  Venetia,  Carnia,  and  Istria ;  11,  The  W. 
part  of  Gallia  Transpadana. 

ITALJCA.  (1)  A  town  in  Hispania  Baeti- 
ca,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Baetis,  N.W.  of 
Hispalis,  founded  by  Scipio  Africanus  in  the 
2d  Punic  war,  who  settled  here  some  of  his 
veterans.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  em- 


perors Trajan  and  Haclriau.—  (2)  The  name 
giveu  to  Cormiium  by  the  Italian  Socii  dur- 
ing their  war  with  Home.    [COHFIXICM.] 
IT1LICUS  SILIUS.    [Sinus.] 

IT1LUS.      [ITALIA.] 

ITHACA  (-ae),  a  small  island  in  the  Ionian 

sea,  off  the  coast  of  Epirns,  celebrated  as  the 

birthplace  of  Ulysses.    It  is  about  12  miles 

long,  and  4  in  its  greatest  breadth,  and  is  di- 

,  vided  into  2  parts,  which  are  connected  by  a 

1  narrow  isthmus,  not  more  than  half  a  mile 

j  across.    In  each  of  these  parts  there  is  a 

1  mountain  ridge  of  considerable  height;  the 

I  one  in  the  N.  called  Sen  turn,  and  the  one  in 

j  the  S.  A'dlum.    The  city  of  Ithaca,  the  resi- 

|  dence  of  Ulysses,  was  situated  on  a  precipi- 

tous, conical  hill,  now  called  Aeto,  or  u  eagle's 

cliff,"  occupying  the  whole  breadth  of  the 

isthmus  mentioned  above.    Ithaca  is  now 

one  of  the  7  Ionian  islands  under  the  protec- 

tion of  Great  Britain. 

ITH5ME  <-es)7  a  strong  fortress  in  Messe- 
nia,  situated  on  a  mountain  of  the  same  name, 
which  afterwards  formed  the  citadel  of  the 
town  of  Messene.  It  was  taken  by  the  Spar- 
tans, B.C.  723,  at  the  end  of  the  2d  Messenian 
war,  and  again  in  455,  at  the  end  of  the  3d 
Messenian  war. 

ITJUS  PORTUS,  a  harbor  of  the  Morini, 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Gaul,  from  which  Caesar 
set  sail  for  Britain,  probably  Ftteant,  or  Wit- 
sand,  near  Calais. 

ITON.    ClTONiA.] 

ITONIA  (-ae),  IT<5N!AS  (-adis),  or  ITC)- 
NIS  (-Idis),  a  surname  of  Athena  (Minerva), 
derived  from  the  town  of  Iton,  in  the  S.  of 
PhtMotis  in  Thessaly.  Here  the  goddess  had 
a  celebrated  sanctuary,  and  hence  is  called 
Incola  Itoni. 

iTtTRAEA  or  ITTRAEA,  a  district  on  the 
N.E.  borders  of  Palestine,  inhabited  by  an 
Arabian  people  of  warlike  and  predatory 
habits.  Augustus  gave  Ituraea,  which  had 
been  hitherto  ruled  by  its  native  princes,  to 
the  family  of  Herod.  During  the  ministry 
of  our  Saviour  it  was  governed  by  Philip, 
the  brother  of  Herod  Antipas,  as  tetrarch. 

1TYS.    [TEUECS.] 

ItJUS  (-idis),  the  chief  town  in  Ceos;  the 
birthplace  of  Simonides.  &CEOS.] 

itJXUS.  (1)  Son  of  Aeneas,  usually  called 
Ascanius.  [ASCANIUS.]  —  (2)  Eldest  son  of 
Ascanius,  who  claimed  the  government  of 
Latium,  but  was  obliged  to  give  it  up  to  his 
brother  Silvius. 


(-onis),  king  of  the  Lapithae,  son 
of  Phlegyas,  and  the  father  of  Pirithous.  He 
treacherously  murdered  his  father-in-law,  to 
avoid  paying  the  bridal  gifts  he  tmd  prom- 
ised, and  when  no  one  would  purify  him  of 
this  treacherous  murder,  Zeus  (Jupiter)  car- 
ried him  up  to  heaven,  and  there  purified  him. 
But  Ixion  was  ungrateful  to  the  father  of  the 
gods,  and-  attempted  to  win  the  love  of  Hera 
(Juno).  Zeus  thereupon  created  a  phantom 
resembling  Hera,  and  by  it  Ixion  became  the 
father  of  a  Centaur.  [CENTATJRI.]  Ixion  was 
fearfully  punished  for  his  impious  ingrati- 


IXIONIDES. 


21G 


JANUS. 


Ithome,  from  the  Stadium  of  Messene. 


tude.  His  hands  and  feet  were  chained  by 
Hermes  (Mercury^  to  a  wheel,  which  is  said 
to  have  rolled  perpetually  in  the  air. 


(-ae),  i.  e.  Pirithons,  the  son 
of  Ixion.— The  Centaurs  are  also  caiW  Ixi* 
onidae. 


J. 


JACCETiSTI  (-ornm),  a  people  inHispania 
Tarraconeusis  hetween  the  Pyrenees  and  the 
Iberus. 

JANA.     [JA>'irs.3 

JANiCULinvr.    [ROMA.] 

JANUS  (-i)  and  JANA  (-ae),  a  pair  of  an- 
cient Latin  divinities,  who  were  worshiped 


a  Coin  of  Sex.  Pompeius,  ia  the  British 
Museum.; 

us  the  sun  and  moon.  The  names  Janus  and 
Jaiia  are  only  other  forms  of  Dianits  and  Di- 
ana, which  words  contain  the  same  root  as 
diea,  day.  Janus  occupied  an  important  place 
in  the  Roman  religion.  He  presided  over  the 
beginning  of  every  thing,  and  was  therefore 
always  invoked  first  in  every  undertaking, 


even  before  Jupiter.  He  opened  the  year  and 
the  seasons,  and  hence  the  first  month  of  the 
year  was  called  after  him.  He  was  the  porter 
of  heaven,  and  therefore  bore  the  surnames 
Patulcus  or  Patulciiis,  the  "opener,"  and 
Clitsius  or  Clusivius,  the  "shutter."  On 
earth  also  he  was  the  guardian  deity  of  gates, 
and  hence  is  commonly  represented  with  2 
heads,  because  every  door  looks  2  ways  (Ja- 
mis  It'frons).  He  is  sometimes  represented 
with  4  heads  (Janus  qitadrifrons),  because  he 
presided  over  the  4  seasons.  At  Rome,  Nu- 
ma  is  said  to  have  dedicated  to  Janus  the 


Temple  of  Janus  closed,  on  a  Coin  of  N< 


JASON. 


217 


JOPPE. 


covered  passage  bearing  his  name,  which  was 
opened  in  times  of  war,  and  closed  in  times 
of  peace.  This  passage  is  commonly,  but  er- 
roneously, called  a  temple.  It  stood  close  by 
the  forum.  It  appears  to  have  been  left  open 
in  war  to  indicate  symbolically  that  the  god 
had  gone  out  to  assist  the  Roman  warriors, 
and  to  have  been  shut  in  time  of  peace  that 
the  god,  the  safeguard  of  the  city,  might  not 
escape.  On  new-year's  day,  which  was  the 
principal  festival  of  the  god,  people  gave 
presents  to  one  another,  consisting  of  sweet- 
meats and  copper  coins,  showing  on  one  side 
the  double  head  of  Janus  and  on  the  other  a 
ship.  The  general  name  for  these  presents 
was  str&nae. 


(-5nis).  (1)  Son  of  Aeson,  and  the 
celebrated  leader  of  the  Argonauts.  His  fa- 
ther, Aeson,  who  reigned  at  lolcus  in  Thes- 
saly,  was  deprived  of  the  kingdom  by  his 
half-brother  Pelias,  who  attempted  to  take 
the  life  of  the  infant  Jason.  He  was  saved 
by  his  friends,  and  intrusted  to  the  care  of 
the  Centaur  Chiron.  When  he  had  grown  up 
he  came  to  lolcus,  and  demanded  the  king- 
dom, which  Pelias  promised  to  surrender  to 
him,  provided  he  brought  the  golden  fleece, 
which  was  in  the  possession  of  king  Aeetes 
in  Colchis,  and  was  guarded  by  an  ever-watch- 
ful dragon.  Jason  willingly  undertook  the 
enterprise,  and  set  sail  in  the  ship  Argo,  ac- 
companied by  the  chief  heroes  of  Greece.  He 
obtained  the  fleece  with  the  assistance  of 
Medea,  whom  he  made  his  wife,  and  along 
with  whom  he  returned  to  lolcus.  The  his- 
tory of  his  exploits  on  this  enterprise  is  re- 
lated elsewhere.  [AEGONAXTTAE.]  In  order 
to  avenge  the  death  of  his  father,  who  had 
been  slain  by  Pelias  during  his  absence,  Me- 
dea, at  the  instigation  of  Jason,  persuaded 
the  daughters  of  Pelias  to  cut  their  father  to 
pieces  and  boil  him,  in  order  to  restore  him 
to  youth  and  vigor,  as  she  had  before  changed 
a  ram  into  a  lamb,  by  boiling  the  ram  in  a 
caldron.  Pelias  thus  perished  miserably; 
and  his  son  Acastns  expelled  Jason  and  Me- 
dea from  lolcus.  They  then  went  to  Corinth, 
where  they  lived  happily  for  several  years, 
until  Jason  deserted  Medea,  in  order  to  mar- 
ry Glauce  or  Creusa,  daughter  of  Creon,  the 
king  of  the  country.  Medea  fearfully  re- 
venged this  insult  She  sent  Glauce  a  poi- 
soned garment,  which  burned  her  to  death 
when  she  put  it  on.  Creon  likewise  perished 
in  the  flames.  Medea  also  killed  her  children 
by  Jason,  and  then  fled  to  Athens  in  a  chariot 
drawn  by  winged  dragons.  The  death  of 
Jason  is  related  variously.  According  to 
some,  he  made  away  with  himself  from  grief; 
according  to  others,  he  was  crushed  by  the 
poop  of  the  ship  Argo,  which  fell  npon  him 
as  he  was  lying  under  it.  —  (2)  Tyrant  of  Phe- 
rae,  was  elected  Tagus  or  generalissimo  of 
Thessaly,  B.C.  374.  He  possessed  great  pow- 
er, and  aspired  to  the  sovereignty  of  Greece, 
but  he  was  assassinated  in  870. 

JAXARTES  (-is:  Syr  or  Syhouri),  a  great 
river  of  Central  Asia,  flowing  N.W.  into  the 
Sea  of  Aral:  the  ancients  supposed  it  to  fall 
into  the  N.  side  of  the  Caspian,  not  distin- 
guishing between  the  2  scab.  It  divided  Sog- 


diana  from  Scythia.  On  its  banks  dwelt  a 
Scythian  tribe  called  Jaxartue. 

JERICHO  or  HI2RICHUS,  a  city  of  the 
Canaanites,  in  a  plain  011  the  W.  side  of  the 
Jordan,  near  its  mouth,  destroyed  by  Joshua, 
but  afterwards  rebuilt. 

JERUSALEM  or  Hl£R(3SOLf  MA  (-Orum), 
the  capital  of  Palestine,  iu  As-ia.  It  was  ori«- 
inallv  the  chief  city  of  the  Jebusites,  a  Ca- 
naanitish  tribe,  but  was  taken  by  David  in 
B.C.  1050,  and  was  made  by  him  the  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Israel.  After  the  division  of 
the  kingdom,  under  Rehoboam,  it  remained 
the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Judah,  until  it 
was  entirely  destroyed,  and  its  inhabitants 
were  carried  into  captivity  by  Nebuchadnez- 
zar, king  of  Babylon,  B.C.  588.  In  536  the 
Jewish  exiles,  having  been  permitted  by  Cy- 
rus to  return,  began  to  rebuild  the  city  and 
temple ;  and  the  work  was  completed  in 
about  24  years.  After  the  death  of  Alexan- 
der  the  Great,  Jerusalem  was  subject  first  to 
the  Greek  kings  of  Egypt,  and  afterwards  to 
the  Greek  kings  of  Syria ;  but  in  consequence 
of  the  attempts  made  by  Antiochus  IV.  Epiph- 
anes  to  root  out  the  national  religion,  the 
Jews  rose  in  rebellion  under  the  Maccabees, 
and  eventually  succeeded  in  establishing  their 
independence.  Jerusalem  now  became  the 
capital  of  a  separate  kingdom,  governed  by 
the  Maccabees,  Respecting  the  history  of 
this  kingdom,  see  PALAESTHTA.  In  A.D.  70 
the  rebellion  of  the  Jews  against  the  Romans 
was  put  down,  and  Jerusalem  was  taken  by 
Titus,  after  a  siege  of  several  months,  and 
was  razed  to  the  ground.  In  consequence  of 
a  new  revolt  of  the  Jews,  the  emperor  Hadri- 
an resolved  to  destroy  all  vestiges  of  their 
national  and  religious  peculiarities ;  and,  as 
one  means  to  this  end,  he  established  a  new 
Roman  colony  on  the  ground  where  Jerusa- 
lem had  stood,  by  the  name  of  A.ELIA  CAPITO- 
LINA,  and  built  a  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitoli- 
nus  on  the  site  of  the  temple  of  Jerusalem, 
A.D.  135.  The  establishment  of  Christianity 
as  the  religion  of  the  Roman  empire  restored 
to  Jerusalem  its  sacred  character.  Jerusalem 
stands  due  W.  of  the  head  of  the  Dead  Sea,  at 
the  distance  of  about  20  miles  (in  a  straight 
line),  and  about  35  miles  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean, on  an  elevated  platform,  divided  by  a 
series  of  valleys  from  hills  which  surround  it 
on  every  side.  This  platform  has  a  general 
slope  from  W.  to  E.,  its  highest  point  being 
the  summit  of  Mount  Zion,  in  the  S.W.  cor- 
ner of  the  city,  on  which  stood  the  original 
"  city  of  David."  The  S.E.  part  of  the  plat- 
form is  occupied  by  the  hill  called  Moriah, 
on  which  the  temple  stood,  and  the  E.  part 
by  the  hill  called  Acra ;  but  these  two  sum- 
mits are  now  hardly  distinguishable  from  the 
general  surface  of  the  platform,  probably  on 
account  of  the  gradual  filling  up  of  the  val- 
leys between.  The  height  of  mount  Zion  is 
2535  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  about  300  feet  above  the  valley 
below. 

J5CASTS  (-es)  or  JQCASTA  (-ae>,  called 
fiPlCASTB  (-es)  in  Homer,  wife  of  Laius, 
and  mother  of  Oedipus.  [OEmrtrs,] 

JOPPS  (-es),  JOPPA  (-ae:  O.  T.  Japho-- 


JOUDANES. 


218 


JUGURTHA. 


Jaffa),  an  ancient  maritime  city  of  Palestine, 
lying  S.  of  the  boundary  between  Judaea  and 
Samaria. 

JORD.INES  (-is:  Jordan),  a  river  of  Pales- 
tine, rising  at  the  S.  foot  of  Mount  Hermon 
(the  S.-most  part  of  Anti-Libanus),  flowing 
S.  into  the  Sea  of  Galilee  (Lake  of  Tiberias), 
and  thence  into  the  lake  Asphaltites  (Dead 
Sea),  where  it  is  finally  lost. 

JQSEPHUS,  PLlVfUS  (-i),  the  Jewish 
historian,  born  at  Jerusalem,  A.D.  37,  was 
one  of  the  generals  of  the  Jews  in  their  re- 
volt against  the  Romans.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  by  Vespasian,  who  spared  his  life 
through  the  intercession  of  Titus.  Josephus 
thereupon  assumed  the  character  of  a  proph- 
et, and  predicted  to  Vespasian  that  the  em- 
pire should  one  day  be  his  and  his  son's. 
Josephus  was  present  with  Titus  at  the  siege 
of  Jerusalem,  and  afterwards  accompanied 
him  to  Rome.  He  received  the  freedom  of 
the  city  from  Vespasian,  and  was  treated 
with  great  favor  by  this  emperor,  and  by  his 
successors, Titus  and  Domitian.  He  assumed 
the  name  of  Flavius,  as  a  dependent  of  the 
Flavian  family,  and  died  about  A.D.  100.— 
The  works  of  Josephus  are  written  in  Greek. 
The  most  important,  entitled  Jewish  Antiq- 
uities, in  20  books,  gives  an  account  of  Jew- 
ish History  from  the  creation  of  the  world  to 
A.B.  66,  the  commencement  of  the  Jewish 
revolt.  An  account  of  this  revolt  is  given  by 
him  in  his  History  of  the  Jewish  War,  in  T 
books.  In  the  former  of  these  works  he 


seekb  co  accommodate  the  Jewish  religion  to 
heathen  tastes  and  prejudices. 

JDVllNUS,  PLS.VIUS  CLAUDIUS  (-i), 
elected  emperor  by  the  soldiers,  in  June,  A.D. 
363,  after  the  death  of  Julian 


whom  he  had  accompanied  in  his  campaign 
against  the  Persians.  He  made  peace  with 
the  Persians,  and  died  in  364,  after  a  reign  of 
little  more  than  T  months.  Jovian  was  a 
.Christian  ;  but  he  protected  the  heathens. 

JtfBA  (-ae).  (1)  King  of  Numidia,  and 
son  of  Hiempsal,  joined  Pompey's  party,  and 
gained  a  victory  over  Curio,  Caesar's  legate, 
B.O.  49.  He  afterwards  fought  along  with 
Scipio  against  Caesar  ;  and  after  the  battle 
of  Thapsus  (46)  he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. 
—(2)  Son  of  the  preceding,  was  a  child  at  the 
time  of  his  father's  death,  and  was  carried  by 
Caesar  to  Rome,  where  he  received  an  ex- 
cellent education.  He  became  .one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  day,  and  wrote  nu- 
merous works  on  historical  and  other  sub- 
jects. In  B.O.  30  Augustus  reinstated  him 
in  his  paternal  kingdom  of  Numidia,  and 
gave  him  in  marriage  Cleopatra,  otherwise 
called  Selene,  the  daughter  of  Antony  and 
Cleopatra.  Five  years  afterwards  (25)  Au- 
gustus gave  him  Mauretania  in  exchange  for 
jNumidia,  which  was  reduced  to  a  Roman 
province.  He  died  in  Mauretania,  about 
A.D.  19. 

JUDAEA,  JUDAEI.    [PALAESTINA.} 
JtfGURTHA  (-ae),  an  illegitimate  son  of 
Mastanabal,  and  a  grandson  of  Masinksa, 


JULIA. 


219 


JULIANUS. 


He  lost  his  father  at  an  early  age,  but  was 
brought  up  by  Micipsa  with  his  own  sons, 
Hiempsal  and  Adherbal.  Jugurtha  was  a 
brave,  able,  and  ambitious  prince.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  greatly  while  serving 
under  Scipio  against  Numantia,  in  B.C.  134. 
Micipsa,  on  his  death  in  US,  bequeathed  his 
kingdom  to  Jngurtha  and  his  2  sons,  Hiemp- 
sal and  Adherbal,  in  common.  Jugurtha 
aspired  to  the  sole  sovereignty.  He  assassi- 
nated Hierapsal  soon  after  his  father's  death, 
and  a  division  of  the  kingdom  between  Ju- 
gurtha  and  Adherbal  was  then  made  by  the 
Roman  senate ;  but  shortly  afterwards  Ju- 
gurtha attacked  Adherbal,  took  him  prisoner, 
and  put  him  to  death  (112).  The  Romans 
had  previously,  commanded  him  to  abstain 
from  hostilities  against  Adherbal ;  and  as  he 
had  paid  no  attention  to  their  commands, 
they  now  declared  war  against  him.  The 
consul  L.  Calpurnius  Bestia  was  sent  into 
Africa  (111) ;  out  by  large  sums  of  money 
Jugurtha  purchased  from  him  a  favorable 
peace.  But  this  disgraceful  proceeding  ex- 
cited the  greatest  indignation  at  Rome.  The 
peace  was  disowned ;  and  the  war  renewed 
under  the  command  of  the  consul  Sp.  Pos- 
tumius  Albinus ;  but  during  the  absence  of 
the  consul,  his  brother  AuTns  was  defeated 
by  Jngurtha  (110).  Next  year  (109)  the  con- 
sul Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  was  sent  into 
Africa  at  the  head  of  a  new  army.  In  the 
course  of  2  years  Metellus  frequently  defeat- 
ed Jngurtha,  and  at  length  drove  him  to  take 
refuge  among  the  Gaetulians.  In  107  Me- 
tellus was  succeeded  in  the  command  by 
Marius.  The  cause  of  Jugurtha  was  now 
supported  by  his  father-in-law,  Bocchus,  king 
of  Mauretania;  but  Marius  defeated  their 
united  forces,  and  Bocchus  purchased  the 
forgiveness  of  the  Romans  by  surrendering 
his  son-in-law  to  Sulla,  the  quaestor  of  Ma- 
rius (106).  Jugnrtha  was  carried  a  prisoner 
to  Rome,  and  after  adorning  the  triumph  of 
Marius  (Jan.  1, 104),  was  thrown  into  a  dun- 
geon, and  there  starved  to  death. 

JtfLf  A  (-ae).  (1)  Aunt  of  Caesar  the  dic- 
tator, and  wife  of  C.  Marius  the  elder.— (2) 
Mother  of  M.  Antonius,  the  triumvir.— -(3) 
Sister  of  Caesar  the  dictator,  and  wife  of  M. 
Atius  Balbus,  by  whom  she  had  Atia,  the 
mother  of  Augustus.  [ATI  A.]— (4)  Daughter 
of  Caesar  the  dictator,  by  Cornelia,  was  mar- 
ried to  Cn.  Pompey  in  59,  and  died  in  child- 
bed in  54.— -(5)  Daughter  of  Augustus,  by 
Scribonia,  and  his  only  child,  born  in  39,  and 
thrice  married:  1,  To  M.  Marcellus,  her  first 
cousin,  in  25 ;  2,  After  his  death  (23),  with- 
out  issue,  to  M.  Agrippa,  by  whom  she  had 
3  sons,  C.  and  L.  Caesar,  and  Agrippa  Pos- 
tumus,  and  2  daughters,  Julia  and  Agrippina; 
3,  After  Agrippa%  death,  in  12,  to  Tiberius 
Nero,  the  future  emperor.  In  consequence 
of  her  adulteries,  Augustus  banished  her  to 
Pandataria,  an  island  off  the  coast  of  Cam- 
pania, B.O.  2.  She  was  afterwards  removed 
to  Rhegium.  She  died  in  A.T>.  14,  soon  after 
the  accession  of  Tiberius. — (6)  Daughter  of 
the  preceding,  and  wife  of  L.  Aemilius  Pau- 
lus.  She  inherited  her  mother's  licentious- 
ness, and  was,  in  consequence,  banished  by 
her  grandfather  Augustus  to  the  little  island 


Tremerus,  on  the  coast  of  Apulia,  A  D.  9. 
She  died  A.D.  28.—  (7)  Youngest  child  of  Ger- 
manicus  and  Agrippina,  put  to  death  by 
Claudius  at  Messalina's  instigation.  —  (8) 
Daughter  of  Drusus  and  Livia,  the  sister  of 
Germanicus,  also  put  to  death  by  Claudius 
at  the  instigation  of  Messalina,  59. 

JULIA  GENS,  one  of  the  most  ancient 
patrician  houses  at  Rome,  was  of  Alban 
origin,  and  was  removed  to  Rome  by  Tullus 
Hostilius  upon  the  destruction  of  Alba  Lon- 
ga.  It  claimed  descent  from  the  mythical 
lulus,  the  son  of  Venus  and  Anchises.  The 
most  distinguished  family  in  the  gens  is  that 
of  CAESATU 

J^LIXNUS,  FL1VIUS  CLAUDIUS,  usu- 
ally called  JULIAN,  and  snrnaraed  the 
APOSTATE,  Roman 
emperor,  A.I>.  361-363. 
He  was  born  at  Con- 
stantinople, A.D.  331, 
and  was  the  son  of  Ju- 
lius Constantius,  and 
the  nephew  of  Con- 
stantine  the  Great. 
Julian  and  his  elder  j 
brother,  Gallus,  were  / 
the  only  members  of  v 
the  imperial  family 
whose  lives  were  spar- 
ed by  the  sous  of  Con- 
stantine  the  Great,  on 
the  death  of  the  latter 
in  33T.  The  2  brothers 
were  educated  with 
care,  and  were  brought 
up  in  the  principles  of 
the  Christian  religion. 
Julian  abandoned 
Christianity  inhisheart 
at  an  early  period  ;  but 
fear  of  the  emperor 
Constantins  prevented 
him  from  making  an  , 
open  declaration  of  his  j 


the  study  of  Greek  literature  and  philosophy  ; 
and  among  his  fellow-students  at  Athens 
were  Gregory  of  Nazianzus  and  Basil,  both  of 
whom  afterwards  became  so  celebrated  in 
the  Christian  church.  Julian  did  not  remain 
long  at  Athens.  Having  been  sent  by  Con- 
stantius into  Gaul  to  oppose  the  Germans,  he 
carried  on  war  against  the  latter  for  5  years 
(356-360)  with  great  success.  In  360  lie  was 
proclaimed  emperor  by  his  soldiers  in  Paris  ; 
and  the  opportune  death  of  Constanuius  in 
the  following  year  left  him  the  undisputed 
master  of  the  empire.  He  now  publicly 
avowed  himself  a  pagan.  His  brief  reign 
was  chiefly  occupied  by  his  military  prepara- 
tions against  the  Persians.  In  363  he  crossed 
the  Tigris,  and  marched  into  the  interior  of 
the  country  in  search  of  the  Persian  king; 
but  he  was  obliged  to  retreat  in  consequence 
of  the  sufferings  of  his  army  from  want  of 
water  and  provisions.  In  his  retreat  he  was 
attacked  by  the  Persians,  and  slain  in  battle. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Jovian.  [Jo  VIANDS.] 
Julian  wrote  a  large  number  of  works,  many 
of  which  are  extant  His  style  is  remarkably 


JULIUS  CAESAR. 


220 


JUPITER 


pure,  and  is  a  close  imitation  of  the  style  of 
the  classical  Greek  writers. 

JtTLIUS  CAESAR.    [CAESAC.] 

JtTXIA  GENS,  an  ancient  patrician  honse 
at  Rome,  to  which  belonged  the  celebrated 
M.  Jnnins  Brutus,  who  took  such  an  active 
part  in  expelling  the  Tarquius.  But  after- 
wards the  gens  appears  as  only  a  plebeian 
one.  The  chief  families  were  those  of  Enu- 
res and  SILANTS. 

JfNO  (-fmis),  called  HERA  by  the  Greeks. 
The  Greek  goddess  is  spoken  of  in  a  separate 
article.  [HERA.]  The  word  Jit- no  contains 
the  same  root  as  Ju-piter.  As  Jupiter  is  the 


Th*  Barberiai  Juno.    (Vatican  Museum.) 


king  of  heaven  and  of  the  gods,  so  Juno  is 
the  queen  of  heaven,  or  the  female  Jupiter. 
She  was  worshiped  at  Rome  as  the  queen  of 
heaven  from  early  times,  with  the  surname 
!  of  Regina.    As  Jnpiter  was  the  protector  of 
;  the  male  sex,  so  Juno  watched  over  the  fe- 
;  male  sex.     She  was  supposed  to  accompany 
'  every  woman  through  life,  from  the  moment 
I  of  her  birth  to  her  death.     Hence  she  bore 
|  the  special  surname  of  Virrjinalis  and  Hatro- 
|  «a,  as  well  as  the  general  ones  of  Opigena 
\  and  So#pita;  and  uuder  the  last-mentioned 
r  name  she  was  worshiped  at  Lannvium.    On 
i  their  birthday  womeu  offered  sacrifices  to 
i  Juno,  surnamed  Satalis;  but  the  great  festi- 
val, celebrated  by  all  the  women 
in  honor  of  Juno,  was  called  3fa- 
tronalia,  and  took  place  on  the  1st 
of  March.    From  her  presiding 
over  the  marriage  of  women,  she 
was  called  Juga  or  Jugalis,  and 
had  a  variety  of  other  names,  such 
as  Pronuba,  Cinxia,  Lueina,  etc. 
The  month  of  June,  which  is  said 
to  have  been  originally  called  Ju- 
nonius,  was  considered  to  be  the 
most  favorable  period  for  mar- 
rying.   Women  in  childbed  in- 
voked Juno  Lncina  to  help  them, 
and  newly  born  children  were 
likewise  under  her  protection ; 
hence  she  was  sometimes  con- 
founded -with  the  Greek  Artemis 
or  Ilithyia.     Jnno  was  further, 
like  Saturn,  the  guardian  of  the 
finances,  and,  under  the  name  of 
Moneta,  she  had  a  temple  on  the 
Capitoline  Hill,  which  contained 
the  mint. 

JUPITER  (Jovis),  called  ZEUS 
by  the  Greeks.  The  Greek  god 
is  spoken  of  in  a  separate  article. 
[ZEUS.]  The  Roman  Jupiter  was 
originally  an  elemental  divinity, 
and  his  name  signifies  the  father 
or  lord  of  heaven,  being  a  con- 
traction of  Diovis  pater,  or  Dzes- 
piter.  Being  the  lord  of  heaven, 
he  was  worshiped  as  the  god  of 
rain,  storms,  thunder,  and  light- 
nings, whence  he  had  the  epithets 
of  Plumus,  Fulfjuratar,  Tonitru- 
alis,  Tonans,  and  Fulminator.  He 
was  the  highest  and  most  power- 
ful among  the  gods,  and  was  hence 
called  the  Best  and  Most  High 
(Qptfmttt  Maximus).  His  temple 
at  Rome  stood  on  the  lofty  hill  of 
the  Capitol,  whence  he  derived 
the  surname  of  Capitolinus  and 
Tarpeius.  He  was  regarded  as 
the  special  protector  of  Rome. 
As  such  he  was  worshiped  by  the 
consuls  on  entering  upon  their 
office ;  and  the  triumph  of  a  vic- 
torious general  was  a  s^lnmn  pro- 
cession to  his  temple,  lie  there- 
fore bore  the  surnames  of  Impc- 
rator,  Victor,  Invictus,  Stator, 
OptiuluS)  Ferctrius,  Praedator, 
Triuniphator,  and  the  like.  Un- 
der all  these  surnames  he  had 


JDPITEB.    (Vatican  Museum.) 


JURA. 


221 


JUTURNA. 


temples  or  statues  at  Rome.  Under 
the  name  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  he 
presided  over  the  great  Roman  games ; 
and  under  the  name  of  Jupiter  Latialis 
or  Latiaris,  over  the  Feriae  Latinae. 
Jupiter,  according  to  the  belief  of  the 
Romans,  determined  the  course  of  all 
human  affairs.  He  foresaw  the  future ; 
and  the  events  happening  in  it  were 
the  results  of  his  will.  He  revealed 
the  future  to  man  through  signs  in  the 
heavens  and  the  flight  of  birds,  which 
are  hence  called  the  messengers  of  Ju- 
piter, while  the  god  himself  is  desig- 
nated as  Prodiqialis,  that  is,  the  sender 
of  prodigies.  For  the  same  reason  the 
god  was  invoked  at  the  beginning  of 
every  undertaking,  whether  sacred  or 
profane,  together  with  Janus,  who 
blessed  the  beginning  itself.  Jupiter 
was  further  regarded  as  the  guardian 
of  law,  and  as  the  protector  of  justice 
and  virtue.  He  maintained  the  sanc- 
tity of  an  oath,  and  presided  over  all 
transactions  which  were  based  upon 
faithfulness  and  justice.  Hence  Fides 
was  his  companion  on  the  Capitol, 
along  with  Victoria;  and  hence  a  trai- 
tor to  his  country  and  persons  guilty  of  per- 
jury were  thrown  down  from  the  Tarpeian 
rock.— As  Jupiter  was  the  lord  of  heaven,  and 
consequently  the  prince  of  light,  the  white 
color  was  sacred  to  him:  white  animals  were 
sacrificed  to  him,  his  chariot  was  believed  to 
be  drawn  by  4  white  horses,  his  priests  wore 
white  caps,  and  the  consuls  were  attired  in 
white  when  they  offered  sacrifices  in  the  Cap- 
itol the  day  they  entered  on  their  office.  The 
worship  of  Jupiter  at  Rome  was  under  the 
special  care  of  the  Flamen  Dialis,  who  was  the 
highest  in  rank  of  all  the  flamens. 


Jupiter. 


JURA  or  JTJRASSUS  MONS,  a  range  of 
mountains  running  N.  of  the  lake  Lemanus 
as  far  as  Augusta  Rauracorum  (August,  near 
Basle),  on  the  Rhine,  forming  the  boundary 
between  the  Sequani  and  Helvetii. 

JUSTIN15.NUS  (-i),  surnamed  THE  GBKAT, 
emperor  of  Constantinople,  527-565,  req 


nople,  527-565,  requires 


Medal  of  Justinian. 


notice  in  this  work  only  on  account  of  his 
legislation.  He  appointed  a  commission  of 
jurists  to  draw  up  a  complete  body  of  law. 
They  executed  their  task  by  compiling  two 
great  works— one  called  Digesta  or  Pandectoe, 
in  50  books,  being  a  collection  of  all  that  was 
valuable  in  the  works  of  preceding  jurists ; 
and  the  other  called  the  Justinianeus  Codex, 
being  a  collection  of  the  imperial  constitu- 
tions. To  these  two  works  was  subsequent- 
ly added  an  elementary  treatise,  in  4  books, 
under  the  title  of  Institutiones.  Justinian 
subsequently  published  various  new  constitu- 
tions, to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Noveltoe 
Constitutions.  The  4  legislative  works  of 
Justinian,  the  Institutiones,  Ityesta  or  Pan- 
dectae,  Codex,  and  Novellae,  are  in  eluded  under 
the  general  name  of  Corpus  Juris  Civilfe,  and 
form  the  Roman  law,  as  received  in  Europe. 

JUSTINUS  (-i),  the  historian,  of  uncertain 
date,  is  the  author  of  an  extant  work  entitled 
Htetoriarwrn,  Philippicarum  Libri  XLIV. 
This  work  is  taken  from  the  Historian  Phi- 
lippicaeof  Trogus  Pompeius,  who  lived  in  the 
time  of  Augustus.  The  title  Pkilippicae  was 
given  to  it  because  its  main  object  was  to 
give  the  history  of  the  Macedonian  monarchy, 
with  all  its  branches ;  but  in  the  execution  of 
this  design  Trogus  permitted  himself  to  in- 
dulge in  so  many  excursions  that  the  work 
formed  a  kind  of  universal  history  from  the 
rise  of  the  Assyrian  monarchy  to  the  con- 
quest of  the  East  by  Rome.  The  original 
workof  Trogns,  which  was  one  of  great  value, 
is  lost.  The  work  of  Justin  is  not  so  much 
an  abridgment  of  that  of  Trogus  as  a  selec- 
tion of  such  parts  as  seemed  to  him  most 
worthy  of  being  generally  known.  . 

JtTTURNA  (-ae),  the  nymph  of  a  fountain 
in  Latium,  famous  for  its  healing  qualities, 
whose  water  was  used  in  most  sacrifices.  A 
pond  in  the  forum,  between  the  temples  of 
Castor  and  Vesta,  was  called  Lacus  Juturnae. 
The  nymph  is  said  to  have  been  beloved  by 


JUVENALIS. 


LABYNETUS. 


I 


Jnpiter,  who  rewarded  her  with  immortality 
and  dominion  over  the  waters.  Virgil  calls 
her  the  sister  of  Tnrnus. 

JOTENALIS  (-is),  DECIMUS  JO^NTUS  (-i), 
the  great  Roman  satirist,  of  whose  life^  we 
have  few  authentic  particulars.  His  ancient 
biographers  relate  that  he  was  either  the  sou 
or  the  "alumnus"  of  a  rich  freedman  ;  that 
he  occupied  himself,  until  he  had  nearly 
reached  the  terra  of  middle  life,  in  declaim- 
ing; that,  having  subsequently  composed 
some  clever  lines  upon  Paris  the  pantomine, 
he  was  induced  to  cultivate  assiduously  satir- 
ical composition ;  and  that,  in  consequence 
of  his  attacks  upon  Paris  becoming  known  to 
the  court,  the  poet,  although  now  an  old  man 
of  SO,  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a 
body  of  troops  In  a  remote  district  of  Egypt, 
where  he  died  shortly  afterwards.  But  the 
only  facts  with  regard  to  Juvenal  upon  which 
we  can  implicitly"  rely  are,  that  he  flourished 
towards  the  close  of  the  first  century ;  that 
Aquinnm,  if  not  the  place  of  his  nativity,  was 
at  least  his  chosen  residence ;  and  that  he  is 
in  all  probability  the  friend  whom  Martial  ad- 
dresses in  3  epigrams.  Each  of  his  satires  is 
a  finished  rhetorical  essay— energetic,  slow- 
ing, and  sonorous.  He  denounces  vice  in  the 
most  indignant  terms ;  but  the  obvious  tone 
of  exaggeration  which  pervades  all  his  iuvec- , 
tives  leaves  us  in  doubt  how  far  this  sn stain- 
ed passion  is  real,  and  how  far  assumed  for  j 


show.  The  extant  works  of  Juvenal  consist  of 
1C  satires,  all  composed  in  heroic  hexameter. 


JUVENTAS.    [HEBE.] 


L. 


LABDACIDAE.    [LABDA.OTIS.] 

LABDACUS  (-i),  son  of  the  Theban  king 
Polydorns,  by  Nycteis,  daughter  of  Nycteus. 
Labdacus  lost  his  father  at  an  early  age.  and 
was  placed  under  the  guardianship  of  Nyc- 
teus, and  afterwards  under  that  of  Lycns,  a 
brother  of  Nycteus.  When  Labdacus  had 
grown  up  to  manhood,  Lycns  surrendered  the 
government  to  him ;  and  on  the  death  of 
Labdacus,  which  occurred  soon  after,  Lycns 
undertook  the  guardianship  of  his  son  Laius, 
the  father  of  Oedipus.  The  name  Labdaebdae 
is  frequently  given  to  the  descendants  of 
Labdacus — Oedipus,  Polynices,  Eteocles,  and 
Antigone. 

LABI)  ALUM.    [SYBA.CCSAK] 

LABEATES  (-urn),  a  warlike  people  in 
Dalraatia,  whose  chief  town  was  Scodra,  and 
in  whose  territory  was  the  Labeatis  Pains 
(Lake  of  Scutari),  through  which  the  river 
Barbana  runs. 

LlBEO  (-onis),  ANTISTSUS  (-i).  (1)  A 
Roman  jurist,  one  of  the  murderers  of  Julius 
Caesar,  put  an  end  to  his  life  after  the  battle 
of  Philippi,  B.C.  42.— (2)  Son  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  still  more  eminent  jurist.  He  adopted 
the  republican  opinions  of  his  father,  and  was 
in  consequence  disliked  by  Augustus.  It  is 
probable  that  the  Labeone  vnsanior  of  Horace 
was  a  stroke  leveled  against  the  jurist,  in  or- 
der to  please  the  emperor.  Labeo  wrote  a 
large  number  of  works,  which  are  cited  in  the 
Digest  He  was  the  founder  of  one  of  the  2 
great  legal  schools  spoken  of  under  CAPJLTO. 


LABSRtUS,  DEClMUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
eques,  and  a  distinguished  writer  of  mimes, 
was  born  about  u.o.  107,  and  died  in  43,  at 
Puteoli,  in  Campania.  He  was  compelled  by 
Caesar  to  appear  on  the  stage  in  45,  in  order 
to  contend  with  Syrus,  a  professional  mimus, 
although  the  profession  of  a  mimus  was  in- 
famous ;  but  he  took  his  revenge  bv  pointin* 
his  wit  at  Caesar. 

L&BICI  or  LXVICI  (-orum:  CoZorma),  an 
ancient  town  in  Latium,  on  a  hill  of  the  Alban 
mountain,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Rome,  W.  of  Prae- 
neste,  and  N.E.  of  Tusculnm.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Romans  B.O.  418. 

LABlENUS  (-i).  (1)  T.,  tribune  of  the 
plebs,  B.O.  63,  was  a  friend  and  partisan  of 
Caesar,  and  his  chief  legatus  in  his  wars 
against  the  Gauls ;  but  on  the  breaking  out 
or  the  civil  war  in  B.C.  49,  he  went  over  to 
Pompey.  He  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Mun- 
da,  in  Spain,  45.— (2)  Q.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
invaded  Syria  at  the  head  of  a  Parthian  army 
in  40 ;  but  the  Parthians  having  been  defeat- 
ed in  the  following  year  by  P.Ventidius,  Anto- 
ny's legate,  he  fled  into  Cilicia,  where  he  was 
apprehended  and  put  to  death. 

LABRANDA  (-orum),  a  town  in  Caria,  6S 
stadia  N.  of  Mylasa,  celebrated  for  its  temple 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter). 

LABRO  (-onis),  a  sea-port  in  Etruria,  perhaps 
the  same  as  the  modern  Livorno  or  Leghorn. 

LABYNETUS  (-i),  a  name  common  to  sev- 
eral of  the  Babylonian  mouarchs,  seems  to 
have  been  a  title  rather  than  a~Dronfir  .nam»- 


LACEDAEMON. 


223 


LAENAS. 


The  Labynetus  mentioned  by  Herodotus  as 
meditating  a  peace  between  Cyaxares  and 
Alyattes  is  the  same  with  Nebuchadnezzar. 
The  Labynetus  mentioned  by  Herodotus  as 
a  contemporary  of  Cyrus  and  Croesus  is  the 
same  with  the  Belshazzar  of  the  prophet 
Daniel.  By  other  writers  he  is  called  Nabo- 
nadius  or  Nabonidns.  He  was  the  last  king 
of  Babylon. 

LlCEDAEMON.    [SPARTA.] 

LACETANI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensis,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees. 

LlCHESIS  (-is),  one  of  the  Fates.    [MoE- 

BAE.] 

LiClNiUM  (-i),  a  promontory  on  the 
coast  of  Bruttium,  a  few  miles  S.  of  Crotou, 
and  forming;  the  W.  boundary  of  the  Taren- 
tine  gulf.  It  possessed  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Juno,  who  was  worshiped  here  under  the 
surname  of  Lacinia.  The  ruins  of  this  tem- 
ple have  given  the  modern  name  to  the  prom- 
ontory, Capo  delle  Colonne. 

LACMON  (-onis)  or  LACMUS  (-i),  the  N. 
part  of  Mount  Pindus,  in  which  the  river 
Aous  takes  its  origin. 

LlCONICA  (-ae),  sometimes  called  LlC<3- 
NlA  (-ae)  by  the  Eomans,  a  country  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, bounded  on  the  N.  by  Argolis  and 
Arcadia,  on  the  W.  by  Messenia,  and  on  the 
E.  and  S.  by  the  sea.  Laconica  was  a  long 
valley  running  S.-wards  to  the  sea,  and  in- 
closed by  mountains  on  every  side  except 
the  S.  This  valley  is  drained  by  the  river 
Eurotas,  which  falls  into  the  Laconian  gulf, 
In  the  upper  part  the  valley  is  narrow,  and 
near  Sparta  the  mountains  approach  so  close 
to  each  other  as  to  leave  little  more  than 
room  for  the  channel  of  the  river.  It  is  for 
this  reason  that  we  find  the  vale  of  Sparta 
called  the  Tiolloio  Lacedaemon.  Below  Sparta 
the  mountains  recede,  and  the  valley  opens 
out  into  a  plain  of  considerable  extent  The 
soil  of  this  plain  is  poor,  but  on  the  slopes  of 
this  mountain  there  is  land  of  considerable 
fertility.  Off  the  coast  shell-fish  were  caught, 
which  produced  a  purple  dye  inferior  only  to 
the  Tyrian.  Laconica  is  well  described  by 
Euripides  as  difficult  of  access  to  an  enemy. 
On  the  N.  the  country  could  only  be  invaded 
by  the  valleys  of  the  Eurotas  and  the  Oenus ; 
tne  range  of  Taygetus  formed  an  almost  in- 
superable barrier  on  the  W. ;  and  the  want 
of  good  harbors  on  the  E.  coast  protected  it 
from  invasion  by  sea  on  that  side.  Sparta 
was  the  only  town  of  importance  in  the  coun- 
try. [SPAKTA.]— The  most  ancient  inhabit- 
ants of  the  country  are  said  to  have  been 
Cynurians  and  Leleges.  They  were  expelled 
or  conquered  by  the  Achaeans,  who  were  the 
inhabitants  of  the  country  in  the  heroic  age. 
The  Dorians  afterwards  invaded  Pelopon- 
nesus, and  became  the  ruling  race  in  Lacon- 
ica. Some  of  the  old  Achaean  inhabitants 
were  reduced  to  slavery ;  but  a  great  number 
of  them  became  subjects  of  the  Dorians  under 
the  name  of  ferioed.  The  general  name  for 
*,he  inhabitants  is  LAOONES  or  LAOEI>AEMONII  ; 
but  the  Perioeci  are  frequently  called  Lacedae- 
monii,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  Spartans. 

LiCONlCUS  SINUS,  a  gulf  in  the  S.  of 
Peloponnesus,  into  which  the  Eurotas  falls. 


LACYDES  (-is),  a  native  of  Cyreue,  suc- 
ceeded Arcesilaus  as  president  of  the  Acade- 
my at  Athens,  and  died  about  -215. 

LADE  (-es),  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of 
Caria,  opposite  to  Miletus,  and  to  the  bay  into 
which  the  Maeander  falls. 

L5.DAS,  a  swift  runner  of  Alexander  the 
Great. 

LAD5N  (-onis).  (1)  The  dragon  who 
guarded  the  apples  of  the  Hespendes,  was 
slain  by  Hercules.  [HERCULES.]— (2)  A  river 
in  Arcadia,  rising  near  Clitor,  and  falling  into 
the  Alpheus,  between  Heraea  and  Phrixa.  In 
mythology  Ladon  is  the  husband  of  Stympha- 
lis,  and  father  of  Daphne  and  Metope.— (3)  A 
small  river  in  Elis,  rising  on  the  frontiers  of 
Achaia,  and  falling  into  the  PenGns. 

LAEETANI  (-orum),  a  people  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Hispania  Tarraconeusis,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Rubricates,  probably  the 
same  as  the  LALETANI,  whose  country,  LALE- 
TANIA,  produced  good  wine,  and  whose  chief 
town  was  BAEOINO. 

LAELAPS  (-apis),  i.  e.  the  storm  wind,  per- 
sonified as  the  swift  do?,  which  Procris  had  re. 
ceived  from  Artemis  (Diana),  and  gave  to  her 
husband  Cephalus.  When  the  Teumessian 
fox  was  sent  to  punish  the  Thebans,  Cephalus 
sent  the  dog  Laelaps  against  the  fox.  The 
dog  overtook  the  fox,  but  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
changed  both  animals  into  a  stone,  which 
was  shown  in  the  neighborhood  of  Thebes. 

LAELlirs  (-i),  C.  (1)  The  friend  of  Scipio 
Africanus  the  elder,  who  fought  under  the 
latter  in  almost  all  his  campaigns.  He  was 
consul  B.O.  190.— (2)  Surnamed  SAPIENS,  son 
of  the  preceding.  His  intimacy  with  Scipio 
Africanus  the  younger  was  as  remarkable  as 
his  father's  friendship  with  the  elder,  and  it 
obtained  an  imperishable  monument  in  Cice- 
ro's treatise,  Laelius  sive  de  Amicitia.  He 
was  born  about  186 :  was  tribune  of  the  plebs 
in  151,  praetor  in  145,  and  consul  in  140.  He 
was  celebrated  for  his  love  of  UteratHre  and 
philosophy,  and  cultivated  the  society  and 
friendship  of  the  philosopher  Panaetins,  of 
the  historian  Pplybius,  and  of  the  poets  Ter- 
ence and  Lucilius.  Laelius  is  the  principal 
interlocutor  in  Cicero's  dialogue,  DeArnfcitia, 
and  is  one  of  the  speakers  in  the  De  Senectute, 
and  iu  the  De  RepuUica.  His  two  daughters 
were  married— the  one  to  Q,  Mucius  Scaevola, 
the  augur,  the  other  to  C.  Faxmius  Strabo. 

LAENAS  (-fitis),  the  name  of  a  family  of 
the  Popilia  gens,  noted  for  its  sternness,  cru- 
elty, and  haughtiness  of  character.  The  chief 
members  of  the  family  were:  (1)  C.  Pom,rus 
LAENAS,  consul  B.C.  172,  and  afterwards  em- 
bassador  to  Antiochus.  king  of  Syria,  whom 
the  senate  wished  to  abstain  from  hostilities 
against  Egypt.  Antiochus  was  jnst  marching 
upon  Alexandria,  when  Popilius  gave  him 
the  letter  of  the  senate,  -which  the  king  read, 
and  promised  to  take  into  consideration  with 
his  friends.  Popilius  straightway  described 
with  his  cane  a  circle  in  the  sand  round  the 
king,  and  ordered  him  not  to  stir  out  of  it 
before  he  had  given  a  decisive  answer.  This 
boldness  so  frightened  Antiochus  that  he  at 
once  yielded  to  the  demand  of  Rome — (2)  P. 
POPILIUS  LAENAS,  consul  in  132,  the  year  after 


LAERTES. 


224 


LAODICE. 


the  murder  of  Tib.  Gracchus.  He  was  charged 
by  the  victorious  aristocratical  party  with  the 
prosecution  of  the  accomplices  of  Gracchus ; 
and  in  this  odious  task  he  showed  all  the 
hard-heartedness  of  his  family.  He  subse- 
quently withdrew  himself  by  voluntary  exile 
from  the  vengeance  of  G.  Gracchus,  and  did 
not  return  to  Rome  till  after  his  death. 

LAERTES  <-ae),  king  of  Ithaca,  son  of 
Acrisius,  husband  of  AnticlCfa,  and  father  of 
Ulysses  —  who  is  hence  called  LAESTIADES. 
Some  writers  call  Ulysses  the  son  of  Sisy- 
phus. [ANTICLEA.]  Laertes  took  part  in  the 
Calydouian  hunt,  and  in  the  expedition  of  the 
Argonauts.  He  was  still  alive  when  Ulysses 
returned  to  Ithaca,  after  the  fall  of  Troy. 

LAERTIUS,  DIOGENES.    [DIOGUNES.] 

LAESTRTGONES  (-urn),  a  savage  race  of 
cannibals,  whom  Ulysses  encountered  in  his 
wanderings.  They  were  governed  by  ASTI- 
PHATES  and  LAMTTS.  They  belong  to  mytholo- 
gy rather  than  to  history.  The  Greeks  placed 
them  on  the  E.  coast  of  Sicily,  in  the  plains 
of  Leontini,  which  are  therefore  called  Laes- 
trygonii  Campi.  The  Roman  poets,  who  re- 
garded the  prom.Circeium  as  the  Homeric  isl- 
and of  Circe,  transplanted  the  Laestrygones 
to  the  S.  coast  of  Latium,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Formiae,  which  they  supposed  to  have  been 
built  by  Lamus,  the  king  of  this  people.  Hence 
Horace  speaks  of  Laestrygonia  Bacchus  in 
amphora,  that  is,  Formian  wine ;  and  Ovid 
calls  Formiae,  Laestrygonis  Lavni  ffrbs. 

LAEVI  or  LEV!  (-orum),  a  Ligurian  peo- 
ple in  Gallia  Transpadana,  on  the  river  Tici- 
nus,  who,  in  conjunction  with  the  Marici, 
built  the  town  of  Ticinum  (Pavia). 

LAEVINUS,  VALERIUS  (-i).  (1)  P.,  con- 
sul B.C.  2SO,  defeated  by  Pyrrhus  on  the  banks 
of  the  Siris.— (2)  M.,  praetor  in  215,  when  he 
carried  on  war  against  Philip  in  Greece ;  and 
consul  in  210,  when  he  carried  on  the  war  iu 
Sicily,  and  took  Agrigentum. 

LAGUS.      [PTOLEMAEtrS.] 

LlIS  (-idis),  the  name  of  two  celebrated 


the  most  beautiful  woman  of  her  age.— (2) 
The  younger,  daughter  of  Timandra,  proba- 
bly born  at  Hyccara  in  Sicily.  According  to 
some  accounts  she  was  brought  to  Corinth 
when  7  years  old,  having  been  taken  prisoner 
in  the  Athenian  expedition  to  Sicily,  and 
bought  by  a  Corinthian.  This  story,  howev- 
er, involves  numerous  difficulties,  and  seems 
to  have  arisen  from  a  confusion  between  this 
Lais  and  the  elder  one  of  the  same  name. 

LAIUS  (-i),  king  of  Thebes,  son  of  Labda- 
cus,  husband  of  Jtocasta,  and  father  of  Oedi- 
pus, by  whom  he  was  slain.  [OEDIPUS.] 

LAL&GE  (-es),  a  common  name  of  courte- 
sans, from  the  Greek  \aAa-y>;,  prattling,  used 
as  a  term  of  endearment,  "little  prattler." 

LALETlM.    [LABJSTASL] 

LAMACHUS  (-i),  an  Athenian,  the  col- 
league of  Alcibiades  and  Nicias  in  the  great 
Sicilian  expedition,  B.C.  415.  He  fell  under 
the  walls  of  Syracuse,  in  a  sally  of  the  be- 
sieged. 


LAMtA  (-ae),  a  female  phantom.  OSMFUBA.] 

LAMIA  (-ae),  AELIUS  (-i),  a  Roman  fam- 
ily, which  claimed  descent  from  the  mythical 
hero,  LAMTTS.  L.  AELIUS  LAMIA,  the  friend  of 
Horace,  was  consul  A.I>.  3,  and  the  sou  of  the 
Lamia  who  supported  Cicero  in  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  Catilinarian  conspiracy. 

LAMIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Phthiotis,  in  Thes- 
saly,  situated  on  the  small  river  Achelous,  50 
stadia  inland  from  the  Maliac  gulf.  It  has 
given  its  name  to  the  war  which  was  carried 
on  by  the  confederate  Greeks  against  Antip- 
ater  after  the  death  of  Alexander,  B.C.  323. 
When  Antipater  was  defeated  by  the  confed- 
erates undei-  the  command  of  Leosthenes,  the 
Athenian,  he  took  refnge  in  Lamia,  where  he 
was  besieged  for  some  months. 

LAMPETtA  <-ae),  daughter  of  Helios  (the' 
Sun),  and  sister  of  Pbaethon. 

LAMP5NIA  (-ae)  or  -lUM  (-i),  a  city  of 
Mysia,  in  the  interior  of  the  Troad,  near  the 
borders  of  Aeolia. 

LAMPSXCUS  (-i),  an  important  city  of 
Mysia  in  Asia  Minor,  on  the  coast  of  the  Hel- 
lespont; a  colony  of  the  Phocaeans;  celebra- 
ted for  its  -wine,  and  the  chief  seat  of  the 
worship  of  Priapus. 

LAMUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune), and  king  of  the  Laestrvgones,  said  to 
have  founded  Formiae  in  Italy.  [FOEMIAE  ; 
LAESTRYGONES.]— (2)  A  river  and  town  of  Ci* 
licia. 

LANGOBARDI  or  LONGOBARDI  (-orum), 
corrupted  into  LOMBARDS,  a  German  tribe 
of  the  Suevic  race,  dwelt  originally  on  the 
banks  of  the  Elbe,  and  after  many  migrations 
eventually  crossed  the  Alps  (A.D.  56S),  and 
settled  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  which  has  ever  since 
received  the  name  of  Lombardy.  The  king- 
dom of  the  Lombards  existed  for  upwards 
of  2  centuries,  till  its  overthrow  by  Charle- 
magne. 

LANt5vIUM  (-i :  Lavigna),  an  ancient  city 
in  Latium,  situated  on  a  hill  of  the  Alban 
Mount,  not  far  from  the  Appia  Via ;  possessed 
an  ancient  and  celebrated  temple  of  Juno 
Sospita ;  and  was  the  birthplace  of  the  em- 
peror Antoninus  Pius. 

LA.OCOON  (-ontis),  a  Trojan  priest  of  the 
Thymbraean  Apollo.  He  tried  in  vain  to 
dissuade  his  countrymen  from  drawing  into 
the  city  the  wooden  horse  which  the  Greeks 
had  left  behind  them  when  they  pretended 
to  sail  away  from  Troy.  As  he  was  prepar- 
ing to  sacrifice  a  bull  to  Poseidon,  2  fearful 
serpents  swam  put  of  the  sea,  coiled  round 
Laocoon  and  his  two  sons,  and  destroyed 
them.  His  death  forms  the  subject  of  a  mag- 
nificent work  of  ancient  art  preserved  in  the 
Vatican. 

LA5DAMIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Acastus, 
and  wife  of  Protesilaus.  When  her  husband 
was  slain  before  Troy  she  begged  the  gods 
to  be  allowed  to  converse  with  him  for  only 
3  hours.  The  request  was  granted.  Hermes 
(Mercury)  led  Protesilaus  back  to  the  upper 
world ;  and  when  Protesilaus  died  a*  second 
time,  Laodmnia  died  with  him. 

LAODlCE  (-es).  (1)' Daughter  of  Priam 
and  Hecuba,  and  wife  of  Helicaou.— (2)  The 


LAOOOON.    (Group  in  the  Vatican.) 


LAODICEA. 


225 


LARES. 


name  given  by  Homer  to  the  daughter  of 
Agamemnon  andClytaernuestra,  who  is  called 
Electra  by  the  tragic  poets.  [EI/F.CTRA.]— (3) 
The  name  of  several  Greek  princesses  of  the 
family  of  the  Seleucidae,  one  of  whom  was 
the  mother  of  Seleucus  Nicator,  the  founder 
of  the  Syrian  monarchy. 

LAODICEA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several 
Greek  cities  in  Asia,  called  after  the  mother 
of  Seleucus  I.  Nicator,  and  other  Syrian  prin- 
cesses of  this  name.  (1)  L.  AD  LYOUM,  a  city 
of  Phrygia,  near  the  river  Lycus,  a  tributary 


of  6  ships  against  Troy,  killed  Laomedon, 
with  all  his  sons  except  Priam,  aud  gave  Ile- 
sioue  to  Telaraon.  Priam,  as  the  son  of  La- 
omedon,  is  called  L.\.OAIEDO>*TIADES;  and  the 
Trojans,  as  the  subjects  of  Laomedon,  are 
called  LAOMEDONTIADAE. 
LAPIDEI  CAMPI.  [CAMPI  LAPIDEI.] 
LAPITHAE  (-arum),  a  mythical  people  in- 
habiting the  mountains  of  Thessaly.  They 
were  governed  by  Pirithous,  who,  being  a  son 
of  Ixion,  was  a  half-brother  of  the  Centaurs, 
The  latter  therefore  demanded  their  share  in 


Copper  Coin  ("  Medallion  ")  of  Laodicea  in  Pbrygia,  with  Head  of  Coramodus,  Triumphal  figure,  and  Name  of  Asiarch, 


of  the  Maeander,  founded  by  Antiochus  II. 
Theos.  It  became  one  of  the  most  flourish- 
ing cities  in  Asia  Minor,  and  was  the  seat  of 
a  flourishing  Christian  church  as  early  as  the 
apostolic  age.  —  (2)  L.  COMBUSTA,  i.  e.  the 
Jmrnt;  the  reason  of  the  epithet  is  doubtful; 
a  city  of  Lycaonia,  N.  of  Iconium.— (3)  L.  AT> 
MABE,  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Syria,  about  50 
miles  S.  of  Antioch,  built  by  Seleucus  L,  and 
had  the  best  harbor  in  Syria.— (4)  L.  AD  LIBA- 
NTJM,  a  city  of  Coele-Syria,  at  the  N.  entrance 
to  the  narrow  valley,  between  Libanus  and 
Anti-Libanus. 

Ll  0"M1D(3N  (-ontis),  king  of  Troy,  son  of 
Hus,  and  father  of  Priam,  Hesione,  aud  other 
children.  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  Apollo, 
who  had  displeased  Zeus  (Jupiter),  were 
doomed  to  serve  Laomedon  for  wages.  Ac- 
cordingly, Poseidon  built  the  walls  of  Troy, 
while  Apollo  tended  the  king's  flocks  on 
Mount  Ida.  When  the  two  gods  had  done 
their  work,  Laomedon  refused  them  the  re- 
ward he  bad  promised  them,  and  expelled 
them  from  his  dominions.  Thereupon  Po- 
seidon sent  a  marine  monster  to  ravage  the 
country,  to  which  the  Trojans  were  obliged, 
from  time  to  time,  to  sacrifice  a  maiden.  On 
one  occasion  it  was  decided  by  lot  that  Hesi- 
one, the  daughter  of  Laomedon,  should  be 
the  victim ;  but  she  was  saved  by  Hercules, 
who  slew  the  monster,  upon  Laomedon  prom- 
ising to  give  him  the  horses  which  Tros  had 
once  received  from  Zeus  as  a  compensation 
for  Ganymedes.  But  \yhen  the  monster  was 
slain,  Laomedon  again  broke  his  word. 
Thereupon  Hercules  sailed  with  a  squadron 


their  father's  kingdom ;  and,  as  their  claims 
were  not  satisfied,  a  war  arose  between  the 
Lapithae  and  Centaurs,  which,  however,  was 
terminated  by  a  peace.  But  when  Pirithous 
married  Hippodamla,  and  invited  the  Cen- 
taurs to  the  marriage  feast,  the  latter,  fired  by 
wine,  and  urged  on  oy  Ares  (Mars),  attempted 
to  carry  off  the  bride  and  the  other  women. 
Thereupon  a  bloody  conflict  ensued,  in  which 
the  Centaurs  were  defeated  by  the  Lapithae. 
The  Lapithae  are  said  to  have  been  the  in- 
ventors of  bits  and  bridles  for  horses.  It  is 
probable  that  they  were  a  Pelasgian  people, 
who  defeated  the  less  civilized  Centaurs,  and 
compelled  them  to  abandon  Mount  Pelion. 

Li  R  or  LARS  (-tis),  an  Etruscan  praeno- 
men,  borne,  for  instance,  by  Porsena  and  To- 
lumnius.  From  the  Etruscans  it  passed  over 
to  the  Romans,  whence  we  read  of  Lar  Her- 
minius,  who  was  consul  B.C.  448.  This  word 
signified  lord,  king,  or  hero  in  the  Etruscan. 

LXRA.    [LAEUNDA.] 

LlRANDA  (-orum),  a  considerable  town 
in  the  S.  of  Lycaonia,  at  the  N.  foot  of  Mount 
Taurus,  used  by  the  Isauria'n  robbers  as  one 
of  their  strongholds. 

LARENTlA.    [AcoA  LABBHTIA.] 

LARES  (-ium  or  um),  inferior  gods  at 
Rome,  may  be  divided  into  2  classes,  Lares 
domestid  and  Lares  puUivi.  The  form  er  were 
the  Manes  of  a  house  raised  to  the  dignity  of 
heroes.  The  Manes  were  more  closely  con- 
nected with  the  place  of  burial,  while  the 
Lares  were  the  divinities  presiding  over  the 
hearth  and  the  whole  house.  It  was  only  the 


LARINUM, 


226 


LATIUM. 


spirits  of  good  men  that  were  honored  as 
Lares.  All  the  domestic  Lares  were  headed 
by  the  Lar  familiaris,  who  was  regarded  as 
the  founder  of  the  family ;  he  was  inseparable 
from  the  family ;  and  when  the  latter  changed 
their  abode,  he  went  with  them.  Among  the 
Lares  public  i  we  have  mention  made  of  Lares 
praestites  and  Lares  compitalcs.  The  former 
were  the  protectors  of  the  whole  city;  the 
latter  were  those  who  presided  over  the  sev- 
eral divisions  of  the  city,  which  were  marked 
by  the  compita,  or  the  points  where  two  or 
more  streets  crossed  each  other.  The  images 
of  the  Lares,  in  great  houses,  were  usually 
in  a  separate  compartment,  called  lararia. 
When  the  inhabitants  of  the  house  took  their 
meals,  some  portion  was  offered  to  the  Lares, 
and  upon  joyful  family  occasions  they  were 
adorned  with  wreaths,  and  the  lararia  were 
thrown  open. 

LARINUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Frentani 
(whence  the  inhabitants  are  sometimes  called 
Frentani  Larinates),  on  the  river  Tifernus, 
and  near  the  borders  of  Apulia. 

LARISSA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several  Pelas- 
gian  places,  whence  Larissa  is  called  in  my- 
thology the  daughter  of  Pelasgns.  (1)  An 
important  town  of  Thessaly  in  Pelasgiotis, 
situated  on  the  Peneus,  in  an  extensive  plain, 
and  once  the  capital  of  the  Pelasgi.— (2)  Sur- 
named  CREMASTE,  another  important  town  of 
Thessaly  in  Phthiotis,  distant  20  stadia  from 
the  Maliac  gulf.— (3)  An  ancient  city  on  the 
coast  of  the  Troad.— (4)  L.  PHEICONIS,  a  city 
on  the  coast  of  Mysia,  near  Cyme,  of  Pelas- 
gian  origin,  but  colonized  by  the  Aeolians. 
It  was  also  called  the  Egyptian  Larissa,  be- 
cause Cyrus  the  Great  settled  in  it  a  body  of 
Ms  Egyptian  mercenary  soldiers.  — (5)  L. 
EPHESIA,  a  city  of  Lydia,  in  the  plain  of  the 
Cayster.— (6)  In  Assyria,  an  ancient  city  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Tigris,  some  distance  N. 
of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Zabatas  or  Lycus. 
It  was  deserted  when  Xenophon  saw  it.  The 
name  Larissa  is  no  doubt  a  corruption  of 
some  Assyrian  name  (perhaps  Al-Assnr), 
which  Xenophon  naturally  confounded  with 
Larissa,  through  his  familiarity  with  the  word 
as  the  name  of  cities  in  Greece. 

LlRISSUS  (-i),  a  small  river  forming  the 
boundary  between  Achaia  and  Elis,  and  flow- 
ing into  the  Ionian  sea. 

LARIUS  LACUS  (Lake  of  Como),  a  beauti- 
ful lake  in  Gallia  Transpadana  (N.  Italy),  run- 
ning  from  N.  to  S.,  through  which  the  river 
Adda  flows.  Pliny  had  several  villas  on  the 
banks  of  the  lake. 

LARTlA  GENS,  patrician,  distinguished 
at  the  beginning  of  the  republic  through  2  of 
its  members,  T.  Lartius,  the  first  dictator,  and 
Sp.  Lartius,  the  companion  of  Horatius  on 
the  wooden  bridge. 

LlRUNDA  or  L&RA  (-ae),  daughter  of 
Almon,  the  nymph  who  informed  Juno  of 
the  connection  between  Jupiter  and  Jutnrna: 
hence  her  name  is  connected  with  XaXelv. 
Jupiter  deprived  her  of  her  tongue,  and  or- 
dered Mercury  to  conduct  her  into  the  lower 
world.  On  the  way  thither  Mercury  fell  in 
love  with  her,  and  she  afterwards  gave  birth 
to  2  Lares. 


LARVAE.      [LFJ4T7BES.] 

LAS,  an  ancient  town  of  Laconia,  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Laconian  gulf,  10  stadia  from  the 
sea,  and  S.  of  Gytbeum. 

LASAEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  S.  of  Crete, 
not  far  from  the  prom.  Samonium  mentioned 
in  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles. 

LASUS  (-i),  of  Hermioue  in  Argolis,  a  lyric 
poet,  and  the  teacher  of  Pindar,  lived  at  Ath- 
ens under  the  patronage  of  Hipparchus.  His 
works  have  perished. 

LATIALIS  or  LlTllRIS  (-is),  a  surname 
of  Jupiter  as  the  protecting  divinity  of  Latium. 
The  Latin  towns  and  Rome  celebrated  to  him 
every  year  the  Feriae  Latinae  on  the  Alban 
mount,  which  were  conducted  by  one  of  the 
Roman  consuls.  [LA/TINUS.] 

LATINUS  (-i),  king  of  Latium.  son  of  Fau- 
nus  and  the  nymph  Marica,  brother  of  Lavin- 
ius,  husband  of  Amata,  and  father  of  Lavinia, 
whom  he  gave  in  marriage  to  Aeneas.  [LA- 
VINIA.] According  to  one  account,  Latinus, 
after  his  death,  became  Jupiter  Latiaris,  just 
as  Romulus  became  Quirinus. 

LATtUM  (-i),  a  country  in  Italy,  was  orig- 
inally the  name  of  the  small  district  between 
the  Tiber  and  the  Numicns,  and  afterwards 
signified  the  country  bounded  by  Etruria  on 
the  NM  from  which  it  was  separated  by  to* 
Tiber ;  by  Campania  on  the  S.,  from  which  it 
was  separated  by  the  Liris ;  by  the  Tyrrhene 
sea  on  the  W. ;  and  by.  the  Sabine  and  Sam- 
nite  tribes  on  the  E.  The  greater  part  of  this 
country  is  an  extensive  plain  of  volcanic  or- 
igin, out  of  which  rises  an  isolated  range  of 
mountains  known  by  the  name  of  Mows  AL 
BAKTTS,  of  which  the  Algidus  and  the  Tuscu- 
lan  hills  are  branches.  Tart  of  this  plain,  on 
the  coast  between  Antium  and  Tarracina, 
which  was  at  one  time  well  cultivated,  be- 
came a  marsh  in  consequence  of  the  rivers 
Nymphaeus,  Ufens,  and  Amasenus  finding  no 
outlet  for  their  waters  [POMPTINAB  PALTTDES]; 
but  the  remainder  of  the  country  was  cele- 
brated for  its  fertility  in  antiquity.— The  La- 
tini  were  some  of  the  most  ancient  inhabit- 
ants of  Italy.  They  appear  to  have  been  a 
Pelasgian  tribe,  and  are  frequently  called 
Aborigines.  At  a  period  long  anterior  to  the 
foundation  of  Rome,  these  Pelasgians  or  Ab- 
origines descended  into  the  narrow  plain  be- 
tween the  Tiber  and  the  Numicus,  expelled 
or  subdued  the  Siculi,  the  original  inhabit- 
ants of  that  district,  and  there  became  known 
Tinder  the  name  of  Latini.  These  ancient 
Latins,  who  were  called  Prisri  Latinit  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  the  later  Latins,  the  sub- 
jects of  Rome,  formed  a  league  or  confedera- 
tion, consisting  of  30  states.  The  town  of 
Alba  Longa  subsequently  became  the  head 
of  the  league.  This  town,  which  founded 
several  colonies,  and  among  others  Rome, 
boasted  of  a  Trojan  origin :  but  the  whole 
story  of  a  Trojan  settlement  in  Italy  is  prob- 
ably an  invention  of  later  times.  Although 
Rome  was  a  colony  from  Alba,  she  became 
powerful  enough  in  the  reign  of  her  3d  king, 
Tullus  Hostilius,  to  take  Alba  and  raze  it  to 
the  ground.  Under  Servius  Tullius  Rome 
was  admitted  into  the  Latin  League ;  and  his 


LATMICUS. 


LEMNOS. 


successor, Tarquinius  Snperbus,  compelled  the 
other  Latin  towns  to  acknowledge  Rome  as 
the  head  of  the  league.  But  upon  the  expul- 
sion of  the  kings  the  Latins  asserted  their  in- 
dependence, and  commenced  a  struggle  with 
Rome,  which  was  not  brought  to  a  final  close 
till  B.C.  340,  when  the  Latins  were  defeated  by 
the  Romans  at  the  battle  of  Mount  Vesuvius. 
The  Latin  League  was  now  dissolved.  Sev- 
eral of  the  towns,  such  as  Lanuvium,  Aricia, 
Nomentum,  Pedutn,  and  Tusculum,  received 
the  Roman  franchise ;  and  the  others  became 
Roman  Socii,  and  are  mentioned  in  history 
uuder  the  general  name  of  Somen  Latinum 
or  Latini.  They  obtained  certain  rights  and 
privileges,  which  the  other  Socii  did  not  en- 
joy. The  Romans  founded  in  various  parts 
of  Italy  many  colonies,  consisting  of  Latins, 
which  formed  a  part  of  the  Nomen  Latinum, 
although  they  were  not  situated  in  Latium. 
Thus  the  Latiui  came  eventually  to  hold  a 
certain  status  intermediate  between  that  of 
Roman  citizens  and  peregrini. 

LATMICUS  SINUS  (-i),  a  gulf  on  the  coast 
of  Ionia  in  Asia  Minor,  into  which  the  river 
Maeander  fell,  named  from  Mount  Latmus, 
which  overhangs  it.  Through  the  changes 
effected  on  this  coast  by  the  Maeander,  the 
gulf  is  now  an  inland  lake,  called  Akees-Chai 
or  Ufa-Bas&L 

LATMUS  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Caria,  extend- 
ing in  a  S.E.  direction  from  the  Sinus  Latmi- 
cus.  It  was  the  mythological  scene  of  the 
story  of  Selene  (Luna)  and  Endymioii,  who 
is  hence  called  by  the  Roman  poets  Latmius 
heros  and  Latmius  v&nator. 

LATOBRIGI  (-drum),  apeople  in  Gallia 
Belgica,  neighbors  of  the  Helvetii,  probably 
dwelling  near  the  sources  of  the  Rhine  in 
Switzerland. 

LlTONA.    [LETO.] 

LAURENTUM  (-i),  an  ancient  town  of  La- 
tium, the  residence  of  the  mythical  Latinus, 
situated  on  a  height  between  Ostia  and  Ar- 
dea,  not  far  from  the  sea,  and  surrounded  by 
a  grove  of  laurels,  whence  it  was  supposed  to 
have  derived  its  name. 

LAURfUM  (-i),  a  mountain  in  the  S.  of  At- 
tica, a  little  N.  of  the  prom.  Sunium,  celebra- 
ted for  its  silver  mines,  which  in  early  times 
were  very  productive,  but  in  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus yielded  nothing. 

LAUR5N  (-Onis),  a  town  in  the  E.  of  His- 
pania  Tarraconensis,  near  the  sea  and  the 
river  Sucro. 

LS.US  (-i),  a  Greek  city  in  Lucania,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Laus,  which  formed  the 
boundary  between  Lucania  and  Bruttium. 

LAUS  POMPEII  (Lodi  Vecchio),  a  town  in 
Gallia  Cisalpina,  N.W.  of  Placentia,  and  S.E. 
of  Mediolannm,  made  a  municipium  by  the 
father  of  Pompey,  whence  its  name. 

LAUSUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Mezentius,  king 
of  the  Etruscans,  slain  by  Aeneas.— <2)  Son 
of  Numitor  and  brother  of  Ilia,  killed  by 
Amulius. 

LAUT&LAE  (-arum),  a  village  of  the  Volsci 
in  Latium,  in  a  narrow  pass  between  Tarra- 
cioi  and  Fundi. 


LA.VERXA  (-ae),  the  Roman  goddess  of 
thieves  and  impostors,  from  whom  the  Porta 
Laverualib  derived  its  name. 

LAVICUM.    [LAIUCUM.] 

LAVINIA  and  LAV1SIA  (-ae),  daughter 
of  Latmus  and  Amata,  betrothed  to  Turnus, 
but  married  to  Aeneas.  [Tracers.] 

L1VINIUM,  LAVINIUM,  LAVlNlUM  (-i), 
an  ancient  town  of  Latium,  3  miles  from  the 
sea  and  6  miles  E.  of  Laurentuin,  on  the  Via, 
Appia,  founded  by  Aeneas,  and  called  Lavin«» 
ium  in  honor  of  his  wife  Lavinia. 

LBANDER  (-dri),  the  famous  youth  of 
Abyclos  who  swam  every  night  across  the 
Hellespont  to  visit  Hero,  the  priestess  of 
Aphrodite  (Venus),  in  Sestus.  One  night  he 
perished  iu  the  waves ;  and  when  his  corps* 
was  washed  next  morning  on  the  coast  of 
Sestus,  Hero  threw  herself  into  the  sea. 

LEBADEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Boeotia,  b&- 
tween  Chaerouca  and  Mount  Helicon,  at  the 
foot  of  a  rock,  in  a  cave  of  which  was  the  cel- 
ebrated oracle  of  Trophonius. 

LEBEDUS  (-i),  one  of  the  12  Ionic  cities, 
situated  ou  the  coast  of  Lydi  a,  between  Coio- 
phon  and  Teos.  It  was  nearly  deserted  in 
the  time  of  Horace. 

LEBINTHUS  or  LEBYNTHUS  (-i),  an  isl- 
and in  the  Aegaean  sea,  one  of  the  Sporades. 

LECHAEUM.    [CoEiNTHtrs.] 

LECTUM  (-i),  the  S.W.  promontory  of  the 
Troad,  formed  by  Mount  Ida  jutting  out  into 
the  sea. 

LEDA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Thestius,  whence 
she  is  called  Thestias,  wife  of  Tyndareus,  king 
of  Sparta,  and  mother,  either  by  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) or  by  Tyndareus,  of  Castor  and  Pollux, 
Clytaemnestra  and  Helena.  According  to  the 
common  legend,  Zeus  visited  Leda  in  the  form 
of  a  swan ;  and  she  brought  forth  2  eggs, 
from  one  of  which  issued  Helena,  and  from 
the  other  Castor  and  Pollux. 

LELEGES  (-urn),  an  ancient  race,  frequent- 
ly mentioned  along  with  the  Pelasgians  as 
the  most  ancient  inhabitants  of  Greece.  The 
Leleges  were  a  warlike  and  migratory  race, 
who  first  took  possession  of  the  coasts  and 
the  islands  of  Greece,  and  afterwards  pene- 
trated into  the  interior.  Piracy  was  proba- 
bly their  chief  occupation ;  and  they  are  rep- 
resented as  the  ancestors  of  the  Teleboans 
and  the  Taphians,  who  were  notorious  for 
their  piracies.  The  name  of  the  Leleges  was 
derived  by  the  Greeks  from  an  ancestor,  Le- 
lex,  who  is  called  king  either  of  Megarla  or 
Lacedaemon.  They  must  be  regarded  as  a 
branch  of  the  great  Indo-Germanic  race,  who 
became  gradually  incorporated  with  the  Hel- 
lenes, and  thus  ceased  to  exist  as  an  inde- 
pendent people. 

LELEX.    [LELBGES.J 

LEMANNUS  or  LEMlNUS  LACUS  (Lake 
of  Geneva),  a  large  lake  formed  by  the  river 
Rhodanus,  the  boundary  between  the  old  Ro- 
man province  in  Gaul  and  the  land  of  the 
Helvetii. 

LEMNOS  or  LEMNUS  (-i)^  one  of  the  lar- 
gest islands  in  the  Aegaean  sea,  situated  near- 
ly midway  between  Mount  Athos  and  the 


LEMONIA. 


228 


LEONTINI. 


Hellespont.  It  was  sacred  to  Hephaestus 
(Vulcan),  who  is  said  to  have  fallen  here 
when  he  was  hurled  down  from  Olympus. 
Hence  the  workshop  of  the  god  is  sometimes 
placed  in  this  island.  The  legend  appears  to 
have  arisen  from  the  volcanic  nature  of  Lem- 
nos.  Its  earliest  inhabitants,  according  to 
Homer,  were  the  Thracian  aintfea.  When 
the  Argonauts  landed  at  Lemnos,  they  found 
it  inhabited  only  by  women,  who  had  mur- 
dered all  their  husbands.  [HYPBIPYLE.]  By 
the  Lemnian  women  the  Argonauts  became 
the  fathers  of  the  Minyae,  who  inhabited  the 
island  till  they  were  expelled  by  the  Pelas- 
gians.  Lemnos  was  conquered  by  one  of  the 
generals  of  Darius ;  but  Miltiades  delivered 
it  from  the  Persians,  and  made  it  subject  to 
Athens. 

LEMONlA,  one  of  the  country  tribes  at 
Rome,  named  after  a  village  Lemonium,  situ- 
ated on  the  Via  Latina  before  the  Porta  Ca- 
pena. 

LEMOVICES  (-iura),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Aquitanica,  between  the  Bituriges  and  Ar- 
verni,  whose  chief  town  was  Augustoritum, 
subsequently  called  Lemovices,  the  modern 
Limoges. 

LEMOVlI  (-ornm),  a  people  of  Germany, 
mentioned  along  with  the  flugii,  inhabiting 
the  shores  of  the  Baltic  in  the  modern  Pome- 
rania. 

L£Mt5HES  (-urn),  the  spectres  or  spirits  of 
the  dead.  Some  writers  describe  Lemures  as 
the  common  name  for  all  the  spirits  of  the 
dead,  and  divide  them  into  2  classes:  the 
Lares,  or  the  souls  of  good  men,  and  the  Lar- 
vae, or  the  souls  of  wicked  men.  But  the 
common  idea  was  that  the  L&mures  and  Lar- 
vae were  the  same.  They  were  said  to  wan- 
der about  at  night  as  spectres,  and  to  torment 
and  frighten  the  living.  In  order  to  propiti- 
ate them  the  Romans  celebrated  the  festival 
of  the  Lemuralia  or  Lemuria. 

LENAEUS  <-i),  a  surname  of  Dionysus,  de- 
rived from  tenus  (\nv6?),  the  wine-press  or  the 
vintage. 

LENTtfLUS,  a  haughty  patrician  family  of 
the  Cornelia  gens,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant persons  were:  (1)  P.  CORNELIUS  LENTU- 
LTJS  SURA,  the  man  of  chief  note  in  Catiline's 
crew.  He  was  quaestor  to  Sulla  B.C.  81 ;  prae- 
tor in  75;  consul  in  71.  In  the  next  year  he 
was  ejected  from  the  senate,  with  63  others, 
for  infamous  life  and  manners.  It  was  this, 
probably,  that  led  him  to  join  Catiline  and 
his  crew.  From  his  distinguished  birth  and 
high  rank,  he  calculated  on  becoming  chief 
of  the  conspiracy;  and  a  prophecy  of  the 
Sibylline  books  was  applied  by  flattering 
haruspices  to  him.  3  Cornelii  were  to  rule 
Rome,  and  he  was  the  3d  after  Sulla  and 
Cinna ;  the  20th  year  after  the  burning  of  the 
Capitol,  etc.,  was  to  be  fatal  to  the  city.  To 
gam  power,  and  recover  his  place  in  the  sen- 
ate, he  became  praetor  again  in  63.  When 
Catiline  quitted  the  city  forEtruria,  Lentulus 
was  left  as  chief  of  the  home  conspirators, 
and  his  irresolution  probably  saved  the  city 
from  being  fired.  For  it  was  by  his  over- 
caution  that  the  negotiation  with  the  ambassa- 


dors of  the  Allobroges  was  entered  into :  these 
unstable  allies  revealed  the  secret  to  the  con- 
sul Cicero.  The  sequel  will  be  found  under 
the  life  of  Catiline.  Lentulus  was  deposed 
from  the  praetorship,  and  was  strangled  in 
the  Capitoline  prison  on  the  5th  of  Decem- 
ber.—(2)  P.  CORNELIUS  LENTULUS  SPINTHER. 
curule  aedile  in  63,  praetor  in  60,  and  consul 
in  57.  In  his  consulship  he  moved  for  the 
immediate  recall  of  Cicero,  and  afterwards  re- 
ceived Cilicia  as  his  province.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war  in  49  he  joined  the 
Pompeian  party.— (3)  L.  CORNELIUS  LENTULUS 
CRUS,  praetor  in  58,  and  consul  in  49,  when 
he  took  a  very  active  part  against  Caesar. 
After  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  he  fled  to  Egypt, 
and  was  put  to  death  by  young  Ptolemy's 
ministers. 

L£<5NlDlS  (-ae).  (1)  I.  King  of  Sparta, 
B.C.  491-480,  son  of  Auaxandrides,  and  suc- 
cessor of  his  half-brother  Cleomenes.  When 
Greece  was  invaded  by  Xerxes,  480,  Leonidas 
was  sent  with  a  small  army  to  make  a  stand 
against  the  enemy  at  the  pass  of  Thermopy- 
lae. His  forces  amounted  to  somewhat  more 
than  5000  men,  of  whom  only  300  were  Spar- 
tans. The  Persians  in  vain  attempted  to 
force  their  way  through  the  pass  of  Ther- 
mopylae. They  were  driven  back  by  Leonidas 
and  his  gallant  band  with  immense  slaughter. 
At  length  the  Maliau  Ephialtes  betrayed  the 
mountain-path  of  the  Anopaea  to  the  Per- 
sians, who  were  thus  able  to  fall  upon  the  rear 
of  the  Greeks.  When  it  became  known  to 
Leonidas  that  the  Persians  were  crossing  the 
mountain,  he  dismissed  all  the  other  Greeks 
except  the  Thespian  and  Theban  forces,  de- 
claring that  he  and  the  Spartans  under  his 
command  must  needs  remain  in  the  post  they 
had  been  sent  to  guard.  Then,  before  the 
body  of  Persians  who  were  crossing  the 
mountain  could  arrive  to  attack  Mm  in  the 
rear,  he  advanced  from  the  narrow  pass  and 
charged  the  myriads  of  the  enemy  with  his 
handful  of  troops,  hopeless  now  of  preserving 
their  lives,  and  anxious  only  to  sell  them 
dearly.  In  the  desperate  battle  which  en- 
sued Leonidas  himself  fell  soon.— (2)  II.  King 
of  Sparta,  son  of  Cleonymus,  ascended  the 
throne  about  256.  Being  opposed  to  the  pro- 
jected reforms  of  his  contemporary,  Agis 
IV.,  he  was  deposed,  and  the  throne  was 
transferred  to  his  son-in-law,  Cleombrotns; 
but  he  was  soon  afterwards  recalled,  an«J 
caused  Agis  to  be  put  to  death,  240.  He  died 
about  236,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Cleomenes  III. 

LEONNATTJS  (-i),  a  Macedonian  of  Pella, 
one  of  Alexander's  generals.  He  crossed  over 
into  Europe  in  B.C.  322,  to  assist  Antipater 
against  the  Greeks ;  but  he  was  defeated  by 
the  Athenians  and  their  allies,  and  fell  in 
battle. 

LEONTINI  (-orum :  Lentinfy  a  town  in  the 
E.  of  Sicily,  about  5  miles  from  the  sea,  N. W. 
of  Syracuse,  founded  by  Chalcidians  from 
Naxos,  B.O.  T30,  but  never  attained  much 
political  importance  in  consequence  of  its 
proximity  to  Syracuse.  The  rich  plains  N. 
of  the  city,  called  Leontini  Campi,  were  some 
of  the  most  fertile  in.  Sicily,  and  produced 


LEOPREPIDES. 


229 


LETO. 


abundant  crops  of  most  excellent  wheat.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Gorgias. 

LEOPREPIDES,  i.  e.  the  poet  Simonides, 
son  of  Leoprepes. 

LEOSTHENES  (-is),  an  Athenian  com- 
mander of  the  combined  Greek  army  in  the 
Laraian  war,  slain  while  besieging  Antipater 
in  the  town  of  Lamia,  B.O.  322. 

LEOTYCHIDES.  (1)  King  of  Sparta,  B.C. 
491-469.  He  commanded  the  Greek  fleet  in 
479,  and  defeated  the  Persians  at  the  battle 
of  Mycale.— (2)  The  reputed  son  of  Agis  II., 
excluded  from  the  throne  in  consequence  of 
his  being  suspected  to  be  the  son  of  Alcibia- 
des  by  Timaea,  the  queen  of  Agis.  His  uncle, 
Agesilaus  II.,  was  substituted  in  his  room. 

LEPIDUS,  M.  AEMMUS  (-i),  the  trium- 
vir, sou  of  M.  Lepidus,  consul  B.O.  7S,  who 
took  up  arms  to  rescind  the  laws  of  Sulla,  but 
was  defeated  by  Pompey  and  Catulus.  His 
son  was  praetor  in  49,  and  supported  Caesar 
in  the  civil  war.  In  46  he  was  consul  with 
Caesar,  and  in  44  he  received  from  the  latter 
the  government  of  Narbonese  Gaul  and  Near- 
er Spam.  He  was  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Rome  at  the  time  of  the  dictator's  death,  and 
having  the  command  of  an  army,  he  was 
able  to  render  M.  Antony  efficient  assistance. 
Lepidus  was  now  chosen  pontifex  maximus, 
which  dignity  had  become  vacant  by  Caesar's 
death,  and  then  repaired  to  his  provinces  of 
Gaul  and  Spain.  Antony,  after  his  defeat  at 
Mutina  (43),  fled  to  Lepidus,  who  espoused 
his  cause  against  the  senate.  They  crossed 
the  Alps  at  the  head  of  a  powerful  army,  and 
were  joined  in  the  N.  of  Italy  by  Octavian 
(afterwards  Augustus).  In  the  mouth  of  Oc- 
tober the  celebrated  triumvirate  was  formed, 
by  which  the  Roman  world  was  divided  be- 
tween Augustus,  Antony,  and  Lepidus.  [See 
p.  74.]  In  the  fresh  division  of  the  provinces 
after  the  battle  of  Philippi  (42),  Lepidus  re- 
ceived Africa,  where  he  remained  till  36.  In 
this  year  Augustus  summoned  him  to  Sicily 
to  assist  him  m  the  war  against  Sex.  Pompey. 
Lepidus  obeyed,  but,  tired  of  being  treated  as 
a  subordinate,  he  resolved  to  make  an  effort 
to  acquire  Sicily  for  himself.  He  was  easily 
subdued  by  Augustus,  who  spared  his  life, 
but  deprived  him  of  his  triumvirate,  his  ar- 
my, and  his  provinces,  and  commanded  that 
he  should  live  at  Circeii,  under  strict  surveil- 
lance. He  allowed  him,  however,  to  retain 
his  dignity  of  pontifex  maximus.  He  was 
not  privy  to  the  conspiracy  which  his  son 
formed  to  assassinate  Augustus  in  30.  He 
died  in  13.  Augustus  succeeded  him  as  pon- 
tifex maximus. 

LEPONTII  (-orum),  an  Alpine  people, 
dwelling  near  the  sources  of  the  Rhine,  on 
the  S.  slope  of  the  St  Gothard  and  the  Sim- 
plon :  their  name  is  still  retained  in  the  Val 
Their  chief  town  was  Oscela  (Do- 


LEPREUM  (-i),  a  town  of  Elis  in  Triphylia, 
situated  40  stadia  from  the  sea. 

LEPTINES,  an  Athenian,  known  only  as 
the  proposer  of  a  law  taking  away  all  special 
exemptions  from  the  burden  of  public  charges 
against  which  the  oration  of  Demosthenes  is 


directed,  usually  known  ass  the  oration  against 
Lepdues,  B.C.  355. 

LEPTIS  (-is).  (1)  LEPTIS  MAGNM  or  NISAP- 
OLIS,  a  city  on  the  coast  of  N.  Africa,  between 
the  Syrtes,  E.  of  Abrotouum,  -was  a  Phoeni- 
cian colony,  with  a  flourishing  commerce, 
though  it  possessed  no  harbor.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  the  emperor  Septimius  Severus. 
— (2)  LEPTIS  MINOR  or  PAEVA,  usually  called 
simply  Leptis,  a  Phoenician  colony  on  the 
coast  of  Byzacium  in  N.  Africa. 

LERNA  (-ae)  or  LERNE  <-tls),  a  district  in 
Argolis,  not  far  from  Argos,  in  which  was  a 
marsh  and  a  small  river  of  the  same  name. 
It  was  celebrated  as  the  place  where  Hercules 
killed  the  Lernean  Hydra.  [See  p.  190.] 

LJBROS,  a  small  island,  one  of  the  Sporades, 
opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  Sinus  lassies, 
on  the  coast  of  Caria. 

LESBOS  or  LESBUS  (-i),  a  large  island  in 
the  Aegaean,  off  the  coast  of  JVIysia  in  Asia 
Minor.  It  was  colonized  by  Aeolians,  who 
founded  in  it  an  Hexapolis,  consisting  of  the 
6  cities  Mytilene,  Methvmna,  Eresus,  Pyrrha, 
Antissa,  and  Arisbe,  afterwards  reduced  to  5 
through  the  destruction  of  Arisbe  by  the  Me- 
thymuaeans.  The  chief  facts  in  the  history 
of  Lesbos  are  connected  with  its  principal 
city,  Mytileue.  [MYTILKN-E.]  The  island  is 
most  important  in  the  early  history  of  Greece, 
as  the  native  region  of  the  early  school  of 
lyric  poetry.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  po- 
ets Terpander,  Alcaeus,  Sappho,  and  Arion, 
of  the  sage  Pittacus,  of  the  historian  Hellani- 
cus,  and  of  the  philosopher  Theophrastus. 

LETHE  (-es),  a  river  in  the  lower  world, 
from  which  the  shades  drank,  and  thus  ob- 
tained forgetfalness  of  the  past. 

LETO  (-us),  called  LAT5NA  (-ae)  by  the 
Romans,  daughter  of  the  Titan  Coeus  and 
Phoebe,  and  mother  of  Apollo  and  Artemis 
(Diana)  by  Zeus  (Jupiter).  The  love  of  the 
king  of  the  gods  procured  for  Leto  the  enmity 
of  Hera  (Juno).  Persecuted  by  this  goddess, 
Leto  wandered  from  place  to  place,  till  she 
came  to  Delos,  which  was  then  a  floating  isl- 
and, and  bore  the  name  of  Asteria  or  Ortygia. 
Zeus  fastened  it  by  adamantine  chains  to  the 
bottom  of  the  sea,  that  it  might  be  a  secure 


Leto  (Latona>.    (From  a  painted  Vase.) 


LEUCA. 


230 


UBEKTAS. 


rest!  n  fir-place  for  his  beloved,  and  there  she 
gave  birth  to  Apollo  and  Artemis.  Leto  was 
generally  worshiped  only  iu  conjunction  with 
her  children.  Delos  was  the  chief  seat  of  her 
worship.  From  their  mother,  Apollo  is  fre- 
quently; called  Letoius  or  Latvius,  and  Arte- 
mis (Diana)  Letola,  Letm$,  Latols,  or  Latoe. 

LEUCA  (-or urn),  a  town  at  the  extremity 
of  the  lapygiau  promontory  in  Calabria. 

LEUCAE  (-Grum),  LEUCA,  a  small  town 
on  the  coast  of  Ionia  in  Asia  Minor,  near 
Phocaea. 

LEUCAS  (-tidis)  or  LEUClBlA  (-ae:  Santa, 
Maura),  an  island  in  the  Ionian  sea,  off  the 
W.  coast  of  Acarnania,  abont  20  miles  in 
length,  and  from  5  to  8  miles  in  breadth.  It 
derived  its  name  from,  the  numerous  calca- 
reous hills  which  cover  its  surface.  It  was 
originally  united  to  the  mainland  at  its  N.E. 
extremity  by  a  narrow  isthmus.  Homer 
speaks  of  it  as  a  peninsula,  and  mentions  its 
well-fortified  town  Xerieus.  It  was  at  that 
time  inhabited  by  the  Teleboans  and  Leleges. 
Subsequently  the  Corinthians  under  Cypse- 
lus,  between  B.C.  665  and  625,  founded  a  new 
town  called  Leueas.  They  also  cut  a  canal 
through  the  isthmus,  and  thus  converted  the 
peninsula  into  an  island.  This  canal  was 
afterwards  filled  up  by  deposits  of  sand,  but 
was  opened  again  by  the  Romans.  At  pres- 
sent  the  channel  is  dry  in  some  parts5  and 
has  from  3  to  4  feet  of  water  in  others.  Dur- 
ing the  war  between  Philip  and  the  Romans, 
Leucas  was  the  place  where  the  meetings  of 
the  Acarnanian  League  were  held.  At  the  S. 
extremity  of  the  island,  opposite  Cephallenia, 
was  the  celebrated  promontory,  variously 
called  Leucas,  Leucdtas,  Leucates,  or  Leueate, 
on  which  was  a  temple  of  Apollo  Leucadius. 
At  the  annual  festival  of  the  god  it  was-the 
custom  to  cast  down  a  criminal  from  this 
promontory  into  the  sea :  birds  were  attached 
to  Mm  in  order  to  break  his  fall ;  and  if  he 
reached  the  sea  uninjured,  boats  were  ready 
to  pick  him  up.  This  appears  to  have  been 
an  expiatory  rite;  and  it  gave  rise  to  the 
well-known  story  that  lovers  leaped  from  this 
rock  in  order  to  seek  relief  from  the  pangs 
of  love.  Thus  Sappho  is  said  to  have  leaped 
down  from  this  rock  when  in  love  with  Pha- 
on.  [SAPPHO.] 

LEUCI  (-orum),  a  people  in  the  S.E.  of  Gal- 
lia  Belgica,  S.  of  the  Mediomatrici,  between 
the  Hatrona  and  Mosella :  their  chief  town 
was  Tullum  (TouL). 

LEUCD?PE.    [ALCATHOE.J 

LEUCIFI^DES.    [LEUCLPPFS,  No.  2.] 

LEUCIPPUS  <-i).  (1)  Son  of  Oenomaus, 
the  lover  of  Daphne. — (2)  Son  of  Perieres, 
prince  of  the  Messenians,  and  father  of  Phoebe 
and  Hilaira,  usually  called  Leucippides,  who 
were  betrothed  to  Idas  and  Lynceus,  the  sons 
of  Aphareus,  but  were  earned  off  by  Castor 
and  Pollux.— (3)  A  Grecian  philosopher,  the 
founder  of  the  atomic  theory  of  philosophy, 
which  was  more  fully  developed  by  Democri- 
uus.  His  date  is  uncertain. 

LEUCOPETRA(-ae:  C.  del?  Armt),  a  prom- 
ontory in  the  S. W.  of  Brnttinm,  on  the  Sicil- 
ian straits,  and  a  few  miles  S.  of  Rhegium.  It 


derived  its  name  from  the  white  color  of  its 
rocks. 

LEUC5PHRYS,  a  city  of  Caria,  close  to  a 
curious  lake  of  warm  water,  and  having  a  re- 
nowned temple  of  Artemis  Leucophryaa. 

LEUCOSIA  or  LEUClSIA  (-ae :  Puma),  a 
small  island  in  the  S.  of  Lhe  gulf  of  Paestum 
off  the  coast  of  Lucania,  said  to  have  beii! 
called  after  one  of  the  Sirens. 

LEUCOSYRI  (-orum:  i.e.  White  Syriaw), 
the  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  Cappadocia,  who  were  of  the  Syrian 
race,  in  contradistinction  to  the  Syrian  tribes 
of  a  darker  color  beyond  the  Taurus. 

LEUCOTHEA  (-ae)  or  LEUCOTHOE  (-43). 
(1)  A  marine  goddess,  was  previously  I  no,  the 
wife  of  Athamas.  [ATUAMAS.]— (2)  Daughter 
of  the  Babylonian  king  Orchamus  and  Eu- 
rynome,  beloved  by  Apollo,  was  buried  alive 
by  her  father ;  whereupon  Apollo  metamor- 
phosed her  into  an  incense  shrub. 

LEUCTRA  (-orum),  a  small  town  in  Boeo- 
tia,  on  the  road  from  Plataeae  to  Thespiae. 
memorable  for  the  victory  of  Epaminondas 
and  the  Thebans  over  the  Spartans,  B.C.  3T1. 

LEXO  VII  or  LEXOBII  (-orum),  apeople in 
Gallia  Lugdunensis,  on  the  ocean,  w.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Sequana:  their  capital  was  No- 
viomagus  (Liaieutf)* 

LIBANiUS  (-i),  a  distinguished  Greek  soph- 
ist  and  rhetorician,  was  the  teacher  of  St. 
Basil  and  St.  Chrysostom,'and  the  friend  of 
the  emperor  Julian.  He  was*  born  at  Auti- 
och,  on  the  Orontes,  about  A.i>.814,  and  died 
about  395.  Several  of  his  works  are  extant 

LIBANU3  (-i),  a  range  of  mountains  on  the 
confines  of  Syria  and  Palestine,  dividing  Phoe- 
nice  from  Coele-Syria.  Its  highest  summits 
are  covered  with  perpetual  snow,  and  its  sides 
were  in  ancient  times  clothed  with  forests  of 
cedars.  It  is  considerably  lower  than  the  op- 
posite range  of  ANTI-LIBANUS.  In  the  Script- 
ures the  word  Lebanon  is  used  for  both 
ranges,  and  for  either  of  them ;  but  in  classical 
authors  the  names  Libanus  and  Anti-Libanus 
are  distinctive  terms,  being  applied  to  the  W. 
and  E.  ranges  respectively. 

LlBENTlNA,  L^BENTINA,  or  LfrBEN- 
TIA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Venus  among  the  Ro- 
mans, by  which  she  is  described  as  the  god- 
dess of  sensual  pleasure. 

IIBER  <-bri)  or  LIBER  PATER,  a  name 
frequently  given  by  the  Roman  poets  to  the 
Greek  Bacchus  or  Dionysus.  But  the  god 
LIBER  and  the  goddess  LIBERA.  were  ancient 
Italian  divinities,  presiding  over  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  vine  and  the  fertility  of  the  fields. 
Hence  they  were  worshiped  in  early  times  in 
conjunction  with  Ceres.  The  female  Libera 
was  identified  by  the  Romans  with  Cora  or 
Proserpina,  the  daughter  of  Demeter  (Ceres) ; 
whence  Cicero  calls  Liber  and  Libera  chil- 
dren of  Ceres ;  whereas  Ovid  calls  Ariadne 
Libera. 

HBfiRA.    [LIBER.] 

HBERTAS  (-atis),  the  goddess  of  Liber- 
ty, to  whom  several  temples  were  erected  at 
Rome.  These  temples  must  be  distinguished 
from  the  Atrium  Libertatis,  which  was  used 


L1BETHKIDES. 


231 


LIGURIA. 


as  an  <  >ffice  of  the  censors.  Libertas  is  repre- 
sented in  works  of  art  as  a  matron,  with  the 
pileus,  the  symbol  of  liberty,  or  a  wreath  of 
laurel.  Sometimes  she  appears  holding  the 
Phrygian  cap  in  her  hand. 

L1BETHRIDES.    [LIBETHRUM.] 

LXBETHRIUS  MONS,  a  mountain  in  Boe- 
otia,  a  branch  of  Mount  Helicon,  possessing 
a  grotto  of  the  Libethrian  nymphs. 

LIBETHRUM  (-i)  or  LIBETHRA  (-ae),  an 
ancient  Thracian  town  in  Pieria  in  Macedo- 
nia, on  the  slope  of  Olympus,  where  Orpheus 
is  said  to  have  lived.  It  was  sacred  to  the 
Muses,  who  were  hence  called  LlbethrMes; 
and  it  is  probable  that  the  worship  of  the 
Muses  under  this  name  was  transferred  from 
this  place  to  Boeotia. 

LlBiTlNA  (-ae),  an  ancient  Italian  divinity, 
identified  by  the  later  Romans  with  Perseph- 
5ne  (Proserpina),  on  account  of  her  connec- 
tion with  the  dead  and  their  burial.  At  her 
temple  at  Rome  every  thing  necessary  for  fu- 
nerals was  kept,  and  persons  might  there  ei- 
ther buy  or  hire  such  tilings.  Hence  a  person 
undertaking  the  burial  of  a  person  (an  under- 
taker) was  called  liUtinarius,  and  his  business 
libitina;  hence  the  expression  libitina  funeri- 
buw  non  suffitiebat—i.  e.  they  could  not  all  be 
buried.  Owing  to  the  connection  of  Libitina 
with  the  dead,  Roman  poets  frequently  em- 
ploy her  name  in  the  sense  of  death  itself. 

LIBtTHOENlCES  (-um),  the  inhabitants 
of  the  cities  founded  by  the  Phoenicians  on 
the  coast  of  the  Carthaginian  territory,  and 
so  called  from  their  being  a  mixed  race  of  the 
Libyan  natives  with  the  Phoenician  settlers. 

LlBtft  (-orum),  a  Gallic  tribe  in  Gallia  Cis- 
padana,  to  whom  the  towns  of  Brixia  and  Ve- 
rona formerly  belonged,  from  which  they  were 
•"spelled  by  the  Cenomani. 

LlBTJRNIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  lUyricum, 
along  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  separated 
from  Istria  by  the  river  Arsia,  and  from  Dal- 
matia by  the  river  Titius.  Its  inhabitants,  the 
LIBDKNI,  supported  themselves  chiefly  by  com- 
merce and  navigation.  They  were  celebrated 
at  a  very  early  period  as  bold  and  skillful  sail- 
ors. Their  ships  were  remarkable  for  their 
swift  sailing ;  and  hence  vessels  built  after  the 
same  model  were  called  Liburnicae  or  Libur- 
nae  iiaves.  It  was  to  light  vessels  of  this  de- 
scription that  Augustus  was  mainly  indebted 
for  his  victory  over  Antony's  fleet  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Actium.  The  Liburnians  were  the  first 
Illyrian  people  who  submitted  to  the  Romans. 

LIBYA  (-ae),  the  Greek  name  for  the  con- 
tinent of  Africa  in  general.  [AFRICA.] 

LICHAS  (-ae),  an  attendant  of  Hercules, 
brought  his  master  the  poisoned  garment, 
and  was  hurled  by  him  into  the  sea.  The 
Lichades,  3  small  islands  between  Enboea  and 
Locris,  were  ^  believed  to  have  derived  their 
name  from  him. 

LICINIA  GENS,  to  which  belonged  the 
distinguished  families  of  CRASSUS,  LTrcuLLtrs, 
and  MURKNA. 

LICINIUS  (-i).  (1)  C.  LTOINIUS  CALVTS,  sur- 
named  STOLO,  a  name  said  to  be  derived  from 
the  care  with  which  he  dug  up  the  shoots 


springing  from  the  roots  of  his  vines.  He 
brought  the  contest  between  the  patricians 
and  plebeians  to  a  happy  termination,  and 
thus  became  the  founder  of  Rome's  greatness. 
He  was  tribune  of  the  people  from  B.C.  3T6  to 
367,  and  was  faithfully  supported  in  his  exer- 
tions by  his  colleague,  L.  Sextius.  The  laws 
which  he  proposed  were  r  1.  That  in  future 
no  more  consular  tribunes  should  be  appoint- 
ed, but  that  consuls  should  be  elected,  one  of 
whom  should  always  be  a  plebeian.  2.  That 
no  one  should  possess  more  than  500  jugera 
of  the  public  land,  or  keep  upon  it  more  than 
100  head  of  large,  and  SOU  of  small  cattle.  3. 
A  law  regulating  the  affairs  between  debtor 
and  creditor.  4.  That  the  Sibylline  books 
should  be  intrusted  to  a  college  of  ten  men 
(decemviri),  half  of  whom  should  be  plebe- 
ians. These  rogations  were  passed  alter  a 
vehement  opposition  on  the  part  of  the  patri- 
cians, and  L.  Sextins  was  the  first  plebeian 
who  obtained  the  consulship,  366.  Licinius 
himself  was  elected  twice  to  the  consulship,  • 
364  and  301.  Some  years  later  he  was  accused 
by  M.  Popilius  Laenas  of  having  transgressed 
his  own  law  respecting  the  amount  ofpublic 
land  which  a  person  might  possess.  He  was 
condemned  and  sentenced  to  pay  a  heavy  fine. 
—(2)  C.  Licpius  MAOEE,  an  annalist  and  an 
orator,  was  impeached  of  extortion  by  Cicero, 
and  finding  that  the  verdict  was  against  him, 
committed  suicide,  B.O.  66.  —  (3)  C.  LICINIUS 
MACFJK  CALVUS,  son  of  the  last,  a  distinguished 
orator  and  poet,  was  born  n.c.  S2,  and  died 
about  47  or  46,  in  his  35th  or  36th  year.  His 
most  celebrated  oration  was  delivered  against 
Vatiuius,  who  was  defended  by  Cicero,  when 
he  was  only  27  years  of  ase.  His  elegies  have 
been  warmly  extolled  by  Catullus,  Propertius, 
and  Ovid.  All  his  works  are  lost. 

LiCtNlUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor  A.D.  307- 
324,  was  a  Dacian  peasant  by  birth,  and  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  Augustus  by  the  emperor 
Galerius.  He  afterwards  had  the  dominion 
of  the  East.  He  carried  on  war  first  with 
Maximinus  II.,  whom  he  defeated  A.D.  314,  and 
subsequently  with  Constantine,  by  whom  he 
was  in  his  turn  defeated,  315.  A  second  war 
broke  out  between  Licinius  and  Constantine 
in  323,  in  which  Licinins  was  not  only  defeated, 
but  deprived  of  his  throne.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  put  to  death  by  Constautine,  324. 

LIDE  (-es),  a  mountain  of  Caria,  above  Pe- 
dasns. 

LIGlRIUS  (-i),  Q.,  fought  on  the  side  of  the 
Pompeian  party  in  Africa,  and  was  defended 
by  Cicero  before  Caesar  in  a  speech  still  ex- 
tant. Ligarius  joined  the  conspirators  who 
assassinated  Caesar  in  B.C.  44,  and  perished  in 
the  proscription  of  the  triumvirs  in  43. 

LIGER  or  LlGfiRIS  (-is:  Loire),  a  large 
river  in  Gaul,  rising  in  Mount  Cevenna,  flow- 
ing through  the  territories  of  the  Arverni, 
Aedui,  ana  Carnutes,  and  falling  into  the 
ocean  between  the  territories  of  the  Nam- 
netes  and  Pictones. 

IlGfrRIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Italy,  bounded 
on  the  "W.  by  the  river  Varus  and  the  Mari- 
time Alps,  which  separated  it  from  Trans- 
alpine Gaul ;  on  the  S.E.  by  the  river  Macra, 
which  separated  it  from  Etraria ;  on  the  N. 


LILAEA. 


232 


LIVIA. 


by  the  river  Po  ;  and  cm  the  S.  by  the  Mare 
Ligusticum.  The  Maritime  Alps  and  the 
Apennines  run  through  the  greater  part  of 
the  country.  The  inhabitants  were  called  by 
the  Greeks  LIGYES  and  LIGYSTINI,  and  by  the 
Romans  LIGUEES  (sins.  Ligu-s,  more  rarely 
Liyur).  They  were  in  early  times  widely 
spread,  and  inhabited  the  coasts  of  Ganl  and 
Italy,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone  to  Pisae 
in  Etruria.  They  were  divided  by  the  Ro- 
mans into  Li'jures  Transalpini  and  Cisalpini. 
The  names  of  the  principal  tribes  were  :  On 
the  W.  side  of  the  Alps,  the  SALVES  or  SALLU- 
vii,  OXYIHI,  and  DECIATES  ;  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Alps,  the  ISTEMELII,  INGATINI,  and  APD- 
ANI  near  the  coast,  the  VAGIENNI,  SALASSI, 
and  TAUUINI  on  the  upper  course  of  the  Po, 
and  the  LAEVI  and  MAEISOI  N.  of  the  Po.— 
The  Liguriaus  were  small  of  stature,  but 
strong,  active,  and  brave.  In  early  times 
they  served  as  mercenaries  in  the  armies  of 
the  Carthaginians,  and  they  were  not  sub- 
dued by  the  Romans  till  after  a  long  and 
fierce  struggle. 

LILAEA  <-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Phocis, 
near  the  sources  of  the  Cephissus. 

LlLlTBAEUM  (-i:  Marsala,),  a  town  in  the 
W.  of  Sicily,  with  an  excellent  harbor,  situ- 
ated on  a  promontory  of  the  same  name, 
opposite  to  the  prom,  fiermaenm  or  Mercurii 
(0.  Bon)  in  Africa,  the  space  between  the  two 
being  the  shortest  distance  between  Sicily  and 
Africa.  The  town  was  founded  by  the  Car- 
thaginians about  B.O.  39T,  and  was  the  prin- 
cipal Carthaginian  fortress  in  Sicily. 

L1MITES  (-urn)  R5MANI  (-orum),  the 
name  of  a  continuous  series  of  fortifications, 
consisting  of  castles,  walls,  earthen  ramparts, 
and  the  like,  which  the  Romans  erected  along 
the  Rhine  and  the  Danube  to  protect  their 
possessions  from  the  attacks  of  the  Germans. 

LOINAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Messenia,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Lacouia,  with  a  temple  of 
Artemis  (Diana)  Limnatis. 

LIMNAEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  N.  of  Acar- 
nania,  near  the  Ambracian  gulf,  on  which  it 
had  a  harbor. 

LIMONUM. 


(-ae),  a  city  in  the  S.E.  of  Lycia, 
on  the  river  Limyrus. 

LINDUM  (-i:  Lincoln),  a  town  of  the  Co- 
ritani  in  Britain,  on  the  road  from  Loudinium 
to  Eboracum,  and  a  Roman  colony.  The 
modern  name  Lincoln  has  been  formed  out  of 
Linduin  Colonia. 

LINDUS  (-i),  one  of  the  3  Dorian  cities  in 
the  island  of  Rhodes,  situated  on  the  E.  coast. 

LINGONES  (-tim).  (1)  A  powerful  people 
in  Transalpine  Gaul,  bounded  by  the  Treviri 
on  the  N.  and  the  Seqaani  on  the  S.  Their 
chief  town  was  Andematnrinum,  afterwards 
Lingones  (Langr&f).—  (2)  A  branch  of  the 
above-mentioned  people,  who  migrated  into 
Cisalpine  Ganl  along  with  the  Boii,  and  dwelt 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Ravenna. 

LINTERNUM.    [LITERNUM.] 

LINUS  (-i),  the  personification  of  a  dirge 
or  lamentation,  and  therefore  described  as  a 
son  of  Apollo  by  a  Muse  (Calliope,  or  by 


Psamathe  or  Chalciope).  Both  Argos  and 
Thebes  claimed  the  honor  of  his  birth.  An 
Argive  tradition  related  that  Linus  was  ex- 
posed by  his  mother  after  his  birth,  and  was 
Drought  up  by  shepherds,  but  was  afterwards 
torn  to  pieces  by  dogs.  Psamathe's  grief  at 
the  occurrence  betrayed  her  misfortune  to 
her  father,  who  condemned  her  to  death 
Apollo,  indignant  at  the  father's  cruelty,  visl 
ited  Argos  with  a  plague ;  and,  in  obedience 
to  an  oracle,  the  Argives  endeavored  to  pro- 
pitiate Psamathe  and  Linus  by  means  of  sac- 
rifices and  dirges,  which  were  called  liiii. 
According  to  a  Boeotian  tradition,  Linus  was 
killed  by  Apollo  because  he  had  ventured 
upon  a  musical  contest  with  the  god.  The 
Thebans  distinguished  between  an  earlier 
and  later  Linus ;  the  latter  is  said  to  have 
instructed  Hercules  in  music,  but  to  have 
been  killed  by  the  hero. 
LiPlRA  and  IJPARENSES  INSTJLAE. 

[A-EOLIA.E.] 

LIPS,  the  S.W.  wind,  corresponding  to  the 
Latin  Africus. 


Lips.    (From  the  Temple  of  the  Winds,  at  Athens.) 

LIQTJENTIA  (-ae:  Livenza),  a  river  in 
Veuetia  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  flowing  into  the 
Sinus  Tergestinus. 

LIRIS  (-is:  Garigliano\  more  anciently 
called  CLANIS  (-is)  or  GLANIS,  one  of  the 
principal  rivers  in  central  Italy,  rising  in  the 
Apennines  W.  of  lake  Fucinus,  flowing  into 
the  Sinus  Caietanus  near  Minturnae,  and 
forming  the  boundary  between  Latinm  and 
Campania.  Its  stream  was  sluggish,  whence 
the  "Liris  quieta  aqua"  of  Horace. 

LISSUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  S.  of  Dalmatia, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Drilon,  founded  by 
Dionysius  of  Syracuse,  B.O.  3S5,  and  possess- 
ing a  strongly  fortified  acropolis  called  Acso- 
ussus,  which  was  considered  impregnable. 

LITANA  SILVA,  a  large  forest  on  the 
Apennines  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  S.E.  of  Mutina. 

LITERNTJM  or  LINTERNUM  (-i :  Patria), 
a  town  on  the  coast  of  Campania,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Clanis  or  Glanis,  which  in 
the  lower  part  of  its  course  takes  the  name 
of  LITEENUS,  and  which  flows  through  a 
marsh  to  the  N.  of  the  town,  called  LITEBNA 
PALTJS.  It  was  to  this  place  that  the  elder 
Scipio  Africanus  retired  when  the  tribunes 
attempted  to  bring  him  to  trial,  and  here  he 
is  said  to  have  died. 

LIVIA  (-ae).  (1)  Sister  of  M.  Livius  Dra- 
sns,  the  celebrated  tribune,  B.O.  91,  married 
first  to  M.  Porcius  Cato,  by  whom  she  had 


LIVIUS. 


233 


LOCUSTA. 


Cato  Uticensis,  and  subsequently  to  Q.  Ser- 
vilius  Caepio,  by  whom  the  had  a  daughter, 
Servilia,  the  mother  of  M.  Brutus,  who  billed 
Caesar.— (2)  LIVIA  DEUSILLA,  the  daughter 
oi  Livius  Drusus  Claudianus  [Ditcsus,  No.  3], 
married  first  to  Tib.  Claudius  Nero;  and  aft- 
erwards to  Augustus,  who  compelled  her  hus- 
band to  divorce  her,  B.C.  3S.  She  had  already 
borne  her  husband  one  son,  the  future  em- 
peror Tiberias,  and  at  the  time  of  her  mar- 
riage with  Augustus  was  6  months  pregnant 
with  another,  who  subsequently  received  the 
uarae  of  Drusus.  She  never  had  any  children 
by  Augustus,  but  she  retained  his  affections 
till  his  death.  On  the  accession  of  her  son 
Tiberius  to  the  throne,  she  at  first  attempted 
to  obtain  an  equal  share  in  the  government ; 
but  this  the  jealous  temper  of  Tiberius  would 
not  brook.  She  died  in  A.D.  29,  at  the  age 
of  82  or  86. — (3)  Or  LIVILLA,  the  daughter  of 
Drusus  senior  and  Autonia,  and  the  wife  of 
Drusus  junior,  the  son  of  the  emperor  Tibe- 
rius. She  was  seduced  by  Sejanus,  who  per- 
suaded her  to  poison  her  husband,  A.D.  2B. — 
(4)  JULIA  LIVILLA,  daughter  of  Germanicus 
and  Agrippiua.  [JULIA,  No.  7.] 

LIVIUS  (-i),  T.,  the  Roman  historian,  was 
born  at  Patavium  (Padua),  in  the  N.  of  Italy, 
B.C.  59.  The  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent 
in  Rome,  but  he  returned  to  his  native  town 
before  his  death,  which  happened  at  the  age 
of  T6,  in  the  fourth  year  of  Tiberius,  A.D.  IT. 
His  literary  talents  secured  the  patronage  of 
Augustus ;  and  so  great  was  his  reputation 
that  a  Spaniard  traveled  from  Cadiz  to  Rome 
solely  for  the  purpose  of  beholding  him,  and 
having  gratified  his  curiosity,  immediately 
returned  home.  The  great  work  of  Livy  is  a 
History  of  Rome,  extending  from  the  founda- 
tion of  the  city  to  the  death  of  Drusus,  B.C.  9, 
and  comprised  in  142  books.  Of  these  35 
have  descended  to  us ;  but  of  the  whole,  with 
the  exception  of  2,  we  possess  Epitomes.  The 
work  has  been  divided  into  decades,  contain- 
ing 10  books  each.  The  1st  decade  (bks.  i.-x.) 
is  entire,  and  embraces  the  period  from  the 
foundation  of  the  city  to  the  year  B.C.  294. 
The  2d  decade  (bks.  xi.-xx.)  is  lost,  and  em- 
braced the  period  from  294  to  219,  comprising 
an  account,  among  other  matters,  of  the  in- 
vasion of  Pyrrhus  and  of  the  1st  Punic  war. 
The  3d  decade  (bks.  xxi.-xxx.)  is  entire.  It 
embraces  the  period  from  219  to  201,  compre- 
hending the  whole  of  the  2d  Punic  war.  The 
4th  decade  (bks.  xxxi.-xl.)  is  entire,  and  also 
one  half  of  the  5th  (bks.  xli.-xlv.).  These  15 
books  embrace  the  period  from  201  to  167, 
and  develop  the  progress  of  the  Roman  arms 
in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  in  Macedonia,  Greece,  and 
Asia,  ending  with  the  triumph  of  Aemilius 
Paulus.  Of  the  remaining  Tbooks  nothing 
remains  except  inconsiderable  fragments. 
The  style  of  Livy  is  clear,  animated,  and  elo- 
quent ;  but  he  did  not  take  much  pains  in 
ascertaining  the  truth  of  the  events  he  re- 
cords. His  aim  was  to  offer  to  his  country- 
men a  clear  and  pleasing  narrative,  which, 
while  it  gratified  their  vanity,  should  contain 
no  startling  improbabilities  nor  gross  perver- 
sion of  facts. 

IJVlUS  ANDRONICUS  (-i),  the  earliest 


Roman  poet,  was  a  Greek,  and  the  slave  of 
M.  Livius  Sulinator,  by  whom  he  was  manu- 
mitted, and  from  whom  he  received  the  Ro- 
man name  Livius.  He  wrote  both  tragedies 
aud  comedies  in  Latin,  and  his  first  drama 
was  acted  ji.o.  240. 

LIVIUS  DRtTSUS.    [Dcusus.] 
LIVIUS  SlUNATOR.    [SALIXATOR.] 
LIXUS  (-i),  a  city  on  the  W.  coast  of  Man- 
retania  Tingitana  in  Africa,  at  the  month  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name :  it  was  a  place  of 
some  commercial  importance. 

L5CRI  (-Gram),  sometimes  called  L<3- 
CRENSES  (-mm)  by  the  Romans,  the  inhab- 
itants of  two  districts  in  Greece  called  LO- 
CRIS. — (1)  EASTERN  LOCP.IS,  extending  from 
Thessaly  and  the  pass  of  Thermopylae  along 
the  coast  to  the  frontiers  of  Boeotia,  and 
bounded  by  Doris  and  Phocis  on  the  W.  It 
was  a  fertile  and  well -cultivated  country. 
The  N.  part  was  inhabited  by  the  LOCF.I  EPIO- 
NEMIDII,  who  derived  their  name  from  Mount 
Cnemis.  The  S.  part  ^vas  inhabited  by  the 
LOCBI  OptrsTn,  who  derived  their  name  from 
their  principal  town,  Opus.  The  2  tribes 
were  separated  by  Daphnus,  a  small  slip  of 
land,  which  at  one  time  belonged  to  PhocJs. 
The  Epicnemidii  were  for  a  long  time  subject 
to  the  Phocians,  and  were  included  under  the 
name  of  the  latter  people ;  whence  the  name 
of  the  Opuntii  occurs  more  frequently  ic 
Greek  history.— (2)  WESTERN  LOCRIS,  or  the 
country  of  the  LOCRI  OZOLAE,  was  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Doris,  on  the  W.  by  Aetolia, 
on  the  E.  by  Phocis,  and  on  the'S.  by  the 
Corinthian  gulf.  The  country  is  mountain- 
ous, and  for  the  most  part  unproductive. 
Mount  Corax  from  Aetolia,  and  Mount  Par- 
nassus from  Phocis,  occupy  the  greater  part 
of  it  The  Locri  Ozolae  were  a  colony  of  the 
Western  Locrians,  and  were  more  uncivilized 
than  the  latter.  They  resembled  their  neigh- 
bors, the  Aetolians,  both  in  their  predatory 
habits  and  in  their  mode  of  warfare.  Their 
chief  town  was  AMPHISSA. 

LOCRI  SPIZEPHYRII  (-urum),  one  of  the 
most  ancient  Greek  cities  in  Lower  Italy,  sit- 
uated in  the  S.E.  of  Bruttium,  N.  of  the  prom- 
ontory of  Zephyrium,  from  which  it  was  said 
to  have  derived  its  surname  Epfcrephyrii9 
though  others  suppose  this  name  was  given 
to  the  place  simply  because  it  lay  to  the  W. 
of  Greece.  It  was  founded  by  the  Locrians 
from  Greece,  B.C.  683.  The  inhabitants  re- 
garded themselves  as  descendants  of  Ajax 
Oileus;  and  as  he  resided  at  the  town  of 
Naryx  among  the  Opuntii,  the  poets  gave  the 
name  of  Narycia  Locri.  For  the  same  reason 
the  pitch  of  Bruttium  is  frequently  called 
Naryeia.  Locri  was  celebrated  for  the  excel- 
lence of  its  laws,  which  were  drawn  up  by 
Zaleucus  soon  after  the  foundation  of  the 
city.  [ZA.LEUCUS.]  Near  the  town  was  an 
ancient  and  wealthy  temple  of  Proserpina. 

LSCUSTA,  or,  more  correctly,  LtTCUSTA 
(-ae),  a  famous  female  poisoner,  employed  by 
Agrippina  in  poisoning  the  emperor  Claudi- 
us, and  by  Nero  for  dispatching:  Britannicus 
She  was  put  to  death  in  the  reign  of  Galba. 


LOLLIUS. 


234 


LUCERIA. 


LOLLIUS  (-i),  M.,  consul,  B.C.  21,  and  gov- 
ernor of  Gaul,  B.C.  16,  was  appointed  by  Au- 
gustus as  tutor  to  his  grandson,  C.  Caesar, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  the  East,  u.c.  2. 
Horace  addressed  an  Ode  (iv.  9)  to  Lollius,  and 
2  Epistles  (i.  2,  IS)  to  the  eldest  son  of  Lollins. 

LONDINIUM  (-i)  or  LONDlNDM  (Lon- 
don), the  capital  of  the  Cantii  in  Britain,  was 
originally  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
Thames  in  the  modern  Southioark.  It  after- 
wards spread  over  the  N.  side  of  the  river, 
'and  was  hence  called  a  town  of  the  Trino- 
bautes.  It  is  first,  mentioned  in  the  reign  of 
Nero  as  a  flourishing  and  populons  town, 
much  frequented  by  Roman  merchants.  It 
was  taken  and  its  inhabitants  massacred  by 
the  Britons  when  they  revolted  under  Boad- 
icea,  A.I>.  62.  The  quarter  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  river  was  surrounded  with  a  wall  and 
ditch  by  Constantine  the  Great  or  Theodo- 
sius,  the  Roman  governor  of  Britain.  This 
wall  probably  commenced  at  a  fort  near  the 
present  site  of  the  Tower,  and  continued  along 
the  Minories  to  Cripplegate,  Newgate,  and 
Ludgate.  London  was  the  central  point 
from  which  all  the  Roman  roads  in  Britain 
diverged.  It  possessed  a  Milliarium  Aure- 
wm,  from  which  the  miles  on  the  roads  were 
numbered ;  and  a  fragment  of  this  Milliarium, 
the  celebrated  London  Stone,  may  be  seen 
affixed  to  the  wall  of  St.  Swithin's  church  in 
Cannon  Street.  This  is  almost  the  only  mon- 
ument of  the  Roman  Londinium  still  extant, 
with  the  exception  of  coins,  tesselated  pave- 
ments, and  the  like,  which  have  been  found 
buried  under  the  ground. 

LONGINUS  (-i),  a  distinguished  Greek 
philosopher  and  grammarian  of  the  3d  cent- 
ury of  our  era.  He  taught  philosophy  and 
rhetoric  at  Athens  for  many  years  with  great 
success ;  and  amonsr  his  pupils  was  the  cele- 
brated Porphyry.  He  afterwards  went  to  the 
East,  where  he  became  acquainted  with  Ze- 
nobia  of  Palmyra,  who  made  him  her  teacher 
of  Greek  literature.  It  was  mainly  through 
his  advice  that  she  threw  off  her  allegiance 
to  the  Roman  empire.  On  her  capture  by 
Aurelian  in  273,  Longinus  was  put  to  death 
by  the  emperor.  Longinus  was  a  man  of  ex- 
cellent sense,  sound  judgment,  and  extensive 
knowledge.  His  treatise  On  ih&  Sublime,  a 
great  part  of  which  is  still  extant,  is  a  work 
of  great  merit. 

LONGINUS  CASSlUS.    [CASsnrs.] 

LONGOBARDL    [LANGOBAEDI.] 

LONGtftiA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Volsci  in 
Latinm,  not  far  from  Corioli. 

LONGUS  (-i),  a  Greek  Sophist,  of  uncer- 
tain date,  the  author  of  an  extant  erotic  work. 

LORIUM  <-i)  or  LORlI  (-orum),  a  small 
place  in  Etruria  on  the  Via  Aurelia,  where 
Antoninus  Pius  was  brought  up  and  died. 

L5RYMA  (-orum),  a  city  on  the  S.  coast  of 
Caria. 

L5TIS  (-idis),  a  nymph,  who,  to  escape  the 
embraces  of  Priapns,  was  metamorphosed 
into  a  treet  called  after  her  Lotus. 

LOTOPHAGI  (-orum,  £  e.  lotus-eaters). 
Homer,  in  the  Odj/snev,  represents  Ulysses  as 
coming  in  his  wanderings  to  a  coast  inhabited 


by  a  people  who  fed  upon  a  fruit  called  lotus 
the  taste  of  which  was  so  delicious  that  evert 
one  who  ate  it  lost  all  wish  to  return  to  his 
native  country.  Afterwards,  in  historical 
times,  the  Greeks  found  that  the  people  on 
the  N.  coast  of  Africa,  between  the  Syrtes 
used  to  a  great  extent,  as  an  article  of  food 
the  fruit  of  a  plant  which  they  identified  with 
the  lotus  of  Homer,  and  they  called  these 
people  Lotophagi.  They  carried  on  a  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  Egypt  and  with  the 
interior  of  Africa  by  the  very  same  caravan 
routes  which  are  used  to  the  present  day. 

LtfA  <-ae),  also  called  L&A  MITER  or 
LUA  SATURNI,  one  of  the  early  Italian 
divinities,  to  whom  were  dedicated  the  arms 
taken  in  battle. 

LtTCA  (-ae :  Lucca),  a  Ligurian  city  in  Up- 
per Italy,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines  and 
on  the  river  Ausus,  N.E.  of  Pisae. 

LtTCANlA  (-ae),  a  district  in  Lower  Italy, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Campania  and  Sam- 
nium,  on  the  E.  by  Apulia  and  the  gulf  of 
Tarentum,  on  the  S.  by  Brnttium,  and  on  the 
W.  by  the  Tyrrhene  sea.  It  was  separated 
from  Campania  by  the  river  Silarus,  and 
from  Brattium  by  the  river  Laus.  Lucania 
was  celebrated  for  its  excellent  pastures ;  and 
its  oxen  were  the  finest  and  largest  in  Italy. 
Hence  the  elephant  was  at  first  called  by  the 
Romans  a  Lucanian  ox  (Lucas  bos).  The 
coast  of  Lucania  was  inhabited  chiefly  by 
Greeks,  whose  cities  were  numerous  and 
flourishing.  The  interior  of  the  country  was 
originally  inhabited  by  the  Chones  and  Oeno- 
trians.  The  Lucaniaus  proper  were  Sam. 
nites,  a  brave  and  warlike  race,  who  left  their 
mother  country  and  settled  both  in  Lucania 
and  Bruttium.  They  not  only  expelled  or 
subdued  the  Oenotrians,  but  they  gradually 
acquired  possession  of  most  of  the  Greek 
cities  on  the  coast.  They  were  subdued  by 
the  Romans  after  Pyrrhus  had  left  Italy. 

LfCANUS,  M.  ANNAEUS  (-i),  usually 
called  LUCAN,  a  Roman  poet,  born  at  Cor- 
duba  in  Spain,  A.I>.  39.  His  father  was  L. 
Aimaeus  Mella,  a  brother  of  M.  Seneca,  the 
philosopher.  Lucan  was  brought  up  at  Rome 
at  an  early  age.  He  embarked  in  the  con- 
spiracy of  Piso  against  the  life  of  Nero ;  and 
upon  the  discovery  of  the  plot  was  compelled 
to  put  an  end  to  his  life.  He  died  A.B.  65,  in 
the  26th  year  of  his  age.  There  is  extant  an 
heroic  poem,  by  Lucan,  in  10  books,  entitled 
Pharsalw,  in  which  the  progress  of  the  strug- 
gle between  Caesar  and  Pompey  is  fully  de- 
tailed. The  10th  book  is  imperfect,  and  the 
narrative  breaks  off  abruptly  in  the  middle 
of  the  Alexandrian  war. 

LtTCANUS,  OCELLUS.    [OCELLUS.] 

LUCCEIUS  (-i),  L.,  an  old  friend  and 
neighbor  of  Cicero,  was  an  unsuccessful  can- 
didate for  the  consulship,  along  with  Julius 
Caesar,  in  B.O.  60.  He  wrote  a  contempora- 
neous history  of  Rome,  commencing  with  the 
Social  or  Marsic  war. 

LtfCSRiA  (-ae:  Lucera),  sometimes  called 
NtTCERIA,  a  town  in  Apulia,  on  the  borders 
of  Samnium,  and  subsequently  a  Roman  col 
ony. 


LUCIANUS. 


235 


LUNA. 


LUCIANUS  (-1),  usually  called  LUCIAN,  a 
Greek  writer,  born  at  Samosata,  the  capital 
of  Commageue,  In  Syria,  nourished  in  the 
reign  of  M.  Aureliua.  He  practiced  for  some 
time  as  an  advocate  at  Antioch,  and  after- 
wards traveled  through  Greece,  giving  in- 
struction in  rhetoric.  Late  in  life  he  obtained 
the  office  of  procurator  of  part  of  Egypt.  The 
most  important  of  Lucian's  writings  are  his 
Dialogue*.  They  are  treated  in  the  greatest 
possible  variety  of  style,  from  seriousness 
down  to  the  broadest  humor  and  buffoonery. 
Their  subjects  and  tendency,  too,  vary  con- 
siderably ;  for  while  some  are  employed  in  at- 
tacking the  heathen  philosophy  and  religion, 
others  are  mere  pictures  of  manners  without 
any  polemic  drift.  Lucian's  merits  as  a  writer 
consist  in  his  knowledge  of  human  nature,  his 
strong  common-sense,  and  the  simplicity  and 
Attic  grace  of  his  diction. 

LUCIFER  (-Sri),  or  PHOSPHORUS  (-i), 
that  is,  the  bringer  of  light,  is  the  name  of 
the  planet  Venus,  when  seen  in  the  morning 
before  sunrise.  The  same  planet  was  called 
Hesperus,  Vesperugo,  Vesyer,  Xoctifer,  or  JVbc- 
turmis,  when  it  appeared  in  the  heavens  after 
sunset.  Lucifer  as  a  bersonification  is  called 
a  son  of  Astraeus  and  Aurora  or  Eos,  of 
Cephalus  and  Aurora,  or  of  Atlas.  By  Phi- 
lonis  he  is  said  to  have  been  the  father  of 
Ceyx.  He  is  also  called  the  father  of  Daeda- 
lion  and  of  the  Hesperides.  Lucifer  is  also 
a  surname  of  several  goddesses  of  light,  as 
Artemis,  Aurora,  and  Hecate. 

LtfalLIUS  (-i),  C.,  the  Roman  satirist,  was 
born  at  Suessa  of  the  Auranci,  B.O.  148,  and 
died  at  Naples,  103,  in  the  46th  year  of  his 
age.  He  lived  uuon  terms  of  the  closest  fa- 
miliarity with  Scipio  and  Laelius.  He  was 
the  first  to  mould  Roman  satire  into  that 
form  which  afterwards  received  full  develop- 
ment in  the  hands  of  Horace,  Persius,  and 
Juvenal. 

LtTOtNA  (-ae),  the  goddess  of  light,  or 
rather  the  goddess  that  brings  to  light,  and 
hence  the  goddess  that  presides  over  the  birth 
of  children.  It  was  therefore  used  as  a  sur- 
name of  Juno  and  Diana.  Lucina  correspond- 
ed to  the  Greek  goddess  ILITHYIA. 

LUCRETIA  (-ae),  the  wife  of  L.  Tarquin- 
ius  Collatinus,  whose  rape  by  Sex.  Tarqum- 
ius  led  to  the  dethronement  of  Tarqninins 
Superbus  and  the  establishment  of  the  re- 
public. 


LUCRETIL1S  (-is),  a  pleasant  mountain 
in  the  country  of  the  Sabines,  overhanging 
Horace's  villa. 

LUCRETIUS  CARUS,  T.,  the  Roman  poet, 
born  B.C.  95,  is  said  to  have  been  driven  mad 
by  a  love-potion,  and  to  have  perished  by  his 
own  hana,  B.C.  52  or  51.  It  is,  however,  not 
improbable  that  the  story  of  the  love-potion 
ana  of  his  death  was  an  invention  of  some 
enemy  of  the  Epicureans.  Lucretius  is  the 
author  of  a  Dhilosophical  poem,  in  heroic 
hexameters,  divided  into  6  books,  addressed 
to  C.-Memmius  Geraellus,  who  was  praetor 
in  58,  and  entitled  De  JSerwm  Natotra.  It 
contains  an  exposition  of  the  doctrines  of 
Epicurus.  This  ppem  has  been  admitted  by 


all  modern  critics  to  be  the  greatest  of  didac- 
tic poems.  The  most  abstrus-e  speculations 
are  clearly  explained  in  majestic  verse;  while 
the  subject,  which  in  itself  was  dry  and  dull, 
is  enlivened  by  digressions  of  power  and 
beauty. 

LUCRINUS  (-i),  LlCUS,  was  properly  the 
inner  part  of  the  Sinus  Cumanus  or  Puteo- 
lanus,  a  bay  on  the  coast  of  Campania,  be- 
tween the  promontory  Miseuum  and  Puteoli, 
running  a  considerable  way  inland.  But  at  a 
very  ea'rly  period  the  Lucriue  lake  was  sepa- 
rated from  the  remainder  of  the  bay  by  a 
dike  S  stadia  in  Isngth,  and  thus  assumed 
the  character  of  an  inland  lake.  Its  waters 
still  remained  salt,  and  were  celebrated  for 
their  oyster  beds.  Behind  the  Lucrine  lake 
was  another  lake  called  LACTJS  AVEBXTTS.  In 
the  time  of  Augustus,  Agrippa  made  a  com- 
munication between  the  lake  Avernus  and 
the  Lucrine  lake,  and  also  between  the  Ln- 
criue  lake  and  the  Sinus  Cumanus,  thus  form- 
ing  out  of  the  3  the  celebrated  Julian  Harbor. 
The  Lucrine  lake  w;»s  filled  up  by  a  volcanic 
eruption  in  1538,  when  a  conical  mountain 
rose  in  its  place,  called  jl/tafe  Suovo. 

LtCULLUS,  L.  LICINIUS  (-i),  celebrated 
as  the  conqueror  of  Mithridates,  fought  on 
the  side  of  Sulla  in  the  civil  wars  with  the 
Marian  party,  was  praetor  B.C.  77,  and  consul 
in  74.  In  the  Latter  year  he  received  the  con- 
duct of  the  war  against  Mithridates,  which 
he  carried  on  for  8  years  with  great  success, 
[MiTHRiPATES.]  But  being  unable  to  bring 
the  war  to  a  conclusion  in  consequence  or 
the  mutinous  disposition  of  his  troops,  he 
was  superseded  in  the  command  by  Acilius 
Glabrio,  u. o.  67.  Glabrio,  however,  never  took 
the  command ;  but  in  the  following  year  (66) 
Lucullus  had  to  resign  the  command  to  Pom- 
pey,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  Manilian 
law  to  supersede  both  him  and  Glabrio.  On 
his  return  to  Rome  Lncullus  devoted  himself 
to  a  life  of  indolence  and  luxury,  and  lived 
in  a  style  of  extraordinary  magnificence.  He 
died  in  57  or  56.  He  was  the  first  to  intro- 
duce cherries  into  Italy,  which  he  had  brought 
with  him  from  Cerasus  in  Pontus.  He  was  a 
patron  of  the  poet  Archias,  and  of  literary 
men  in  general.  He  also  composed  a  history 
of  the  Marsic  war  in  Greek. 

LfrCtTMO.    CTAP.QUINITIS.] 

LUGDTOUM  (-i).  (1)  (Lyon),  the  chief 
town  of  Gallia  Lngduuensis,  situated  at  the 
foot  of  a  hill  at  the  confluence  of  the  Arar 
(So/one)  and  the  Rhodanus  (Rhone),  was  made 
a  Roman  colony  B.C.  43,  and  became  under 
Augustus  the  capital  of  the  province,  and  the 
residence  of  the  Roman  governor.  Lugdunum 
is  memorable  in  the  history  of  the  Christian 
church  as  the  seat  of  the  bishopric  of  Ire- 
naeus.— (2)  L.  BATAVOEUM  (Leyderi),  the  chief 
town  oftheBatavi.  [BAT ATI.] 

LtTNA  (-ae).  (1)  The  goddess  of  the  Moon. 
[SELENK.]— (2)  (Lwify  an  Etruscan  town,  sit- 
uated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Macra,  about  4 
miles  from  the  coast,  originally  formed  part 
of  Liguria,  but  became  the  most  N.-ly  city  of 
Etruria  when  Augustus  extended  the  bound- 
aries of  the  latter  country  as  far  as  the  Macra. 
It  possessed  a  large  and  commodious  harbor 


LUPEECUS. 


236 


LYCOPHRON. 


at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  called  Lunae  Portus 
(Gulf  of  Spezzia).  In  B.G.  17T  Luna  was  made 
a  .Roman  colony. 

LtfPERCUS  t-i),  an  ancient  Italian  divinity, 
worshiped  by  shepherds  as  the  protector  of 
their  flocks  against  wolves.  The  Romans 
sometimes  identified  Lnpercus  with  the  Ar- 
cadian Pan.  Respecting  the  festival  cele- 
brated in  honor  of  Lupercns  and  his  priests, 
the  Luperci,  see  Diet.  ofAntiq. 

LUPPI  A  or  LUPIA  (-ae  :  Lippe),  a  river  in 
the  N.W.  of  Germany,  falling  into  the  Rhine 
at  Wesel  in  Westphalia.,  and  on  which  the 
Romans  built  a  fortress  of  the  same  name. 

LtfPUS,  RlTTlLtUS  (-1),  the  author  of  an 
extant  rhetorical  treatise  in  2  books,  entitled 
De  Figuris  Sententiarum  et  Mocutionis,  ap- 
pears to  have  lived  in  the  time  of  Augustus. 

LITSITANIA,  L^SITANI.    [HISPANIC] 

LtTTlTlUS  CiTtftJJS. 


LtTTETtA  (-ae),  or,  more  commonly,  LTTTE- 
TIA.  PAUISIOTUTM  (Paris),  the  capital  of  the 
Parisii  in  Gallia  Lugduuensis.  was  situated 
on  an  island  in  the  Sequana  (Seine),  and  was 
connected  with  the  banks  of  the  river  by  2 
wooden  bridges.  Under  the  emperors  it  be- 
came a  place  of  importance,  and  the  chief 
naval  station  on  the  Sequana.  Here  Julian 
was  proclaimed  emperor,  A.T>.  360. 

LYCABETTUS  (-i:  St.  George),  a  mountain 
in  Attica,  belonging  to  the  range  of  Penteli- 
cus,  close  to  the  walls  of  Athens  on  the  N.E. 
of  the  city. 

LYCAEUS  or  LYCEUS  (-i),  a  lofty  mount- 
ain in  Arcadia,  N.W.  of  Megalopolis,  one  of 
the  chief  seats  of  the  worship  or  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) aud  of  Pan,  each  of  whom  was  therefore 
called  Zsycams. 

Lt'CAMBES.    [ABCHiLocmis.3 

LYCAON  (-ftnis),  king  of  Arcadia,  son  of 
Pelasgus,  an  impious  king,  who  served  before 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  a  dish  ol  human  flesh  when 
the  god  visited  him.  Lycaon  and  all  his  sons, 
with  the  exception  of  Nyctimus,  were  killed 
by  Zeus  with  a  flash  of  lightning,  or,  accord- 
ing to  others,  were  chanced  iuto  wolves.— 
Callisto,  the  daughter  of  Lycaon,  is  said  to 
have  been  changed  into  the  constellation  of 
the  Bear,  whence  she  is  called  by  the  poets 
Lycaonis  Arctos,  Lycaonia  Arctos,  or  Lycaonia 
Virgo,  or  by  her  patronymic  Lycaonis. 

LtClONfA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Asia  Minor, 
forming  the  S.E.  part  of  Phrygia.  The  peo- 
ple were,  so  far  as  can  be  traced,  an  aboriginal 
race,  speaking  a  language  which  is  mentioned 
in  the  Acts  of  the  A'postles  as  a  distinct  dia- 
lect ;  they  were  warlike,  and  especially  skilled 
in  archery. 

LYCEUM  (-i),  the  name  of  one  of  the  3 
ancient  gymnasia  at  Athens,  called  after  the 
temple  of  Apollo  Lyceus  in  its  neighborhood. 
It  was  situated  S.E.  of  the  city*  outside  the 
walls,  and  jnst  above  the  river  Ilissus.  It  is 
celebrated  as  the  place  where  Aristotle  and 
the  Peripatetics  taught 

LYCEUS  (-i),  a  surname  of  Apollo,  the 
meaning  of  which  is  not  quite  certain.  Some 
derive  it  from  XUKOC,  a  wolf,  so  that  it  would 
mean  "  the  wolf-slayer  ;"  others  from  Xwen, 


light,  according  to  which  it  would  meat 
"the  giver  of  light;"  and  others  again  from 
the  country  of  Lycia. 

LYCHNIDUS  (-i),  more  rarelv  LYCHNt- 
DIUM  (-i),  or  LYCHNIS  {-Idis),"  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Dessaretii  in  the  interior  of 
Illyricura,  situated  on  a  height  on  the  N 
bank  of  the  lake  Lychmtis. 

LYCtA  (-ae),  a  small  district  on  the  S.  side 
of  Asia  Minor,  between  Caria  and  Pamphylia. 
According  to  tradition,  the  most  ancient 
name  of  the  country  was  Milyas,  and  the* 
earliest  inhabitants  were  called  Milyae,  and 
afterwards  Solymi ;  subsequently  the  Termi- 
lae,  from  Crete,  settled  in  the  country;  and 
lastly,  the  Athenian  Lycus,  the  son  of  Pandion, 
fled  from  his  brother  Aegeus  to  Lycia,  and 
gave  his  name  to  the  country.  Homer,  who 
gives  Lycia  a  prominent  place  in  the  Iliad, 
represents  its  chieftains,  Glaucus  and  Sar- 
pedon,  as  descended  from  the  royal  family 
of  Argos  (Aeolids).  He  speaks  of  the  Solymi 
as  a  warlike  race,  inhabiting  the  mountains, 
against  whom  the  Greek  hero  Bellerophontes 
is  sent  to  tight  by  his  relative  the  king  of 
Lycia.  Besides  the  legend  of  Bellerophon 
aud  the  Chi-raaera,  Lycia  is  the  scene  of  an- 
other popular  Greek  story,  that  of  the  Har- 
pies and  the  daughters  of  Pandareos;  and 
memorials  of  both  are  preserved  <Jh  the  Ly- 
cian  monuments  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
On  the  whole,  it  is  clear  that  Lycia  was 
colonized  by  the  Greeks  at  a  very  early  pe- 
riod, and  that  its  historical  inhabitants  were 
Greeks,  though  with  a  mixture  of  native  blood. 
The  earlier  names  were  preserved  in  the  dis- 
trict in  the  N.  of  the  country  called  Milyat>, 
and  in  the  mountains  called  Solyma.  The 
Lycians  always  kept  the  reputation  they  have 
in  Homer  as  brave  warriors.  They  and  the 
Cilicians  were  the  only  people  W.  of  the 
Halys  whom  Croesus  did  not  conquer,  and 
they  were  the  last  who  resisted  the  Persians. 
[XANTHTJS.] 

LYCIUS  (4),  the  Lyrian,  a  surname  of 
Apollo,  who  was  worshiped  in  several  places 
of  Lycia,  especially  at  Patara,  where  he  had 
an  oracle.  Hence  the  Lyciae  sortes  in  Virgil 
are  the  responses  of  the  oracle  at  Patara. 

LYCOMSDES  (-is),  king  of  the  Dolopiaus, 
in  the  island  of  Scyros,  to  whose  court  Achil- 
les was  sent,  disguised  as  a  maiden,  by  his 
mother,  Thetis,  who  was  anxious  to  prevent 
his  going  to  the  Trojan  war.  Here  Achilles 
became  t>y  Deidamia,  the  daughter  of  Ly- 
comedes,  the  father  of  Pyrrhus  or  Neoptole- 
mns.  Lycomedes  treacherously  killed  The- 
seus by  thrusting  him  down  a  rock. 

LYCON  (-onis),  of  Troas,  a  distinguished 
Peripatetic  philosopher,  and  the  disciple  of 
Straton,  whom  he  succeeded  as  the  head  of 
the  Peripatetic  school,  B.O.  272. 

LYCOPHRON  (-onis),  a  grammarian  and 
poet,  was  a  native  of  Chalcis  in  Euboea,  and 
lived  at  Alexandria  under  Pcolemy  Phila. 
delphus  (E.O.  2S5-247).  He  was  the  author 
of  an  extant  poem,  entitled  Cassandra  or 
Alexandra,  in  which  Cassandra  is  made  to 
prophesy  the  fall  of  Troy,  with  numerous 
other  events.  The  obscurity  of  this  work  is 


LYCOPOLIS, 


23f 


LYDIA. 


proverbial.  Among  the  numerous  ancient 
commentaries  on  the  poem,  the  most  impor- 
tant are  the  Scholia  of  Isaac  and  John  Tzetzes, 
which  are  far  more  valuable  than  the  poem 
itself. 

LYCOPOLIS  (-is),  a  city  of  Upper  Egypt, 
on  the  \V.  bank  of  the  Nile,  between  Hermop- 
olis  and  Ptolemais. 

Ll'COREA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Lycorea,  which  was  the  south- 
ern of  the  2  peaks  of  Mount  Parnassus. 
[PAP.NASSUS.]  Hence  Apollo  derived  the  sur- 
name of  Lycoreus. 

LTCORIS.      [CYTHEEIS.] 

LYCTUS  or  LYTTUS  (-i),  an  important 
town  in  the  E.  of  Crete,  situated  ou  a  height, 
80  stadia  from  the  coast.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  a  Spartan  colony. 

LYCURGUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Dryas,  and 
king  of  the  Edones  in  Thrace,  famous  for  his 
persecution  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  and  of  his 
worship  in  Thrace.  He  was  driven  mad  by 
the  gods  ou  account  of  his  impiety,  and  was 
subsequently  killed,  but  the  manner  of  his 


Lycurgus  infuriate.    (Osterley,  Denk.  der  alt.  Kuust, 
pt.2,tav.37.) 

death  is  variously  related. — (2)  The  Spartan 
legislator,  was  the  son  of  Eunomus,  king  of 
Sparta,  and  brother  of  Polydectes.  The  lat- 
ter succeeded  his  father  as  king  of  Sparta, 
and  afterwards  died,  leaving  his  queen  with 
child.  The  ambitious  woman  proposed  to 
Lycurgus  to  destroy  her  offspring  if  he  would 
share  the  throne  with  her.  He  seemingly 
consented ;  but  when  she  had  given  birth  to 
a  son  (Charilaus),  he  openly  proclaimed  him 
king ;  and,  as  next  of  kin,  acted  as  his  guard- 
ian. But  to  avoid  all  suspicion  of  ambitious 
designs,  Lycurgus  left  Sparta,  and  set  out  on 
his  celebrated  travels.  He  is  said  to  have 
visited  Crete,  Ionia,  and  Egypt,  and  to  have 
penetrated  even  as  far  as  India.  His  return 
to  Sparta  was  hailed  by  all  parties.  Sparta 
was  in  a  state  of  anarchy  and  licentiousness, 
and  he  was  considered  as  the  man  who  alone 
could  cure  the  growing  diseases  of  the  state. 
He  undertook  the  task ;  and  notwithstanding 
some  opposition,  he  made  a  new  division  of 
property,  and  remodeled  the  whole  constitu- 
tion, military  and  civil.  After  Lycurgus  had 
obtained  for  his  institutions  an  approving 
oracle  of  the  god  of  Delphi,  he  exacted  a 
promise  from  the  people  not  to  make  any 
alterations  in  his  laws  before  his  return.  He 
now  left  Sparta  to  finish  his  life  in  voluntary 


exile,  in  order  that  his  countrvmen  might  be 
bound  bv  their  oath  to  preserve  his  constitu- 
tion inviolate  forever.  Where  and  how  he 
died,  nobody  could  tell.  He  was  honored  as 
a  god  at  Sparta  with  a  temple  and  yearly 
sacrifices  down  to  the  latest  times.  The 
date  of  Lycurgus  is  variously  siven,  but  it  is 
impossible  to  place  it  later  than  B.C.  S25.  Ly- 
cnrgns  was  regarded  through  all  subsequent 
ages  as  the  legislator  of  Sparta,  and  therefore 
almost  all  the  Spartan  institutions  were  as- 
cribed to  him  as  their  author;  but  we  mus: 
not  imagine  that  they  were  all  his  work.— 
(3)  An  Attic  orator,  bo'rn  at  Athens,  about  B.C. 
39G,  was  a  disciple  of  Plato  and  Isocrates,  a 
warm  supporter  of  the  policy  of  Demosthenes, 
and  one  of  the  most  virtuous  citizens  and  up- 
right statesmen  of  his  age.  He  was  thrice 
appointed  Tamias,  or  manager  of  the  public 
revenue.  He  died  in  323.  Only  one  of  his 
orations  has  come  down  to  us. 

LfCUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Thebes,  put  to  death, 
with  his  wife  Dtrce,  by  Amphiou  and  Zethus, 
on  account  of  the  cruelty  with  which  they 
had  treated  Autione,  the  mother  of  the  two 
latter  by  Zeus?  (Jupiter).  For  details  see 
AMPHION.— (2)  Son  of  Pandion,  was  expelled 
by  his  brother  Aegeus,  and  took  refuge  in  the 
country  of  the  Termili,  which  was  called  Ly- 
cia  after  him.  The  Lyceum  at  Athens  is  said 
to  have  derived  its  name  from  him.— (3)  Name 
of  several  rivers,  which  are  said  to  be  so  called 
from  the  impetuosity  of  their  current.  1.  }n 
Bithynia,  falling^ into  the  sea  S.  of  Heraclea 
Pontica.  2.  In  JPontus,  rising  in  the  mount- 
ains on  the  N.  of  Armenia  Minor,  and  flowing 
W.  into  the  Iris  at  Eupatoria.  3.  In  Phrygia, 
flowing  from  E.  to  w.  past  Colossae  and 
Lao  dice  a  into  the  Maeaiider. 

LYDDA  (-Gram),  a  town  of  Palestine,  S.E. 
of  Joppa  and  N.W.  of  Jerusalem,  subsequent- 
ly called  Diospolis. 

LTDJA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Asia  Minor,  in 
the  middle  of  the  W.  side  of  the  peninsula, 
between  Mysia  on  the  N.  and  Caria  on  the 
S.,  and  between  Phrygia  on  the  E.  and  the 
Aegaean  sea  on  the  W.  In  these  boundaries 
the  strip  of  coast  belonging  to  IONIA  is  in- 
cluded, out  the  name  is  sometimes  used  in  a 
narrower  signification,  so  as  to  exclude  Ionia. 
Lydia  is  divided  into  2  unequal  valleys  by  the 
chain  of  Mount  Tmolus;  of  which  the  S.  and 
smaller  is  watered  by  the  river  CATSTEB,  and 
the  N.  forms  the  great  plain  of  the  HEBMTJS. 
In  early  times  the  country  had  another  name, 
Maeonia,  by  which  alone  it  is  known  to  Homer. 
Lydia  was  an  early  seat  of  Asiatic  civilization, 
and  exerted  a  very  important  influence  on  the 
Greeks.  The  Lydian  monarchy,  which  vras 
founded  at  Sardis,  grew  up  into  an  empire, 
under  which  the  many  different  tribes  of  Asia 
Minor  W.  of  the  river  Halys  were  for  the  first 
time  united.  The  names  and  computed  dates 
of  the  Lydian  kings  are :  1,  GYGES,  B.C.  716- 
678;  2,  A*J>YS,  67S-620;  3,  SADYATTES,  629- 
617;  4,  AL.YATTES,  617-560;  5,  CBOESUS,  560  (or 
earlier)-546 ;  under  whose  names  an  account 
is  given  of  the  rise  of  the  Lydian  empire  in 
Asia  Minor,  and  of  its  overthrow  by  the  Per- 
sians under  Cyrus.  Under  the  Persians,  Ly- 
dia and  Mysia  formed  the  3d  satrapy ;  after 


LYDIAS. 


238 


LTSTRA. 


the  Macedonian  conquest,  Lydia  belonged 
first  to  the  kings  of  Syria,  and  next  (after  the 
defeat  of  Antiochus  the  Great  by  the  Romans) 
to  those  of  Pergamus,  and  so  passed,  by  the 
bequest  of  Attalus  HL,  to  the  Romans,  under 
whom  it  formed  part  of  the  province  of  Asia. 

LYDIAS  or  LUDIAS  (-ae),  a  river  in  Mace- 
donia, falling  into  the  Axius  a  short  distance 
from  the  Thermaic  gulf.  Herodotus,  by  mis- 
take, makes  the  Lydias  unite  with  the  Haliac- 
mon.  „ 

LYGfl  or  LIGII  (-drum),  an  important  peo- 
ple in  Germany,  between  the  Viadus  (Oder) 
and  the  Vistula" 

LYNCESTIS  (-idis),  a  district  iu  the  S.W. 
of  Macedonia,  upon  the  frontiers  of  Illyria, 
inhabited  by  the  LY>-CESTAE,  an  Illyrian  peo- 
ple. The  ancient  capital  of  the  country  was 
LYNCUS,  though  HERA.CLEA.  at  a  later  time  be- 
came the  chief  town  in  the  district.  Near 
Lyncus  was  a  river,  whose  waters  are  said  to 
have  been  as  intoxicating  as  wiue. 

LY3TCEUS  <-ei,  el,  or  eos).  (1)  One  of  the 
50  sous  of  Aegyptus,  whose  life  was  saved  by 
bis  wife  Hypermnestra,  when  all  his  brothers 
were  murdered  by  the  daughters  of  Danaus. 
[AEGYPTCS.]  Lynceus  succeeded  Danaus  as 
king  of  Argos.— (2)  Son  of  Aphareus  and 
Arene,  and  brother  of  Idas,  was  one  of  the 
Argonauts,  and  famous  for  his  keen  sight. 
He  was  slain  by  Pollux,  For  details  respect- 
ing his  death,  see  DIOSCUBI. 

LYNCUS  (-i),  king  of  Scythia,  endeavored 
to  murder  Triptolemus,  who  came  to  htm 
with  the  gifts  of  Ceres,  but  he  was  metamor- 
phosed by  the  goddess  into  a  lynx. 

LYRCEA  (-ae)  or  LYRCEUM  (-i),  a  small 
town  in  Argolis,  situated  on  a  mountain  of 
the  same  name. 

LYRNESSUS  (-i),  a  town  in 'the  Troad,  the 
birthplace  of  Briseis. 

LYSANDER  (-dri),  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished of  the  Spartan  generals  and  di- 
plomatists. Having  been  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  Spartan  fleet  off  the  coast , 
of  Asia  Minor,  he  gained  the  favor  of  Cyrus, 
who  supplied  him  with  large  sums  of  money 
to  pay  his  sailors.  In  B.C.  405  he  brought  the 
Peloponnesian  war  to  a  conclusion  by  the 
defeat  of  the  Athenian  fleet  off  Aegospotami, 
and  in  the  following  year  he  entered  Athens 
in  triumph.  It  was  through  his  influence 
that  Agesilans,  the  brother  of  Agis,  obtained 
the  Spartan  throne  in  opposition  to  Leoty- 
chides,  the  reputed  son  of  the  latter.  Lysan- 
der  accompanied  Agesilaus  to  Asia;  but  the 
king  purposely  thwarted  all  his  designs,  and 
refused  all  the  favors  which  he  asked.  On 
Ms  return  to  Sparta,  Lysander  resolved  to 
bring  about  a  change  in  the  Spartan  constitu- 
tion by  abolishing  hereditary  royalty,  and 


making  the  throne  elective.  But  before  he 
could  carry  his  enterprise  into  effect,  he  fell  in 
battle  under  the  walls  of  Haliartus,  JB.O.  395. 

L"J'SIAS  (-ae),  an  Attic  orator,  was  born  at 
Athens,  B.C.  45S,  but  was  not  an  Athenian 
citizen,  being  the  son  of  Cephalus,  a  native  of 
Syracuse.  At  the  age  of  15  Lysias  joined  the 
Athenians  who  went  as  colonists  to  Thurii  iu 
Italy,  443 ;  bat  he  returned  to  Athens  after 
the  defeat  of  the  Athenians  in  Sicily,  411. 
During  the  rule  of  the  30  Tyrants  (404)  he 
was  thrown  into  prison ;  but  he  escaped,  and 
joined  Thrasybulus  and  the  exiles,  to  whom 
he  rendered  important  assistance.  He  died 
in  37S,  at  the  age  of  SO.  Lysias  wrote  a  great 
number  of  orations  for  others,  of  which  sev- 
eral are  extant.  They  are  distinguished  by 
grace  and  elegance.  _ 

LTSlMlCHIA  or  -EA  (-ae),  an  important 
town  of  Thrace,  on  the  gulf  of  Melas,  and  on 
the  isthmus  connecting  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonesus  with  the  mainland,  founded  B.C.  309 
by  Lysimachus,  who  removed  to  his  new  city 
the  inhabitants  of  the  neighboring  town  of 
Cardia. 

LTSlMlCHUS  (-i),  one  of  Alexander's  gen- 
erals,  obtained  Thrace  in  the  division  of  the 
provinces  after  Alexander's  death  (B.C.  323), 
and  assumed  the  title  of  king  in  306.  He 
joined  the  other  generals  of  Alexander  in  op- 
posing Antigonus,  and  it  was  he  and  Seleucus 
who  gained  the  decisive  victory  at  Ipsus  over 
Antigonus,  in  which  the  latter  fell  (301).  In 
291  Lysimachus  was  taken  prisoner  by  Dro- 
michaetes,  king  of  the  Getae,  whose  country 
he  had  invaded,  but  he  was  restored  to  liberty 
I  by  the  latter1.  In  287  Lysimachus  and  Pyr- 
rhus  expelled  Demetrius  from  Macedonia. 
Pyrrhus,  for  a  time,  obtained  possession  of 
the  Macedonian  throne;  but  in  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  driven  out  of  the  country  by 
Lysimachus,  who  now  became  king  of  Mace- 
donia, Towards  the  end  of  his  reign  the  aged 
Lysimachus  put  to  death  his  son  Agathocles, 
at  the  instigation  of  his  wife,  ArsinoG,  daugh- 
ter of  Ptolemy  Soter.  This  bloody  deed 
alienated  the  minds  of  his  subjects ;  and  Se- 
leucus invaded  the  dominions  of  Lysimachus. 
The  two  monarchs  met  in  the  plain  of  Coras 
(Corupedion) ;  and  Lysimachns  fell  in  the 
battle  that  ensued,  B.O.  281,  in  his  SOth  year. 

LTSIPPUS  (-i),  of  Sicyon,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  Greek  statuaries,  was  a  con- 
temporary of  Alexander  the  Great,  who  is  re- 
ported to  have  said  that  no  one  should  paint 
him  but  Apelles,  and  no  one  make  his  statue 
but  Lysippus. 

LYSIS  (-idis),  an  eminent  Pythagorean 
philosopher,  the  teacher  of  Epammondas. 

LYSTRA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Lycaonia,  on  the 
confines  of  Isauria,  celebrated  as  one  chief 
8c«ne  of  the  preaching  of  Paul  and  Barnabas 


MACAE. 


239 


MACROBIUS. 


M. 


MACAE  (-arum).  (1)  A  people  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Arabia  Felix,  probably  about  Muscat. 
—(2)  An  inland  people  of  Libya,  in  the  part 
of  N.  Africa  between  the  Syrtes. 

MACAREUS  (-ei),  son  of  Aeolus,  who  com- 
mitted incest  with  his  sister  Cauace.  [CA- 
NACE.]  Heuce  Isse,  the  daughter  of  Macareus, 
is  called  Macareis. 

MACCABAEI  (-Gram),  the  descendants  of 
the  family  of  the  heroic  Judas  Maccabi  or 
Maccabaeus,  a  surname  which  he  obtained 
from  his  glorious  victories.  (From  the  He- 
brew makliab,  "a  hammer.")  They  were  also 
called  Asamotiaei,  from  Asamonaeus,  or  Chas- 
mon,  the  ancestor  of  Judas  Maccabueus,  or, 
in  a  shorter  form,  Asmonaei  or  Hasnionaei. 
The  family  first  obtained  distinction  by  their 
resisting  the  attempts  of  Antiochus  IV. 
Epiphanes,  king  of  Syria,  to  root  out  the 
worship  of  Jehovah.  They  succeeded  in  de- 
livering their  country  from  the  Syrian  yoke, 
and  became  the  rulers  of  Judea. 

MACEDONIA  (-ae),  a  country  in  Europe, 
N.  of  Greece,  said  to  have  been  originally 
named  Emathia.  Its  boundaries  before  the 
time  of  Philip,  the  father  of  Alexander,  were 
on  the  S.  Olympus  and  the  Cambunian  mount- 
ains, which  separated  it  from  Thessaly  and 
Epirus,  on  the  E.  the  river  Strymon,  which 
separated  it  from  Thrace,  and  on  the  N.  and 
W.  Illyria  and  Paeonia.  Macedonia  was 
greatly  enlarged  by  the  conquests  of  Philip. 


Coin  of  Macedonia. 

He  added  to  his  kingdom  Paeonia  on  the  N. ; 
a  part  of  Thrace  on  the  E.  as  far  as  the  river 
Nestus,  which  Thracian  district  was  usually 
called  Macedonia  adjecta  ;  the  peninsula  Chal- 
cidice  on  the  S. ;  and  on  the  W.  a  part  of 
Illyria  as  far  as  the  lake  Lychnitis.  On  the 
conquest  of  the  country  by  the  Eomans,  B.O. 
168,  Macedonia  was  divided  into  4  districts, 
independent  of  one  another ;  but  the  whole 
country  was  formed  into  a  Roman  province 
after  the  conquest  of  the  Achaeans  in  146. 
.The  great  bulk  of  the  inhabitants  of  Mace- 
donia consisted  of  Thracian  and  Illyrian 
tribes.  At  an  early  period  some  Greek  tribes 
settled  in  the  S.  part  of  the  country.  They 
are  said  to  have  come  from  Argos,  and  to 
have  been  led  by  the  3  sons  of  Temenus,  the 
Heraclid.  Perdiccas,  the  youngest  of  the 
three,  was  looked  upon  as  the  founder  of  the 


Macedonian  monarchy.  A  later  tradition, 
however,  regarded  Caranus,  who  was  also  a 
Heraclid  from  Argos,  as  the  founder  of  the 
monarchy.  These  Greek  settlers  intermarried 
with  the  original  inhabitants  of  the  country. 
The  dialect  which  they  spoke  was  akin  to  the 
Doric,  but  it  contained  many  barbarous  words 
and  forms ;  and  the  Macedonians  according- 
ly were  never  regarded  by  the  other  Greeks 
as  genuine  Hellenes.  Moreover,  it  was  only 
in  the  S.  of  Macedonia  that  the  Greek  lan- 
guage was  spoken.  Very  little  is  known  of 
the  history  of  Macedonia  till  the  reign  of 
Amyntas  L,  who  was  a  contemporary  of  Da- 
rius Hystaspis ;  but  from  that  time  their  his- 
tory is  more  or  less  intimately  connected  with 
that  of  Greece,  till  at  length  Philip,  the  father 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  became  the  virtual 
master  of  the  whole  of  Greece.  The  conquests 
of  Alexander  extended  the  Macedonian  su- 

Semacy  over  a  great  part  of  Asia ;  and  the 
acedouian  kings  continued  to  exercise  their 
sovereignty  over  Greece  till  the  conquest  of 
Perseus  by  the  Romans,  168,  brought  the 
Macedonian  monarchy  to  a  close. 

MACELLA  (-ae),  a  small  fortified  town  in 
the  W.  of  Sicily,  S.E.  of  Segesta. 

MlCER  (-cri),  AEMlLlDS  (-i).  (1)  A  Ro- 
man poet,  was  a  native  of  Verona,  and  died 
in  Asia,  B.O.  10.  He  wrote  a  poem  upon  birds, 
snakes,  and  medicinal  plants.— (2)  We  must 
distinguish  from  Aemilius  Macer,  of  Verona, 
a  poet  Macer  who  wrote  on  the  Trojan 
war,  and  who  must  have  been  alive  in  A.i>I 
12,  since  he  is  addressed  by  Ovid  in  that 
year  (esc  Pont.  ii.  10, 2). 

MXCER,  LlCINlTJS.    [LioiNius.] 
M& CfiTAE  (-urum),  another  name  of  the 
Macedonians. 

MACHASN  (-5nis),  son  of  Aesculapius, 
the  surgeon  of  the  Greeks  in  the  Trojan 
war,  led,  -with  his  brother  Podalirius, 
troops  from  Tricca,  Ithome,  and  Oechalia, 
He  was  killed  by  Eurypylus,  the  son  of 
.  Telephus. 

MACRA  (-ae:  Zfagra),  a  small  river 
rising  in  the  Apennines  and  flowing  into  the 
Ligurian  sea  near  Luna,  which,  from  the  time 
of  Augustus,  formed  tne  boundary  betweeo 
Liguria  and  Etruria. 
MAORI  CAMPI.  tCAMPi  MAORI.] 
MACRTNUS,  M.  SPIIlUS  SEVERUS  (-i), 
Roman  emperor,  April,  A.i>.  217-June,  21S, 
and  successor  of  Caracalla,  whom  he  bad 
caused  to  be  assassinated.  He  was  defeated 
by  the  generals  of  Elagabalus,  and  put  to 
death. 

M  ACROSS!  (-orum:  i.e.  Long-lived),  an 
Aethiopian  people  in  Africa,  placed  by  He- 
rodotus on  the  shores  of  the  S.  Ocean. 

MACROBlUS  <-i),  a  Roman  grammarian, 
who  lived  about  A.I>.  400,  wrote  several  works, 
of  which  the  most  important  are :  1,  A  treat 
ise  in  7  books,  entitled  Saturnalia  Conmvic^ 


MACRONES. 


240 


MAGETOBRIA. 


consisting  of  a  series  of  dissertations  on  his- 
tory, mythology,  criticism,  and  various  points 
of  antiquarian  research ;  »J,  A  Commentary 
on  Cicero's  Sonmium  tieipiouis. 

MACR5NES  (-urn),  a  powerful  and  warlike 
Caucasian  people  on  the  N.E.  shore  of  the 
Poiitns  Euxiuus. 

MAp¥TUS  (-i),  a  sea-port  towa  on  Hie 
Thracian  Chersonesus. 

MAEANDER  <-dri),  a  river  in  Asia  Minor, 
proverbial  for  its  wandering*,  rising  in  the 
S.  of  Phrygia,  close  to  the  bimrce  of  the  Mar- 
syas,  flowing  between  Lydia  and  Caria,  of 
which  it  forms  the  boundary,  and  at  last  fall- 
ing into  the  Icarian  sea  between  Myus  and 
Priene.  As  a  god,  Maeauder  is  described  as 
the  father  of  the  nymph  Cyaue,  who  was  the 
mother  of  Caunus.  Hence  the  latter  is  called 
by  Ovid  Maeandrius  juvenis. 

MAECENAS  (-fitis),  0.  CILNlUS  (-i),  a 
Roman  eques,  but  descended  both  on  his 
father's  and  mother's  side  from  the  Litcumones 
of  Etruria.  His  paternal  ancestors  were  the 
Cilniit  a  powerful  family  at  Arretium,  and 
his  maternal  ancestors  the  Maecenates,  at 


Arretinm.  Maecenas  was  one  of  the  chief 
friends  and  ministers  of  Augustus,  and  en- 
joyed for  many  years  his  confidence.  But 
towards  the  latter  years  of  his  life  a  coolness 
sprang  up  between  them,  and  Maecenas  re- 
tired entirely  from  public  life.  He  died  B.C. 
8.  The  fame  of  Maecenas,  however,  rests 
mainly  on  his  patronage  of  literature,  espe- 
ciallv  of  Virgil  and  Horace.  Virgil  was  in- 
debted to  him  for  the  recovery  of  his  farm, 
which  had  been  appropriated  by  the  soldiery 
in  the  division  of  lands,  in  B.C.  41 ;  and  it  was 
at  the  request  of  Maecenas  that  he  undertook 
the  Georgics.  To  Horace  Maecenas  wae  a 
still  greater  benefactor.  He  presented  him 
with  the  means  of  comfortable  subsistence, 
a  farm  in  the  Sabine  country. 

MAEClUS  TARPA.    [TABPA.] 

MAEDICA  (-ae),  the  country  of  the  Maedi, 
apowerful  people  in  the  W.  of  Thrace,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Strymon. 


MAELIUS  (-i),  SPM  the  richest  of  the  pie- 
beiau  knights,  employed  his  fortune  in  buy- 
ing up  coru  in  Etruria  in  the  great  famine  at 
Rome  in  ii.c.  440.  This  corn  "he  sold  to  the 
poor  at  a  small  price,  or  distributed  it  gratu- 
itously. The  patricians  accused  him  of  aim- 
lug  at  the  kingly  power,  and  appointed  Cin- 
cinnatus  dictator.  C.  Servilius  Ahala,  the 
master  of  the  horse,  summoned  Maelius  to 
appear  before  the  tribunal  of  the  dictator- 
but  as  he  refused  to  go,  Ahala  rushed  into 
the  crowd  and  slew  him.  His  property  was 
confiscated,  and  his  house  pulled  down  ;  its 
vacant  site,  which  was  called  the  Aequimae- 
liitm,  continued  to  subsequent  ages  a  memo- 
rial of  his  fate. 

M  AENADES  (-um.  :  sing.  Maenas),  a  name 
of  the  Bacchantes,  from  ^aivo^ai,  "to  be 
mad,"  because  they  were  frenzied  in  the 
worship  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus). 

MAENALUS  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Arcadia, 
extending  from  Megalopolis  to  Tegea,  cele- 
brated as  the  favorite  haunt  of  the  god  Pan. 
The  Roman  poets  frequently  use  the  adjec- 
tives Maenalim  and  Maenalis  as  equivalent 
to  Arcadian. 

MAENIUS  (-i),  C.,  consul  B.O.  S3S,  with  L. 
Furius  Camillas.  The  8  consuls  completed 
the  subjugation  of  Latium  ;  they  were  both 
rewarded  with  a  triumph,  and  equestrian 
statues  were  erected  to  their  honor  in  the 
forum.  The  statue  of  Maenius  was  placed 
upon  a  column,  called  Cotumna  Maenia,  which 
appears  to  have  stood  near  the  end  of  the 
forum,  on  the  Capitoliue.  Maenius,  in  his 
censorship  (B.C.  31S),  allowed  balconies  to  be 
added  to  the  various  buildings  surrounding 
the  forum,  in  order  that  the  spectators  might 
obtain  more  room  for  beholding  the  game? 
which  were  exhibited  in  the  forum:  these 
balconies  were  called  after  him  Maeniana 
' 


MAE&NtA  (-ae),  the  ancient  name  of  Lydia. 
Hence  Virgil  gives  the  name  of  Maeonia  to 
Etruria,  because  the  Etruscans  were  said  to 
be  descended  from  Lydians.  Hence  also 
Homer,  as  a  native  of  Maeonia,  is  called 
Maeonides  and  Maeonius  senex,  and  his  poems 
the  Haeoniae  chartae,  or  Maeonium  carmen. 
[LYDIA.]—  MAEOKIS  likewise  occurs  as  a  sur- 
name of  Omphale  and  of  Arachue,  because 
both  were  Lydians. 

MAE5TAE.    [MAEOTIS  PALTJS.] 

MAESTIS  (-idis)  PALUS  (Sea  of  Azov),  an 
inland  sea  on  the  borders  of  Europe  and  At-ia, 
N.  of  the  Pontus  Euxinus  (Black  Sea),  with 
which  it  communicates  bjr  the  BOSPORUS 
CIMMERIUS.  The  Scythian  tribes  on  its  banks 
were  called  by  the  collective  name  of  Maeotae 
or  Maeotici.  The  sea  had  also  the  names  of 
Cimmerium  or  Bosporicum  Mare. 

MAERA,  the  dog  of  Icarius,  the  father  of 
Erigone.  CIoAEius,  No.  1.] 

MAEVIUS.    [BAVIDSO 

MAGDOLTJM  (O.  T.  Migdol),  a  city  of 
Lower  Egypt,  near  the  N.E.  frontier,  where 
Pharaoh  Necho  defeated  the  Syrians. 

MAGETOBRIA  (Moiate  de  Broie,  on  the 
Sadne),  a  town  on  the  W.  frontiers  of  the 
Seqnani,  near  which  the  Ganls  were  defeated 


MAGI. 


24:1 


MANUUS. 


by  the  Germans  shortly  before  Caesar's  arrival  j 
in  Gaul.  j 

MAGI  (-orum),  the  name  of  the  order  of 
priests  and  religious  teachers  among  the 
Medes  and  Persians.  [ZOKOASTEK.] 

MAGNA  GRAECIA.    [GEAECIA.] 

MAGNA  MATER.    [RUEA.] 

MAGNENTIUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor  ju  the 
West,  A.T>.  350-353,  obtained  the  throne  by 
the  murder  of  Constans,  but  was  defeated  by 
Constantius,  and  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. 

MAGNESIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  narrow  slip  of 
country  along  the  eastern  coast  of  Thess-aly, 
extending  from  the  Peueus  011  the  N.  to  ttie 
Pagasaean  gulf  on  the  S.  Its  inhabitants, 
the~Magnetes,  are  said  to  have  founded  the 
2  cities  in  Asia  mentioned  below.— (2)  MAG- 
NESIA AD  SIPYLUM,  a  city  in  the  N.  W.  of  Lydia, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Sipylus,  and  on  ihe 
S.  bank  of  the  Hermus,  famous  as  the  scene 
of  the  victory  gained  by  Scipio  Asiaticus  over 
Antiochus  the  Great,  B.C.  190.— (3)  MAGNESIA 
AD  MAEANDEUM,  a  city  in  the  S.W.  of  Lydia, 
situated  on  the  river  Lethaeus,  a  tributary  of 
the  Maeauder.  It  was  destroyed  by  the  Cim- 
merians (probably  about  u.c.  700),  and  rebuilt 
by  colonists  from  Miletus. 

MAGO  (-onis),  the  name  of  several  Car- 
thaginians, of  whom  the  most  celebrated 
were :  (1)  Son  of  Hamilcar  Barca,  and  young- 
est brother  of  the  famous  Hannibal.  He 
carried  on  the  war  for  many  years  in  Spain ; 
and  after  the  Carthaginians  had  been  driven 
out  of  that  country  by  Scipio  he  landed  in 
Liguria,  where  he  remained  2  years  (B.C.  20&- 
203). — (2)  The  author  of  a  work  upon  agri- 
culture in  the  Punic  language,  in  28  books, 
which  was  translated  into  Latin  by  order  of 
the  Roman  senate. 

MAGONTIACUM.    [MOGONTIACUM.] 

M5.IA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Atlas  and  Plelone, 
was  the  eldest  of  the  Pleiades,  and  the  most 
beautiful  of  the  7  sisters.  In  a  grotto  of  Mount 
Cylleue,  in  Arcadia,  she  became  by  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  the  mother  of  Hermes  (Mercury). 
Areas,  the  son  of  Zeus  by  Callisto,  was  given 
to  her  to  be  reared.  [PLEIADES.] 

MALAGA  (-ae :  Malaga),  an  important  town 
on  the  coast  of  Hispauia  Baeticn,  and  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  founded  by  the 
Phoenicians. 

MALE  A  or  -ISA  (-ae),  a  promontory  on  the 
S.E.  of  Laconia,  separating  the  Argolic  and 
Laconic  gulfs. 

MALliCUS  SINUS.    [MALTS.] 

MALIS,  a  district  in  the  S.  of  Thessaly,  on 
the  shores  of  the  Maliacus  Sinus,  and  opposite 
the  N.W.  point  of  the  island  of  Euboea.  It 
extended  as  far  as  the  pass  of  Thermopylae. 
Its  inhabitants,  the  Malienses,  were  Dorians, 
and  belonged  to  the  Amphictyonic  League. 

MALLI  (-ornm),  an  Indian  people  on  both 
sides  of  the  HYDEAOTES  :  their  capital  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  on  the  site  of  the  cele- 
brated fortress  of  Mooltan. 

MALLUS  (-i),  a  very  ancient  city  of  Cilicia, 
on  a  hill  E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Pyra- 
mus,  said  to  have  been  founded  at  the  time 


of  the  Trojan  war  by  Mopsus  and  Amphil- 
ochus. 

MAMERCUS  (-i)r  the  name  of  a  distin- 
guished family  of  the  Aemilia  gens  in  the 
early  times  of  the  republic. 

MAMERS  (-tis),  the  Oscau  name  of  the  god 
MAES. 

MAMERTIXI.    [MESSANA.] 

MAMILIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  distinguish* 
ed  family  in  Tusculnra.  It  was  to  a  member 
of  this  family,  Octavius  Mamilius,  that  Tar* 
quinine  betrothed  his  daujjhter ;  and  on  his 
expulsion  from  Rome  his  son-in-law  roused 
the  Latin  people  aguius-t  the  infant  republic, 
and  perished  iu  the  great  battle  at  the  lake 
Rcscillus.  Tne  Mamilii  afterwards  removed 
to  Rome. 

MAMURIUS  VETURIUS.    [VETUUIUS.] 

MAMURRA  (-ae),  a  Roman  eques,  born  at 
Formiae,  was  the  commander  of  the  en- 
gineers (praefectusfabrum)  hi  Julius  Caesar's 
army  in  Gaui.  and  amassed  great  riches. 
Horace  calls  Formiae,  in  ridicule,  Mamur- 
ranvni  urbn,  from  which  we  may  infer  that 
the  came  of  Mamurra  had  become  a  by-word 
of  contempt. 

MANCINUS,  C.  HOST1LIUS  (-i),  consul 
B.O.  137,  was  defeated  by  the  Numantines,  and 
purchased  his  safety  by  making  a  peace  with 
them.  The  senate  refused  to  recognize  it, 
and  went  through  the  hypocritical  ceremony 
of  delivering  him  over  to  the  enemy,  who  re- 
fused to  accept  him. 

MANDtTBil  (-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Lugdunensis,  in  the  modern  Burgundy^  whose 
chief  town  was  ALESIA. 

MANDtMA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Calabria,  on 
the  road  from  Tarentum  to  Hydruntum. 

MANES  (-lura),  the  name  which  the  Ro- 
mans gave  to  the  souls  of  the  departed,  who 
were  worshiped  as  gods.  Hence  on  sepul- 
chres we  find  D.  M.  S.— that  is,  Dls  Mambu* 
Sacrum.  [LABES.] 

MANfiTHO  (-dnis),  an  Egyptian  priest  MI 
the  reign  of  the  first  Ptolemy,  who  wrote  In 
Greek  an  account  of  the  religion  and  history 
of  his  country.  His  history  of  Egypt  con- 
tained an  account  of  the  different  dynasties 
of  kings,  compiled  from  genuine  documents. 
The  work  itself  is  lost;  but  a  list,  of  the 
dynasties  is  preserved  in  Julius  Africanos 
and  Eusebius. 

MANILIUS  (-i).  (1)  C.,tribune  of  the  plebs, 
B.O.  66,  proposed  the  law  (Manilla  Lex)  grant- 
ing to  Pompey  the  command  of  the  war 
against  Mithridates,  and  which  Cicero  sup- 
ported in  an  extant  oration.— (2)  A  Roman 
poet,  who  lived  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  and 
the  author  of  an  extant  astrological  poem  in 
5  books,  entitled  Astronomtea. 

M.  MANLIUS  (-i),  consul  B.O.  392,  took 
refuge  in  the  Capitol  when  Rome  was  taken 
by  the  Gauls  in  390.  One  night,  when  the 
Gauls  endeavored  to  ascend  the  Capitol, 
Manlins  was  roused  from  his  sleep  by  the 
cackling  of  the  geese;  collecting  hastily  a 
body  of  men,  he  succeeded  in  driving  back 
the  enemy,  who  had  just  reached  the  summit 
of  the  hill.  From  this  heroic  deed  he  is  said 


MANLIUS. 


242 


MARCELLUS. 


to  have  received  the  surname  of  CAPITOLINUS. 
In  SS5  he  defended  the  cause  of  the  plebeians, 
who  were  suffering  severely  from  the  harsh 
and  cruel  treatment  of  their  patrician  credit- 
ors. In  the  following  year  he  was  charged 
with  high -treason  by  the  patricians;  and 
being  condemned  to  death  by  the  people,  he 
was  hurled  down  the  Tarpeian  rock  by  the 
tribunes.  The  members  of  the  Manlia  gens 
accordingly  resolved  that  none  of  them  should 
<*ver  bear  in  future  the  praenomeu  of  Marcus. 

MANLIUS  TORQUATUS.    [TOEQUATUS.] 

MANTINEA  (-ae),  one  of  the  most  ancient 
and  important  towns  in  Arcadia,  situated  on 
the  small  river  Ophis,  near  the  centre  of  the 
E.  frontier  of  the  country.  It  is  celebrated 
for  the  great  battle  fought  under  its  walls 
between  the  Spartans  and  Thebans,  in  which 
Epaminondas  fell,  B.O.  3G2.  In  consequence 
of  its  treachery  to  the  Achaeans,  Aratus  put 
to  death  its  leading  citizens,  sold  the  rest  of 
its  inhabitants  as  slaves,  and  changed  its 
name  into  Antigorila,  in  honor  of  Antigomis 
Doson.  The  emperor  Hadrian  restored  to  the 
place  its  ancient  name. 

MANTD  (-us).  (1)  Daughter  of  Tiresias,  a 
prophetess,  and  mother  of  the  seer  Mopsus.— 
(2)  Daughter  of  Hercules,  likewise  a  proph- 
etess, from  whom  the  town  of  Mantua  re- 
ceived its  name. 

MANTUA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Gallia  Trauspa- 
dana,  on  an  island  in  the  river  Mincius,  was 
not  a  place  of  importance,  but  is  celebrated 
because  Virgil,  who  was  bora  at  the  neigh- 
boring village  of  Andes,  regarded  Mantua  as 
his  birthplace. 

MARlCANDA  (-drum:  Samarcand),  the 
capital  of  Sogdiana,  where  Alexander  the 
Great  killed  his  friend  CLITUS. 

MARATHON  (-onis),  a  village  of  Attica, 
situated  near  a  bay  on  the  E.  coast,  2*2  miles 
from  Athens  by  one  road,  and  26  miles  by 
another.  It  stood  in  a  plain,  extending  along 
the  sea-shore,  about  6  miles  in  length,  and 
from  3  miles  to  U  miles  in  breadth,  and  sur- 


rounded on  the  other  3  sides  by  rocky  hills. 
Two  marshes  bound  the  extremity  of  the 
plain.  Here  was  fought  the  celebrated  battle 
between  the  Persians  and  Athenians  B.C.  490. 
The  Persians  were  drawn  up  on  the  pluiu. 
and  the  Athenians  on  some  portion  of  the 
high  ground  above.  The  tumulus  raised 
over  the  Athenians  who  fell  in  the  battle  is 
still  to  be  seen.  The  Marathon ian  plain  is 
also  celebrated  in  mythology  on  account  of 
the  fierce  bull  here  slain  by  Theseus. 

HARATHUS  (-i),  an  important  city  on  the 
coast  of  Phoenicia,  opposite  to  Araaus  and 
near  Antaradus. 

MARCELLUS  (-i),  the  name  of  an  illus- 
trious plebeian  family  of  the  Claudia  gens. 
— (1)  1L  CLAUDIUS  MAKOELLUS,  celebrated  as 
5  times  consul,  and  the  conqueror  of  Syracuse. 
In  his  first  consulship,  B.C.  222,  Marcellus  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  slaying  in  battle  with 
his  own  hand  Britoiuartns  or  Viridomarus, 
the  king  of  the  Insubrian  Gauls,  \yhose  spoils 
he  afterwards  dedicated  as  spotia  opima  in 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Feretrius.  This  was 
the  3d  and  last  instance  in  Roman  history 
in  which  such  an  offering  was  made.  Mar- 
cellus was  one  of  the  chief  Roman  generals 
in  the  2d  Punic  war.  He  took  Syracuse  in 
B.C.  212,  after  a  siege  of  more  than  2  years,  in 
which  all  his  powerful  military  engines  were 
rendered  wholly  unavailing  by  the  superior 
skill  and  science  of  Archimedes,  who  directed 
those  of  the  besieged.  On  the  capture  of  the 
city  Archimedes  was  one  of  the  inhabitants 
slain  by  the  Roman  soldiers.  Marcellus  fell 
iu  battle  against  Hannibal  in  20S.— (2)  M. 
CLAUDIUS  MARCELLUS,  consul  B.O.  51,  and  a 
bitter  enemy  of  Caesar.  In  B.C.  46  he  was 
pardoned  by  Caesar  on  the  intercession  of  the 
senate;  whereupon  Cicero  returned  thanks 
to  Caesar  in  the  oration  Pro  Marcello,  which 
has  come  down  to  us.  Marcellus,  who  was 
then  living  at  Mytilene,  set  out  on  his  return ; 
but  he  was  murdered  at  the  Piraeus  by  one 
of  iiis  own  attendants,  P.  Magius  Chilo.— (3) 


The  Plain  and  Tumulus  of  Marathon. 


MARCIUS. 


243 


MARIUS. 


C.  CLAUDIUS  MAT-CELLUS,  brother  of  No.  2,  and 
also  au  enemy  of  Caesar,  was  consul  in  49, 
when  the  civil  war  broke  out.— (4)  C.  CLAUDIUS 
MAECELLUS,  first  cousin  of  the  two  preceding, 
and,  like  them,  au  enemy  of  Caesar.  He  was 
consaul  in  50,  but  he  did  not  join  Pompey  in 
Greece,  and  was  therefore  readily  pardoned 
by  Caesar.— (5)  M.  CLAUDIUS  MAKCELLTJS,  son 
of  ,he  preceding  and  of  Octavia,  the  daughter 
of  C.  Octavius  and  sister  of  Augustus,  was 
born  in  43.  Augustus,  who  haa  probably 
destined  him  for  his  successor,  adopted  him 
as  his  son,  and  gave  him  his  daughter  Julia 
in  marriage  (B.O.  25).  In  23  he  was  curule 
aedile,  but  died  in  the  same  year,  to  the  great 
grief  of  Augustus,  as  well  as  of  his  mother 
Dctavia.  The  memory  of  Marcellus  is  em- 
balmed In  the  well-known  passage  of  Virgil 
(Aen.  vi.  S60-SS6),  which  was  recited  by  the 
poet  to  Augustus  and  Octavia. 

MARClUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens, 
which  claimed  descent,  from  Ancus  Marcius, 
the  4th  king  of  Rome.  [ANGUS  MAHGIUS.] 
Coriolanus  belonged  to  this  gens  [CORIOLA- 
NT78] ;  and  at  a  later  time  it  was  divided  into 
the  families  of  PHILIPPUS,  REX,  and  RUTILUS. 

MARClUS  (-i),  an  Italian  seer,  whose  pro- 
phetic verses  (Carmina  Marciana)  were  dis- 
covered in  B.O.  213,  and  were  preserved  in  the 
Capitol  -with  the  Sibylline  books.  Some 
writers  mention  only  one  person  of  this  name, 
but  others  speak  of  two  brothers,  the  March*. 

MARCOHANNI  (-orum),  that  is,  men  of 
the  mark  or  border,  a  powerful  German  peo- 
ple, of  the  Suevic  race,  originally  dwelt  be- 
tween the  Rhine  and  the  Danube,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Main ;  but  under  the  guidance 
of  their  chieftain  Maroboduus  they  misrrated 
into  the  laud  of  the  Boii,  who  inhabited  Bo- 
hemia and  part  of  Bavaria.  Here  they  set- 
tled after  subduing  the  Boii,  and  founded  a 
powerful  kingdom,  which  extended  S.  as  for 
as  the  Danube.  [MAROBODUUS.]  At  a  later 
time  the  Marcoraanui,  in  conjunction  with 
the  Quadi  and  other  German  tribes,  carried 
on  a  long  and  bloody  war  with  the  emperor 
M.  Aurelius,  which  lasted  during  the  greater 
part  of  his  reign,  and  was  only  brought  to  a 
conclusion  by  his  son  Commodus  purchasing 
peace  of  the  barbarians  as  soon  as  he  ascend- 
ed the  throne,  A.D.1SO. 

MARDL    [AMAisni.] 

MARD5NIUS  (-i),  a  distinguished  Persian, 
son  of  Gobryas,  and  son-in-law  of  Darius 
Hystaspis.  In  B.C.  492  he  was  sent  by  Darius 
to  punish  Eretria  and  Athens  for  the  aid  they 
had  given  to  the  louians ;  but  his  fleet  was 
destroyed  by  a  storm  off  Mount  Athos,  and 
fee  greater  part  of  his  land  forces  was  de- 
stroyed on  his  passage  through  Macedonia 
by  the  Brygians,  a  Thracian  tribe.  On  the 
accession  of  Xerxes  he  was  one  of  the  chief 
instigators  of  the  expedition  against  Greece. 
After  the  defeat  of  the  Persians  at  Salamis 
(480)  he  was  left  by  Xerxes  with  a  large  army 
to  conquer  Greece;  but  he  was  defeated  in 
the  following  year  (479),  near  Plataeae,  by  the 
combined-  Greek  forces,  under  the  command 
of  Pausanias,  and  was  slain  in  the  battle. 

.  -SA,  -IA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Lower 


__,..,,-,  which  gave  its  name  to  the  district 
aud  lake  of  MareGtis.  The  lake  was  separated 
from  the  Mediterranean  by  the  neck  of  land 
on  which  Alexandria  stood,  and  supplied  with 
water  by  the  Canopic  branch  of  the  Nile,  and 
by  canals.  It  served  as  the  port  of  Alexan- 
dria for  vessels  navigating  the  Nile. 

MlREOTIS.    [MABEA.] 

MARESA,  MARESCHA,  an  ancient  for- 
tress of  Palestine,  in  the  S.  of  Judaea,  of  some 
importance  iu  the  history  of  the  early  kings 
of  Judah  aud  of  the  Maccabees. 

MARGIANA  (-ae),  a  province  of  the  an- 
cieut  Persian  empire,  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Bactriana,  on  the  N.E.  and  N.  by  the  river 
Oxus,  aud  on  the  W.  by  Hyrcania.  It  received 
its  name  from  the  river  Margns,  which  flows 
through  it.  On  this  river  stood  the  capital 
of  the  district,  Antiochia  Margiana,  which 
was  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great,  and  re- 
built by  Antiochus  I. 

MARGUS.    [MABGIAXA.} 

MlRlANAE  FOSSAE.    [FossA.] 

MARIANDTNI  (-orum),  an  ancient  people 
in  the  N.E.  of  Bithynia  in  Asia  Minor. 

MARICA  (-ae),  a  Lathi  nymph,  the  mother 
of  Latinus  by  Fannus,  was  worshiped  by  the 
inhabitants  of  Mintumae,  in  a  grove  on  the 
river  Liris.  Hence  the  country  round  Min- 
turnae  is  called  by  Horace  Sfaricae  litwa. 

MARIUS  (-i),  C.  (1)  The  celebrated  Ro- 
man, who  was  7  times  consul,  was  born  in 
B.C.  157,  near  Arjpmum,  of  an  obscure  and 
humble  family.  He  rose  to  distinction  by  his 
military  abilities.  He  served  under  Scipio 
Africanus  the  younger  at  the  siege  of  Nu- 
tnantia  in  Spain  (B.O.  134),  but  he  was  not 
elected  tribune  of  the  plebs  till  B.C.  119,  when 
he  was  38  years  of  age.  He  afterwards  mar- 
ried Julia,  the  sister  of  C.  Julius  Caesar,  the 
father  of  the  celebrated  dictator.  Marius  was 
now  regarded  as  one  of  the  chief  leaders  of  the 
popular  party  at  Rome.  In  109  Marius  served 
in  Africa  as  legate  of  the  consul  Q.  Metellus 
in  the  war  against  Jugunha.  In  107  he  was 
elected  consul,  and  received  the  province  of 
Numidia,  and  the  conduct  of  the  war  against 
Jugurtha  (107).  In  the  following  year  (106) 
Jugurtha  was  surrendered  to  him  by  the 
treachery  of  Bocchus,  king  of  Maoretania. 


Coin  of  Marius. 


MARIUS. 


244 


MARS. 


Marias  sent  his  quaestor  Sulla 
to  receive  the  Numidian  king  from  Bocchus. 
This  circumstance  sowed  the  seeds  of  the 
personal  hatred  which  afterwards  existed  be- 
tween Marius  and  Sulla,  since  the  enemies  of 
Marius  claimed  for  Sulla  the  merit  of  bringing 
the  war  to  a  close  by  obtaining  possession  of 
the  person  of  Jugurtha.  Meantime  Italy  was 
threatened  by  a  vast  horde  of  barbarians,  who 
had  migrated  from  the  N.  of  Germany.  The 
2  leading  nations  of  which  they  consisted 
were  called  Cimbri  and  Teutoni.  They  had 
defeated  one  Roman  army  after  another ;  and 
every  one  felt  that  Marius  was  the  only  man 
capable  of  saving  the  state.  Accordingly  he 
was  elected  consul  a  2d  time  (104);  but  the 
barbarians,  instead  of  crossing  the  Alps, 
marched  into  Spain,  which  they  ravaged  for 
the  nest  2  or  3  years,  Marius  was  elected 
consul  a  3d  time  in  103,  and  a  4th  time  in  102. 
In  the  latter  of  these  years  the  barbarians 
returned  into  Gaul,  and  divided  their  forces. 
The  Cimbri  crossed  the  Tyrolese  Alps  by  the 
defiles  of  Tridentum  (Trent).  The  Teutoni 
and  Ambrones,  on  the  other  hand,  marched 
against  Marius,  who  had  taken  up  a  position 
in  a  fortified  camp  on  the  Rhone.  The  deci- 
sive battle  was  fought  near  Aquae  Sextiae 
(Aix),  in  which  the  whole  nation  was  anni- 
hilated by  Marius.  The  Cimbri,  meantime, 
had  forced  their  way  into  Italy:  Marius  was 
elected  consul  a  5th  time  (101),  and  joined  the 
proconsul  Catulus  in  the  N.  of  Italy.  The  2 
generals  gained  a  great  victory  over  the  ene- 
my on  a  plain  called  the  Campi  Raudii,  near 
Vercellae  (Vercelli).  Marius  was  received  at 
Rome  with  unprecedented  honors.  Hitherto 
his  career  had  been  a  glorious  one ;  but  the 
remainder  of  his  life  is  full  of  horrors.  In 
order  to  secure  the  consulship  a  6th  time,  he 
entered  into  close  connection  with  the  two 
demagogues,  Saturninus  and  Glaucia.  He 
gained  his  object,  and  was  consul  a  6th  time 
in  100.  In  this  year  he  drove  into  exile  his 
old  enemy  Meteflus ;  and  shortly  afterwards, 
when.  Satnrninus  and  Glaucia  took  up  arms 
against  the  state,  he  was  compelled  by  the 
senate  to  put  down  the  insurrection.  [SA- 
TUENXstrs.3  But,  although  old  and  full  of 
honors,  he  was  anxious  to  obtain  the  com- 
mand of  the  war  against  Mithridates,  which 
the  senate  had  bestowed  upon  the  consul 
Sulla  (B.O.  SS).  He  obtained  a  vote  of  the 
people,  conferring  upon  him  the  command ; 
out  Sulla  marched  upon  Rome  at  the  head  of 
his  army,  and  compelled  Marius  to  take  to 
flight.  After  wandering  along  the  coast  of 
Latium,  he  was  at  length  taken  prisoner  in 
the  marshes  formed  by  the  river  Liris,  near 
Minturnae ;  but  when  a  Cimbrian  soldier  en- 
tered his  prison  to  put  him  to  death,  Marius 
in  a  terrible  voice  exclaimed,  "Man,  darest 
thou  murder  C.  Marius  ?"  whereupon  the  bar- 
barian threw  down  his  sword  and  rushed  out 
of  the  house.  The  inhabitants  of  Minturnae 
now  took  compassion  on  Marius,  and  placed 
him  on  board  a  ship.  He  reached  Africa  in 
safety,  and  landed  at  Carthage;  but  he  had 
scarcely  put  his  foot  on  shore  before  the  Ro- 
man governor  sent  an  officer  to  bid  him  leave 
the  country.  This  'blow  almost  unmanned 
Marios:  his  only  reply  was,  "Tell  the  prae- 


tor that  you  have  seen  C.  Marius  a  fugitive, 
sitting  on  the  ruins  of  Carthage."  Soon  aft- 
erwards Marius  returned  to  Italy,  where  the 
consul  Cinna  (B.C.  87)  had  taken  up  arms 
against  Sulla's  party.  Cinna  had  been  driven 
out  of  Rome,  but  he  now  entered  it  alon°- 
with  Marius.  The  most  frightful  scenes  fol- 
lowed. The  guards  of  Marius  stabbed  every 
one  whom  he  did  not  salute,  and  the  streets 
ran  with  the  blood  of  the  noblest  of  the  Ro- 
man aristocracy.  Without  going  through  the 
form  of  an  election,  Marius  and  Ciuna  named 
themselves  consuls  for  the  following  year  (86). 
But  on  the  ISth  day  of  his  consulship  Marius 
died  of  an  attack  of  pleurisy,  in  his  Tlst  year. 
—(2)  Son  of  the  preceding,  but  only  by  a'dop- 
tion;  was  consul  in  B.O.  82,  when  he  was  27 
years  of  age.  In  this  year  he  was  defeated 
by  Sulla,  near  Sacriportus,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Latium,  whereupon  he  took  refuge  in  the 
strongly  fortified  town  of  Praeneste.  Here 
he  was  besieged  for  some  time;  but  after 
Sulla's  great  victory  at  the  Colline  gate  of 
Rome  over  Pontius  Telesinus,  Marius  put  an 
end  to  his  own  life,  after  making  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  escape.— (3)  The  false  Ma- 
rius, put  to  death  by  Antony,  B.C.  44. 

MARMARICA  (-ae),  a  district  of  N.  Africa, 
between  Cyrenaica  and  Egypt,  extending  in- 
land, as  far  as  the  Oasis  of  Ammon.  Its  in* 
habitants  were  called  Marmaridae. 

MlRO,  VIRGIIIUS.    [VmGiLius.] 

MAROBODT5TTS  (-i),  king  of  the  Marco- 
manni,  was  a  Suevian  by  birth,  and  was 
brought  up  at  the  court  of  Augustus.  After 
his  return  to  his  native  country  he  succeeded 
in  establishing  a  powerful  kingdom  in  Central 
Germany  [MABCOMA^NI]  ;  but  having  become 
an  object  of  suspicion  to  the  other  German 
tribes,  he  was  expelled  from  his  dominions 
about  A.D.  19,  and  took  refuge  in  Italy,  where 
Tiberius  allowed  him  to  remain. 

MlR§NEA  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  S.  coast  of 
Thrace,  on  the  lake  Ismaris,  belonged  orig- 
inally tr>  the  Cicones,  but  afterwards  colo- 
nized from  Chios.  It  was  celebrated  for  its 
excellent  wine,  and  is  mentioned  by  Homer 
as  the  residence  of  Maron,  son  of  Evanthes, 
grandson  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  and  Ariadne, 
and  priest  of  Apollo. 

MARPESSA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  Eve- 
nus.  [!DAS.]— (2)  A  mountain  in  Paros,  from 
which  the  celebrated  Parian  marble  was  ob- 
tained. Hence  Virgil  speaks  of  Marpe&ia 
cautes  (i.  e.  Parian). 

MARRtrClNI  or  MlRtTClNl  (-orum),  a 
brave  and  warlike  oeople  in  Italy,  of  the  Sa- 
bellian  race,  occupying  a  narrow  slip  of  coun- 
try along  the  right  bank  of  the  riverAternus, 
and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Vestini,  on  the 
W.  by  the  Peligni  and  Marsi,  on  the  S.  by  the 
Frentaui,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Adriatic  Sea. 
Their  chief  town  was  TEATS.  Along  with, 
their  neighbors  the  Marsi,  Peligni,  etc.,  they 
submitted  to  the  Romans  in  B.C.  304. 

MARRtVfUM  or  M3.RTJVIUM  (-i),  the 
chief  town  of  the  Marsi  (who  are  therefore 
called  gens  Maruvia  by  Virgil),  situated  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  lake  Fucinus. 

HARS  (-rtis),  an  ancient  Roman  god,  idea* 


MASS.    {Villa  Ludovisi,  Rome.) 


MARS. 


245 


MAETIALIS. 


tified  by  the  Romans  with  the  Greek  Ares. 
[ABES.]  The  name  of  the  god  in  the  Sabine 
and  Oscan  was  MAMEES  ;  and  Mars  itself  is  a 
contraction  of  MAVEES  or  MAYORS.  Nest  to 
Jupiter,  Mars  enjoyed  the  highest  honors  at 
Rome.  He  was  considered  the  father  of 
Romulus,  the  founder  of  the  nation.  [ROM- 
ULUS.] He  is  frequently  de&ignated  as  father 
Harts,  whence  the  forms  STarspiter  and  Mas- 
•piter,  analogous  to  Jupiter.  Jupiter,  Mars, 
and  Quirinus  were  the  3  tutelary  divinities 
of  Rome,  to  each  of  whom  king  Numa  ap- 
pointed a  flamen.  He  was  worshiped  at 
Rome  as  the  god  of  war,  and  war  itself  was 
frequently  designated  by  the  name  of  Mars. 
His  priests,  the  Salii,  danced  in  full  armor, 
and  the  place  dedicated  to  warlike  exercises 
was  called  after  his  name  (Campus  Martins). 
But  being  the  father  of  the  Romans,  Mars 
was  also  the  protector  of  the  most  honorable 
pursuit,  i.  e.  agriculture ;  and  under  the  name 
of  Silvanns  he  was  worshiped  as  the  guard- 
ian of  cattle.  Mars  was  also  identified  with 
Quirinus,  who  was  the  deity  watching  over 
the  Roman  citizens  in  their  civil  capacity  as 
Quirites.  Thus  Mars  appears  under  3  aspects. 
As  the  warlike  god,  he  was  called  Graaimts; 
as  the  rustic  god,  he  was  called  Silvanus; 
while  in  his  relation  to  the  state  he  bore  the 
name  of  Quirinus.  His  wife  was  called  Xeria 
or  Nerienej  the  feminine  of  Nero,  which  in  the 
Sabine  language  signified  "strong."  The 
wolf  and  the  woodpecker  (fiicus)  were  sacred 
to  Mars.  Numerous  temples  were  dedicated 
to  him  at  Rome,  the  most  important  of  which 


Sacred  Shield  of  Mars. 


was  that  outside  the  Porta  Capeua,  on  the 
Appiaii  road,  and  that  of  Mars  Ultor,  which, 
was  built  by  Augustus  in  the  forum. 

MARSI  (-Orum).  (1)  A  brave  and  warlike 
people  of  the  Sabellian  race,  dwelt  in  the 
centre  of  Italy,  in  the  high  land  surrounded 
by  the  mountains  of  the  Apennines,  iu  which 
the  lake  Fucinus  is  situated.  Along  with 
their  neighbors  the  Peligui,  Marruciiii,  etc., 
they  concluded  a  peace  with  Rome,  u.o.  304. 
Their  bravery  was  proverbial ;  and  they  were 
the  prime  movers  of  the  celebrated  war  waged 
against  Rome  by  the  Socii  or  Italian  allies  in 
order  to  obtain  the  Roman  franchise,  and 
which  is  known  by  the  name  of  the  Marsic  or 
Social  war.  Their  chief  town  was  MARRCT- 
VIUM.— The  Marsi  appear  to  have  been  ac- 
quainted with  the  medicinal  properties  of 
several  of  the  plants  growing  upon  their 
mountains,  and  to  have  employed  them  as 
remedies  agaiust  the  bites  of  serpents,  and  iu 
other  cases.  Hence  they  were  regarded  as 
magicians,  and  were  said  to  be  descended 
from  a  son  of  Circe. — (2)  A  people  in  the 
N.  W.  of  Germany,  belonging  to  the  league  of 
the  Cherusci.  They  joined  the  Cherusci  in 
the  war  against  the  Romans,  which  termi- 
nated in  the  defeat  of  Varus. 

MARSIGNI  (-ortun),  a  people  in  the  S.E. 
of  Germany,  of  Suevic  extraction. 

MARSUS,  DOMITIUS  (-i),  a  Roman  poet 
of  the  Augustan  age. 

MARSt AS  or  MARSHA  (-ae).  (1)  A  satyr 
of  Phrygia,  who,  having  found  the  flute  which 
Athena  (Minerva)  had  thrown  away  in  disgust 
on  account  of  its  distorting  her  features,  dis- 
covered that  it  emitted  of  Its  own  accord  the 
most  beautiful  strains.  Elated  by  his  suc- 
cess, Marsyas  was  rash  enough  to  challenge 
Apollo  to  a  musical  contest,  the  conditions 
of  which  were  that  the  victor  should  do  what 
he  pleased  with  the  vanquished.  Apollo 
played  upon  the  cithara,  and  Marsyas  upon 
the  flute.  The  Muses,  who  were  the  umpires, 
decided  in  favor  of  Apollo.  As  a  just  punish- 
ment for  the  presumption  of  Marsyas,  Apollo 
bound  him  to  a  tree,  and  flayed  him  alive. 
His  blood  was  the  source  of  the  river  Marsyae, 
and  Apollo  hung  up  his  skin  in  the  cave  out 
of  which  that  river  flows.  In  the  fora  of 
ancient  cities  there  was  frequently  placed  a 
statue  of  Marsyas,  which  was  probably  in- 
tended to  hold  forth  an  example  of  the  severe 
punishment  of  arrogant  presumption.  The 
statue  of  Marsyas  in  the  forum  of  Rome  is 
well  known  by  the  allusions  of  the  Roman 
poets.— (2)  A  small  and  rapid  river  of  Phrygia, 
rising  in  the  palace  of  the  Persian  kings  at 
Celaenae,  beneath  the  Acropolis,  and  falling 
into  the  Maeander,  outside  of  the  city.— (3) 
A  considerable  river  of  Caria,  falling  into  the 
S.  side  of  the  Maeander,  nearly  opposite  to 
Tralles. 

MARTIALIS  (-is),  M.  VlLMUS  (-i),  the 
epigrammatic  poet,  born  at  Bllbilis  in  Spain, 
A.I>.  43.  He  came  to  Rome  in  66 ;  and  after 
residing  in  the  metropolis  35  years  he  re- 
turned to  the  place  of  his  birth  in  100.  His 
death  can  not  have  taken  place  before  104. 
His  fame  was  widely  extended,  and  he  se- 
cured the  patronage  of  the  emperors  Titus 


MARTITJS. 


246 


MAURETANIA. 


and  Domitian.  His  extant  works  consist  of  a 
collection  of  short  poems,  all  included  under 
the  general  appellation  Epiyrammata,  divided 
into  U  books.  They  are  distinguished  by 
fertility  of  imagination,  flow  of  wit,  and  felic- 
ity of  language;  but  they  are  denied  by  im- 
purity of  thought  and  expression,  and  by 
base  flattery  of  the  emperor  Domitian. 

MARTIUS  CAMPUS.    [CAMPUS  MAHTIUS.] 

MARtJVlUM.    [MABRCVIUM.] 

MASCAS,  an  E.  tributary  of  the  Euphrates 
in  Mesopotamia. 

'  MlSiNISSA  (-ae),  king  of  the  Numidians, 
son  of  Gala,  king  of  the  Massylians,  the  east- 
ernmost of  the  2  great  tribes  into  which  the 
Numidians  were  at  that  time  divided.  In  the 
2d  Punic  war  he  at  first  fought  on  tha  side 
of  the  Carthaginians  in  Spain  (B.O.  212),  but 
be  afterwards'deserted  their  cause  aud  joined 
the  Romans.  On  his  return  to  Africa  he  was 
attacked  by  the  Carthaginians  and  his  neigh- 
bor Syphax,  and  with  difficulty  maintained 
his  ground  till  the  arrival  of  Scipio  in  Africa 
(B.C.  204).  He  rendered  important  service  to 
Scipio,  and  reduced  Cirta,  the  capital  of 
Syphax.  Among  the  captives  that  fell  into 
his  hands  on  this  occasion  was  Sophonisba, 
the  wife  of  Syphax,  who  had  been  formerly 
promised  in  marriage  to  Masinissa  himself. 
The  story  of  his  hasty  marriage  with  her,  and 
its  tragical  termination,  is  related  elsewhere. 
[SopuoNisiiA.]  In  the  decisive  battle  of  Zama 
(202)  Masinissa  commanded  the  cavalry  of 
the  right  wing.  On  the  conclusion  of  the 
peace  oetween  Rome  and  Carthage  he  was 
rewarded  with  the  greater  part  of  the  territo- 
ries" which  had  belonged  to  Syphax,  in  ad- 
dition to  his  hereditary  dominions.  For  the 
next  50  years  Masinissa  reigned  in  peace. 
He  died  in  the  2d  year  of  the  3d  Punic  war, 
B.C.  14S,  at  the  advanced  age  of  90,  having  re- 
tained in  an  extraordinary  degree  his  bodily 
strength  and  activity  to  the  last.  He  left  8 
sons  —  Micipsa,  Mastanabal,  and  Gulussa— 
among  whom  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger 
divided  his  kingdom. 

MASSA  (-ae),  BAEBIUS  or  BEBlUS  (-i), 
was  accused  by  Pliny  the  younger  and  He- 
rennins  Senecio  of  plundering  the  province 
of  Baetica,  of  which  he  had  been  governor. 
A.D.  93.  He  was  condemned,  but  escaped 
punishment  by  the  favor  of  Domitian  ;  aiid 
from  this  time  he  became  one  of  the  informers 
and  favorites  of  the  tyrant. 

MASSAESTLI  or  -XL  [MATJBETANIA  :  NA- 
MIBIA.] 

MASSlGSTAE  (-arum),  a  wild  and  war- 
like people  of  Central  Asia,  N.  of  the  Jaxartes 
(the  Araxes  of  Herodotus)  and  the  Sea  of 
Aral,  and  on  the  peninsula  between  this  lake 
and  the  Caspian.  Herodotus  appears  to  in- 
clude under  the  name  all  the  nomad  tribes  of 
Asia  E.  of  the  Caspian.  It  was  in  an  expe- 
dition against  them  that  Cyrus  the  Great  was 
defeated  and  slain. 


famous  Falernian  wine  came  from  the  eastern 
side  of  this  mountain. 

MASSILLA  (-ae),  called  by  the  Greeks 
MASSALlA  (Marseilles),  a  Greek  city  in 
Gallia  Narbonensis,  on  the  coast  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, in  the  country  of  the  Sulyes,  founded 
by  the  Phocaeans  of  Asia  Minor  ab'out  B.O.  600 
It  was  situated  on  a  promontory,  connected 
with  the  mainland  bv  a  narrow  laMinino  «.,j 


MASSICUS  (-i),  or  MASSICA  (-orum),  a 
mountain  in  the  N.W.  of  Campania,  near  the 
frontiers  of  Latium,  celebrated  for  its  excel- 
lent wine,  the  produce  of  the  vineyards  on 
the  southern  slope  of  the  mountain.  The 


washed  on  3  sides  by  the  sea.  Its  excellent 
harbor  was  formed  by  a  small  inlet  of  the 
sea,  about  half  a  mile  long  and  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  broad.  This  harbor  had  only  a  narrow 
opening,  and  before  it  lay  an  island,  where 
ships  had  good  anchorage.  At  an  early  period 
the  Massifienses  cultivated  the  friendship  of 
the  Romans,  to  whom  they  always  continued 
faithful  allies.  Massilia  was  for  many  cent- 
uries one  of  the  most  important  commercial 
cities  in  the  ancient  world.  In  the  civil  war 
between  Caesar  and  Pompey  (B.C.  49)  it  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  latter,  but  after  a  pro- 
tracted siege,  in  which  it  lost  its  fleet,  it  was 
obliged  to  submit  to  Caesar.  Its  inhabitants 
had  long  paid  attention  to  literature  and  phi- 
losophy ;  and  under  the  early  emperors  it  be- 
came one  of  the  chief  seats  of  learning,  to 
which  the  sons  of  many  Romans  resorted  in 
order  to  complete  their  studies. 

MASSIVA  (-ae).  (1)  A  Numidian,  grandson 
of  Gala,  king  of  the  Massylians,  and  nephew 
of  Masinissa,  whom  he  accompanied  into 
Spain.— (2)  Son  of  Gulussa,  and  grandson  of 
Masinissa,  assassinated  at  Rome  by  order  of 
Jugurtha.  because  he  had  put  in  his  claim  to 
the  kingdom  of  Numidia. 

MASSTLI   or  -II.      [MAUBETANIA.  ;   Nu- 

MIBIA.] 

MASTANA:BAL  orMANASTlBAL  (-ana), 

the  youngest  of  the  3  legitimate  sons  of  Ma- 
sinissa. 

M&THO  (-onis),  a  pompous,  blustering  ad- 
vocate, ridiculed  by  Juvenal  and  Martial. 

MlTIiNA,  the  S.  W.-most  district  of  Media 
Atropatine,  along  the  mountains  separating 
Media  from  Assyria,  inhabited  by  the  Matiani. 

MXTINUS  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Apulia,  run- 
ning out  into  the  sea,  one  of  the  offshoots  of 
Moiint  Garganus,  and  frequently  mentioned 
by  Horace,  in  consequence  of  Ms  being  a 
native  of  Apulia. 

MATISCO  (Macori),  a  town  of  the  Aedui  in 
Gallia  Lugduuensis,  on  the  Arar. 

MATR5NA  (-ae)  (Mame\  a  river  in  Gaul, 
falling  into  the  Sequana,  a  little  S.  of  Paris. 

MATTlX. CI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Germany, 
dwelling  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Rhine,  between 
the  Main  and  the  Lahn,  were  a  branch  of  the 
Chatti.  Their  chief  towns  were  Aquae  Mat- 
tiacae  (Wiesbaden)  and  Mattiacum  (Marburg). 

MATTtUM  (Maden),  the  chief  town  of  the 
Chatti,  situated  on  the  Adrana  (Eder). 

MlTtTTA  (-ae),  commonly  called  MS.TER 
MATOTA,  the  goddess  of  the  dawn,  identified 
by  the  Romans  with  Leucothea.  Her  festival, 
the  Matralia,  was  celebrated  on  the  llth  of 
June  (Diet.  ofAntiq.,  art  Matralia). 

MAURETANIA  or  MAURITA"  Nf A  (-ae),  a 
country  in  the  N.  of  Africa,  lying  between  the 


MAURI. 


247 


MEDEOX. 


Atlantic  on  the  W.,  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
N.,  Numidia  on  the  E.,  and  Gaetulia  on  the 
S. ;  but  the  districts  embraced  under  the 
names  of  Mauretania  and  Numidia  respec- 
tively were  of  very  different  extent  at  differ- 
ent periods.  The  northern  cuast  of  Africa, 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Syrtes,  was  inhabited 
at  a  very  ancient  period  by  3  tribes :  the  Mauri 
or  Maurusii,  W.  of  the  river  Malva  or  Malucha : 
thence  the  Massaesylii  to  the  river  Ainpsaga ; 
and  the  Massylii  between  the  Ampsaga  and 
the  Tusca,  the  W.  boundary  of  the  Carthagin- 
ian territory.  Of  these  people,  the  Mauri"  ap- 
plied themselves  more  to  the  settled  pursuits 
of  agriculture  than  their  kindred  neighbors 
on  the  E.  Hence  arose  a  difference,  which 
the  Greeks  marked  by  applying  the  general 
name  of  No/zaae?  to  the  tribes"  between  the 
Malva  and  the  Tusca;  whence  came  the 
Roman  names  of  Numidia  for  the  district, 
and  Numidae  for  its  people.  [NUMIDIA.]  Thus 
Mauretania  was  at  first  only  the  country  W. 
of  the  Malva,  but  it  afterwards  embraced  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  western  part  of 
Numidia.  The  Romans  first  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  country  during  the  war 
with  Jugurtha,  B.O.  10G.  [Bocouus.]  It  was 
made  a  Roman  province  by  Claudius,  who 
added  to  it  all  the  country  as  far  as  the  Amp- 
saga,  and  divided  it  into  2  parts,  of  which  the 
W.  was  called  Tiugitana,  from  its  capital 
Tingis  (Tangier),  and  the  E.  Caesariensis, 
from  its  capital  Julia  Caesarea,  the  boundary 
between  them  being  the  river  Malva,  the  old 
limit  of  the  kingdom  of  Bocchus  I. 

MAURI.      [MAITBETANIA.] 
MAURITINIA.      [MATJBETANIA.] 

MAURO'SIL    [MATJEETANIAO 

MAUS5LUS  (-i),  king  of  Caria,  eldest  son 
of  Hecatomnus,  reign  ed  B.  c.  377-353.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  wife  and  sister  Artemisia, 
who  erected  to  his  memory  the  costly  monu- 
ment called  from  him  the  Mausoleum.  [As- 

TEMTSIA.] 

MlVORS.    [MAES.] 

MAXENTlUS  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  A.D. 
306-312.  He  was  passed  over  in  the  division 
of  the  empire  which  followed  the  abdication 
of  his  father  Maximianus  and  Diocletian  in 
A.D.  305 ;  but  he  seized  Rome,  where  he  was 
proclaimed  emperor  in  306.  He  reigned  till 
312,  when  he  was  defeated  by  Constantino  at 
Saxa  Rubra,  near  Rome.  He  tried  to  escape 
over  the  Milvian  bridge  into  Rome,  but  he 
perished  in  the  river.  Maxentius  is  repre- 
sented by  all  historians  as  a  monster  of  ra- 
pacity, cruelty,  and  last. 

MAXlMflNUS  (-i).  (1)  Roman  emperor, 
A.D.  2S6-305,  originally  a  Pannonian  soldier, 
was  made  by  Diocletian  his  colleague  in  the 
empire,  but  was  compelled  to  abdicate  along 
with  the  latter.  [DIOCLETIANUS.]  When  his 
son  Maxentins  assumed  the  imperial  title  in 
the  following  year  (306),  he  resided  some 
time  at  Rome ;  but  being  expelled  from  the 
city  by  Maxentius,  he  took  refuge  in  Gaul 
with  Constantine,  who  had  married  his 
daughter  Fausta.  Here  he  was  compelled  by 
Constantiue  to  put  an  end  to  his  own  life  in 
310.— (2)  GALERIUS  MAXIMIANUS,  usually  called 


GALEEIUS,  Roman  emperor,  A.D.  305-311.  He 
was  first  made  Caesar  by  Diocletian,  whose 
daughter  he  had  married ;  and  upon  the  ab- 
dication of  Diocletian  and  Maximiauus  (305) 
he  became  Augustus  or  emperor.  He  died 
in  311,  of  the  disgusting  disease  known  IE 
modern  times  by  the  name  of  morbus  pedi- 
culosus.  He  was  a  cruel  persecutor  of  the 
Christians. 

MAXXMINUS  (-i).  (1)  Roman  emperor,  A.IX 
235-23$,  was  born  in  Thrace,  of  barbarian 
iarentage.  He  succeeded  Alexander  Severus ; 
iut  his  government  was  characterized  by  the 
utmost  cruelty.  He  was  slain  by  his  own 
stoldiers  before  Aquileia.  The  most  extraor- 
dinary tales  are  related  of  his  physical  pow- 
ers. His  height  exceeded  S  feet.  It  is  said 
that  he  washable  single-handed  to  drag  a 
loaded  wagon,  and  could  with  a  kick  break 
the  leg  of  a  horse ;  while  his  appetite  was 
such  that  in  one  day  he  could  eat  40  pounds 
of  meat,  and  drink  an  amphora  of  wine. — 
(2)  Roman  emperor,  308-314,  nephew  of 
Galerius  by  a  sister,  was  raised  to  the  em- 
pire by  the  latter.  On  the  death  of  Galerius 
in  311  Maximinus  and  Licinius  divided  the 
East  between  them;  but  having  attacked 
Licinius,  he  was  defeated  by  the  latter,  and 
died  shortly  afterwards.  He  was  a  cruel  per- 
secutor of  the  Christians. 

MAXIMUS  <-i),  MAGNUS  CLEMENS, 
Roman  emperor,  A.D.  3S3-3SS,  in  Gaul,  Britain, 
and  Spain,  obtained  the  throne  by  putting 
Gratian  to  death,  but  was  afterwards  slain  by 
Theodosius. 

MAXIMUS  T¥RIUS  (-i),  a  native  of  Tyre, 
a  Greek  rhetorician  and  Platonic  philosopher, 
lived  during  the  reigns  of  the  Antonines  and 
of  Commodus,  and  is  the  author  of  41  extant 
dissertations  on  philosophical  subjects,  writ- 
ten in  an  easy  and  pleasing  style. 

MlZlCA.      [CAESABEA,N0.1.] 

MSCYBERNA  <-ae),  a  town  of  Macedonia 
in  Chalcidice,  at  the  head  of  the  Toronaicgulf, 
E.  of  Olynthus,  of  which  it  was  the  sea-port. 

MfiDAURA  <-ae),  a  flourishing  city  of  N. 
Africa,  on  the  borders  of  Numidia  and  Byza- 
cena ;  the  birthplace  of  Appuleius. 

MEDEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  AeStes,  king  of 
Colchis,  celebrated  for  her  skill  in  magic. 
When  Jason  came  to  Colchis  to  fetch  the 
golden  fleece  she  fell  in  love  with  the  hero, 
assisted  him  in  accomplishing  the  object  for 
which  he  had  visited  Colchis,  afterwards  fled 
with  him  as  his  wife  to  Greece,  and  prevented 
her  father,  who  was  in  pursuit,  from  over- 
taking them  by  killing  her  brother  Absyrtue, 
and  strewing  the  sea  with  his  limbs,  which  her 
father  stopped  to  gather.  Having  been  de- 
serted by  Jason  for  the  youthful  daughter  of 
Creon,  king  of  Corinth,  she  took  fearful  venge- 
ance upon  her  faithless  spouse  by  murdering 
the  two  children  which  she  had  had  by  him, 

soned  garment ;  and  she  then  fled  to  Athens 
in  a  chariot  drawn  by  winged  dragons.  At 
Athens  she  is  said  to  have  married  king 
Ae^eus.  Her  story  is  given  in  greater  detail 
under  ABSYBTUS,  ABGONAUTAB,  and  JASON. 
MfiDEON  (-onis).  (1)  A  town  in  the  inte- 


MEDIA. 


248 


MEGARA. 


rior  of  Acarnania,  near  the  road  which  led 
from  Limnaea  to  Stratos.— (2)  A  town  on  the 
coast  of  Phocis,  near  Anticyra.— (3)  A  town 
in  Boeotia,  near  Onchestus  and  the  lake  Co- 
pais.— (4)  A  town  of  the  Labeates  in  Dalma- 
tia,  near  Scodra. 

MEDIA  (-ae),  an  important  country  of  Asia, 
above  Persia,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Araxes,  on  the  W.  and  S.W.  by  the  range  of 
mountains  called  Zagros  and  Parachoatras 
(Mountains  of  Kurdistan  and  Louristan)^ 
which  divided  it  from  the  Tigris  and  Euphra- 
tes valley,  on  the  E.  by  the  Desert,  and  on  the 
N.B.  by  the  Caspii  Montes  (Elburz  Mountains). 
It  was  a  fertile  country,  well  peopled,  and 
one  of  the  most  important  provinces  of  the 
ancient  Persian  empire.  After  the  Macedo- 
nian conquest  it  was  divided  into  2  parts—- 
Great Media  an  d  Atropatene.  [ATBOPATENE.] 
The  earliest  history  of  Media  is  involved  in 
much  obscurity.  Herodotus  reckons  only  4 
kings  of  Media,  namely:  1,  DEIOOES,  B.o.710 
-657;  2,  PHEAOBTES,  G5T-635;  3,  CYAXABES, 
635-595 ;  4,  ASTYAGES,  595-560.  The  last  king 
was  dethroned  by  a  revolution,  which  trans- 
ferred the  supremacy  to  the  Persians,  who 
had  formerly  been  the  subordinate  people  in 
the  united  Medo-Persian  empire.  [CYETTS.] 
The  Medes  made  more  than  one  attempt  to 
regain  their  supremacy:  the  usurpation  of 
the  Magian  Pseudo-Smerdis  was -no  doubt 
such  an  attempt  [SMEBDIS]  ;  and  another  oc- 
curred in  the  reigu  of  Darius  IL,  when  the 
Medes  revolted,  bat  were  soon  subdued  (B.O. 
40S).  With  the  rest  of  the  Persian  empire, 
Media  fell  under  the  power  of  Alexander;  it 
next  formed  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Seleucidae,  from  whom  it  was  conquered  by 
the  Parthians  in  the  2d  century  B.O.,  from 
which  time  it  belonged  to  the  Parthian,  and 
then  to  the  later  Persian  empire — It  is  im- 
portant to  notice  the  use  of  the  names  MED  us 
and  MEDI  by  the  Roman  poets  for  the  nations 
of  Asia  E.  of  the  Tigris  in  general,  and  for 
the  Parthians  in  particular. 

MEDIAE  MtTRUS,  an  artificial  wall,  which 
ran  from  the  Euphrates  to  the  Tigris,  at  the 
point  where  they  approach  nearest,  and  di- 
vided Mesopotamia  from  Babylonia.  It  is 
described  by  Xenophon  (Anabasis,  ii.  4)  as 
being  20  parasangs  long,  100  feet  high,  and 
20  thick,  and  as  built  of  baked  bricks,  ce- 
mented with  asphalt. 

MEDlOLlNUM  <-i).  (1)  (Milan),  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Insubres  in  Gallia  Transpadana, 
was  taken  by  the  Romans  B.C.  222,  and  after- 
wards became  both  a  municipinm  and  a  col- 
ony. From  the  time  of  Diocletian  till  its 
capture  by  Attila  it  was  the  usual  residence 
of  the  emperors  of  the  West.  It  is  celebrated 
in  ecclesiastical  history  as  the  see  of  St.  Am- 
brose.— (2)  (Saintes),  a  town  of  the  Santones 
in  Aquitania,  N.E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Ga- 
rumna;  subsequently  called  Santones  after 
the  people,  whence  its  modern  name. 

MEDIOMATRICI  (-Gram),  a  people  in  the 
S.E.  of  Gallia  Belgica,  on  the  Moselle,  S.  of 
the  Treviri.  Their  chief  town  was  Divodu- 
rum  (Mete). 

MEDiTERRlNfiUM  MARE. 


MEDQICUS  or  MEDtflCUS  (-i),  a  river 
in  Venetia,  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  falling  into  the 
Adriatic  Sea  near  Edron,  the  harbor  of  Pa- 
tavium. 

MEDOBRIGA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Lusitania 
on  the  road  from  Emerita  to  Scalabis.  * 

MfiDON  (-ontis),  son  of  Codras,  the  first 
archon.^  [CODETJS.] 

MSDtJLI  (-drum),  a  people  iu  Aquitania 
on  the  coast  of  the  ocean,  S.  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Garumna,  in  the  modern  Medoc.  There 
were  excellent  oysters  found  on  their  shores. 

MSDULLI  (-orum),  a  people  on  the  E*. 
frontier  of  Gallia  Narbouensis  and  in  the 
Maritime  Alps,  in  whose  country  the  Druen- 
tia  (Durance)  and  Duria  (Doria  Minor)  took 
their  rise. 

MEDTJLLIA  (-ae),  a  colony  of  Alba,  in  the 
land  of  the  Sabines,  situated  between  the 
Tiber  and  the  Anio. 

MEDtTSA.    [GOBGONES.] 

MEGAERA.    [EuMENiDES.] 

MSGALIA  or  MfiGARlA,  a  small  island  iu 
the  Tyrrhene  sea,  opposite  Neapolis. 

MEGALOPOLIS  (-is),  the  most  recent  but 
the  most  important  of  the  cities  of  Arcadia, 
was  founded  on  the  advice  of  Epaminondas 
after  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  B.C.  371,  and  was 
formed  out  of  the  inhabitants  of  38  villages. 
It  was  situated  in  the  district  Maenalia,  near 
the  frontiers  of  Messenia,  on  the  river  Helis- 
son,  which  flowed  through  the -city.  It  be- 
came afterwards  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the 
Achaean  League.  Philopoemen  and  the  his- 
torian Polybius  were  natives  of  Megalopolis. 

MEG&RA  (-ae,  and  pt.  Megara,  -drum). 
(1  The  town  of  Megara,  the  capital  of  ME- 
GABIS,  a  small  district  in  Greece  between  the 
Corinthian  and  Saronic  gulfs,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Boeotia,  on  the  E.  and  N.E.  by  At- 
tica, on  the  S.  by  the  territory  of  Corinth, 
and  situated  a  mile  from  the  sea,  opposite 
the  island  of  Salamis.  Its  citadel  was  called 
Alcdthde,  from  its  reputed  founder,  Alcathous, 
son  of  Pelops.  Its  sea-port  was  iVisoea,  which 
was  connected  with  Megara  by  2  walls,  built 
by  the  Athenians  when  they  had  possession 
of  Megara,  B.O.  461-445.  In  front  of  Nisaea 
lay  the  small  island  Minoa^  which  added 
greatly  to  the  security  of  the  harbor.  In  an- 
cient times  Megara  formed  one  of  the  4  divis- 
ions of  Attica.  It  was  next  conquered  by 
the  Dorians,  and  was  for  a  time  subject  to 
Corinth ;  but  it  finally  asserted  its  independ- 
ence, and  rapidly  became  a  wealthy  and 
powerful  city.  Its  power  at  an  early  period 
is  attested  by  the  flourishing  colonies  which 
it  founded,  of  which  Selymbria,  Chalcedon, 
and  Byzantium,  and  the  fiyblaean  Megara  in 
Sicily,  were  the  most  important  After  the 
Persian  wars,  Megara  was  for  some  time  at 
war  with  Corinth,  and  was  thus  led  to  form 
an  alliance  with  Athens,  and  to  receive  an 
Athenian  garrison  into  the  city,  461 ;  but  the 
oligarchical  party  haviner  got  the  upper  hand, 
the  Athenians  were  expelled,  441.  Megara  is 
celebrated  in  the  history  of  philosophy  as  the 
seat  of  a  philosophical  school,  usually  called 
the  Megarian,  which  was  founded  by  Euclid, 
a  native  of  the  city.  [EUOLTOES,  No.  2.}— (2) 


MEGAEEUS. 


249 


MELITA. 


A  town  in  Sicily  on  the  E.  coast,  N.  of  Syra- 
cuse, founded  by  Dorians  from  Megara  in 
Greece,  B.C.  72S,  on  the  site  of  a  small  town, 
flybla,  and  hence  called  MEGABA  HYBLAEA, 
and  its  inhabitants  Megareuses  HyblaeL 
From  the  time  of  Gelon  it  belonged  to  Syra- 
cuse. 

MfiGlREUS  (-ei  or  eos),  sou  cither  of 
Onchestus  or  Poseidon  (Neptune),  and  father 
of  Hippomenes  and  Evaechme. 

MfiGXRIS.      [MEGARA.] 

MEGIDDO,  a  considerable  city  of  Palestine, 
on  the  river  Kishon,  in  a  valley  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  confines  of  Galilee  and  Samaria. 

MELA,  river.    [MELLA.] 

MELA  or  MELLA  (-ae),  M.  ANNAEUS  (-i), 
youngest  son  of  M.  Auuaeus  Seneca,  the  rhet- 
orician, brother  of  L.  Seneca,  the  philosopher, 
and  father  of  the  poet  Lncan. 

MELA  <-ae),  POMPONIUS  (-i),  a  native  of 
Spain,  under  the  emperor  Claudius,  and  the 
author  of  an  extant  Latin  work  on  geography. 
entitled  De  Situ  Orbis  Libri  III. 

MELAMPtTS  (-odis),  son  of  Amythaon,  a 
celebrated  prophet  and  physician,  and  the 
first  who  introduced  the  worship  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus)  into  Greece.  He  is  said  to  nave 
cured  the  women  of  Argos  of  the  madness 
with  which  they  had  been  seized,  and  to  have 
received  in  consequence,  with  his  -brother 
Bias,  two  thirds  of  the  kingdom  of  Argos. 
Melarapus  and  Bias  married  the  2  daughters 
of  Proetus. 

MfiLANCHLAENI  (-orum),  a  people  in  the 
N.  of  Asia,  about  the  upper  course  of  the  river 
Tanals  (Don),  resembling  the  Scythians  in 
manners,  though  of  a  different  race.  Their 
Greek  name  was  derived  from  their  dark 
clothing. 

MELANIPPE  (-es),  daughter  of  Chiron, 
also  called  Evippe.  Being  with  child  by 
Aeolus,  she  fled  to  Mount  Pelion,  and  was 
there  metamorphosed  by  Artemis  (Diana) 
into  a  mare. 

MELlNIPPlDES,  of  Melos,  a  celebrated 
lyric  poet  in  the  department  of  the  dithyramb, 
who  flourished  about  B.O.  440. 

MfiLANTHlUS  (-i),  a  goat-herd  of  Ulysses. 

MfiLAS  (-anis  and  ae),  the  name  of  several 
rivers,  whose  waters  were  of  a  dark  color.— 
(1)  A  small  river  in  Boeotia,  flowing  between 
Orchomenus  and  Aspledon.  —  (2)  A  river  of 
Thessalv,  in  the  district  Malis,  falling:  into  the 
Malic  gulf.-(3)  A  river  of  Thessaly  in  Phtht- 
otis,  falling  into  the  Apidanus.—  (4)  A  river 
of  Thrace,  falling  into  the  Melas  Sinus.— 
(5)  A  river  in  the  N.E.  of  Sicily,  flowing 
into  the  sea  between  Mylae  and  Naulochus, 
through  excellent  meadows,  in  which  the 
oxen  of  the  sun  are  said  to  have  fed.  —  (6)  A 
river  in  Asia  Minor,  the  boundary  between 
Pamphylia  and  Cilicia. 

MfiLAS  SINUS.    [MELA8,No.4.] 

MELDI  (-ornm)  or  MELDAE  (-urum),  a 
people  in  the  N.  of  Gaul,  and  upon  the  river 


MELEAGER  or  MfiLBAGRUS  <-?ri),  son 
of  the  Calydonian  king  Oeneus,  took  part  in 
the  Argonautic  expedition,  and  was  after- 


wards the  leader  of  the  heroes  who  slew  the 
monstrous  boar  which  laid  waste  the  fields 
of  Calydou.  According  to  the  1  ater  tradition, 
he  gave  the  hide  of  the  animal  to  Atalanta, 
with  whom  he  was  in  love  ;  but  his  mother's 
brothers,  the  sons  of  Thestins,  took  it  from 
her,  whereupon  Meleager  in  a  rase  slew  them. 
This,  however,  was  the  cause  of  his  own  death. 
When  he  was  7  days  old  the  Moerae  or  Fates 
declared  that  the  boy  would  die  as  soon  as 
the  piece  of  wood  which  was  bnmiug  on  the 
hearth  should  be  consumed.  Althaea,  upon 
hearing  this,  extinguished  the  firebrand,  and 
concealed  it  in  a  chest  ;  but  now,  to  revenge 
the  death  of  her  brothers,  she  threw  the  piece 
of  wood  into  the  fire,  whereupon  Meleager 
expired.  Althaea,  too  hue  repenting  what 
she  had  done,  put  an  end  to  her  life.  The 
sisters  of  Meleager  wept  unceasingly  after  bis 
death,  until  Artemis  (Diana)  changed  them 


into  guinea-hens  (jueXea-jpioe?),  which  were 
transferred  to  the  island  of  Leros. 


Meleager.    (From  a  Painting  at  Pompeii.) 

MELETUS  or  MfiLITUS  (-i),  an  obscure 
tragic  poet,  but  notorious  as  one  of  the  ac- 
cusers of  Socrates. 

MELIA  (-ae)  or  MfiLlB  (-es),  a  nymph, 
daughter  of  Oceanus,  became  by  luachus  the 
mother  of  Phoroneus. 

MELIBOEA  (-ae),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Thessaly  in  Magnesia,  between  Mount  Ossa 
and  Mount  Pelion,  where  Philoctetes  reigned, 
who  is  hence  called  by  Virgil  dux  Meliboeus. 

MELlCERTES.    [PAI.AEMON.] 

MELISSA  <-ae),  a  nymph,  said  to  have  dis- 
covered the  use  of  honey,  and  from  whom 
bees  were  believed  to  have  received  their 
name  (peXiovcu).  There  can  be  no  doubt, 
however,  that  the  name  really  came  from 
/i«?\i,  honey,  and  was  hence  sriven  to  nymphs. 

MEI3TA  (-ae)  or  MEllTS  (-es).  (1)  (Mal- 
ta), an  island  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  col- 
onized by  the  Phoenicians,  and  afterwards 
belonging  to  the  Carthaginians,  from,  whom 
it  was  taken  by  the  Romans  in  the  2d  Panic 


MELITAEA. 


250 


MENANDER. 


war.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  island  on  which 
the  Apostle  Paul  was  shipwrecked ;  though 
some  writers  erroneously  suppose  that  the 
apostle  was  shipwrecked  on  the  island  of  the 
same  name  off  the  Illyrian  coast.  The  inhab- 
itants manufactured  fine  cloth  (Mditensia  sc. 
ve8timenta).--(2)  (Meleda),  a  small  island  iu 
the  Adriatic  Sea,  off  the  coast  of  Illyria  (Dal- 
matia),  N.W.  of  Epidaurus. 

MfiLITAEA,  MJBLlTBA,  or  MEIITIA 
(-ae),  a  town  iu  Thessaly  in  Phthiotis,  on  the 
N.  slope  of  Mount  Othrys,  and  near  the  river 
Enipeus. 

MfiLlTE  (-es),  a  nymph,  one  of  the  Nere- 
ides, a  daughter  of  Kerens  and  Doris. 

MfiLlTENE  (-es),  a  city  and  district  of  Ar- 
menia Minor,  between  the  Anti-Taurus  and 
the  Euphrates. 

MELLA  or  MSLA  (-ae:  Mella),  a  river  in 
Gallia  Transpadana,  flowing  by  Brixia,  and 
falling  into  the  Ollius  (Oglio). 

MELL1RIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  of  the  Bas- 
tuli  in  Hispania  Baetica,  between  Belon  and 
Calpe. — (2)  A  town  in  the  same  province, 
considerably  N.  of  the  former. 

HELODtTOTM  (-i :  Melun),  a  town  of  the 
Senones  in  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  on  an  island 
of  the  Sequana  (Sdtie). 

HELOS  (-i),  an  island  in  the  Aegaean  sea, 
and  the  most  W.-ly  of  the  Cyclades,  first  col- 
onized by  the  Phoenicians,  and  afterwards 
colonized  by  Lacedaemonians,  or  at  least  by 
Dorians.  Hence  in  the  Peloponnesian  war  it 
embraced  the  side  of  Sparta.  In  B.C.  410  it  was 
taken  by  the  Athenians,  who  killed  all  the 
adult  males,  sold  the  women  and  children  as 
slaves,  and  peopled  the  island  with  an  Athe- 
nian colony.  Melos  was  the  birthplace  of 
Diagoras,  the  Atheist. 

MELPOMENE  (-es),  i.  e.  the  singing 
dess,  one  of  the  9  Muses,  presided  over ' 
edy.  [MusAE.] 

MEMMIUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens, 
which  claimed  descent  from  the  Trojan  Mnes- 
theus.— (1)  C.  MEMMIUS,  tribune  of  the  plebs 
B.O.  111,  was  an  ardeut  opponent  of  the  oli- 
garchical party  at  Rome  during  the  Jugur- 
thine  war.  He  was  slain  by  the  mob  of  Sat- 
nrninus  and  Glaucia  while  a  candidate  for  the 
consulship  in  100.— (2)  C.  MEMMIUS  GEM  BLLTJS, 
tribune  of  the  plebs  in  66,  cnrule  aedile  in  60, 
and  praetor  iu  5S,  was  impeached  for  ambitus, 
and  withdrew  from  Rome  to  My  tilene.  Mem- 
mins  married  Pausta,  a  daughter  of  the  dic- 
tator Sulla,  by  whom  he  hada  son.  He  was 
eminent  both  in  literature  and  in  eloquence. 
Lucretius  dedicated  to  him  his  poem!te.Rerwm 
Katura. 

MEMN5N  (-onis).  (1)  The  beautiful  son 
of  Tithonns  and  Eos  (Aurora),  was  king  of 
the  Ethiopians,  and  came  to  the  assistance  of 
Priam  towards  the  end  of  the  Trojan  war. 
He  wore  armor  made  for  him  by  Hephaestus 
(Vulcan)  at  the  request  of  his  mother.  He 
slew  Antilochus,  the  son  of  Nestor,  but  was 
himself  slain  by  Achilles  after  a  long  and 
fierce  combat.  While  the  2  heroes  were  fight- 
ing, Zeus  (Jupiter)  weighed  their  fates,  and 
the  scale  containing  Memnon's  sank.-*  To 
soothe  the  grief  of  his  mother,  Zeus  conferred 


Weighing  the  fates  of  Achilles  and  Memnon. 

immortality  upon  Memnon,  and  caused  a 
number  of  birds  to  issue  out  of  the  funeral 
pile,  which  fought  over  the  ashes  of  the  hero. 
These  birds  were  called Memndnldes,  and  were 
said  to  have  visited  every  year  the  tomb  of  the 
hero  on  the  Hellespont.  The  Greeks  gave 
the  name  of  Memnonium  and  Memnoma  to 
certain  very  ancient  buildings  and  monu- 
ments in  Europe  and  Asia»  wnich  they  sup- 
posed to  have  been  erected  by  or  in  honor 
of  Memnon.  Of  these  the  most  celebrated 
was  a  great  temple  of  Thebes,  behind  which 
was  a  colossal  statue  (called  the  statue  of 
Memnon),  which,  when  struck  by  the  first 
rays  of  the  rising  sun,  was  said  to  give  forth 
a  sound  like  the  snapping  asunder  of  a  chord. 
It  appears,  however,  that  the  statue  repre- 
sented in  reality  the  Egyptian  king  Ameno- 
phis.  The  citadel  of  Susa  was  also  called 
Memnonia  by  the  Greeks.— (2)  A  native  of 
Rhodes,  had  the  command  of  the  W.  coast  of 
Asia  Minor  when  Alexander  invaded  Asia. 
He  was  an  able  officer,  and  his  death.in  B.O. 
333,  was  an  irreparable  loss  to  the  Persian 
cause. 

MEMNDNlUM.  [MEMNON,  No.  1.] 
MEMPHIS  (-is  and  idos),  a  great  city  of 
Egypt,  second  in  importance  only  to  Thebes, 
after  the  fall  of  which  it  became  the  capital 
of  the  whole  country,  a  position  which  it  had 
previously  shared  with  Thebes.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Menes.  It  stood  on  the 
left  (W.)  bank  of  the  Nile,  about  10  milos 
above  the  Pyramids. 

MENAENTJM  or  MENAE,  a  town  on  tho 
E.  coast  of  Sicily,  S.  of  Hybla,  the  birthplace 
and  residence  of  the  Sicel  chief  Ducetius. 
MENALIPPUS.  [MELANIPPUS.] 
MENANDER,  MENANDROS  or  -DRUS 
(-dri),  of  Athens,  the  most  distinguished  poet 
of  the  New  Comedy,  was  born  B.O.  342,  and 
was  drowned  in  291,  while  swimming  in  the 
harbor  of  Piraeus.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Theo- 
phrastus,  and  an  intimate  friend  of  Epicurus. 
Though  his  comedies  have  been  lost,  we  can 
form  some  idea  of  them  from  those  of  Ter< 


MENAPII. 


251 


MERCURIUS. 


ence,  who  was  little  more  than  a  translator 
of  Menander. 

M£NXPII  (-Orum),  a  powerful  people  in 
the  N.  of  Gallia  Belgica,  originally  dwelt  on 
both  banks  of  the  Rhine,  but  were  afterwards 
driven  out  of  their  possessions  on  the  right 
bank  by  the  Usipetes  and  Tenchteri,  and  in- 
habited only  the  left  bank  near  its  mouth, 
and  W.  of  the  Mosa. 

MENDE  (-es)  or  MENDAE  (-arum),  a  town 
on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Macedonian  peninsula 
Pellene  and  on  the  Thermaic  gulf,  a  colony 
of  the  Eretrians,  and  celebratecffor  its  wine. 

MENDES,  a  considerable  city  of  the  Delta 
of  Egypt,  on  the  bank  of  one  of  the  lesser 
arms  of  the  Nile,  named  after  it  the  Mende- 
eian  mouth. 

MENEDEMUS  (-i),  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
Eretria,  where  he  established  a  school  of 
philosophy,  called  the  Eretrian.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Antigonus  in  Asia,  where  he 
starved  himself  to  death  in  the  74th  year  of 
his  age,  probably  abont  B.C.  277. 

MENELlI  PORTUS,  an  ancient  city  on 
the  coast  of  Marmarica  in  N.Africa, founded, 
according  to  tradition,  by  Menelaus,  where 
Agesilaus  died. 

MENELllUM  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Laconia, 
S.E.  of  Sparta,  near  Therapne,  on  which  the 
heroum  of  Meuelaus  was  situated. 

MENELiUS  (-i),  son  of  Plisthenes  or 
Atreus,  and  younger  brother  of  Agamemnon, 
was  king  of  Lacedaemon,  and  married  to  the 
beautiful  Helen,  by  whom  he  became  the 
father  of  Hermione.  His  early  life,  the  rape 
of  his  wife  by  Paris,  and  the  expedition  of 
the  Greeks  to  Asia  to  punish  the  Trojans,  are 
related  under  Agamemnon.  In  the  Trojan 
war  Menelaus  killed  many  Trojans,  and 
would  have  slain  Paris  also  in  single  combat 
had  not  the  latter  been  carried  off  by  Aphro- 
dite (Venus)  in  a  cloud.  As  soon  as  Troy  was 
taken,  Menelaus  and  Ulysses  .hastened  to  the 
house  of  Deiphobus,  who  had  married  Helen 
after  the  death  of  Paris,  and  put  him  to  death 
in  a  barbarous  manner.  Meuelaus  is  said  to 
have  been  secretly  introduced  into  the  cham- 
ber of  Deiphobus  by  Helen,  who  thus  became 
reconciled  to  her  former  husband.  He  was 
among  the  first  who  sailed  away  from  Troy, 
accompanied  by  his  wife  Helen  and  Nestor; 
but  he  was  S  years  wandering  about  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean  before  he  reach- 
ed home.  Henceforward  he  lived  with  Helen 
at  Sparta  in  peace  and  wealth.  When  Telem- 
achus  visited  Sparta  to  inquire  after  his  fa- 
ther, Menelaus  was  solemnizing  the  marriage 
of  his  daughter  Hermione  with  Neoptolemus, 
and  of  his  son  Megapenthes  with  a  daughter 
of  Alector.  In  the  Homeric  poems  Menelaus 
is  described  as  a  man  of  athletic  figure;  he 
spoke  little,  but  what  he  said  was  always  im- 
pressive ;  he  was  brave  and  courageous,  but 
milder  than  Agamemnon,  intelligent  and 
Hospitable.  According  to  the  prophecy  of 
Proteus  in  the  Odyssey,  Menelaus  and  Helen 
were  not  to  die,  but  the  gods  were  to  conduct 
them  to  Elvsium.  According  to  a  later  tra- 
dition, he  and  Helen  went  to  the  Taurians, 
where  they  were  sacrificed  by  Iphigenia  to 


Artemis.  Respecting  the  tale  that  Helen 
never  went  to  Troy,  but  was  detained  in 
Egypt,  see  HELENA. 

MENENIUS  <-i)  LANATUS  (-i),  AGRIPPA 
(-ae),  consul,  B.C.  503.  It  was  owing  to  his 
mediation  that  the  first  great  rupture  between 
the  patricians  and  plebeians,  when  the  latter 
seceded  to  the  Sacred  Mount,  was  brought  to 
a  happy  and  peaceful  termination  in  493;  and 
it  was  upon  this  occasion  he  is  said  to  have 
related  to  the  plebeians  his  well-known  fabl« 
of  the  belly  and  the  members. 

MENES,  first  king  of  Egypt,  according  to 
the  Egyptian  traditions. 

MENESTHEUS  (-cos,  C<»,  or  el).  (1)  Son  of 
Pete  us,  an  Athenian  kint*,  who  led  the  Athe- 
nians against  Troy.  He  is  said  to  have  driven 
Theseus  from  his  kingdom. — (2)  A  charioteer 
of  Dioraedes. 

MENINX  (-gis),  or  LOTOPHlGlTIS  (-is), 
an  island  close  to  the  coast  of  Africa  Propria, 
at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  Lesser  Syrtis. 

MENIPPUS  (-i),  a  Cynic  philosopher,  was 
a  native  of  Gadara  in  Coele-Syria,  and  flour- 
ished about  B.C.  60.  He  was  noted  for  his 
satirical  writings,  whence  Varro  gave  to  his 
satires  the  name  of  Saturae  Menippvae. 

MENOECEUS  (-eus,  el,  or  el).  (1)  A  Theban, 
grandson  of  Peutheus,  and  father  of  Hippon- 
orae,  Jocasta,  and  Creon.— (2)  Grandson  of 
the  former,  and  son  of  Creon,  put  an  end  to 
his  life  because  Tiresias  had  declared  that  his 
death  would  bring  victory  to  his  country, 
when  the  7  Argive  heroes  marched  against 
Thebes. 

MENOETJUS  (-i),  son  of  Actor  and  Aegraa, 
and  father  of  Patroclus,  who  is  heuce  called 
Menoct'iddts. 

MEN5N  (-Gnis),  a  Thessalian  adventurer, 
one  of  the  generals  of  the  Greek  mercenaries 
in  the  army  of  Cyrus  the  younger,  when  the 
latter  marched  into  Upper  Asia  against  his 
brother  Artaxerxes,  B.C.  401.  After  the  death 
of  Cyrus  he  was  apprehended  along  with  the 
other  Greek  generals  by  Tissaphernes,  and 
was  put  to  death  by  lingering  tortures,  which 
lasted  for  a  whole  year.  His  character  is 
drawn  in  the  blackest  colors  by  Xenophon. 
He  is  the  same  as  the  Meuon  introduced  in 
the  dialogue  of  Plato  which  bears  his  name. 

MENTfiSA.  (1)  Surnamed  BASTIA,  a  town 
of  the  Oretani  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis.— 
(2)  A  town  of  the  Bastuli  in  the  S.  of  Hispania 
Baetica. 

MENTOR  (-5ris).  (1)  Son  of  Alcimus  and 
a  faithful  friend  of  Ulysses,  frequently  men- 
tioned in  the  Odyssey. —  (2)  A  Greek  of 
Rhodes,  appointed  by  Darius  Ochus  to  the 
satrapy  of  all  the  western  coast  of  Asia  Minor, 
in  which  he  was  succeeded  by  his  brother 
Memnon.  [MEMNON.]  — (3)  The  most  cele- 
brated silver-chaser  among  the  Greeks,  who 
flourished  before  B.C.  356.  His  works  were 
vases  and  cups,  which  were  highly  prized  by 
the  Romans. 

MERCtTRlI   PROMONT5RIUM.     [HE* 

MAEUM.] 

MERCURIUS  (-i),  a  Roman  divinity  of 
commerce  and  gain,  identified  by  the  Romans 


MEBIONES. 


252 


MESSANA. 


with  the  Greek  Hermes.  The  Romans  of 
later  times  transferred  all  the  attributes  and 
myths  of  Hermes  to  their  own  god.  [HERMES.] 
The  Fetiales,  however,  never  recognized  the 
identity;  and,  instead  of  the  cadueeus,  they 
used  a  sacred  branch  as  the  emblem  of  peace. 
The  resemblance  between  Mercurius  and 
Hermes  is  indeed  very  slight.  The  character 
of  the  Roman  god  is  clear  from  liis  name, 
which  is  connected  with  mers  and  mercari. 
A  temple  was  built  to  him  as  early  as  B.O.  495 
near  the  Circus  Maximus;  and  an  altar  of 
the  god  existed  near  the  Porta  Capeua,  by 
the  side  of  a  well.  His  festival  was  celebra- 
ted on  the  25th  of  May,  and  chiefly  by  mer- 
chants, who  visited  the  well  near  the  Porta 
Capena,  to  which  magic  powers  were  ascribed. 

MERlONES  (-ae),  a  Cretan  hero,  son  of 
Molus,  was  one  of  the  bravest  heroes  in  the 
Trojan  war,  and  usually  fought  along  with 
his  friend  Idomeneus. 

MERMERUS  (-i),  one  of  the  Centaurs  pres- 
ent at  the  wedding  of  Pirithous. 

MfiROE  (-es),  the  island,  formed  by  the 
rivers  Astapus  and  Astaboras,  and  the  por- 
tion of  the  Nile  between  their  mouths,  was  a 
district  of  Ethiopia.  Its  capital,  also  called 
Meroe,  became  an  a  very  early  period  the  cap- 
ital of  a  powerful  state.  The  priests  of  Meroe 
were  closely  connected  in  origin  and  customs 
with  those  of  Egypt;  and,  according  to  some 
traditions,  the  latter  sprang  from  the  former, 
and  they  from  India.  For  details  respecting 
the  kingdom  of  Meroe,  see  ABTHIOPIA. 

MER5PE  (-es).  (1)  One  of  the  Heliades  or 
sisters  of  Phatithon. — (2)  Daughter  of  Atlas, 
one  of  the  Pleiades,  wife  of  Sisyphus  of  Cor- 
inth and  mother  of  Glaucus.  In  the  con- 
stellation of  the  Pleiades  she  is  the  7th  and 
the  least  visible  star,  because  she  is  ashamed 
of  having  had  intercourse  with  a  mortal  man. 
—(3)  Daughter  of  Cypselus,  wife  of  Cres- 
phontes,  and  mother  of  Aepytus.  [AEPYTDS.] 

MEROPS  (-opis),  king  of  the  Ethiopians, 
by  whose  wife,  Clymene,  Helios  (Sol)  became 
the  father  of  Phaethon. 

MESEMBRIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  celebrated  town 
of  Thrace  on  the  Pontus  Euxinus,  and  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Haemus,  founded  by  the  inhab- 
itants of  Chalcedon  and  Byzantium  in  the  time 
of  Darius  Hystaspis,  and  hence  called  a  colony 
of  Megara,  since  those  2  towns  were  founded 
by  the  Megarians.— (2)  A  town  in  Thrace, 
but  of  less  importance,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Aegaean  sea,  and  in  the  territory  of  the 
Cicones,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Lissus. 

MESOPOTAMIA  (-ae),  a  district  of  Asia, 
named  from  its  position  between  the  Euphra- 
tes and  the  Tigris,  divided  by  the  Euphrates 
from  Syria  and  Arabia,  and  by  the  Tigris 
from  Assyria.  On  the  N.  it  was  separated 
from  Armenia  by  a  branch  of  the  Taurus, 
called  Masius,  and  on  the  S.  from  Babylonia 
by  the  Median  Wall.  The  name  was  first  used 
by  the  Greeks  in  the  time  of  the  Seleucidae. 
In  earlier  times  the  country  was  reckoned  a 
part,  sometimes  of  Syria,  and  sometimes  of 
Assyria.  In  the  division  of  the  Persian  em- 
pire it  belonged  to  the  satrapy  of  Babylonia. 
The  N.  part  of  Mesopotamia  was  divided  into 


the  districts  of  MYGDONIA  and  OBROENE.  In 
a  wider  sense,  the  name  is  sometimes  applied 
to  the  whole  country  between  the  Euphrates 
and  the  Tigris. 

MESPlLA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Assyria,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Tigris,  which  Xenophon  men- 
tions as  having  been  formerly  a  great  city, 
inhabited  by  Medes,  but  in  his  time  fallen  to 
decay.  Layard  places  it  at  Kouyounjik,  op- 
posite  to  Mosul.  * 

MESSA  (-ae),  a  town  and  harbor  in  Laco- 
nia,  near  C.  Taenarum. 

MESSiLA  or  MESSALLA  (-ae),  the  name 
of  a  distinguished  family  of  the  Valeria  gens 
at  Rome.  The  first  who  bore  the  name  of 
Messala  was  M.  VALERIUS  MAXIMUS  CORVINTJS 
MESSALA,  consul  B.O.  263,  who  carried  on  the 
war  against  the  Carthaginians  in  Sicily,  and 
received  this  cognomen  in  consequence  of  his 
relieving  Messina.  The  most  celebrated  mem- 
ber of  the  family  was  M.  VALERIUS  MESSALA 
CORVINDS.  He  fought  on  the  republican  side 
at  the  battle  of  £hilippi  (B.O.  42),  but  was 
afterwards  pardoned  by  the  triumvirs,  and 
became  one  of  the  chief  generals  and  friends 
of  Augustus.  He  was  consul  B.O.  31,  and  pro- 
consul of  Aquitania  in  2S,  27.  He  died  about 
B.O.  3-A.-D.  3.  Messala  was  a  patron  of  learn- 
ing, and  was  himself  a  historian,  a  poet,  a 
grammarian,  and  an  orator;  but  none  of  his 
works  are  extant.  His  friendship  for  Hor- 
ace and  his  intimacy  with  Tibullus  are  well 
known.  In  the  elegies  of  the  latter  poet  the 
name  of  Messala  is  continually  introduced. 
MESSALINA,  VALERIA  (-ae),  wife  of  the 
emperor  Claudius, 
and  mother  of  Bri- 
tannicus,  was  noto- 
rious for  her  prof- 
ligacy and  licen- 
tiousness, and  long 
exercised  an  un- 
bounded empire 
over  her  weak  hus- 
band. Narcissus, 
the  freedman  of 
Claudius,  at  length 
persuaded  the  em- 
peror to  put  Mes- 
salina  to  death,  be- 
cause she  had  pub- 
licly married  a 
handsome  Roman 
youth,  C.  Silius, 
during  the  absence 


Messalina. 


of  Claudius  at  Ostia,  A.D.  48. 

MESSANA  (-ae:  Messitia),  a  celebrated  town 
of  Sicily,  on  the  strait  separating  Italy  from 
this  island,  which  is  here  about  4  miles 
broad.  The  Romans  called  the  town  Messana, 
according  to  its  Doric  pronunciation,  but 
Messene  was  its  more  usual  name  among  the 
Greeks.  It  was  originally  a  town  of  the 
Siceli,  and  was  called  ZAKOLB,  or  a  sickle,  on 
account  of  the  shape  of  its  harbor,  which  is 
formed  by  a  singular  curve  of  sand  and  shells. 
It  was  first  colonized  by  Chalcidians,  and 
was  afterwards  seized  bv  Samians,  who  had 
come  to  Sicily  after  the  capture  of  Miletus  by 
the  Persians  (B.C.  494).  The  Samians  were 
shortly  afterwards  driven  out  of  Zancle  bj 


MERCURY  IN  REPOSE.    (Bronze  Statue,  Naples.? 


MESSAPIA. 


253 


METELLUS. 


Anaxilas,  who  changed  the  name  of  the  town 
into  Messana  or  Messene,  both  because  he 
was  himself  a  Messenian  and  because  he 
transferred  to  the  place  a  body  of  Messeniaus 
from  Rhegium.  In  B.C.  396  it  was  taken  and 
destroyed  by  the  Carthaginians,  but  was  re- 
built by  Dionysius.  It  afterwards  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Agathocles.  Among  the  mer- 
cenaries of  this  tyrant  were  a  number  of 
Mamertiui,  an  Oscan  people  from  Campania, 
who  had  been  sent  from  home,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  god  Mamers,  or  Mars,  to  seek 
their  fortune  in  other  lauds.  These  Mamer- 
tini  were  quartered  in  Messana ;  and  after  the 
death  of  Agathocles  (B.C.  2S2)  they  made 
themselves  masters  of  the  town,  killed  the 
male  inhabitants,  and  took  possession  of 
their  wives,  their  children,  and  their  proper- 
ty. The  town  was  now  called  MAMEETINA, 
and  the  inhabitants  MAMEP.TINI  ;  but  its  an- 
cient name  of  Messana  continued  to  be  in 
more  general  use.  The  new  inhabitants  could 
not  lay  aside  their  old  predatory  babits,  and 
in  consequence  became  involved  in  a  war 
with  Hieron  of  Syracuse,  who  would  proba- 
bly have  conquered  the  town  had  not  the 
Carthaginians  come  in  to  the  aid  of  the  Ma- 
mertini,  and,  under  the  pretext  of  assisting 
them,  taken  possession  of  their  citadel.  The 
Marnertini  had  at  the  same  time  applied  to 
the  Romans  for  help,  who  gladly  availed 
themselves  of  the  opportunity  to  obtain  a 
footing  in  Sicily.  Thus  Messana  was  the  im- 
mediate cause  of  the  1st  Punic  war,  264.  The 
Mamertini  espelled  the  Carthaginian  garri- 
son, and  received  the  Romans,  in  whose  pow- 
er Messana  remained  till  the  latest  times. 

MESSAPfA  <-ae),the  Greek  name  of  CALA- 
BEIA. 

MESSENIA.  (-ae),  a  country  in  Pelopon- 
nesus, bounded  on  the  E.  by  Laconia,  from 
which  it  was  separated  by  Mount  Taygetus, 
on  the  N.  by  Elis  and  Arcadia,  and  on  the  S. 
and  W.  by  the  sea.  In  the  Homeric  times  the 
western  part  of  the  country  belonged  to  the 
Neleid  princes  of  Pylos,  of  whom  Nestor  was 
the  most  celebrated ;  and  the  eastern  to  the 
Lacedaemonian  monarchy.  On  the  conquest 
of  Peloponnesus  by  the  Dorians,  Messenia  fell 
to  the  share  of  Cresphontes,  who  became  king 
of  the  whole  country.  Messenia  was  more 
fertile  than  Laconia;  and  the  Spartans  soon 
coveted  the  territory  of  their  brother  Dorians ; 
and  thus  war  broke  out  between  the  two  peo- 
ple. The  1st  Messenian  war  lasted  20  years, 
B.C.  743-723 ;  and  notwithstanding  the  gallant 
resistance  of  the  Messenian  king,  Anstode- 
mus,  the  Messenians  were  obliged  to  submit  to 
the  Spartans  after  the  capture  of  their  fortress 
Ithoiue.  [ABISTODEMUS.]  After  bearing  the 
yoke'SS  years,  the  Messenians  again  took  up 
arms  under  their  heroic  leader  Aristome- 
nes.  [AniSTOMENES.]  The  2d  Messenian  war 
lasted  17  years,  B.O.  GS5-66S,  and  terminated 
with  the  conquest  of  Ira  and  the  complete 
subjugation  of  the  country.  Most  of  the  Mes- 
senians emigrated  to  foreign  countries,  and 
those  who  remained  behind  were  reduced  to 
the  condition  of  Helots  or  serfs.  In  this  state 
they  remained  till  464,  when  the  Messenians 
and  other  Helots  took  advantage  of  the  de- 


vastation occasioned  by  the  srreat  earthquake 
at  Sparta  to  rise  against  their  oppressors. 
This  3d  Mcssenian  war  lasted  10  yearts,  464^ 
455,  and  ended  by  the  Messeniaus  surrender- 
ing Ithome  to  the  Spartans  on  condition  of 
being  allowed  a  free  departure  from  Pelopon- 
nesus. When  the  supremacy  of  Sparta  was 
overthrown  by  the  battle  of  Leautra,  Eparni- 
nondas  collected  the  Messenian  exiles,  and 
founded  the  town  of  Messene  (B.C.  309),  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  IthOmc,  which  formed  the  acrop- 
olis of  the  city.  MessGnG  was  made  the  cap- 
ital of  the  country.  Messenia  was  never 
again  subdued  by  the  Spartans,  and  it  main- 
tained its  independence  till  the  conquest  of 
the  Achaeans  and  the  rest  of  Greece  by  the 
Romans,  146. 

MESTRA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Erysichthou, 
and  granddaughter  of  Triopas.  whence  she 
is  called  Trl&jfite  by  Ovid. 

METlBUS  (-i),  a  chief  of  the  Volsci,  father 
of  Camilla. 

MfiTlNlRA  (-ae),  wife  of  Celeus,  and 
mother  of  Triptolemus.  [CELEUS.] 

MfiTAPONTlUM,  called  MiiTlPONTUM 
(-i)  by  the  Romans,  a  celebrated  Greek  city 
in  Lucania,  and  on  the  Tarentine  gulf.  It 
was  founded  by  the  Greeks  at  an  early  period, 
was  afterwards  destroyed  by  the  Samuites, 
and  was  repeopled  by  a  colony  of  Achaeans. 
It  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Romans  with  the 
other  Greek  cities  in  the  S.  of  Italy  in  the  war 
against  Pyrrhus ;  but  it  revolted  to  Hannibal 
after  the  battle  of  Cannae. 

METAURUM.    [METAUEUS,  No.  2.] 

METAURUS  (-i).  (1)  A  small  river  in  Um- 
bria,  flowing  into  the  Adriatic  Sea,  memorable 
by  the  defeat  and  death  of  Hasdrnbal,  the 
brother  of  Hannibal,  on  its  banks,  B.C.  207.— 

(2)  A  river  on  the  E.  coast  of  Bruttium,  at 
whose  month  was  the  town  of  Metaurum. 

METELLUS  (-i),  a  distinguished  plebeian 
family  of  the  Caecilia  gens  at  Rome.  (1)  L. 
CAEOILIXTS  METELLUS,  consul  B.C.  251,  when  he 
defeated  the  Carthaginians  in  Sicily ;  consul 
a  2d  time  in  249;  and  afterwards  pontifes 
maximus;  while  holding  the  latter  dignity  he 
rescued  the  Palladium  when  the  temple  of 
Vesta  was  on  fire,  and  lost  his  sight  in  conse- 
quence. —  (2)  Q.  CAKCIT.IUS  METELLUS  MAOE- 
DONICTJS,  was  praetor  inl4S,when  he  defeated 
the  usurper  Andriscus  in  Macedonia,  and  re- 
ceived in  consequence  the  surname  of  Mace- 
donicus.  He  was  consul  in  143,  and  carried  on 
the  war  against  the  Celtiberians  in  Spain.- 

(3)  Q.  CAECILIUS  METELLGS  NUMIXHCUS,  consul 
B.O.  109,  carried  on  the  war  against  Jagnrtha 
in  Nnmidia  with  great  success,  and  received 
in  consequence  the  surname  of  Numidicus. 
[JuGUKTHA.]    In  107  he  was  superseded  in 
the  command  by  Marins.    [MARIUS.]    In  102 
he  was  censor,  and  two  years  afterwards  (100) 
he  was  banished  from  Rome  through  the 
intrigues  of  his  enemy,  Marins.    He  was 
however  recalled  in  the  following  year  (99). 
Metellns  was  one  of  the  chief  leaders  of  the 
aristocratical  party,  and  a  man  of  unsullied 
character. — (4)  CAECILIUS  METELLUS  Pius,  son 
of  the  preceding,  received  the  surname  of 
Pius  on  account  of  the  love  which  he  dis- 


METHONE. 


254 


MIDAS. 


played  for  his  father  when  he  besought  the 
people  to  recall  him  from  banishment  in  99. 
He  was  praetor  B.C.  89,  and  one  of  the  com- 
manders in  the  Marsic  or  Social  war.  He 
subsequently  fought  as  one  of  Sulla's  gener- 
als against  the  Marian  party,  and  was  consul 
with  Sulla  himself  in  B.C.  SO.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  (79)  he  went  as  proconsul  into 
Spain,  where  he  carried  on  the  war  against 
Sertorius  for  many  years  (a  c.  79-72).  He  died 
in  B.C.  63,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  dignity 
of  poutifex  maximus  by  Julius  Caesar.— (5)  Q. 
CAEOILUTS  METELLUS  CELEB,  praetor  B.C.  63, 
and  consul  in  CO,  was  a  warm  supporter  of  the 
aristocratical  party.  He  died  in  59,  and  it  was 
suspected  that  he  had  been  poisoned  by  his 
wife  Clodia.— (6)  Q.  CAEOILIUS  METELLUS  NE- 
POS,  younger  brother  of  the  preceding,  trib- 
une B.C.  62,  praetor  in  60,  and  consul  in  57,  sup- 
ported Pompey  against  the  aristocracy.— (7) 
Q.  CAEOILIUS  METELLUS  Pius  SOIPIO,  the  adopt- 
ed son  of  Metellus  Pius  [No.  4],  was  the  son  of 
P.  Scipio  Nasica,  praetor  in  94.  Pompey  mar- 
ried Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  Metellus  Scipio, 
in  B.C.  52,  and  in  the  same  year  made  his  fa- 
ther-in-law his  colleague  in  the  consulship. 
Scipio  fought  on  the  side  of  Pompey  in  the 
civil  war,  and  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia 
crossed  over  to  Africa,  where  he  received  the 
command  of  the  Pompeian  troops.  He  was 
defeated  by  Caesar  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus 
in  46 ;  and  shortly  afterwards  he  put  an  end 
to  his  own  life. — (8)  Q.  CAECILIUS  METELLUS 
CRETIOUS,  consul  B.O.  69,  carried  on  war  against 
Crete,  which  he  subdued  in  the  course  of  3 
years.— (9)  L.  CAEOILIUS  METELLUS,  brother 
of  the  last,  praetor  in  71,  and  as  propraetor 
the  successor  of  Verres  in  the  government  of 
Sicily.— (10)  M.  CAEOILIUS  METELLUS,  praetor 
in  69,  presided  at  the  trial  of  Verres. 

MfiTHONl  (-es).  (1)  Or  MOTHONE,  a  town 
at  the  S.W.  corner  of  Messenia,  with  an  ex- 
cellent harbor,  protected  from  the  sea  by  a 
reef  of  rocks,  of  which  the  largest  was  called 
Mothon. — (2)  A  town  in  Macedonia  on  the 
Thermaic  gulf,  founded  by  the  Eretrians,  and 
celebrated  from  Philip  having  lost  an  eye  at 
the  siege  of  the  place.— (3)  Or  METHANA,  an 
ancient  town  in  Argolis,  situated  on  a  penin- 
sula of  the  same  name,  opposite  the  island 
of  Aegina. 

METHYMNA  <-ae),  the  second  city  of  LES- 
BOS, stood  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  island. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  poet  Arion  and 
of  the  historian  flellanicus.  The  celebrated 
Lesbian  wine  grew  in  its  neighborhood.  In 
the  Peloponnesian  war  it  remained  faithful 
to  Athens,  even  during  the  great  Lesbian  re- 
volt [MYTILENE]:  afterwards  it  was  sacked 
by  the  Spartans  (B.O.  406). 

METIS  (-idis),  the  personification  of  pru- 
dence, described  as  a  daughter  of  Oceanus  and 
Tethys,  and  the  first  wife  of  Zeus  (Jupiter). 
Afraid  lest  she  should  give  birth  to  a  child 
wiser  and  more  powerful  than  himself,  Zeus 
devoured  her  in  the  first  month  of  her  preg- 
nancy. Afterwards  he  gave  birth  to  Athena, 
who  sprang  from  his  head. 

MfiTJUS.    [Mr.Trnjs.3 

MET5N  (-dnis),  an  astronomer  of  Athens, 
Who  in  conjunction  with  EUOTLMON  intro- 


duced the  cycle  of  19  years,  by  which  he  ad- 
justed the  course  of  the  sun  and  moon.  The 
commencement  of  this  cycle  has  been  placed 
B.  0.432. 

METR5DORUS  (-i),  a  native  of  Lampsacus 
or  Athens,  an  Epicurean  philosopher,  and 
the  most  distinguished  of  the  disciples  of 
Epicurus,  died  B.C.  277. 

METROPOLIS  (-is),  a  town  of  Thessaly 
in  Histiaeotis,  near  the  Peneus,  and  between 
Gomphi  and  Pharsalus.  There  were  several 
other  cities  of  this  name. 

METTtUSorMETIUS.  (l)CunTius.  [CuB- 
TIUS.]— (2)  FUFFETIUS,  dictator  of  Alba,  was 
torn  asunder  by  chariots  driven  in  opposite 
directions  by  order  of  Tullus  HostiUus,  3d 
king  of  Rome,  on  account  of  his  treachery  to- 
wards the  Romans. 

METtJXUM  (-i),  the  chief  town  of  the  lap- 
ydes  in  Illyricum. 

MEVANlA  (-ae :  Bevagtia),  an  ancient  city 
in  the  interior  of  Umbria  on  the  river  Tinea, 
situated  in  a  fertile  country,  and  celebrated 
for  its  breed  of  beautiful  white  oxen.  Ac- 
cording to  some  accounts,  Propertius  was  a 
native  of  this  place. 

MEZENTIUS  (-i),  king  of  the  Tyrrhenian 
Caere  or  Agylla,  was  expelled  by  his  subjects 
on  account  of  his  cruelty,  and  took  refuge 
with  Turnus,  king  of  the  Rutulians,  whom  he 
assisted  in  the  war  against  Aeneas  and  the 
Trojans.  Mezentius  and  his  son  Lausus  were 
slain  in  battle  by  Aeneas. 

MICIPSA  (-ae),  king  of  Numidia  (B.C.  148 
-118),  eldest  of  the  sons  of  Masinissa.  He  left 
the  kingdom  to  his  2  sons,  Adherbal  and  Hi- 
empsal,  and  their  adopted  brother  JUGUBTHA. 

MICON,  of  Athens,  a  distinguished  painter 
and  statuary,  contemporary  with  Polygnotns, 
about  B.O.  460. 

MlDAS  or  MlDA  (-ae),  son  of  Gordius  and 
king  of  Phrygia,  renowned  for  his  immense 
riches.  In  consequence  of  his  kind  treatment 
of  Silenus,  the  companion  and  teacher  of  Dio- 
nysus (Bacchus),  the  latter  allowed  Midas  to 
ask  a  favor  of  him.  Midas  in  his  folly  desired 
that  all  things  which  he*  touched  should  be 
changed  into  gold.  The  request  was  granted ; 
but  as  even  the  food  which  he  touched  became 
gold,  he  implored  the  god  to  take  his  favor 
back.  Dionysus  accordingly  ordered  him  to 
bathe  in  the  sources  of  the  Pactolus  near 
Mount  Tmolus.  This  bath  saved  Midas,  but 
the  river  from  that  time  had  an  abundance  of 
gold  in  its  sand.  Once  when  Pan  and  Apol- 
lo were  engaged  in  a  musical  contest  on  the 
flute  and  lyre,  Midas  was  chosen  to  decide 
between  them.  The  king  decided  in  favor 
of  Pan,  whereupon  Apollo  changed  his  ears 
into  those  of  an  ass.  Midas  contrived  to"  con- 
ceal them  under  his  Phrygian  cap,  but  the 
servant  who  used  to  cut  his  hair  discovered 
them.  The  secret  so  much  harassed  the 
man  that,  as  he  could  not  betray  it  to  a  hu- 
man being,  he  dug  a  hole  in  the  earth,  and 
whispered  into  it,  "King  Midas  has  ass's 
ears."  He  then  filled  up  the  hole,  and  his 
heart  was  released.  But  on  the  same  spot  a 
reed  grew,  which  in  its  Whispers  betrayed 
the  secret 


MIDEA. 


MILETUS. 


Tomb  of  Midas  at  Nacolicia. 


MIDS  A  or  MfDfiA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Argolis. 
MILAN!<3N  (-onis),  husband  of  Atalanta. 

fATALANTA.] 

M1LSTTJS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Apollo  and  Aria 
of  Crete,  fled  from  Minos  to  Asia,  where  he 
built  the  city  of  Miletus.  Ovid  calls  him  a 
son  of  Apollo  and  Deione,  and  hence  Deloiii- 


des.— (2)  One  of  the  greatest  cities  of  Asia 
Minor,  belonged  territorially  to  Caria  and 
politically  to  Ionia,  being  the  S.-most  of  the 
12  cities  of  the  Ionian  confederacy.  The  city 
stood  upon  the  S.  headland  of  the  Sinus  Lat- 
micus,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  Maean- 
der,  and  possessed  4  distinct  harbors,  pro- 
tected by  a  group  of  islets ;  its  territory  was 


Ruins  of  Miletus. 


MILO. 


256 


MIMNEEMUS. 


rich  in  flocks,  and  the  city  was  celebrated  for 
its  woolen  fabrics,  the  Miiesia  vellera.  At  a 
very  early  period  it  became  a  great  maritime 
state,  and  founded  numerous  colonies,  espe- 
cially on  the  shores  of  the  Euxine.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  the  philosophers  Thales, 
Anaximander,  and  Anaximenes,  and  of  tne 
historians  Cadmus  and  Hecataeus.  It  was 
the  centre  of  the  great  Ionian  revolt  against 
the  Persians,  after  the  suppression  of  which 
it  was  destroyed  (u.o.  494).  It  recovered  suf- 
ficient importance  to  oppose  a  vain  resistance 
to  Alexander  the  Great,  which  brought  npon 
it  a  second  ruin.  Under  the  Eoman  empire 
ft  still  appears  as  a  place  of  some  conse- 
quence. 

MILO  or  MiL5N  (-5nis).  (1)  Of  Crotona,  a 
celebrated  athlete,  6  times  victor  in  wrestling 
at  the  Olympic  games,  and  as  often  at  the 
Pythian.  He  was  one  of  the  followers  of 
Pythagoras,  and  commanded  the  army  which 
defeated  the  Sybarites,  B.O.  611.  Many  sto- 
ries are  related  of  his  extraordinary  feats  of 
strength :  such  as  his  carrying  a  heifer  four 
years  old  on  his  shoulders  through  the  sta- 
dium at  Olympia,  and  afterwards  eating  the 
whole  of  it  in  a  single  day.  Passing  through 
a  forest  in  his  old  age,  he  saw  the  trunk  of  a 
tree  which  had  been  partially  split  open  by 
wood-cutters,  and  attempted  to  rend  it  fur- 
ther, but  the  wood  closed  upon  his  hands, 
and  thus  held  him  fast,  in  which  state  he  was 
attacked  and  devoured  by  wolves.— (2)  T. 
AKKICB  MILO  PAPINIANTTS,  was  born  at  Lanu- 
vium,  of  which  place  he  was  in  B.O.  53  dictator 
or  chief  magistrate.  As  tribune  of  the  plebs, 
B.  o.57,  Milo  took  an  active  part  in  obtaining 
Cicero's  recall  from  exile ;  and  from  this  time 
he  carried  on  a  fierce  and  memorable  contest 
with  P.  Clodius.  In  63  Milo  was  candidate 
for  the  consulship,  and  Clodius  for  the  prae- 
tqrship  of  the  ensuing  year.  Each  of  the  can- 
didates kept  a  gang  of  gladiators,  and  there 
were  frequent  combats  between  the  rival  ruf- 
fians in  the  streets  of  Rome.  At  length,  on 
the  20th  of  January,  52,  Milo  and  Clodius  met 
apparently  by  accident  at  Bovillae,  on  the 
Appian  road.  An  affray  ensued  between  their 
followers,  in  which  Clodius  was  slain.  At 
Rome  such  tumults  followed  upon  the  burial 
of  Clodius  that  Pompey  was  appointed  sole 
consul  in  order  to  restore  order  to  the  state. 
Milo  was  brought  to  trial.  He  was  defended 
by  Cicero;  but  was  condemned,  and  \vent 
into  exile  at  Massilia  (Marseilles).  The  sol- 
diers who  lined  the  forum  intimidated  Cice- 
ro, and  he  could  not  deliver  the  oration  which 
he  had  prepared.  Milo  returned  to  Italy  in 
48,  in  order  to  support  the  revolutionary 
schemes  of  the  praetor,  M.  Caelius ;  but  he 
was  slain  under  the  walls  of  an  obscure  fort 
in  Thurii.  Milo,  in  6T,  married  Fausta,  a 
daughter  of  the  dictator  Sulla. 

MILTlADES  (-is).  (1)  Son  of  Cypselus,  an 
Athenian,  in  the  time  of  Pisistratus,  founded 
a  colony  in  the  Thracian  Chersonesus,  of 
which  he  became  tyrant.  He  died  without 
children,  and  his  sovereignty  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Stesagoras,  the  son  of  his  half- 
brother  Cimon.— (2)  Son  of  Cimon  and  broth- 
er of  Stesagoras,  became  tyrant  of  the  Cher- 


sonesus  on  the  death 
of  the  latter,  being  sent 
out  by  Pisistratus  from 
Athens  to  take  posses- 
I  sion  of  the  vacant  in- 
heritance. He  joined 
Darius  Hystaspis  on 
his  expedition  against 
the  Scythians,  and  was 
left  with  the  other 
Greeks  in  charge  of  the 
bridge  over  the  Dan- 
ube. When  the  ap- 
pointed time  had  ex- 
pired, and  Darius  had 
not  returned,  Miltia- 
des  recommended  the 
Greeks  to  destroy  the 
bridge,  and  leave  Da- 
rius to  his  fate.  After 
the  suppression  of  the 
Ionian  revolt,  and  the 
approach  of  the  Phoenician  fleet,  Miltiades 
fled  to  Athens.  Here  he  was  arraigned  as 
being  amenable  to  the  penalties  enacted 
against  tyranny,  but  was  acquitted.  When 
Attica  was  threatened  with  invasion  by  the 
Persians  under  Datis  and  Artaphernes,  Mil- 
tiades was  chosen  one  of  the  ten  generals. 
Miltiades  by  his  arguments  induced  the  pole- 
march  Callimachus  to  give  the  casting  vote 
in  favor  of  risking  a  battle  with  the  enemyt 
the  opinions  of  the  ten  generals  being  equally 
divided.  Miltiades  waited  till  his  turn  came, 

the  memorable  field  of  Marathon.  [MARA- 
THON. ]  After  the  defeat  of  the  Persians,  Mil- 
tiades induced  the  Athenians  to  intrust  to 
him  an  armament  of  70  ships,  without  know- 
ing the  purpose  for  which  they  were  designed. 
He  proceeded  to  attack  the  island  of  Paros, 

His  attacks,  however,  were  unsuccessful ;  andj 
after  receiving  a  dangerous  hurt  in  the  leg, 
he  was  compelled  to  raise  the  siege  and  re- 
turn to  Athens,  where  he  was  impeached  by 
Xanthippus  for  having  deceived  the  people. 
His  wound  had  turned  into  a  gangrene,  and, 
being  unable  to  plead  his  cause  in  person,  he 
was  brought  into  court  on  a  conch,  his  broth- 
er Tisagoras  conducting  his  defense  for  him. 
He  was  condemned;  but  on  the  ground  of 
his  services  to  the  state  the  penalty  was  com- 
muted to  a  fine  of  50  talents,  the  cost  of  the 
equipment  of  the  armament.  Being  una- 
ble to  pay  this,  he  was  thrown  into  prison, 
where  he  not  long  after  died  of  his  wound. 
The  fine  was  subsequently  paid  by  his  son 
Cimon. 

MTLVlUSPONS.    [ROMA.] 

MILYAS.    [LTOIA.] 

MIMALLONES  orMlMALLOSffDES  (-urn), 
the  Macedonian  name  of  the  Bacchantes. 

MIMAS  (-antis).  (1)  One  of  the  giants  who 
warred  against  the  gods,  slain  bv  a  jflash  of 


lightning.— (2)  A  promontory  in  Ionia,  oppo- 
site the  island  of  Chios. 

MIMNERMUS  <-i),  a  celebrated  elegiac 
poet,  generally  called  a  Colophonian,  was 
properly  a  native  of  Smyrna,  and  was  de- 
scended from  those  Colophoniaus  who  re- 


MJNEBVA.    (Pallas  Giustiniani.    Vatican  Museum.) 


MmCIUS. 


257 


MITHRAS. 


conquered  Smyrna  from  the  Aeolians.  He 
flourished  from  about  B.O.  634  to  600,  and  was  j 
a  contemporary  of  Solon.  Mimnermus  was  ' 
the  first  who  systematically  made  the  elegy 
the  vehicle  for  plaintive,  mournful,  and  erotic 
strains.  Only  a  few  fragments  of  his  poems 
are  extant. 

MINCiUS  (-i:  Mintfo),  a  river  in  GulJia 
Transpadana,  flowing  through  the  lake  Bena- 
cus  (Lago  di  Ganla),  and  falling  into  the  Po 
&  little  below  Mantua. 

MINERVA  <-ae),  called  ATHENA  by  the 
Greeks.  The  Greek  goddess  is  spoken'of  in 
a  separate  article  [ATHENA],  and  we  here  con- 
fine. ourselves  to  the  Roman  goddess.  Mi- 
nerva was  one  of  the  great  Roman  divinities. 
Her  name  probably  contains  the  same  root 
as  metis;  and  she  is  accordingly  the  thinking 
power  personified.  In  the  Capitol  Minerva 
had  a  chapel  in  common  with  Jupiter  and 
Juuo.  She  was  Worshiped  as  the  goddess  of 
wisdom  and  the  patroness  of  all  the  arts  and 
trades.  Hence  the  proverbs  '*  to  do  a  thing 
pingui  Minerva,"  i.  e.  to  do  a  thing  in  an 
awkward  or  clumsy  manner  ;  and  sus  Miner- 
vain,  of  a  stupid  person  who  presumed  to  set 
right  an  intelligent  one.  Minerva  als9  guided 
men  in  the  dangers  of  war,  where  victory  is 
gained  by  prudence,  courage,  and  persever- 
ance. Hence  she  was  represented  with  a 
helmet,  shield,  and  a  coat  of  mail  ;  and  the 
booty  made  in  war  was  frequently  dedicated 
to  her.  She  was  further  believed  to  be  the 
inventor  of  musical  instruments,  especially 
wind  instruments,  the  use  of  which  was  very 
important  in  religious  worship,  and  which 
were  accordingly  subjected  to  a  sort  of  puri- 
fication every  year  on  the  last  day  of  the  fes- 
tival of  Minerva,  This  festival  lasted  5  days, 
from  the  19th  to  the  23d  of  March,  and  was 
called  Quinqiuitrw.  The  most  ancient  tem- 
ple of  Minerva  at  Rome  was  probably  that  on 
the  Capitol;  another  existed  on  the  Aven- 
tine;  and  she  had  a  chapel  at  the  foot  of  the 
Caelian  hill,  where  she  bore  the  surname  of 
Capta. 

MINERVAE  PROMONT5RIUM  (-i),  a 
rocky  promontory  in  Campania,  running  ont 
a  long  way  into  the  sea,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Sur- 
rentum,  on  whose  summit  was  a  temple  of 
Minerva,  said  to  have  been  built  by  Ulysses. 
Here  the  Sirens  are  reported  to  have  dwelt 

MINJO  (-onis:  Mignone),  a  small  river  in 
Etruria,  falling  into  the  Tyrrhene  sea,  be- 
tween Graviscae  and  Centum  Cellae. 

MIN5A. 


MINOS  (-ois).  (1)  Son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  Europa,  brother  of  Rhadamanthus,  king 
and  legislator  of  Crete,  and  after  death  one 
of  the  judges  of  the  shades  in  Hades.  —  (2) 
Son  of  Lycastus,  and  grandson  of  the  former, 
was  likewise  a  king  and  lawgiver  of  Crete. 
He  was  the  husband  of  Pasiphae,  a  daughter 
of  Helios  (the  Sun),  and  the  father  of  Deuca- 
lion, Androgeos,  Ariadne,  and  Phaedra.  In 
order  to  avenge  the  wrong  done  to  his  son 
Androgeos  [ANITOOGEUS]  at  Athens,  he  made 
war  against  the  Athenians,  and  compelled 
them  to  send  to  Crete  every  year  as  a  tribute 
T  youths  and  1  maidens,  to  be  devoured  in 


the  labyrinth  by  the  Minotaurns.  The  Mino- 
taur was  a  monster,  half  man  and  half  bull, 
and  the  offspring  of  the  intercourse  of  Pasi- 
phaG  with  a  bull.  The  labyrinth  in  which  it 
was  kept  was  constructed  by  Daedalus.  This 
monster  was  slain  by  Theseas,  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Ariadne,  the  daughter  of  Minos. 
[THESEUS.]  Daedalus  havinglled  from  Crete 
to  escape  the  wrath  of  Minos,  Minos  followed 
him  to  Sicily,  and  was  there  slain  by  Cocalus 
and  his  daughters.  From  Minos  we  have 
JHnofc,  a  daughter  or  a  female  descendant  of 
Minos,  as  Ariadne,  and  the  adjectives  Mlnffiut 
and  Jf/ndu8,  used  by  the  poets  as  equivalent 
to  Cretan. 

MINOTAURUS.    [MINOS.] 

MINTHA  (-ae)  or  MINTHE  (-es),  a  daagh. 
ter  of  Cocytus,  beloved  by  Hades,  metamor- 
phosed by  Demeter  (Ceres),  or  Persephone 
(Proserpina),  into  a  plant  called  after  her 
mintha,  or  mint. 

MINTTJRNAE  (-arum),  an  important  town 
in  Latium,  on  the  frontiers  of  Campania,  sit- 
uated on  the  Appia  Via,  and  on  both  banks 
of  the  Liris,  and  near  the  mouth  of  this  river. 
It  was  an  ancient  town  of  the  Ausones  or 
Aurunci,  but  surrendered  to  the  Romans  of 
•its  own  accord,  and  received  a  Roman  colony 
ii.c.  296.  In  its  neighborhood  was  a  grove 
sacred  to  the  nymph  Marica,  and  also  exten- 
sive marshes  (Paludes  Minturnenses),  formed 
by  the  overflowing  of  the  river  Liris,  in  which 
Marius  was  taken  prisoner.  (See  p.  244.) 

MlNtfatUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  Roman 
gens,  of  whom  the  most  celebrated  was  M. 
Minucius  Rufns,  magister  equitum  to  the  dic- 
tator Q.  Pabius  Maximus,  B.O.  21T,  in  the  war 
against  Hannibal.  He  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Cannae. 

MlNlfAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  Greek  race, 
originally  dwelling  in  Thessaly.  Their  an- 
cient hero,  Minyas,  is  said  to  have  migrated 
from  Thessaly  into  the  N.  of  Boeotia,  and 
there  to  have  established  the  empire  of  the 
Minyae,  with  the  capital  of  Orchomenos. 
[ORCHOMENOS.]  As  the  greater  part  of  the 
Argonauts  were  descended  from  the  Minyae, 
they  are  themselves  called  Minyae.  The  Min- 
yae founded  a  colony  in  Lemnos,  called  Min- 
yae, whence  they  proceeded  to  Elis  Triphylia, 
and  to  the  island  of  Thera.  A  daughter  of 
Minyas  was  called  Mbni/eias  (~ddis)  or  Jtf2?i« 
fie&  (4dfe).  His  daughters  were  changed  into 
bats  because  they  had  slighted  the  festival 
of  Dionysus  (Bacchus). 

MISENTJM  (-i),  a  promontory  in  Campa- 
nia, S.  of  Cnmae,  said  to  have  derived  its 
name  from.  Misenus,  the  companion  and 
trumpeter  of  Aeneas,  who  was  drowned  and 
buried  here.  The  bay  formed  by  this  prom- 
ontory was  converted  by  Augustus  into  an 
excellent  harbor,  and  was  made  the  principal 
station  of  the  Roman  fleet  on  the  Tyrrhene 
sea.  A  town  sprang  np  around  the  harbor. 
Here  was  the  villa  of  C.  Marius.  which  after- 
wards passed  into  the  hands  of  the  emperor 
Tiberius,  who  died  at  this  place. 

MITHRAS  (-ae),  the  god  of  the  sun  among 

the  Persians.    Under  the  Roman  emperors 

i  his  worship  was  introduced  at  Rome.   The 


MITHRIDATES. 


258 


MOABITIS. 


god  is  commonly  represented  as  a  handsome 
youth,  wearing  the  Phrygian  cap  and  attire, 
and  kneeling  on  a  bull,  whose  throat  he  is 
catting. 


MfTHKiDATES  (-is),  the  name  of  several 
kings  of  Poutus,  of  whom  the  best  known  is 
Mithridates  VI.,  surnamed  the  Great,  and  cel- 
ebrated on  account  of  his  wars  with  the  Ro- 
mans. He  reigned  B.C.  120-63.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  energy  and  ability;  and  so 
powerful  was  his  memory  that  he  is  said  to 
nave  learned  not  less  than  25  languages. 
Having  greatly  extended  his  empire  in  the 
early  part  of  his  reign  by  the  conquest  of  the 
neighboring  nations,  he  at  length  ventured 
to  measura  his  strength  with  Rome.  The 
1st  Mithri^atic  war  lasted  from  B.O.  88  to  84. 
At  first  he  met  with  great  success.  He  drove 
Ariobarzanes  out  of  Cappadocia,  and  Nico- 
medes  out  of  Bithynia,  both  of  whom  had 
been  previously  expelled  by  him,  but  restored 
by  the  Romans ;  and  he  at  last  made  himself 
master  of  the  Roman  province  of  Asia.  Dur- 
ing the  winter  he  ordered  all  the  Roman  and 
Italian  citizens  in  Asia  to  be  massacred ;  and 
on  one  day  no  fewer  than  80,000  Romans  and 
Italians  are  said  to  have  perished.  Mean- 
time Sulla  had  received  the  command  of  the 
war  against  Mithridates,  and  crossed  over 
into  Greece  in  87.  Archelaus,  the  general  of 
Mithridates,  was  twice  defeated  by  Sulla  in 
Boeotia  (86) ;  and  about  the  same  time  the 


Coin  of  Mithridates  VI. 


king  himself  was  defeated  in  Asia  by  Fim- 
briu.  [FiMimiA.]  Mithridates  now  sued  for 
peace,  which  was  granted  him  by  Sulla  in 
84.  The  2d  Mithridatic  war  (B.O.  83-82)  was 
caused  by  the  unprovoked  attacks  of  Murena, 
who  had  been  left  in  command  of  Asia  by 
Sulla.  Murena  invaded  the  dominions  of 
Mithridates,  but  was  defeated  by  the  latter, 
and  was  ordered  by  Sulla  to  desist  from 
hostilities.  The  3d  Mithridatic  war  was  the 
most  important  of  the  three.  It  lasted  from 
B.O.  74  to  the  king's  death  in  63.  It  broke  out 
in  consequence  of  the  king  seizing  Bithynia, 
which  had  been  left  by  Nicomedes  IH.  to  the 
Roman  people.  The  consul  Lucullus  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command,  and  conducted  it 
with  great  success.  In  B.C.  T3  he  relieved 
Cyzicus,  which  was  besieged  by  Mithridates, 
and  in  the  course  of  the  next  two  years  drove 
the  king  out  of  Pontus,  and  compelled  him  to 
flee  to  his  son-in-law,  Tigranes,  the  king  of 
Armenia.  The  latter  espoused  the  cause  of 
his  father-in-law ;  whereupon  Lucullus  march- 
ed into  Armenia,  and  defeated  Tigranes  and 
Mithridates  in  two  battles,  B.C.  69  and  68. 
But  in  consequence  of  the  mutiny  of  his  sol- 
diers, who  demanded  to  be  led  home,  Lucul- 
lus could  not  follow  up  his  conquests;  and 
Mithridates  recovered  Pontus.  In  B.O.  66  Lu- 
cullus was  succeeded  in  the  command  by 
Pompey.  Mithridates  was  defeated  by  Pom- 
pey ;  and  as  Tigranes  now  refused  to  admit 
him  into  his  dominions,  he  marched  into  Col- 
chis, and  thence  made  his  way  to  Pantica- 
paeum,  the  capital  of  the  Cimmerian  Bospo- 
rus. Here  he  conceived  the  daring  project 
of  marching  round  the  N.  and  W.  coasts  of 
the  Euxine,  through  the  wild  tribes  of  the 
Sarmatians  and  Getae,  and  of  invading  Italy 
at  the  head  of  these  nations.  But  meanwhile 
disaffection  had  made  rapid  progress  among 
his  followers.  His  son,  Pharnaces,  at  length 
openly  rebelled  against  him,  and  was  joined 
by  the  whole  army,  and  the  citizens  of  Pan- 
ticapaeum,  who  proclaimed  him  king.  Mith- 
ridates, resolved  not  to  fall  into  the  nands  of 
the  Romans,  put  an  end  to  his  own  life,  B.C. 
63,  at  the  age  of  68  or  69,  after  a  reigu  of  57 
years. 
MITHRIDATES,  kings  of  Parthia.  [Aa^ 

SAOES,  6,  9, 13.] 

M1T1TLSNS.    CMYTILENE.] 
MNEMOSYNE  <-es),  i.  e.  Memory,  daugh- 
ter of  Uranus   (Heaven),   and  mother  of 

the  Muses  by  Zeus  (Jo. 

piter). 

MNESTHEUS  (-£  or 
el)t  a  Trojan,  who  ao» 
companied  Aeneas  to 
Italy,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  the  ancestral  hero 
of  the  Memmii. 

M3ABITIS,  called 
MOAB  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, a  district  of 
Arabia  Petraea,  E.  of 
the  Dead  Sea.  TheMo- 
abites  were  frequently 
at  war  with  the  Israel- 
ites. They  were  con- 


MOERIS. 


259 


MOPSIA. 


quered  by  David,  but  they  afterwards  recov- 
ered their  independence. 

MOEHIS  (-idis),  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  is  said 
to  have  dng  the  great  lake  known  by  his  name ; 
but  it  is  really  natural,  and  not  an  artificial 
lake.  It  is  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Nile,  in  Mid- 
dle Egypt,  and  used  for  the  reception  and  sub- 
sequent distribution  of  a  part  of  the  overflow 
of  the  Nile. 

MOESf  A  (-ae),  a  country  of  Europe,  was 
bounded  on  the  S.  by  Thrace  and  Macedonia, 
on  the  W.  by  Illyricnm  and  Pannonia,  on  the 
N.  by  the  Danube,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Pon- 
tus  Euxinus,  thus  corresponding  to  the  pres- 
ent Servia  and  Bulgaria.  This  country  was  , 
subdued  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  and  was 
made  a  Roman  province  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  reign  of  Tiberius.  It  was  after- 
wards formed  into  2  provinces,  called  Moesia 
Superior  and  Moesia  Inferior,  the  former  be- 
ing the  western,  and  the  latter  the  eastern 
half  of  the  country.  When  Aurelian  surren- 
dered Dacia  to  the  barbarians,  and  removed 
the  inhabitants  of  that  province  to  the  S.  of 
the  Danube,  the  middle  part  of  Moesia  was 
called  Dado,  Aureliani. 

MOGONTlXCUM,  MOGUNTlXCUM,  or 
MAGONTUCUM  (-i:  Mainz  or  Mayence),  a 
town  on  the  left  bank  of  t'ue  Rhine,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Moenus  (Main). 

MOIRAE,  called  PARCAE  (-arum)  by  the 
Romans,  the  Fates,  were  3  in  number,  viz., 
CLOTHO,  or  the  spinning  fate;  LACHESIS,  or 
the  one  who  assigns  to  man  his  fate;  and 
ATBSPOS,  or  the  fate  that  can  not  be  avoided. 
Sometimes  they  appear  as  divinities  of  fate 
in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term,  and  sometimes 
only  as  allegorical  divinities  of  the  duration 
of  human  life.  In  the  former  character  they 
take  care  that  the  fate  assigned  to  every  be- 
ing by  eternal  laws  may  take  its  course  with- 
out obstruction ;  and  both  gods  and  men 
must  submit  to  them.  These  grave  and 
mighty  goddesses  were  represented  by  the 
earliest  artists  with  staffs  or  sceptres,  the 
symbol  of  dominion.  The  Moirae,  as  the  di- 
vinities of  the  duration  of  human  life,  which 
is  determined  by  the  two  points  of  birth  and 
death,  are  conceived  either  as  goddesses  of 
birth  or  as  goddesses  of  death.  The  distri- 
bution of  the  functions  among  the  3  was  not 
strictly  observed,  for  we  sometimes  find  all  3 
described  as  spinning  the  thread  of  life,  al- 
though this  was  properly  the  function  of  Clo- 
tho  alone.  Hence  Clotho,  and  sometimes  the 
other  fates,  are  represented  with  a  spindle ; 
and  they  are  said  to  break  or  cut  off  the 
thread  when  life  is  to  end.  The  poets  some- 
times describe  them  as  aged  and  hideous 
women,  and  even  as  lame,  to  indicate  the 
slow  march  of  fate ;  but  in  works  of  art  they 
are  represented  as  grave  maidens,  with  differ- 
ent attributes,  viz.,  Clotho  with  a  spindle  or 
a  roll  (the  book  of  fate) ;  Lachesis  pointiug 
with  a  staff  to  the  globe ;  and  Atropos  with  a 
pair  of  scales,  or. a  sun-dial,  or  a  cutting  in- 
strument. 

MOLlONS.    [MoLioNEs.] 
MOIIONES    (-urn)     or    MQLl5NlDAE 
(-Erum),  that  is,  Eurytus  and  Cteatus,  so 


called  after  their  mother,  Molipne.  They  are 
also  called  Acifir'tdae  or  Act&rldtte  (\\nroptiave), 
after  their  reputed  father  Actor,  the  husband 
of  Molioue.  They  are  mentioned  as  con- 
querors of  Nestor  in  the  chariot  race,  and  as 
having  taken  part  in  the  Calydouian  hunt 
Having  come  to  the  assistance  of  Augeas 
against,  Hercules,  they  were  slain  by  the  latter. 
MOLOSSI  (-Grum),  a  people  in  Epirus,  in- 
habiting a  narrow  slip  of  country,  called  after 
them  MOLORSIA.  or  Mor.ossis,  which  extended 
along  the  W.  bank  of  the  Arachthus  as  far  as 
the  Ambracian  gulf.  They  were  the  most 
powerful  people  in  Epiros,  and  their  kings 
gradually  extended  their  dominion  over  the 
whole  of  the  country.  The  first  of  their  kings, 
who  took  the  title  of  king  of  Epirus,  was 
Alexander,  who  perished  in  Italy  B.C.  326. 
lEni&us.]  Their  capital  was  AMBEACIA.  The 
Molossian  hounds  were  celebrated  in  an- 
tiquity. 

MGLf  CRIUM  (-i),  a  town  in  the  S.  of 
Aetolia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Corinthian 
gulf. 

H8MTJS  <-i),  the  <*od  of  mockery  and  cen- 
sure, called  by  Hesiod  the  son  of  Night.  Thus 
he  is  said  to  have  censured  in  the  man  formed 
by  Hephaestus  (Vulcan)  that  a  little  door  had 
not  been  left  in  his  breast,  so  as  to  enable 
one  to  look  into  his  secret  thoughts. 

(-ae:  Anglesey),  an  island  off  the 
coast  of  the  Ordovices  in  Britain,  one  of  the 
chief  seats  of  the  Druids.  Caesar  erroneously 
describes  this  island  as  half  way  between 
Britannia  and  Hibernia,  Hence  it  has  been 
supposed  by  some  critics  that  the  Mona  of 
Caesar  is  the  Isle  of  Nan;  but  it  is  more  prob- 
able, on  account  of  the  celebrity  of  Mona  in 
connection  with  the  Druids,  that  he  had  heard 
of  Anglesey,  and  that  he  received  a  false  re- 
port respecting  its  real  position. 

MONAESES  (-is),  a  Parthian  general  men- 
tioned by  Horace,  probably  the  same  as  Su- 
renas,  the  general  of  Orodes,  who  defeated 
Crassus. 

MONET  A  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Juno  among 
the  Romans  as  the  pro- 
tectress of  money.  Un- 
der this  name  she  had 
a  temple  on  the  Capi- 
toline,  which  was  at 
the  same  time  the  pub- 
lic mint. 

MONOECIPORTUS, 
also  HERCtTLIS  MO- 
NOECIPORTUS(Jtfb- 
naco),  a  port-town  on 
the  coast  of  Liguria, 
founded  by  the  31assil- 
inns,  was  situated  on  a 
promontory  (hence  the 
arx  Mwweci  of  Virgil), 
and  possessed  a  temple 
of  Hercules  Konoecus, 
from  whom  the  place 
derived  its  name. 
MOPSIA  or  MOPSO- 


i 


> 

of  Attica,  whence  Sfops&plus  is  frequently 
used  by  the  poets  as  equivalent  to  Athenian. 


MOPSIUM. 


260 


MUSAE. 


MOPSIUM  (-i),  a  town  of  Thessaly  in 
Pelasgioti?-,  situated  on  a  hill  of  the  same 
name  between  Tempe  and  Larissa. 

MOPStTESTlA  (-ae),  an  important  city 
of  Cilicia,  on  both  banks  of  the  river  Pyr- 
amus. 

MOPSUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Ampyx  and  the 
nymph  Chloris,  the  prophet  and  soothsayer 
of  the  Argonauts,  died  in  Libya  of  the  bite  of 
a  snake.— (2)  Son  of  Apollo  and  Manto,  the 
daughter  of  Tiresias,  and  also  a  celebrated 
seer.  He  contended  in  prophecy  with  Calchas 
at  Colophon,  and  showed  himself  superior  to 
the  latter  in  prophetic  power.  [CALCHAS.] 
He  was  believed  to  have  founded  Hallos  in 
Cilicia,  in  conjunction  with  the  seer  Amphil- 
ochus.  A  dispute  arose  between  the  two 
seers  respecting  the  possession  of  the  town, 
and  both  fell  in  combat  by  each  other's 
hand. 

MORGANTIUM  (-i),  MORGANTlNA, 
MTJRGANTlA.,  MORGENTIA  <-ae),  a  town 
in  Sicily,  S.E.  of  Agyrium,  and  near  the 
Symaethus,  founded  by  the  Morgetes,  after 
they  had  been  driven  out  of  Italy  by  the 
Oenotrians. 

MORGETES.    [MoEGANTiUir.] 

MORlNI  (-6mm),  the  most  N.-ly  people  in 
all  Gaul,  whence  Virgil  calls  them  extremi 
h&minum.  They  dwelt  on  the  coast,  at  the 
narrowest  part  of  the  channel  between  Gaul 
and  Britain. 

MORPHEUS  (-eos,  61,  or  e!),  the  son  of 
Sleep  and  the  god  of  dreams.  The  name 
eignfftes  the  fashioner  or  moulder,  because 
he  shaped  or  formed  the  dreams  which  ap- 
peared to  the  sleeper. 

MORS  (-tis),  called  THlNlTOS  by  the 
Greeks,  the  god  of  death,  is  represented  as  a 
son  of  Night  and  a  brother  of  Sleep. 

MOSA  (-ae:  Maas  or  Meuse),  a  river  in 
Gallia  Belgica,  rising  in  Mount  Vogesus,  and 
falling  into  the  Vahalis  or  W.  branch  of  the 
Rhine. 

MOSCHI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Asia,  dwell- 
ing in  the  S.  Part  of  Colchis. 

MOSCHUS  (-i),  of  Syracuse,  a  bucolic 
poet,  lived  about  B.C.  250.  There  are  4  of 
bis  idyls  extant,  usually  printed  with  those 
of  BION. 

M5SELLA  (-ae:  Mosel,  Moselle),  a  river  in 
Gallia  .  Belgica,  rising  in  Mount  Vogesus, 
and  falling  into  the  Rhine  at  Confluentes 
(Coblenz). 

MOSTlNI  (-drum),  a  city  of  Lydia,  S.E.  of 
Thyatira. 

MOSYNOECI  (-5rum),  a  barbarous  people 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Pontus,  so 
called  from  the  conical  wooden  houses  in 
which  they  dwelt. 

MOTtTCA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  S.  of  Sicily, 
W.  of  the  promontory  Pachynus.  The  inhab- 
itants were  called  Mutycenses. 

MOTTA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  the  N.  W. 
of  Sicily,  situated  on  a  small  island  near  the 
coast,  with  which  it  was  connected  by  a  mole. 
It  was  founded  by  the  Phoenicians,  and  nest 


belonged  to  the  Carthaginians,  who  trans- 
planted its  inhabitants  to  the  town  of  Lily- 
baeum,  B.O.  S9T. 

MUCIUS  SCAEV5LA.    [SOABVOLA.] 

MULCIBER  (-bri),  a  surname  of  Vulcan, 
which  seems  to  have  been  given  him  as  a 
euphemism,  that  he  might  not  consume  the 
habitations  of  men,  but  might  kindly  aid 
them  in  their  pursuits. 

MULtlCHA  (-ae),  a  river  in  the  N.  of  Africa, 
rising  in  the  Atlas,  and  forming  the  boundary 
between  Manretania  and  Numidia, 

MUMMiUS  (-i),  L.,  consul  B.O.  146,  won  for 
himself  the  surname  of  Achaicus  by  the  con- 
quest of  Greece  and  the  establishment  of  the 
Roman  province  of  Achaia.  After  defeating 
the  army  of  the  Achaean  League  at  the  Isthmus 
of  Corinth,  he  entered  Corinth  without  op- 
position, and  razed  it  to  the  ground.  [ConiN- 
THCS.]  He  was  censor  in  142  with  Scipio 
Africanus  the  younger. 

MtTNATlUS  PLANCUS.    [PLANOTO.] 

MUNDA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Hispania  Bae. 
tica,  celebrated  on  account  of  the  victory 
of  Julius  Caesar  over  the  sons  of  Pompey, 
B.O.  45. 

MtfiSr^CHlA  (-ae),  the  smallest  and  the 
most  E.-ly  of  the  3  harbors  of  Athens.  The 
poets  nse  Munychian  in  the  sense  of  Athe- 
nian. 

MURCIA,  MURTfiA,  or  MURTfA  (-ae),  a 
surname  of  Venus  at  ""lome,  where  she  had  a 
chapel  in  the  circus,  with  a  statue.  This  sur- 
name, which  is  said  to  be  the  same  as  Myrtea 
(from  myrtus,  a  myrtle),  was  believed  to  in- 
dicate the  fondness  of  the  goddess  for  the 
myrtle-tree. 

MtTRENA  (-ae),  which  signifies  a  lamprey, 
was  the  name  of  a  family  in  the  Licinia  gens, 
of  whom  the  most  important  were:  (1)  L. 
LIOTNTUS  MURENA,  who  was  left  by  Sulla  as 
propraetor  in  Asia,  B.C.  84,  and  was  the  cause 
of  the  2d  Mithridatic  war.— -(2)  L.  LIOTHHTS 
MUEENA,  son  of  the  former,  consul  B.C.  63,  was 
accused  of  bribery,  and  defended  by  Cicero 
in  an  extant  oration. 

MURGANTfA.    [MOBGANTITTM.] 

MUS,  DECIUS.    [DEOIUS.] 

MUSA  (-ae),  ANTDNlUS,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician at  Rome,  was  brother  to  Euphorbns,  the 
physician  to  king  Juba,  and  was  himself  the 
physician  to  the  emperor  Augustus.  He  had 
been  originally  a  slave. 

MtTSAE  (-arum),  the  Muses,  were,  accord- 
ing to  the  earliest  writers,  the  inspiring  god- 
desses of  song,  and,  according  to  later  notions, 
divinities  presiding  over  the  different  kinds 
of  poetry,  and  over  the.  arts  and  sciences. 
They  are  usually  represented  as  the  daughters 
of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Mnemosyne,  ana  born 
in  Pieria,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Olympus.  Their 
original  number  appears  to  have  been  3 ;  but 
afterwards  they  are  always  spoken  of  as 
9  hi  number.  Their  names  and  attributes 
were: 

1.  CEfi,  the  Mnse  of  history,  represented  in 
a  sitting  or  standing  attitude,  with  an  open 
roll  of  paper  or  chest  of  books. 


MUSAE. 


261 


MUSAE. 


Clio,  the  Muse  of  History,    f  From  a  Statue  now  in 
Sweden.) 

2.  Euterpe,  the  Muse  of  lyric  poetry,  with  a 
(lute. 


Euterpe,  the  Muse  of  Lyric  Poetry.    (From  a  Statue  in 

3.  Thdfia,  the  Muse  of  comedy,  and  o! 
merry  or  idyllic  poetry,  appears  with  a 
comic  mask,  a  shepherd's  staff,  or  a  wreath 
of  ivy. 


Thalia,  the  Muse  of  Comedy.    (From  a  Statue  in  the 
Vatican.) 

4.  Mdp&mene,  the  Muse  of  tragedy,  with  a 
tragic  mask,  the  club  of  Hercules,  or  a  sword : 
her  head  is  surrounded  with  vine-leaves,  and 
she  wears  the  cothurnus. 


the  Muse  of  Tragedv.    (From  a  Statue  in 
the  Vatican.*} 

5.  Terpsich&re,  the  Muse  of  choral  dance  and 
gong,  appears  with  the  lyre  and  the  plectrum. 


MUSAE. 


262 


MUSAE. 


6.  Krdto,  the  Muse  of  erotic  poetry  and 
mimic  imitation,  somer.irnes  also  has  the  lyre. 


Erato,  the  Muse  of  Erotic  Poetry.    (From  a  Statue  in  the 
Vatican.) 

7.  PMymriia  or  P6l^hymn"ia^  the  Muse  of  the 
sublime  hymn,  usually  appears  without  any 
attribute,  in  a  pensive  or  meditating  attitude. 


S.  ffrdnla,  the  Muse  of  astronomy,  with  a 
staff  pointing  to  a  globe. 


Urania,  the  Muse  of  Astronomy.    (From  a  Statue  now 
in  Sweden.) 


9.  CallWp&  or  CalTitipea,  the  Muse  of  epic 
poetry,  represented  in  tvorks  of  art  with  a 
tablet  and  stylus,  and  sometimes  with  a  roll 
of  paper  or  a  book. 


i  to  Muse  of  the  Sublime  Hymn.   (From  a         Calliope,  the  Muse  of  Epic  Poetry.   (From  a  Statue  ia 
otatue  la  tne  Louvre.)  t]j3  Vatican.) 


MUSAEUS. 


263 


MYGDOXIA. 


The  worship  of  the  Muses  was  introduced 
from  Thrace  and  Pieria  into  Boeotia:  and 
their  favorite  haunt  in  Boeotia  was  Mount 
Helicon,  where  were  the  sacred  fountains  of 
Aganippe  and  Hippocrene.  Mount  Parnassus 
was  likewise  sacred  to  them,  with  the  Casta- 
lian  spring.  The  sacrifices  offered  to  the 
Muses  consisted  of  libations  of  water  or  milk, 
and  of  honey.  The  Muses  were  invoked  by 
the  poets  as  the  inspiring  goddesses  of  song ; 
and  all  who  ventured  to'  compete  with  them 
in  song  were  severely  punished  by  them. 
Thus  the  Sirens,  who  had  done  so,  were  de- 
prived of  the  feathers  of  their  wings,  which 
the  Muses  put  on  their  own  persons  as  orna- 
ments ;  and  the  9  daughters  of  Pierus,  who 
bad  likewise  presumed  to  rival  the  Muses, 
were  metamorphosed  into  birds.  Being  god- 
desses of  song,  they  were  naturally  connected 
with  Apollo,  the  god  of  the  lyre,  who  is  even 
described  as  the  leader  of  the  choir  of  the 
Muses  by  the  surname  Musdgetes. 


MYClLESSUS  (-1),  an  ancient  city  in  Boe- 
otia, on  the  road  from  Aulis  to  Thebes.  In 
B.C.  413  it  was  sacked  by  some  Thracian  c?er- 
cenaries  in  the  pay  of  Athens. 

MYCENAE  (-arum),  sometimes  Ml'CENS 
(-es),  an  ancient  town  in  Argolis,  about  6 
miles  N.E.  of  Argos,  situated  on  a  hill  at  the 
head  of  a  narrow  valley.  Mycenae  is  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Perseus,  and  was  sub- 
sequently the  favorite  residence  of  the  Pelop- 
idae.  During  the  reign  of  Agamemuou  it  was 
regarded  as  the  first  city  in  all  Greece;  but 
after  the  conquest  of  Peloponnesus  by  the 
Dorians  it  ceased  to  be  a  place  of  importance. 
It  continued  an  independent  town  till  B.O. 
468,  when  it  was  attacked  by  the  Argives,  and 
the  inhabitants  were  compelled  by  "famine  to 
abandon  it.  Mycenae  was  now  destroyed  by 
the  Argives ;  but  there  are  still  numerous  re- 
mains of  the  ancient  city,  which,  on  account 
of  their  antiquity  and  grandeur,  are  some  of 
the  most  interesting  in  all  Greece. 


MtFSAEUS  (-i),  a  semi-mythological  per- 
sonage, to  be  classed  with  Olen  and  Orpheus, 
is  represented  as  one  of  the  earliest  Grecian 
poets.  The  extant  poem  on  the  loves  of  Hero 
and  Leander,  bearing  the  name  of  Musaeus, 
is  a  late  production.  jfe 

MtTSAGETES.    [MusMs.]^ 

MtMNA  (-ae :  Modem),  an  important  town 
in  Gallia  Cispadann,  originally  a  town  of  the 
Boii,  and  afterwards  a  Roman  colony.  It  is 
celebrated  in  the  history  of  the  civil  war  after 
Caesar's  death.  Decimus  Brntus  was  be- 
sieged here  by  M.  Antonius  from  December, 
44,  to  April,  43 ;  and  under  its  walls  the  bat- 
tles were  fought  in  which  the  consuls  Hirtius 
and  Pansa  perished. 

MltCiLl  (-es),  a  mountain  in  the  S.  of 
Ionia  in  Asia  Minor,  N.  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Maeander,  and  opposite  the  island  of  Samotf. 
Here  a  great  victory  was  gained  by  the  Greeks 
over  the  Persian  fleet  on  the  same  day  as  the 
battle  of  Plataea,  B.C.  479. 


MYCERINUS  (-i),  son  of  Cheops,  king  of 
Egypt,  succeeded  his  uncle  Chephren  on  the 
ttirone,  and  reigned  with  justice.  He  began 
to  build  a  pyramid,  but  died  before  it  was 
finished. 

MY CQNUS  (-i),  a  small  Island  in  the  Ae- 
gaean  sea,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  E.  of  Delos,  is 
celebrated  in  mythology  as  one  of  the  places 
where  the  giants  were  defeated  by  Hercules. 

MYGD5N  (-onis),son  of  A  cmon,  who  fought 
against  the  Amazons,  and  from  whom  some 
or  the  Phrygians  are  said  to  have  been  called 
MygdMldfa 

MYGD5NIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  district  in  the  E. 
of  Macedonia,  bordering  on  the  Thermaic 
gulf  and  the  Chalcidic  peninsnla.— (2)  A  dis- 
trict in  the  E.  of  Mysia  and  the  W.  of  Bithyn- 
ia,  named  after  the  Thracian  people,  Mygdo- 
nes,  who  formed  a  settlement  here,  but  were 
afterwards  subdued  by  the  Bithyni.— (3)  The 
N.E.  district  of  Mesopotamia,  between  Mount 
Masius  and  the  Chaboras,  which,  divided  it 


MYLAE. 


264 


MYTILENE. 


from  OsroGne.  The  name  of  Mygdqnia  was 
first  introduced  after  the  Macedonian  con- 
quest. 

MTLAE  (-unun),  a  town  on  the  E.  part  of 
the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  founded  by  Zancle 
(Messana),  and  situated  on  a  promontory 
running  out  into  the  sea.  It  was  off  Mylae 
that  Agrippa  defeated  the  fleet  of  Sex.  Pom- 
peius,  B.O.  86. 

MYLlSA  or  MtXASSA  (-orum),  a  flour- 
ishing inland  city  of  Caria,  in  a  fertile  plain. 
MYNDUS  (-i),  a  Dorian  colony  on  the  coast 
of  Caria,  situated  at  the  W.  extremity  of  the 
same  peninsula  on  which  Halicarnassus  stood. 
MYONNESUS  (-i),  a  promontory  of  Ionia, 
with  a  town  and  a  little  island  of  the  same 
name,  forming  the  N.  headland  of  the  gulf  of 
Ephesus. 

Mt"OS  HORMOS  (6  Mu6?  Sp/ios,  i.  e.  MmcU- 
port),  an  important  port -town  of  Upper 
Egypt,  built  by  Ptolemy  IL  Philadelphus,  on 
the  Red  Sea,  6  or  7  days' journey  from  Coptos. 
MYRA  (-ae  and  5rum),  one  of  the  chief 
cities  of  Lycia,  built  on  a  rock  2  miles  from 
the  sea. 

MYRIANDRUS  (-i),  a  Phoenician  colony 
in  Syria,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  gnlf  of  Issus,  a 
little  S.  of  Alexandria. 

MYRINA  (-ae).  (1)  An  ancient  and  impor- 
tant city  of  the  Aeou'ans  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Mysia.— (2)  A  town  in  Lemnos. 

MYRLflA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Bithynia,  not  far 
from  Prusa,  founded  by  the  Colophonians, 
and  almost  rebuilt  by  Prusias  L,  who  called 
it  APAMEA,  after  his  wife. 

MYRMID5NES  (-nm),  an  Achaean  race  in 
Phthiotis  in  Thessaly,  whom  Achilles  ruled 
over,  and  who  accompanied  this  hero  to  Troy. 
They  are  said  to  have  inhabited  originally  the 
island  of  Aesrina,  and  to  have  emigrated  with 
Peleus  into  Thessaly ;  but  modern  critics,  on 
the  contrary,  suppose  that  a  colony  of  them 
emigrated  from  Thessaly  into  Aegina.  The 
Myrmidones  disappear  from  history  at  a  later 
period.  The  ancients  derived  their  name 
either  from  a  mythical  ancestor,  Myrmidon, 
son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Enrymedusa,  and 
father  of  Actor;  or  from  the  ants  Outfp/inxev) 
in  Aegina,  which  were  supposed  to  have  been 
metamorphosed  into  men  in  the  time  of  Aea- 
cus.  [AEAOCS.] 

MtRON  (-onis),  a  celebrated  Greek  statu- 
ary, and  also  a  sculptor  and  engraver,  was 
born  at  Eleutherae  in  Boeotia  about  B.O.  480. 
He  was  the  disciple  of  Ageladas,  the  fellow- 
disciple  ofPolycletus.  and  a  younger  contem- 
porary of  Phidias,  fie  practiced  his  art  at 
Athens,  about  the  beginning  of  the  Pelopon 
nesian  war  (B.O.  431). 
MYRRHA  or  SMYRNA.  [ADONIS.] 
MYRTlLTJS  (-i),  son  of  Hermes  (Mercury) 
and  charioteer  of  Oenomaus,  king  of  Pisa, 
thrown  into  the  sea  by  Pelops.  [PELOPS.  j 
After  his  death,  Myrtilns  was  placed  among 
the  stars  as  aurifta. 

MYRTOUM  MARE,  the  part  of  the  Aege- 
an sea  S.  of  Euboea,  Attica,  and  Argolis, 
which  derived  its  name  from  the  small  island 
Hyrtus,  though  others  suppose  it  to  come 


from  Myrtilus,  whom  Pelops  threw  into  this 
sea. 

MYRTUNTJUM  (-i),  called  MYBSWUS  in 
Homer,  a  town  of  the  Epeans  in  Elis,  on  the 
road  from  Elis  to  Dyrae. 

MYRTTJS.    [MYBTOUM  MAKE.] 

MYS  (-yds),  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
Greek  engravers,  who  engraved  the  battle  of 
the  Lapithae  and  the  Centaurs  and  other  fig- 
ures on  the  shield  of  Phidias's  statue  of  Athe- 
na Promachos,  in  the  Acropolis  of  Athens. 

MYSCELUS  (-i),  a  native  of  Achaia,  who 
founded  Croton  in  Italy,  B.O.  710. 

MTSfA  (-ae),  a  district  occupying  the  N.W. 
comer  of  Asia  Minor,  between  the  Hellespont 
on  the  N.W.,  the  Propontis  on  the  N.,  Bi- 
thynia and  Phrygia  on  the  E.,  Lydia  on  the 
S.,  and  the  Aegaean  sea  on  the  W.  It  was 
subdivided  into  5  parts:  1,  MYSIA  MINOR, 
along  the  N.  coast ;  2,  MYSIA  MAJOR,  the  S.E. 
inland  region,  with  a  small  portion  of  the 
coast  between  the  Troad  and  the  Aeolic  set- 
tlements about  the  Elaltic  gulf;  3,  TKOAS,  the 
N.W.  angle,  between  the  Aegaean  and  Hel- 
lespont and  the  S.  coast  along  the  foot  of  Ida ; 
4,  AEOLIS  or  AEOLTA,  the  S.  part  of  the  W. 
coast,  around  the  Elaitic  gulf,  where  the  chief 
cities  of  the  Aeolian  confederacy  were  plant- 
ed ;  and,  5,  TEUTH^A-NIA,  the  S. W.  angle,  be 
tween  Teranus  and  the  borders  of  Lydia, 
where  in  very  early  times  Teuthras  was  said 
to  have  established  a  Mysian  kingdom,  which 
was  early  subdued  by  the  kings  of  Lydia. 
This  account  applies  to  the  time  of  the  early 
Roman  empire ;  the  extent  of  Mysia,  and  its 
subdivisions,  varied  greatly  at  other  times. 
The  Mysi  were  a  Thracian  people,  who  crossed 
over  from  Europe  into  Asia  at  a  very  early 
period.  In  the  heroic  ages  we  find  the  great 
Teucrian  monarchy  of  Troy  in  the  N.W.  of 
the  country,  and  the  Phrygians  along  the 
Hellespont ;  as  to  the  Mysians  who  appear 
as  aUies  of  the  Trojans,  it  is  not  clear  whether 
they  are  Europeans  or  Asiatics.  The  Mysia 
of  the  legends  respecting  Telephus  is  the 
Teuthranian  kingdom  in  the  S.,  only  with  a 
wider  extent  than  the  later  Teuthrania.  Un- 
der the  Persian  empire  the  N.W.  portion, 
which  was  still  occupied  in  part  by  Phrygians, 
but  chiefly  by  Aeolian  settlements,  was  called 
Phrygia  Minor,  and  by  the  Greeks  HELLES- 
POKTITS.  Mysia  was  the  region  S.  of  the  chain 
of  Ida ;  and  both  formed,  with  Lydia,  the  sec- 
ond satrapy.  Mysia  afterwards  formed  a  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  PEBGAMUS  (B.O.  280).  With 
the  rest  of  the  kingdom  of  Pergamus,  Mysia 
fell  to  the  Romans  in  183  by  the  bequest  of 
Attains  III.,  and  formed  part  of  the  province 
of  Asia. 

M1MLSNE  or  Ml  TtXSNS  (-es),  the  chief 
city  of  LESBOS,  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
island,  opposite  the  coast  of  Asia,  was  early 
colonized  oy  the  Aeolians.  [LESBOS.]  It  at- 
tained great  importance  as  a  naval  power, 
and  founded  colonies  on  the  coasts  of  Mysia 
and  Thrace.  At  the  beginning  of  the  7th 
century  B.C.  the  possession  of  one  of  these 
colonies,  Sigeum,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Helles- 
pont, was  disputed  in  war  between  the  Myti- 
lenaeans  and  Athenians.  After  the  Persian 
war,  Mytilene  formed  an  alliance  with  Athr 


MYUS. 


265 


NAUCRATIS. 


ens ;  bat  in  the  4th  year  of  the  Peloponnesian 
war,  B.C.  428,  it  headed  a  revolt  of  the  greater 
part  of  Lesbos,  the  progress  and  suppression 
of  which  forms  one  of  the  most  interesting 
episodes  in  the  history  of  the  Pelopounesian 
war.  (See  the  Histories  of  Greece.)  This 


event  destroyed  the  power  of  Mytilene.  Re- 
specting its  important  position  in  Greek  lit- 
erary history,  see  LESBOS. 

MYlTS  (-untis),  the  least  city  of  the  Ionian 
confederacv,  stood  in  Caria,  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  Maeander. 


N. 


NlBlTAEI  (-orum),  NlBlTH  AE  (-arum), 
an  Arabian  people,  who  occupied  nearly  the 
whole  of  Arabia  Petraea,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Aelanitic  gulf  of  the  Red  Sea,  and  the  Idu- 
maean  mountains,  where  they  had  their  rock- 
hewn  capital,  PETRA.  The  Roman  poets  fre- 
quently use  the  adjective  Nabathaeus  in  the 
sense  of  Eastern. 

NABIS  (-is),  tyrant  of  Lacedaemon,  noted 
for  his  acts  of  cruelty,  succeeded  Machanidas 
in  the  sovereignty  B.C.  207.  He  was'  defeated 
by  Philopoemen  in  B.O.  192,  and  was  soon  aft- 
erwards assassinated  by  some  AetoUans. 

NABONASSAR,  king  of  Babylon,  whose 
accession  to  the  throne  was  the  era  from 
which  the  Babylonian  astronomers  began 
their  calculations.  This  era  is  called  the  Era 
of  Nabonassar,  and  commenced  B.C.  747. 

NAEVlUS  (-i)t  ON.,  an  ancient  Roman 
poet,  probably  a  native  of  Campania,  pro- 
duced his  first  play  B.C.  235.  He  was  attached 
to  the  plebeian  party;  attacked  Scipio  and 
the  Metelli  in  his  plays ;  but  he  was  indicted 
by  Q.  Metellus  and  thrown  into  prison,  and 
obtained  his  release  only  by  recanting  his 
previous  imputations.  His  repentance  did 
not  last  long,  and  he  was  soon  compelled  to 
expiate  a  new  offense  by  exile.  He  retired 
to  utica,  where  he  died  about  «.o.  202.  Nae- 
vius  wrote  a  poem  on  the  first  Punic  war,  as 
well  as  comedies  and  tragedies. 

NAHARVIXI  (-orum),  a  tribe  of  the  Lygii 
in  Germany,  probably  dwelling  on  the  banks 
of  the  Vistula.  . 

N33ADES.      [NYMPHAE.] 

NAISUS,  NAISSUS,  or  NAESUS  (-i:  Nis- 
sa),  a  town  of  Upper  Moesia,  situated  on  an 
E.  tributary  of  the  Margus,  anfl  celebrated  as 
the  birthplace  of  Constantine  the  Great, 

NAMNETAE  (-arum),  or  NAMNETES 
(-um),  a  people  on  the  W.  coast  of  Gallia  Lug- 
dunensis,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Liger.  Their 
chief  town  was  Condivincum,  afterwards 
Namnetes  (Nantes). 

NANTUATAE  (-arum)  or  NANTUiTES 
(-um),  a  people  in  the  S.E.  of  Gallia  Belgica, 
at  the  E.  extremity  of  the  Lacus  Lemanus 
(Lake  of  Geneva). 

N&PAEAE.      [NYMPHAE.] 

NlR  (-aris:  Nero),  a  river  in  Central  Italy, 
rising  in  Mount  Fiscellus,  forming  the  bound- 
ary between  TJmbria  and  the  land  of  the  Sa- 
bini,  and  falling  into  the  Tiber,  not  far  from 
Ocriculnm.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  sulphu- 
reous waters  and  white  color. 

NARBO  (-Gnis)  MARTlUS  (-i),  a  town  in 
the  S.  of  Gaul,  and  the  capital  of  the  Roman 
province  of  Gallia  Narbonensis,  situated  on 


the  river  Atax  (Aude).  It  was  made  a  Roman 
colony  by  the  consul  Q.  Marcius  or  Martins, 
B.C.  HSj  and  hence  received  the  surname  Mar- 
tins. It  was  the  first  colony  founded  by  the 
Romans  in  Gaul. 

NARBONENSIS  GALLIA.    [GALLIA.] 

NARCISSUS  (-i).  (1)  A  beautiful  youth, 
son  of  Cephissus  and  Liriope,  was  inaccessi- 
ble to  the  feeling  of  love ;  and  the  nymph 
Echo,  who  was  enamored  of  him,  died  of 
grief.  [ECHO.]  But  Nemesis,  to  punish  him, 
caused  him  to  see  his  own  image  reflected  in  a 
fountain,  whereupon  he  became  so  enamored 
of  it  that  he  gradually  pined  away,  until  he 
was  metamorphosed  into  the  flower  which 
bears  his  name. — (2)  A  favorite  freedman  and 
secretary  of  the  emperor  Claudius,  who 
amassed  an  enormous  fortune.  He  was  put 
to  death  by  order  of  Agrippina,  A.D.  54. 

NARISCI  (-orum),  a  people  in  the  S.  of 
Germanv,  in  the  Upper  Palatinate  and  the 
country  of  the  Ficktelgebirge. 

NARNlA  (-ae:  Sarnty,  a  town  in  Umbria, 
situated  on  a  lofty  hill,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
river  Nar,  originally  called  NEQUETCM,  and 
made  a  Roman  colony  B.C.  299,  when  its  name 
was  changed  into  Narnia,  after  the  river. 

NARONA  (-ae),  a  Roman  colony  in  Dalma- 
tia,  situated  on  the  river  Naro. 

NlRYX  (-yds),  also  NARtCUS  or  NA- 
R¥CIUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Locri  Opuntii,  on 
the  Enboean  sea,  the  birthplace  of  Ajax,  son 
of  Oileus,  who  is  hence  called  Mrg&us  htros. 
Since  Locri  Epizephyrii,  in  the  S.  of  Italy, 
claimed  to  be  a  colony  from  Naryx,  in  Greece, 
we  find  the  town  of  Loeri  called  Sdrpdia  by 
the  poets,  and  the  pitch  of  Bruttium  also 
named  Ndr$&a. 

NlSlM<5NES  (-um),  a  powerful  but  savage 
Libyan  people,  who  dwelt  originally  on  tfie 
shores  of  the  Great  Syrtis,  but  were  driven 
inland  by  the  Greek  settlers  of  Cyrenaica, 
and  afterwards  by  the  Romans. 

N5.SICA,  SCMO.    [Scrpio.] 

NlSlDlENUS  (-i),  a  wealthy  Roman,  who 
gave  a  supper  to  Maecenas,  which  Horace 
ridicules  in  one  of  his  satires. 

NlSO,  OVMUS.    [Ovn>iFS.] 

NATTA  or  NACCA,  "a  fuller,"  the  name 
of  an  ancient  family  of  the  Pinaria  gens.  The 
Natta  satirized  by  Horace  for  his  dirty  mean- 
ness was  probably  a  member  of  the  noble 
Pinarian  family,  and  therefore  attacked  by 
the  poet  for  such  conduct 

NAUCRlTIS  (-is),  a  city  in  the  delta  of 
Egypt,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Canopic  branch 
of  the  Nile,  was  a  colony  of  the  Milesians, 
founded  in  the  reign  of  Amasis,  about  B.C. 


NAULOCHUS. 


266 


NEBO. 


550,  and  remained  a.  pure  Greek  city.  It  was 
the  only  place  hi  Egypt  where  Greeks  were 
oermitted  to  settle  and  trade.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Athenaeus,  Julius  Pollux,  and 
others. 

NAULOCHUS  (-i),  a  naval  station  on  the 
E.  part  of  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  between  My- 
lue  and  the  promontory  Pelorus. 

NAUPACTUS  (-i:  Lepanto),  an  ancient 
town  of  the  Locri  Ozolae,  near  the  promon- 
tory Antirrhium,  possessing  the  best  harbor 
oil  the  N.  coast  of  the  Corinthian  gul£  It  is 
said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  the  Hera- 
clidae  having  here  built  the  fleet  with  which 
they  crossed  over  to  the  Peloponnesus  (from 
vaw  and  vfnw^t).  After  the  Persian  wars  it 
fell  into  the  power  of  the  Athenians,  who  set- 
tled here  the  Me^senians  who  had  been  com- 
pelled to  leave  tbeir  country  at  the  end  of  the 
3d  Messenian  war,  B.O.  455. 

NAUPIiA  (-ae),  the  port  of  Argos,  situated 
on  the  Saronic  guif,  was  never  a  place  of  im- 
portance in  antiquity,  but  is  at  the  present 
day  one  of  the  chief  citiea  in  Greece. 

NAUPLtUS  (-i),  king  of  Enboea,  and  father 
of  Palamedes,  who  is  hence  called  NAUPLI- 
XDES.  To  avenge  the  death  of  his  son,  whom 
the  Greeks  had  put  to  death  during  the  siege 
of  Troy,  he  watched  for  the  return  of  the 
Greeks,  and  as  they  approached  the  coast  of 
Enboea  he  lighted  torches  on  the  dangerous 
promontory  of  Caphareus.  The  sailors,  thus 
misguided,  suffered  shipwreck. 

NAUPORTUS  (-i:  Ober  or  Upper  Lmbach), 
an  important  town  of  the  Taurisci,  situated 
on  the  river  Nauportus  (LaibacK),  a  tributary 
of  the  Savus,  in  Pannonia  Superior. 

NAUSIC&A  (-ae),  a  daughter  of  Alcinous, 
king  of  the  Phaeacians,  and  Arete,  who  con- 
ducted Ulysses  to  the  court  of  her  father, 
when  he  was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast. 

NAUTES.    [NATJTIA  GENS.] 

NAUTlA  GENS,  a  patrician  gens  at  Rome, 
claiming  descent  from  Nautes,  one  of  the 
companions  of  Aeneas,  who  was  said  to  have 
brought  with  him  the  Palladium  from  Troy, 
which  was  placed  under  the  care  of  the  Nau- 
tii  at  Rome. 

NAVA  (-ae :  Fate),  a  tributary  of  the  Rhine, 
falling  into  the  Rhine  at  the  modern  JBingen. 

NAVIUS,  ATTUS  or  ATTlUS  (-i),  a  re- 
nowned augur  in  the  time  of  Tarquinius  Pris- 
cus,  who  opposed  the  project  of  the  king  to 
double  the  number  of  the  equestrian  centu- 
ries. Tarqnin  then  commanded  him  to  di- 
vine whether  what  he  was  thinking  of  in  his 
mind  could  be  done ;  and  when  Navius  de- 
clared that  it  could,  the  king  held  out  a  whet- 
stone and  a  razor  to  cut  it  with.  Navius  im- 
mediately cut  it. 

NASOS  or  NAXUS  (-i).  (1)  An  island  in 
the  Aegaean  sea,  and  the  largest  of  the  Cy- 
clades,  especially  celebrated  for  its  wine. 
Here  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  is  said  to  have  found 
Ariadne  after  she  had  been  deserted  by  The- 
seus. It  was  colonized  by  lonians,  who  had 
emigrated  from  Athens.  After  the  Persian 
wars  the  Naxians  were  the  first  of  the  allied 
states  whom  the  Athenians  reduced  to  sub- 


jection (B.O.  471). — (2)  A  Greek  city  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Sicily,  founded  B.O.  735  by  the  Chat 
cidiaus  of  Euboea,  and  the  first  Greek  col- 
ony established  in  the  island.  In  B.C.  403  the 
town  was  destroyed  by  Dionysius  of  Syra- 
cuse, but  nearly  50  years  afterwards  (358)  the 
remains  of  the  Naxians  scattered  over  Sicily 
were  collected  by  Andromachus,  and  a  new 
city  was  founded  on  Mount  Taurus,  to  which 
the  name  of  Tauromenium  was  given.  CT^u- 

EOMENITJM.] 

NAZARETH,  NAZXRA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Pal< 
estiue  in  Galilee,  S.  of  Cana. 

NAZIANZUS,  a  city  of  Cappadocia,  cele- 
brated as  the  diocese  of  the  Father  of  the 
Church,  Gregory  Nazianzen. 

NEAERA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several  nymphs 
and  maidens  mentioned  by  the  poets. 

NEAETHUS  (-i:  JTfeto),  a  river  in  Brutti- 
um,  falling  into  the  Tarentine  gulf  a  little  N. 
of  Croton.  Here  the  captive  Trojan  women 
are  said  to  have  burned  the  ships  of  the 
Greeks. 

NEAPpLIS  (-is).  (1)  (Naples),  a  city  in 
Campania,  at  the  head  of  a  beautiful  bay, 
and  on  the  W.  slope  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  was 
founded  by  the  Chalcidians  of  Cumae,  on  the 
site  of  an  ancient  place  called  PABTHENOPE, 
after  the  Siren  of  that  name.  Hence  we  find 
the  town  called  Parthenope  by  Virgil  and 
Ovid.  When  the  town  is  first  mentioned  in 
Roman  history  it  consisted  of  two  parts,  di- 
vided from  each  other  by  a  wall,  and  called 
respectively  Palaeopolis,  or  the  "Old  City," 
and  Neapolis,  or  the  "New  City."  This  di- 
vision probably  arose  after  the  capture  of  Cu- 
mae by  the  Samnites,  when  a  large  n*imber 
of  the  Cumaeans  took  refuge  in  the  city  they 
had  founded ;  whereupon  the  old  quarter  was 
called  Palaeopolis,  and  the  new  quarter,  built 
to  accommodate  the  new  inhabitants,  was 
named  Neapolis.  In  B.O.  327  the  town  was 
taken  by  the  Samnites,  and  in  290  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  Romans,  but  it  contin- 
ued to  the  latest  times  a  Greek  city.  Under 
the  Romans  the  2  quarters  of  the  city  were 
united,  and  the  name  of  Palaeopolis  disap- 
peared. Its  beautiful  scenery,  and  the  luxu- 
rious life  of  its  Greek  population,  made  it  a 
favorite  residence  with  many  of  the  Romans. 
In  the  neighborhood  of  Neapolis  there  were 
warm  baths,  the  celebrated  villa  of  Lucullui, 
and  the  villa  Pausilfpi  or  Pausilypum,  be- 
queathed by  Vedins  Pollio  to  Augustus,  and 
which  has  given  its  name  to  the  celebrated 
grotto  of  Posilippo,  between  Naples  and  Puz- 
zoli,  at  the  entrance  of  which  the  tomb  of 
Virgil  is  still  shown.— (2)  A  part  of  Syracuse. 
[SYRA.OTTSA.E.] 

NEARCHUS  (-i),  an  officer  of  Alexander, 
who  conducted  the  Macedonian  fleet  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Indus  to  the  Persian  gulf,  B.O. 
326-325.  He  left  a  history  of  the  voyage,  the 
substance  of  which  has  been  preserved  to  us 
by  Arrian. 

NEBO,  a  mountain  of  Palestine,  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Jordan,  and  in  the  S.  part  of  the 
range  called  Abarim.  It  was  on  a  summit  of 
this  mountain,  called  Pisgah,  that  Moses 
died. 


NEBRODES. 


267 


NEONTICHOS. 


NEBRODES  (-ae),  the  principal  chain  of 
mountains  in  Sicily,  running  through  the 
whole  of  the  island,  and  a  continuation  of  the 
Apennines. 

NECESSITAS  (-atis),  called  ANANKE  by 
the  Greeks,  the  personification  of  Necessity, 
is  represented  as  a  powerful  goddess,  whom 
neither  gods  nor  men  can  resist.  She  carries 
in  her  hand  hrazen  nails,  with  which  she  fixes 
the  decrees  of  fate. 


Necesaitas.    (Cause!,  Museum  Romanum, 
vol.  1,  tav.  28.) 

NECO  or  NECEO,  king  of  Egypt,  B.O. 
61T-601,  son  and  successor  of  Psammetichus. 
In  his  reign  the  Phoenicians  in  his  service 
are  said  to  have  circumnavigated  Africa.  In 
his  march  against  the  Babylonians  he  defeated 
at  Magdolus  (Megiddo)  Josiah,king  of  Judah, 
who  was  a  vassal  of  Babylon ;  and  he  after- 
wards defeated  the  Babylonians  themselves 
at  the  Euphrates,  and  took  Carchemish  or 
Circesium :  but  in  606  he  was  in  his  turn  de- 
feated by  Nebuchadnezzar. 

NECTANlBIS  (-is).  (1)  Kin?  of  Egypt, 
B.O.  3T4r-364,  who  successfully  resisted  the 
invasion  of  the  Persian  force  under  Pharna- 
bazus  and  Iphicrates.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Tachos.  — (2)  The  nephew  of  Tachos,  de- 
prived the  latter  of  the  sovereignty  in  361, 
•with  the  assistance  of  Agesilaus.  He  was 
defeated  by  the  Persians  in  350,  and  fled  into 
Aethiopia. 

NflLEUS  (-S5S,  Si,  or  el),  son  of  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  and  of  Tyro,  the  daughter  of 
Salmoneus.  Together  with,  his  twin-brother 
Pelias,  he  was  exposed  by  his  mother,  but 
the  children  were  found  and  reared  by  some 
countrymen.  They  subsequently  learned  their 
parentage ;  and  after  the  death  of  Cretheus, 


king  of  lolcos,  who  had  married  their  mother, 
they  seized  the  throne  of  lolcos,  excluding 
Aeson,  the  son  of  Cretheus  and  Tyro.  Bm 
Pelias  soon  afterwards  expelled  his  brother, 
and  thus  became  sole  king.  Thereupon 
Neleus  went  with  Melampus  and  Bias  to 
Pylos,  in  Peloponnesus,  of  which  he  became 
king.  [PYLOS.]  Neleus  had  12  sons,  but  they 
were  all  slain  by  Hercules,  when  he  attacked 
Pylos,  with  the  exception  of  Nestor. 

NEL1DES  or  NELElXDES  (-ae),  patro- 
nymics of  Neleus,  by  which  either  Nestor,  the 
son  of  Neleus,  or  Antilochus,  his  grandson,  is 
designated. 

NEMAUSUS  (-i:  Nismes),  an  important 
town  of  Gallia  Narbonensis,  the  capital  of  the 
Arecomici  and  a  Roman  colony,  was  situated 
W.  of  the  Rhone  on  the  high-road  from  Italy 
to  Spain.  The  Roman  remains  at  Sterne*  are 
some  of  the  most  perfect  on  this  side  of  the 
Alps. 

NEMEA  (-ae)  or  NEMEE  (-5s),  a  valley  in 
Argolis  between  Cleonae  and  Phlius,  cele- 
brated in  mythical  story  as  the  place  where 
Hercules  slew  the  Nemaean  lion.  [See  p.  190.] 
In  this  vjilley  there  was  a  splendid  temple  of 
Zeus  Nemeus  (the  Nemaean  Jupiter),  sur- 
rounded by  a  sacred  grove,  in  which  the  Ne- 
maean games  were  celebrated  every  other 
year. 

NEMESIANUS  (-i),  M.  AURELIUS  5LYM* 
PIUS,  a  Roman  poet  at  the  court  of  the  em- 
peror  Carus  (A.D.  2S3),the  author  of  an  extant 
poem  on  hunting,  entitled  Cynegetica. 

NEMESIS  (-is),  a  Greek  goddess,  who  meas- 
ured out  to  mortals  happiness  and  misery, 
and  visited  with  losses  and  sufferings  all  who 
were  blessed  with  too  many  gifts  of  fortune. 
This  is  the  character  in  which  she  appears  in 
the  earlier  Greek  \yriters ;  but  subsequently 
she  was  regarded,  like  the  Erinyes  or  Furies, 
as  the  goddess  who  punished  crimes.  She  is 
frequently  mentioned  under  the  surnames  of 
Adrastia,  and  Rhamnusia  or  Rhamnusis,  the 
latter  from  the  town  of  Rhamuns,  in  Attica, 
where  she  had  a  celebrated  sanctuary. 

NEMETACUM  or  NEMETOCENNA. 
[ATREBATES.] 

NEMETES  (-urn)  or  NEMfiTAE  (-arum),  a 
people  in  Gallia  Belgica  on  the  Rhine,  whose 
chief  to  wn  was  Noviomagus,  subsequently  Ne- 
metae  (Speyer  or  Spires). 

NEHORENSIS  LACUS.    URICIA.] 

NEMOSSUS.    [AKvsBNi.3 

NEOBt3"LE.    [AEOHILOOHUS.] 

NEQCAESAREA  (-ae),  a  city  of  Pontus  in 
.Asia  Minor,  standing  on  the  river  Lycus. 

NEON,  au  ancient  town  in  Phocis,  at  the 
E.  foot  of  Mount  Tithorea,  a  branch  of 
Mount  Parnassus,  destroyed  by  the  Persians 
under  Xerxes,  but  rebuilt  and  named  Ti- 
THOBEA,  after  the  mountain  on  which  it  was 
situated. 

NEONTICHOS  (2.  e.  New  Wall),  a)  One 
of  the  12  cities  of  Aeolis,  ou  the  coast  of 
Mysia.— (2)  A  fort  on  the  const  of  Thrace, 
near  the  Chersonesns. 


NEOPTOLEMUS. 


268 


NEKEUS. 


TSTSOPT5LEMUS  (4),  also  called  PYR- 
RHUS  son  of  Achilles  aiid  Deidamia,  the 
daughter  of  Lycomedes.  He  was  named 
Pyrrhas  on  account  of  his  fair  fa-wppo?)  hair, 
and  Neoptolemus  because  he  came  to  Troy 
late  in  the  war.  From  his  father  be  is 
sometimes  called  Achillides,  and  from  his 
grandfather  or  great-grandfather,  Pellcles 
and  Aeacides.  Neoptolemus  was  reared  in 
Scyros,  in  the  palace  of  Lycomedes,  and  was 
brought  from  thence  by  Ulysses,  because  it 
had  been  prophesied  that  Neoptoleraus  and 
Philoctetes  were  necessary  for  the  capture  of 
Troy.  At  Troy  Neoptolemus  showed  himself 
worthy  of  his  great  father.  He  was  one  of 
the  heroes  concealed  in  the  wooden  horse. 
At  the  capture  of  the  city  he  killed  Priam  at 
the  sacred  hearth  of  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and  sacri- 
ficed Polyxena  to  the  spirit  of  his  father. 
When  the  Trojan  captives  were  distributed 
among  the  conquerors,  Andromache,  the 
widow  of  Hector,  was  given  to  Neoptolemus. 
On  his  return  to  Greece,  he  abandoned  his 
native  kingdom  of  Phthia  in  Thessaly,  and 
settled  in  Epirus,  where  he  became  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Molossian  kings.  He  married 
Hermione,  the  daughter  of  Menelaus,  but  was 
slain  in  consequence  by  Orestes,  to  whom  Her- 
mione had  been  previously  promised. 

NSPETE  or  NEPET  (-is :  Afepi),  an  ancient 
town  of  Etruria,  situated  near  the  sal- 
tns  Ciminius. 

NSPHELE  (-es),  wife  of  Athamas  and 
mother  of  Phrixus  and  Helle.  Hence 
Helle  is  called  Xephtleis.  [ATHAMAS.] 

NEPOS  (-Otis),  CORNELIUS  (-i),  the 
contemporary  and  friend  of  Cicero,  At- 
ticus,  and  Catullns,  was  probably  a  na- 
tive of  Verona,  an  d  died  during  the  reign 
of  Augustus.  Nepos  wrote  several  his- 
torical works ;  and  there  is  still  extant 
under  his  name  a  work  entitled  Vifae 
ISsccellentium  fmperatorum,  containing 
biographies  of  several  distinguished 
commanders.  But  in  all  MSS.  this  work 
is  ascribed  to  an  unknown  Aemilius 
Probus,  living  under  Theodosius  at  the 
end  of  the  4th  century  of  the  Christian 
aera;  with  the  exception,  however,  of 
the  life  of  Atticus,  and  the  fragment  of 
a  life  of  Cato  the  Censor,  which  are  ex- 
pressly attributed  to  Cornelius  Nepos. 
These  2  lives  may  safely  be  assigned  to  Cor- 
nelius Nepos ;  but  the  Latinity  of  the  other 
biographies  is'  such  that  we  can  not  suppose 
them  to  have  been  written  by  a  learned  con- 
temporary of  Cicero.  It  is  probable  that 
Probns  abridged  the  work  of  Nepos,  and  that 
the  biographies,  as  they  now  exist,  are  in 
reality  epitomes  of  lives  actuallv  written  by 
Nepos. 

NEPTENUS  (-i),  called  P5SEIDON  by  the 
Greeks.  Neptunus  was  the  chief  marine 
divinity  of  the  Romans?  but  as  the  early 
Romans  were  not  a  maritime  people,  we 
Jcnow  next  to  nothing  of  the  worship  of  the 
Italian  god  of  this  name.  His  temple  stood 
in  the  Campus  Martins.  At  his  festival  the 
people  formed  tents  (umbrae)'  of  the  branches 
of  tree.s,  in  which  they  enjoyed  themselves  in 
feasting  and  drinking.  In  the  Roman  poets 


Neptune  is  completely  identified  with  the 
Greek  Poseidon,  and  accordingly  all  the  attri- 
butes of  the  latter  are  transferred  by  them  to 
the  former.  [POSEIDON.] 


Neptune. 

NSRSIS  or  NERlIS  (-idis),  daughter  ot 
Nereus  and  Doris,  and  used  especially  in  the 
plural,  NEREIDES  or  NEREIDES  (-um),  to 
indicate  the  50  daughters  of  Nereus  and 
Doris.  The  Ner@id.es  were  the  marine  nymphs 
of  the  Mediterranean,  in  contradistinction 
to  the  Ncttddes,  the  nymphs  of  fresh  water, 
and  the  OctMdes,  the  nymphs  of  the  great 


A  Nereid. 


ocean.  One  of  the  most  celebrated  of  tne 
Nereides  was  Thetis,  the  mother  of  Achilles. 
They  are  described  as  lovely  divinities,  dwell- 
ing with  their  father  at  the  bottom  of  the 
sea,  and  were  believed  to  be  propitious  to 
sailors.  They  were  worshiped  in  several 
parts  of  Greece,  but  more  especially  in  sea- 
port towns.  They  are  frequently  represented 
in  works  of  art,  and  commonly  as  youthful, 
beautiful  maidens;  but  sometimes  they  ap- 
pear on  gems  as  half  maidens  and  half 
fishes. 

N3SRSIUS  (-i),  a  name  given  by  the  poets 
to  a  descendant  of  Nereus,  such  as  Phocus  and 
Achilles. 

NEREUS  (-£OB,  31,  or  ei),  son  of  Pontus 
and  Gaea,  and  husband  of  Doris,  by  whom  he 
became  the  father  of  the  50  Nereides.  He  is 
described  as  the  wise  and  unerring  old  man 
of  the  sea,  at  the  bottom  of  which  he  dwelt 
His  empire  is  the  Mediterranean,  or  more  pa» 


NERICUS. 


260 


NICAEA. 


Ocularly  the  Aegaean  sea,  whence  he  is  some- 
times called  the  Aegaean.  He  was  believed, 
like  other  marine  divinities,  to  have  the  power 
of  prophesying  the  future,  and  of  appearing 
to  mortals  in  different  shapes;  and  in  the 
story  of  Hercules  he  acts  a  prominent  part, 
just  as  Proteus  in  th«  story  of  Ulysses,  and 
Glaucus  in  that  of  the  Argonauts.  In  works 
of  art,  Nereus,  like  other  sea-gods,  is  some- 
times represented  with  pointed  sea-weeds 


he  breast 

NERICUS.    [L.EUOAS.3 

NERINS  <-es),  equivalent  to  Nereis,  a 
daughter  of  Neteas.  ^NEREIS.] 

N£RlO,N£RlSNE,orN£Rf£NIS.  [MAES.] 

NERITUM  or  -US  (-i),  a  mountain  in 
Ithaca,  and  also  a  small  rocky  island  near 
Ithaca.  The  adjective  N&rltlits  is  often  used  by 
the  poets  as  equivalent  to  Ithacan  or  Ulyssean. 

NERO  (-onis),  the  name  of  a  celebrated 
family  of  the  Claudia  gens.— (1)  C.  CLAUDIUS 
NEBO,  consul  B.C.  207,  when  he  defeated  and 
slew  Hasdrubal,  the  brother  of  Hannibal,  on 
the  river  Metaurus.— (2)  TIB.  CLAUDIUS  NEEO, 
husband  of  Livia,  and  father  of  the  emperor 
Tiberius  and  of  his  brother  Drusus.  [LiviA.] 
~(3)  ROMAN  EMPEBOB,  A.D.  64-6S,  was  the 
son  of  Cn.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  and  of 
Agrippina,  daughter  of  Germanicus.  Nero's 
original  name  was  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus, 
but  after  the  marriage  of  hi?  mother  with  her 
uncle,  the  emperor  Claudius,  he  was  adopt- 
ed by  Claudius  (A.D.50),  and  was  called  Nero 
Claudius  Caesar  Drusus  Germanicus.  Ne~o 
was  born  at  Antium,  A.D.  3T.  Shortly  after 
his  adoption  by  Claudius,  Nero,  being  then  1C 
years  of  age,  married  Octavia,  the  daughter 
of  Claudius  and  Messalina  (53).  Among  his 
early  instructors  was  Seneca.  On  the  death 
of  Claudius  (54\  Agrippina  secured  the  suc- 
cession for  her  son,  to  the  exclusion  of  Britan- 
nicus,  the  son  of  Claudius.  The  young  em- 
peror soon  distinguished  himself  by  his 
licentiousness,  brutality,  and  cruelty.  He 
put  to  death  Britannicus,  his  mother  Agrip- 
pina, and  finally  his  wife  Octavia:  he  mur- 
dered the  latter  that  he  might  marry  his 
mistress,  Poppaea  Sabina,  the  wife  of  Otho. 
The  great  fire  at  Rome  happened  in  Nero's 
reign  (A.D.  64),  but  it  is  hardly  credible  that 
the  city  was  fired  by  Nero's  order,  as  some 
ancient  writers  assert  The  emperor  set 
about  rebuilding  the  city  on  an  improved 
plan,  with  wider  streets.  The  odium  of  the 
conflagration,  which  the  emperor  could  not 
remove  from  himself,  he  tried  to  throw  on  the 
Christians,  and  many  of  them  were  put  to  a 
cruel  death.  The  tyranny  of  Nero  at  last 
(A.D.  65)  led  to  the  organization  of  a  formid- 
able conspiracy  against  him,  usually  called 
Piso's  conspiracy,  from  the  name  of  one  of 
the  principal  accomplices.  The  plot  was  dis- 
covered, and  many  distinguished  persons 
were  put  to  death,  among  whom  was  Piso 
himself,  the  poet  Lucan,  and  the  philosopher 
Seneca.  Three  years  afterwards,  Julius  vin- 
4ex,  the  governor  of  Gaul,  raised  the  stand- 
ard of  revolt.  His  example  was  followed  by 
Galba,  who  was  governor  of  Hispania  Tarra- 
conenais.  Soon  after  this  news  reached 


Rome,  Nero  was  deserted.  He  fled  to  a  house 
about  4  miles  from  Rome,  where  he  put  an 
end  to  his  life  on  hearing  the  trampling  of 
the  horses  on  which  his  pursuers  were 
mounted,  A.D.  OS.  The  most  important  ex- 
ternal events  in  his  reign  were  the  conquest 
of  Armenia  by  Doraitius  Corbnlo  [COBBULO], 
and  tne  insurrection  of  the  Britons  under 
Boadicea,  which  was  quelled  by  Suetonius 
Paulinus. 

NERVA  (-ae),  M.  COCCEIUS  (-i),  Roman 
emperor,  A.D.  96-9S,  was  born  at  Narnia  in 
Umbria,  A.D.  32.  On  the  assassination  of 
Domitian,  Nerva  was  declared  emperor,  and 
his  administration  at  once  restored  tranquil- 
lity to  the  state.  The  class  of  informers  was 
suppressed  by  penalties,  and  some  were  put 
to  death.  At  the  commencement  of  his  reign, 
Nerva  swore  that  he  would  put  no  senator  to 
death ;  and  he  kept  his  word,  even  when  a 
conspiracy  had  been  formed  against  his  life 
by  Calpurnius  Crassus,  Though  Nerva  was 
virtuous  and  humane,  he  did  not  possess 
much  energy  and  vigor.  He  adopted  as  his 
son  and  successor  M.  Ulpius  Trajanns.  [TEA- 

JASUB.3 

NERVII  (-Gram),  a  powerful  and  warlike 
people  in  Gallia  Belgica,  whose  territory  ex- 
tended from  the  river  Sabis  (Sambre)  to  the 
ocean. 

NESIS  (-Idis:  JTfeffa),  a  small  island  off  the 
coast  of  Campania,  between  Puteoli  and  Ne- 
apolis,  a  favorite  residence  of  the  Roman 
nobles. 

NESS5NIS,  a  lake  in  Thessaly,  a  little  S. 
of  the  river  Peneus. 

NESSUS.    [HERCULES,  p.  193.]  . 

NEST5R(-oris),  king  of  Pylos,  son  ofNeleus 
and  Chloris,  and  the  only  one  of  the  12  sous 
of  Neleus  who  was  not  slain  by  Hercules. 
[NELEUS.]  In  his  earlv  manhood  Nestor 
was  a  distinguished  warrior.  He  defeated 
both  the  Arcadians  and  Eleans.  He  took 
part  in  the  fight  of  the  Lapithae  against  the 
Centaurs,  and  he  is  mentioned  among  the 
Calydonian  hunters  and  the  Argonauts. 
Although  far  advanced  in  age,  he  sailed  with 
the  other  Greek  heroes  against  Troy.  Having 
ruled  over  three  generations  of  men,  he  was 
renowned  for  his  wisdom,  justice,  and  knowl- 
edge of  war.  After  the  fall  of  Troy  he  re- 
turned home,  and  arrived  safely  in  Pylos. 
Respecting  the  position  of  this  Pylos*,  see 
PYLOS. 

*  NESTUS,  sometimes  NESSUS  <-i),  a  river 
in  Thrace,  rising  in  Mount  Rhodope,  and  foil- 
ing into  the  Aegaean  sea  opposite  the  island 
of  Thasos.  The  Nestus  formed  the  E.  bound- 
ary of  Macedonia  from  the  time  of  Philip  and 
Alexander  the  Great 

NiTUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Sicily  S.W.  of 
Syracuse. 

NEURI  (-5ram),  a  people  of  Sarmatia 
Europaea,  to  the  N.W.  of  the  sources  of  the 
Tyras  (Dniester). 

NICAEA  (-ae).  (1)  A  celebrated  city  of  Asia, 
situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  lake  Ascaiiia 
in  Bithynia,  built  by  Antigonus,  king  of  Asia, 
and  originally  called  Antigonea ;  but  Lysim- 
achus  soon  after  changed  the  name  into 


NICANDER. 


270 


NILUS. 


Nicaea,  in  honor  of  Ms  wife.  Under  the 
kings  of  Bi(hynia  it  was  often  the  royal  resi- 
dence; and  under  the  Romans  it  continued 
to  be  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Asia.  It  is 
famous  in  ecclesiastical  history  as  the  seat  of 
the  great  Oecumenical  Council  which  Con- 
stantine  convoked  in  A.D.  325,  chiefly  for  the 
decision  of  the  Arian  controversy,  and  which 
drew  up  the  Kicene  Creed.~-(2)  A  fortress 
of  the  Epicuemidian  Locrians  on  the  sea,  near 
the  pass  of  Thermopylae,  which  it  com- 
manded.—(3)  (Nizza,  JWce),  a  city  on  the 
coast  of  Liguria,  a  little  E.  of  the  river  Var: 
a  colony  ofMassilia,  and  subject  to  that  city. 

NICANDER  (-dri),  a  Greek  poet,  gramma- 
rian, and  physician,  was  a  native  of  Olaros, 
near  Colophon  in  Ionia,  and  flourished  about 
B.C.  185-135.  Two  of  his  poems  are  extant, 
entitled  Theriaca  and  Alcxipharmaca, 

NICS  (-6s),  called  VICTORIA  (-ae)  by  the 
Romans,the  goddess  of  victory.is  described 
as  a  daughter  of  Pallas  and  Styx,  and  as 
a  sister  of  Zelus  (zeal),  Cratos  (strength), 
and  Bia  (force).  Nice  had  a  celebrated 
temple  on  the  Acropolis  of  Athens,  which 
is  still  extant.  She  is  often  represented  in 
ancient  works  of  art,  especially  with  other 
divinities,  such  as  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Athe- 
na (Minerva),  and  with  conquering  heroes, 
whose  horses  she  guides.  In  her  appear- 
ance she  resembles  Athena,  but  has  wings, 
and  carries  a  palm  or  a  wreath,  and  is  en- 
gaged in  raising  a  trophy,  or  in  inscribing 
the  victory  of  the  conqueror  on  a  shield. 

NlCgPHSRlUM  (-i),  a  fortified  town  of 
Mesopotamia,  on  the  Euphrates,  and  due  S. 
of  Edessa,  built  by  order  of  Alexander,  and 
probably  completed  under  Seleucus. 

NtCSPHORlUS  (-i),  a  river  of  Armenia 
Major,  on  which  Tigranes  built  his  residence 
TIGBANOOKRTA.  It  was  a  tributary  of  the 
Upper  Tigris,  probably  identical  with  the 
CENTBITES,  or  a  small  tributary  of  it. 

NlCf AS  (-ae).  (1)  A  celebrated  Athenian 
general,  was  a  man  of  large  fortune  and  the 
leader  of  the  aristocratical  party  during  the 
Peloponnesian  war.  It  was  through  his  in- 
fluence that  peace  was  concluded  with  Sparta 
in  B.O.  421.  He  used  all  his  efforts  to  induce 
the  Athenians  to  preserve  this  peace;  but  he 
was  opposed  by  Alcibiades,  who  had  now 
become  the  leader  of  the  popular  party.  In 
415  the  Athenians  resolved  on  sending  their 
great  expedition  to  Sicily,  and  appointed  Ni~ 
cias,  Alcibiades,  and  Lamachus  to  the  com- 
mand, although  Nicias  disapproved  of  the 
expedition  altogether.  Alcibiades  was  soon 
afterwards  recalled  [ALOIBIABES]  ;  and  the 
irresolution  and  timidity  of  Nicias  were  the 
chief  causes  of  the  failure  of  the  expedition. 
Notwithstanding  the  large  reinforcements 
which  were  sent  to  his  assistance  in  B.O.  413, 
under  the  command  of  Demosthenes,  the 
Athenians  were  defeated,  and  obliged  to  re- 
treat— (2)  A  celebrated  Athenian  painter, 
flourished  about  s.a  320. 

NIC5LAUS  DAMASCSNUS  (-i),  a  Greek 
historian,  was  a  native  of  Damascus,  and  an 
intimate  friend  both  of  Herod  the  Great  and 
of  Augustus.  Some  fragments  of  his  works 


have  come  down  to  us,  of  which  the  most 
important  is  a  portion  of  a  life  of  Augustus. 

NICOHACHUS  (-i).  (1)  Father  of  Aris- 
totle.~(2)  Son  of  Aristotle  by  the  slave  Her- 
pyllis.— -(3)  Of  Thebes,  a  celebrated  painter, 
flourished  B.O.  360,  and  onwards. 

NICOMSDES  (-is),  the  name  of  3  kiags  of 
Bithyuia.-(l)  Reigned  B.O.  278-250,  was  the 
eldest  son  and  successor  of  Zipoetes.  He 
founded  the  city  of  Nicomedia,  which  he 
made  the  capital  of  his  kingdom.— (2)  Sur- 
named  EPLPHANES,  reigned  B.O.  142-91,  and 
was  the  sou  and  successor  of  Prusias  II., 
whom  he  dethroned  and  put  to  death.  He 
was  a  faithful  ally  of  the  Romans.-— (3)  Sur- 
named  PHILOPATOB,  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  reigned  B.O.  91-T4.  He  was  twice 
expelled  by  Mithridates,  and  twice  restored 
by  the  Romans.  Having  no  children,  he  be- 
queathed his  kingdom  to  the  Roman  people. 


Coin  of  Nicomedes  in. 


NICOM33DIA  (-ae),  a  celebrated  city  of 
Bithynia,  built  by  king  Nicomedes  I.  (B.C. 
264),  at  the  N.E.  corner  of  the  Sinus  Asta- 
cenus.  Under  the  Romans  it  was  a  colony, 
and  a  favorite  residence  of  several  of  the 
later  emperors,  especially  of  Diocletian  and 
Constautine  the  Great.  It  is  memorable  in 
history  as  the  scene  of  Hannibal's  death.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  the  historian  Arrian. 

NICOSIA  or  NICONIUM,  a  town  in 
Scythia  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tyras 
(Dniester). 

NICQP5LIS  (-is),  a  city  at  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Epirus,  on  the  point  of  land  which 
forms  the  N.  entrance  to  the  gulf  of  Ambra- 
cia,  opposite  to  Actium.  It  was  built  by 
Augustus  in  memory  of  the  battle  of  Actium, 
ana  was  peopled  from  Ambracia,  Anactorium, 
and  other  neighboring  cities,  and  also  with 
settlers  from  Aetolia. 

NIGER  (-gri),  a  great  river  of  Aethiopia 
Interior,  which  modern  usage  has  identified, 
with  the  river  called  Joli-ba  (i.e.  Great  River) 
and  Quorra  in  W.  Africa.  Many  of  the  an- 
cients imagined  the  Niger  to  be  a  branch  of 
the  Nile. 

NIGER,  C.  PESCENNlUS  (-i),  was  saluted 
emperor  by  the  legions  in  the  East  after  the 
death  of  Commodus,  A.T>.  193,  but  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  defeated  and  put  to  death 
by  Septimius  Severus. 

NELUS  (-i),  one  of  the  most  important  riv- 
ers of  the  world,  flowing  through  Aethiopia 
and  Egypt  northwards  into  the  Mediterrane- 
an Sea*  An  account  of  its  course  through 


NINUS. 


271 


NISAEUS. 


Egypt,  and  of  its  periodical  rise,  is  given 
under  AEGYPTUS. 

NINUS,  NiNUS  <-i).  (1)  The  reputed 
founder  of  the  city  of  Ninus,  or  Nineveh,  and 
the  husband  of  Semiramis.  [SEMIBAMIS.] — 
(2)  Or  NINEVEH,  the  capital  of  the  great  As- 
syrian monarchy,  stood  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
Tigris,  at  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  in  the 
district  of  Atuna.  The  prophet  Jonah  <u.o. 
825)  describes  it  as  "  an  exceeding  great  city, 
of  8  days*  journey,"  and  as  containing  "  more 
than  120,000  persons  that  can  not  discern 
between  their  right  and  their  left  hand," 
which,  if  this  phrase  refer  to  children,  would 
represent  a  population  of  600,000  souls.  Di- 
odorus  also  describes  it  as  an  oblong  quad* 
rangle  of  150  stadia  by  90,  making  the  circuit 
of  the  walls  480  stadia  (more  than  55  statute 
miles):  if  so,  the  city  was  twice  as  large  as 
London,  together  with  its  suburbs.  In  judg- 
ing of  these  statements,  not  only  must  allow- 
ance be  made  for  the  immense  space  occupied 
by  palaces  and  temples,  but  also  for  the  Ori- 
ental mode  of  building  a  city,  so  as  to  include 
large  gardens  and  other  open  spaces  within 
the  walls.  The  walls  of  Nineveh  are  described 
as  100  feet  high,  and  thick  enough  to  allow  3 
chariots  to  pass  each  other  on  them;  with 
1500  towers,  200  feet  in  height.  The  city  is 
said  to  have  been  entirely  destroyed  by  fire 
when  it  was  taken  by  the  Medes  and  Babylo- 
nians, about  B.C.  606;  and  frequent  allusions 
occur  to  its  desolate  state.  Under  the  Roman 
empire,  however,  we  again  meet  with  a  city 
Nineve  in  the  district  of  Adiabene ,-  but  this 
most  have  been  some  later  place  built  among 


to  light  the  sculptured  remains  qf  immense 
palaces,  not  only  at  the  traditional  site  of 
Nineveh,  namely  KouyunjUc  and  SebU-You* 
nis,  opposite  to  JHwu2,  and  at  Rkorsabad^ 
about  10  miles  to  the  N.N.E.,  but  also  in  a 
mound,  18  miles  lower  down  the  river,  in  the 
tongue  of  land  between  the  Tigris  and  the 
Great  Z&b,  which  still  bears  the  name  of  Alm- 
rovd.  Which  of  these  ruins  corresponds  to 
the  true  site  of  Nineveh,  or  whether  that  vast 
city  may  have  extended  all  the  way  along  the 
Tigris  from  Kouyunjik  to  Nimroiul,  and  to  a 
corresponding  breadth  N.E.  of  the  river,  as 
far  as  Khorsabad,  are  questions  still  under 
discussion.  Some  splendid  fragments  of 
sculpture  obtained  by  Layard  from  yimroud 
are  now  to  he  seen  in  the  British  Museum. 

NiOBS  (-iis)  or  NlOBA  (-ae),  daughter  of 
Tantalus,  and  wife  of  Aniphion,  king  of 
Thebes.  Proud  of  the  number  of  her  chil- 
dren, she  deemed  herself  superior  to  Leto 
(Latona),  who  had  given  birth  to  only  2  chil« 
dren.  Apollo  and  Artemis  (Diana),  indignant 
at  such  presumption,  slew  all  her  children 
with  their  arrows.  Niobe  herself  was  meta- 
morphosed by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  into  a  stone  on 
Mount  Sipylns  in  Lydia,  which  during  the 
summer  always  shed  tears.  The  number  of 
her  children  is  stated  variously,  but  the  usual 
number  in  later  times  was  T  sons  and  7  daugh- 
ters. The  story  of  Niobe  and  her  children 
was  a  favorite  subject  with  ancient  artists. 
There  is  at  Florence  a  beautiful  group,  con- 
sisting of  Niobe,  who  holds  her  youngest 
daughter  on  her  knees,  and  13  statues  of  her 
sons  and  daughters. 


The  Group  of  Niobe.    (Zannoni,  Gal.  di  Firenze,  aerie  4,  vol.  1.) 


or  near  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Nineveh.  Of 
all  the  great  cities  of  the  world,  none  was 
thought  to  have  been  more  utterly  lost  than 
the  capital  of  the  most  ancient  of  the  great 
monarchies.  Tradition  pointed  out  a  few 
shapeless  mounds  opposite  Mosul  on  the  Up- 
per Tigris  as  all  that  remained  of  Nineveh ; 
but  within  the  last  30  years  (1875)  those  shape- 
less mounds  have  been  shown  to  contain  the 
remains  of  great  palaces.  The  excavations 
onducted  by  Layard  and  Botta  bfl*-*brought 


NlPEATSS  (-ae),  a  mountain  chain  of  Ar 
menia,  forming  an  33.  prolongation  of  the 
Taurus. 

NIREUS  (-16s,  31,  or  el),  son  of  Charopus 
and  Aglaia,  and  the  handsomest  among  the 
Greeks  at  Troy. 

NXSAEA.     CMEGABA..] 

NISAEUS  CAMPUS,  a  plain  in  the  N.  of 
Great  Media,  near  Bhagae,  celebrated  for  Us 
breed  of  horses. 


NISIBIS. 


NORICUM. 


IS  (-is),  also  ANTIOOHIA  MYGDONIATZ, 
a  celebrated  city  of  Mesopotamia,  and  the 
capital  of  the  district  of  Mygdonia,  stood  on 
the  river  Mygdonius  in  a  very  fertile  district. 
It  was  of  great  importance  as  a  military  post. 
Its  name  was  changed  into  Antiochia,  but  it 
soon  resumed  its  original  name.  In  the  suc- 
cessive wars  between  the  Romans  and  the 
Parthians  and  Persians,  it  was  several  times 
taken  and  retaken,  until  at  last  it  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  Persians  in  the  reign  of 
Jovian. 

NISUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Megara,  and  father 
of  Scylla.  Scylla  having  fallen  in  love  with 
Minos  when  the  latter  was  besieging  Megara, 
pulled  out  the  purple  or  golden  hair  which 
grew  on  the  top  of  her  father's  head,  and  on 
which  his  life  depended.  Nisus  thereupon 
died,  and  Minos  obtained  possession  of  the 
city.  Minos,  however,  was  so  horrified  at 
the  conduct  of  the  unnatural  daughter  that 
he  ordered  her  to  be  fastened  to  the  poop  of 
his  ship,  and  drowned  her  in  the  Saronicgulf. 
According  to  others,  Minos  left  Megara  in 
disgust ;  Scylla  leaped  into  the  sea,  and  swam 
after  his  ship ;  but  her  father,  who  had  been 
changed  into  a  sea-eagle  (haliaeetus),  pounced 
down  upon  her,  whereupon  she  was  meta- 
morphosed into  either  a  fish  or  a  bird  called 
Ciris.— Scylla,  the  daughter  of  Nisus,  is  some- 
times confounded  by  the  poets  with  Scylla, 
the  daughter  of  Phorcus.  Hence  the  latter 
IB  sometimes  erroneously  called  Mseia  Virgo, 
and  Niseis.  [SOYLIJL]— Nisaea,  the  port-town 
of  Megara,  is  supposed  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  Nisus,  and  the  promontory  of 
Scyllaeum  to  have  been  named  after  his 
daughter.— (2)  Son  of  Hyrtacus,  and  a  friend 
of  Euryalus.  The  two  friends  accompanied 
Aeneas  to  Italy,  and  perished  in  a  night  at- 
tack against  the  Rutulian  camp. 

NISTRUS  <-i),  a  small  island  in  the  Car- 
pathian sea,  off  Caria.  Its  volcanic  nature 
gave  rise  to  the  fable  respecting  its  origin, 
that  Poseidon  (Neptune)  tore  it  off  the  neigh- 
boring island  of  Cos  to  hurl  it  upon  the  giant 
Polybotes. 

NITIOBRIGES  <-um),  a  Celtic  people  In 
Gallia  Aquitanica,  between  the  Garumna  and 
the  Liger. 

NITOCRIS.  (1)  A  queen  of  Babylon,  men- 
tioned by  Herodotus,  is  supposed  by  modern 
writers  to  be  the  wife  of  Nebuchadnezzar.— 
(2)  A  queen  of  Egypt,  elected  to  the  sover- 
eignty in  place  of  her  brother,  whom  the 
Egyptians  had  killed.  After  putting  to  death 
the  Egyptians  who  had  murdered  her  brother, 
she  threw  herself  into  a  chamber  full  of  ashes. 
She  is  said  to  have  built  the  third  pyramid. 

NITRlAE,  NITRlRtAE,  the  celebrated 
natron  Jakes  in  Lower  Egypt,  which  lay  in  a 
ralley  on  the  S.W.  margin  of  the  delta. 

NSBtUOR  <-5ris),  the  name  of  a  distin- 
guished family  of  the  Fulvia  gens.  The  most 
distinguished  member  of  the  family  was  M. 
JPUI.VIUB  NOBUJOB,  consul  B.O.  189,  when  he 
conquered  the  Aetolians,  and  took  the  town 
of  Ambracia.  He  had  a  taste  for  literature  and 
art,  and  was  a  patron  of  the  poet  Ennius,  who 
accompanied  him  in  his  Aetolian  campaign* 


!N<5LA  (-ae:  Nola),  one  of  the  most  ancient 
towns  in  Campania,  21  Roman  miles  S.E.  of 
Capua,  celebrated  as  the  place  where  the  em* 
peror  Augustus  died.  In  the  neighborhood 
of  the  town  some  of  the  most  beautiful  Cam- 
panian  vases  have  been  found  in  modern 
times. 

NOMENTiNUS  <-i),  mentioned  by  Horace 
as  proverbially  noted  for  extravagance  and  a 
riotous  mode  of  living. 

NOMENTUM  (-i),  a  Latin  town  founded 
by  Alba,  but  subsequently  a  Sabine  town,  141 
(Roman)  miles  from  Rome.  Its  neighbor- 
hood was  celebrated  for  its  wine. 

NDMlUS  (-i),  the  Pasturer,  a  surname  of 
divinities  protecting  the  pastures  and  shep* 
herds,  such  as  Apollo,  Pan,  Hermes  (Mercury), 
and  Aristaeus. 

N6NI.CRIS  (-is),  a  town  in  the  N.  of  Ar- 
cadia, surrounded  by  lofty  mountains,  in 
which  the  river  Styx  took  its  origin.  From 
this  town  Evander  is  called  Ndnaerf.us.Ma,* 
lanta  Ndn&crfa,  and  Callisto  Ndn&crlno,  Virgo, 
in  the  general  sense  of  Arcadian. 

N6NKJS  MARCELLUS. 


NSRA  (-6rum).  (1)  A  city  of  Sardinia,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Sinus  Caralitanus.  —  (2)  A 
mountain  fortress  of  Cappadocia,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Lycaonia. 

NORBA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in  Latium,  on 
the  slope  of  the  Volscian  mountains  and  near 
the  sources  of  the  Nymphaeus,  originally  be- 
longing to  the  Latin,  and  subsequently  to 
the  volscian  League.  As  early  as  B.C.  492  the 
Romans  founded  a  colony  at  Norba.—  (2)  Sur- 
named  CAESATUCA  (Alcantara),  a  Roman  col- 
ony in  Lusitania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tagus. 
The  bridge  built  by  order  of  Trajan  over  the 
Tagus  at  this  place  is  still  extant. 

NORBlNUS  <-i),  C.,  one  of  the  leaders  of 
the  Marian  party  in  the  war  with  Sulla,  was 
consul  B.C.  83. 

NORBSOTS  FLACCUS.    [FLAOOITS.] 

NCRSIA  (Neumarkt,  in  Styria),  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Taurisci  or  Norici  in  Noricum, 
from  which  the  whole  country  derived  its 
name.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  place  where 
Carbo  was  defeated  by  the  Cimbri,  B.O.  113. 

NORICUM  (-i),  a  Roman  province  S.  of  the 
Danube,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Danube, 
on  the  W.  by  Rhaetia  and  Vindelicia,  on  the 
E.  by  Pannonia,  and  on  the  S.  by  Pannonia 
and  Italy.  It  thus  corresponds  to  the  greater 
part  of  Styria  and  Carinthia,  and  to  a  part  of 
Austria,  Bavaria,  and  Salzburg.  One  of  the 
main  branches  of  the  Alps,  the  ALPES  NOBI- 
OA.K  (in  the  neighborhood  of  Salzburg),  ran 
right  through  the  province.  In  those  mount- 
ains a  large  quantity  of  excellent  iron  was 
found?  and  the  None  swords  were  celebrated 
in  antiquity.  The  inhabitants  of  the  country 
were  Celts,  divided  into  several  tribes,  of 
which  the  Taurisci,  also  called  Norici,  after 
their  capital  Noreia,  were  the  most  important. 
They  were  conquered  by  the  Romans  towards 
the  end  of  the  reign  of  Augustus,  after  the 
subjugation  of  Rhaetia  by  Tiberius  and  Dru- 
sns,  and  their  country  was  formed  into  a 
Roman  province. 


1 


s 
I 


NOKTIA. 


273 


NYCTEIS. 


NORTJA  or  NURTIA  (-ae),  an  Etruscan 
divinity  worshiped  at  Volsinii. 

N5TUS  (-i),  called  AUSTER  (-tri)  by  the 
Romans,  the  S.  wind,  or  strictly  the  S.W. 
wind,  brought  with  it  fogs  and  rain. 


Kotos.    (From  the  Temple  of  the  Winds  at  Athens.) 

NOV5.R1A  (-ae:  tfovara),  a  town  in  Gallia 
Transpadana,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name  (Gonna),  and  on  the  road  from  Medio- 
lanum  to  Vercellae. 

NtfVESiUM  <-i:  Feuss),  a  fortified  town 
of  the  Ubii  on  the  Rhine,  and  on  the  road 
leading  from  Colonia  Agrippina  (Cologne),  to 
Castra  Vetera  (Xanteri). 

NOVJODtTNUM  (-i),  a  name  given  to  many 
Celtic  places  from  their  being  situated  on  a 
hill  (dun).  (1)  (Nouan),  a  town  of  the  Bituri- 
ges  Cnbi  in  Gallia  Aqnitanica.— (2)  (Neoerfy 
a  town  of  the  Aedul  in  Gallia  Lugdunensis, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Niveris  and  the  Liger, 
afterwards  called  Nevirnura.— (3)  A  town  of 
the  Suessone^s  in  Gallia  Belgica,  probably  the 
same  as  Augusta  Suessonum.  (Soissons.)— 
(4)  (JVfom),  a  town  of  the  Helvetii  in  Gallia 
Belgica,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Lacus  Lema- 
nus  (Lake  of  Geneva). 

NOVlUS  (-i),  Q.,  a  celebrated  writer  of 
Atellane  plays,  a  contemporary  of  the  dicta- 
tor Sulla. 

NOX  (-ctis),  called  NYX  by  the  Greeks,  a 
personification  of  Night.  She  is  described  as 
the  daughter  of  Chaos,  and  the  sister  of  Ere- 
bus, by  whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Ae- 
ther (Air)  and  Hemera  (Day).  Her  residence 
was  in  the  darkness  of  Hades. 

NttBAE  (-arum),  Nt5"BAEI  (-Orum),  an  Af- 
rican people,  S.  of  Egypt,  in  modern  Nubia. 

NtTCERtA  (-ae).  (1)  Surnamed  AL.FATERNA 
(Nocera),  a  town  in  Campania  on  the  Sarnus 
(Sarno),  and  9  (Roman)  miles  from  the  coast. 
—(2)  Surnamed  CAMELI.ARIA  (.tfbcera),  a  town 
in  the  interior  of  Umbria  on  the  Via  Flamin- 
ia.— (3)  (lAtzzara\  a  small  town  in  Gallia 
Cispadana  on  the  Po,  N.E.  of  Brixellum.— (4) 
A  town  in  Apulia,  more  correctly  called  Lu- 

OBRIA. 

NUITHONES  (-urn),  a  people  of  Germa  „ . 
dwelling  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Albis  (Elbe), 
in  the  modern  Mecklenburg. 

STO-MA  (-ae),  POMPMUS  (-i),  the  2d  king 
of  Rome,  who  belongs  to  legend  and  not  to 
history.  He  was  a  native  of  Cures  in  the  Sa- 
bine  country,  and  was  elected  king  one  year 
after  the  death  of  Romulus,  when  the  people 


>ecame  tired  of  the  interregnum  of  the  senate. 
He  was  renowned  for  his  wisdom  and  his  pi- 
ety ;  and  it  was  generally  believed  that  he 
had  derived  his  knowledge  from  Pythagoras. 
His  reign  was  long  and  peaceful,  and  he  de- 
voted his  chief  care  to  the  establishment  of 
religion  among  his  rude  subjects.  He  was  in- 
structed by  the  Camena  Egeria,  who  visited 
lim  in  a  grove  near  Rome,  and  who  honored 
aim  with  her  love.  He  was  revered  by  the 
Romans  as  the  author  of  their  whole  religious 
worship.  It  was  he  who  first  appointed  the 
pontiffs,  the  augurs,  the  flamens,  the  virgins 
of  Vesta,  and  the  Salii.  He  founded  the  tem- 
ple of  Janus,  which  remained  always  shut 
during  his  reign.  He  died  after  a  reign  of  39 
or  43  years. 

NtfMANTlA  (-ae:  Guarraij,  Ru.),  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Arevacae  or  Arevaci  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensis,  and  the  most  important  town 
in  all  Celtiberia,  was  situated  near  the  sources 
of  the  Durius,  on  a  precipitous  hill.  It  was 
taken  by  Scipio  Africanus  the  yonuger  after 
a  Ions:  siege  (B.C.  133). 

tJMMRlANUS  (-1),  M.  AURELltfS,  the 
younger  son  of  the  emperor  Carus,  whom  he 
accompanied  in  his  expedition  against  the 
Persians,  A.D.  2S3.  After  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, which  happened  in  the  same  year,  Nu- 
meriauus  was  acknowledged  as  joint  emperor 
with  his  brother  Carinus.  Eight  months  aft- 
erwards he  was  murdered,  and  suspicion  hav- 
ing fallen  upon  Arrius  Aper,  pracfect  of  the 
Praetorians,  and  father-in-law  of  the  de- 
ceased, the  latter  was  stabbed  to  the  heart  by 
Diocletian.  [DIOCLETIAN-ITS.] 

tftneltJS  or  NtJMICUS  <-i:  A'mnfco),  a 
small  river  in  Latium  flowing  into  the  Tyr- 
rhene sea  near  Ardea,  on  the  banks  of  which 
was  the  tomb  of  Aeneas. 

NtMDXA  (-ae),  a  country  of  ST.  Africa,  di- 
vided from  Mauretania  on  the  W.  by  the  river 
Malva  or  Mulncha,  and  on  the  E.  from  the  ter- 
ritory of  Carthage  (aft.  the  Roman  province 
of  Africa)  by  the  river  Tusca.  The  inhabit- 
ants were  originally  wandering  tribes,  hence 
called  by  the  Greeks  Xomads  (Nojuades),  and 
this  name  was  perpetuated  in  that  of  the 
country.  Their  2  great  tribes  were  the  Mas- 
sylians  and  the  Massaesylians,  forming  2  mon- 
archies, which  were  united  into  one  under 
Masinissa,B.o.201.  [HASINISSA.]  On  the  de- 
feat of  Jugurtha,  in  u.o.106,  the  country  be- 
came virtually  subject  to  the  Romans,  but 
they  permitted  the  family  of  Masinissa  to 
govern  it,  with  the  royal  title,  until  B.o.46, 
when  Juba,  who  had  espoused  the  cause  of 
Pompev  in  the  civil  wars,  was  defeated  and 
dethroned  by  Julius  Caesar,  andNnmidia  was 
made  a  Roman  province.  Part  of  the  conn- 
try  was  afterwards  added  to  the  province  of 
Mauretania,  [MATJBETANIA.]  The  chief  city 
of  Numidia  was  CIRTA. 
NtMfTftR.  [RoMULTrs.] 
NTJRSIA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Sabines,  situ- 
ated  near  the  sources  of  the  Nar  aucT  amid 
the  Apennines,  whence  it  is  called  by  VirgU 
frigida  Sursia.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Sei* 
torius  and  of  the  mother  of  Vespasian. 
NYCTSI&  CNYCTEU8.3 


NYCTEUS. 


274 


OCEANUS. 


NYCTEUS  (-£5s,  61,  or  el),  son  of  Hyrieus 
and  Clonia,  aud  father  of  Antiope,  who  is 
hence  called  NyctMs  (-idis).  Antiope  was  car- 
ried off  by  Epopeus,  king  of  Sicyon ;  where- 
upon Nycteus,  who  governed  Thebes,  as  the 
guardian  of  Labdacus,  invaded  Sicyon  with  a 
Theban  army.  Nyctens  was  defeated,  and 
died  of  his  wounds,  leaving  his  brother  Lycus 
guardian  of  Labdacus.  [L YOUS. 3 

NYCTfMENE  (-6s),  daughter  of  Epopeus, 
king  of  Lesbos.  Having  been  dishonored  by 
her  father,  she  concealed  herself  in  the  shade 
of  forests,  where  she  was  metamorphosed  by 
Athene  (Minerva)  into  an  owl. 

NYMPHAE  (-arum),  female  divinities  of  a 
lower  rank,  with  whom  the  Greeks  peopled 
all  parts  of  nature :  the  sea,  springs,  rivers, 
grottoes,  trees,  and  mountains.  These  nymphs 
were  divided  into  various  classes,  according 
to  the  different  parts  of  nature  of  which  they 
are  the  representatives.  (1)  The  Sea-Nymphs, 
consisting  of  the  OcMn^des^  or  nymphs  of  the 
ocean,  who  were  regarded  as  the  daughters 
of  Oceanus;  and  the  Ner&des  or  Ner&ides,  the 
nymphs  of  the  Mediterranean,  who  were  re- 
garded as  the  daughters  of  Nereus.— (2)  The 
Nafrddes  or  JVSkfes,  the  nymphs  of  fresh  water, 
whether  of  rivers,  lakes,  brooks,  or  springs. 
Many  of  these  nymphs  presided  over  springs, 
which  were  believed  to  inspire  those  who 
drank  of  them.  The  nymphs  themselves 
were,  therefore,  thought  to  be  endowed  with 
prophetic  power,  and  to  be  able  to  inspire 
men.  Hence  all  persons  in  a  state  of  rapture, 
such  as  seers,  poets,  madmen,  etc.,  were  said 
to  be  caught  by  the  nymphs  (tymphatit  tym- 
phatici.)—(3)  Oreddes,  the  nymphs  of  mount- 
ains and  grottoes,  also  called  by  names  de- 


rived from  the  particular  mountains  they  in- 
habited.—^) Ndpaeae,  the  nymphs  of  glens. 
—(5)  Dryddes  and  Hd<mddr$ddes  (from  dpi*), 
nymphs  of  trees,  who  were  believed  to  die 
together  with  the  trees  which  had  been  their 
abode,  and  with  which  they  had  come  into 
existence.  There  was  also  another  class  of 
nymphs,  connected  with  certain  races  or  lo- 
calities, and  usually  named  from  the  places 
with  which  they  are  associated,  as  Nysiades, 
Dodonides,  Lemniae — The  sacrifices  offered 
to  nymphs  consisted  of  goats,  lambs,  milk, 
and  oil,  but  never  of  wine.  They  are  repre- 
sented in  works  of  art  as  beautiful  maidens, 
either  quite  naked  or  only  half-covered. 

NYMPH AEUM  (-i),  a  mountain,  with  per- 
haps a  village,  by  the  river  Aous,  near  Apol- 
lonia,  in  Ulyricum. 

NYMPHAEXJS  (-i).  (1)  A  small  river  of 
Latiuin,  falling  into  the  sea  above  Astura, 
and  contributing  to  the  formation  of  the 
Pomptine  marshes — (2)  A  small  river  of 
Armenia,  a  tributary  of  the  upper  Tigris. 

NTSA  or  NYSSA  (-ae),  the  legendary  scene 
of  the  nurture  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus),  who 
was  therefore  called  Nysaeus,  JVysfcws,  Nya&us, 
Nyseus,  Nyslgena,  etc.  Hence  the  name  was 
applied  to  several  places  sacred  to  that  god. 
(1)  In  India,  at  the  N.W.  corner  of  the  Punjab. 
near  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Cophen  and 
Choaspes.— (2)  A  city  of  Caria,  on  the  S.  slope 
of  Mount  Messogis — (3)  A  city  of  Cappadocia, 
near  the  Halys,  the  bishopric  of  St.  Gregory 
ofNyssa. 

NTSSIDES  or  NTSflDES  (-urn),  the 
nymphs  of  Nysa,  who  are  said  to  have  reared 
Dionysus,  and  whose  names  are  Cisseis,  Nysa, 
Erato,  Enphia,  Bromia,  and  Pofyhymno. 


0. 


OlLRUS  <-i),  a  river  of  Sarmatia,  rising  in 
the  country  of  the  Thyssagetae,  and  falling 
into  the  Palus  Maeotis. 

OASIS  (-is),  the  Greek  form  of  an  Egyptian 
word,  which  was  used  to  denote  an  island  in 
the  sea  of  sand  of  the  great  Libyan  Desert. 
These  oases  are  preserved  from  the  shifting 
sands  by  steep  hills  of  limestone  round  them, 
and  watered  by  springs,  which  make  them 
fertile  and  habitable.  The  name  is  applied 
especially  to  2  of  these  islands  on  the  w.  of 

Egyptians  at  an  early  period.  (1)  OASIS 
MA  JOB,  the  Greater  Oasis,  was  situated  1  days' 

Egypt.  This  Oasis  contains  considerable 
rains  of  the  ancient  Egyptian  and  Roman 
periods.— (2)  OASTS  MINOB,  the  Lesser  or 
Second  Oasis,  was  a  good  day's  journey  from 
the  S.W.  end  of  the  lake  Moeris,  and  be- 
longed to  the  Heptanomis,  or  Middle  Egypt 
—(3)  A  still  more  celebrated  Oasis  than  either 
of  these  was  that  called  AMMON,  HAMMON, 
AMMONIUM,  HARMON  is  ORAOTTLUM,  from  its 
being  a  chief  seat  of  the  worship  and  oracle 
of  the  god  Ammon.  It  is  now  called  Siuoah. 
Its  distance  from  Cairo  is  12  days,  and  from 


the  N.  coast  about  160  statute  miles.  The 
Ammonians  do  not  appear  to  have  been  sub- 
ject to  the oldEgyptianmonarchy.  Cambyses, 
after  conquering  Egypt  in  B.O.  525,  sent  an 
army  against  them,  which  was  overwhelmed 
by  the  sands  of  the  desert  In  B.O.  331,  Alex- 
ander the  Great  visited  the  oracle,  which 
hailed  him  as  the  son  of  Zeus  Ammon. 

OAXES.    [OAXDS.] 

5AXUS  (-i),  called  Axrrs  (-i)  by  Herodotus, 
a  town  in  the  interior  of  Crete  on  the  river 


OBSEQUENS  (-entis),  JULIUS  W),  the 
author  of  a  work  entitled  De  Prodigiis  or 
Prodigiorum  lAfoellus,  of  which  a  portion  is 
extant.  Of  the  writer  nothing  is  known. 

5CA"LEA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Boeotia, 
situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name  falling 
into  the  lake  Copais. 

DCE&NBDES.    [NYMPHAE.] 

5CE1NUS  (-i),  the  god  of  the  water  which 
was  believed  to  surround  the  whole  earth, 
is  called  the  son  of  Heaven  and  Earth,  the 
husband  of  Tethys,  and  the  father  of  all  the 
river-gods  and  water-nymphs  of  the  whole 
earth.  The  early  Greeks  regarded  the  earth 


OCELUM. 


275 


OEDIPUS. 


as  a  flat  circle,  which  was  encompassed  by  a 
river  perpetually  flowing  round  it,  and  this 
river  was  Oceanus.  Out  of  and  into  this  river 
the  sun  and  the  stars  were  supposed  to  rise 
and  set  ;  and  on  its  banks  were  the  abodes 
of  the  dead.  When  geographical  knowledge 
advanced,  the  name  was  applied  to  the  great 
outer  waters  of  the  earth,  in  contradistinction 
to  the  inner  seas,  and  especially  to  the  Atlan- 
tic, or  the  sea  without  the  Pillars  of  Hercules, 
as  distinguished  from  the  Mediterranean,  or 
the  sea  within  that  limit,  and  thus  the  At- 
lantic is  often  called  simply  Oceanus.  The 
epithet  Atlantic  (Atlanticum  Mare)  was  ap- 
plied to  it  from  the  mythical  position  of 
ATLAS  being  on  its  shores. 

OCELUM  (-i),  a  t9\vn  in  the  Cottian  Alps, 
was  the  last  place  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  before 
entering  the  territories  of  king  Cottius. 

5CHUS  (-i).  (1)  A  surname  of  Artaxerxes 
III.,  king  of  Persia.  [ARTAXERXES  HI.]—  (2) 
A  great  river  of  Central  Asia,  supposed  by 
some  to  be  the  same  as  the  Oxus. 

OCRIC'frLUM  (-i  :  Otrieolfy,  a  town  hi  Um- 
bria,  situated  on  the  Tiber,  near  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Nar. 

OCTAVlA  (-ae).  (1)  Sister  of  the  emperor 
Augustus,  married  first  to  C.  Marcellus, 
consul,  B.C.  50,  and  after  his  death  to  Antony, 
the  triumvir,  in  40,  but  the  latter  soon 
abandoned  her  for  Cleopatra.  She  died 
B.O.  11.  She  had  5  children,  3  by  Marcellus, 
a  son  and  2  daughters,  and  2  by  Antony, 
both  daughters.  Her  son,  M.  Marcellus,  was 
adopted  by  Augustus,  and  was  destined  to  be 
his  successor,  but  died  in  23.  [MARCELLUS, 
No.  5.]  The  descendants  of  her  2  daugh- 
ters successively  ruled  the  Roman  world. 
[ANTONIA.]—  (2)  Daughter  of  the  emperor 
Claudius  and  Messalina,  and  wife  of  Nero. 
She  was  divorced  by  the  latter,  that  he 
might  marry  his  mistress  Foppaea,  and  was 
shortly  afterwards  put  to  death  by  Nero's 
orders,  A.D.  62. 

OCT&Vf  US,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens, 
to  which  the  emperor  Augustus  belonged, 
tfhose  original  name  was  C.  Octavius.  Hence, 
when  he  was  adopted  by  his  great  uncle,  C. 
Julius  Caesar,  he  bore  the  surname  of 
Octavfonus.  [AUGUSTUS.] 

OCTSDtJRUS  <-i:  Martigny\  a  town  of 
the  Veragri  in  the  country  of  the  Helvetii. 

OCT5GESA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Ilergetes 
in  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  near  the  Iberus, 
probably  S.  of  the  Sicoris. 


(-6s),  daughter  of  the  Centaur 
Chiron. 

ODENiTHUS,  the  ruler  of  Palmyra  who 
checked  the  victorious  career  of  the  Persians 
after  the  defeat  and  capture  of  Valerian,  A.D. 
260.  In  return  for  these  services,  Gallienus 
bestowed  upon  Odenathus  the  title  of  Au- 
gustus. He  was  soon  afterwards  murdered, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  wife  ZENOBIA,  A.D. 

ODESSUS  (-i:  Faroo),  a  Greek  town  in 
Thracia  (in  the  later  Moesia  Inferior)  on  the 


PontusEuxinus,  was  founded  by  the  Milesians, 
and  carried  on  an  extensive  commerce. 

ODOACER  (-cri),  king  of  the  Heruli,  and 
the  leader  of  the  barbarians  who  overthrew 
the  Western  empire,  A.D.  476.  He  took  the 
title  of  king  of  Italy,  and  reigned  till  his 
power  was  overthrown  by  Theodoric,  king  of 
the  Goths,  A.D.  493. 

ODRYSAE   (-urum),  the   most  powerful 

iople  in  Thrace,  dwelling  in  the  plain  of  the 

;ebrus,  whose  king  Sitalces  in  the  time  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war  exercised  dominion  over 
almost  the  whole  of  Thrace.  The  poets  often 
use  the  adjective  Odrijsius  in  the  genera^ 
sense  of  Thracian, 

5DYSSEUS.    [ULYSSES.] 

OEAGRUS,  or  OEAGER  (-gri),  king  of 
Thrace,  and  father  of  Orpheus  and  Linus. 
Hence  Qedgrius  is  used  by  the  poets  as  equiv- 
alent to  Thracian. 

OEBlLUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  Sparta,  and 
father  of  Tyndareus.  The  patronymics 
Oebdttdes,  Oebdlis,  and  the  adjective  Oebdlius, 
are  not  only  applied  to  his  descendants,  but 
to  the  Spartans  generally.  Hence  Tarentum 
is  renned  Oebalia  arx,  because  it  was  founded 
by  the  Lacedaemonians;  and  since  the  Sabines 
were,  according  to  one  tradition,  a  Lacedae- 
monian colony,  we  find  the  Sabine  king  Titus 
Tatius  named  Oebdllus  Titus,  and  the  Sabine 
women  Oebdftdes  matres.— (2)  Son  of  Telon 
by  a  nymph  of  the  stream  Sebethus,  near 
Naples,  ruled  in  Campania. 

OECHALIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  in  Thessaly 
on  the  Peneus,  near  Tricca.— (2)  A  town  in 
Messenia  on  the  frontier  of  Arcadia. — (3)  A 
town  of  Euboea  in  the  district  Eretria.— The 
ancients  were  divided  in  opinion  as  to  which, 
of  these  places  was  the  residence  of  Earytus, 
whom  Hercules  defeated  and  slew.  The 
original  legend  probably  belonged  to  the 
Thessalian  Oechalia,  and  was  thence  trans- 
ferred to  the  other  towns. 

OEDIPUS  (-i  or  ddis),  son  of  Laius,  kingof 
Thebes,  and  of  Jocasta,  sister  of  Creon.  His 
father  having  learned  from  an  oracle  that  he 
was  doomed  to  perish  bv  the  hands  of  his  own 
son,  exposed  Oedipus  on  Mount  Cithaeron 
immediately  after  his  birth,  with  his  feet 
pierced  and  tied  together.  The  child  was 
found  by  a  shepherd  of  kingf  Polybus  of 
Corinth,  and  was  called  from  his  swollen  feet 
Oedipus.  Having  been  carried  to  the  palace, 
the  king  reared  him  as  his  own  child ;  but 
when  Oedipus  had  grown  up,  he  was  told  by 
the  oracle  *at  Delphi,  which  he  had  gone  to 
consult,  that  he  was  destined  to  slay  his 
father  and  commit  incest  with  his  mother. 
Thinking  that  Polybus  was  his  father,  he  re- 
solved not  to  return  to  Corinth ;  but  on  the 
road  between  Delphi  and  Daulishe  met  Laius, 
whom  he  slew  in  a  scuffle  without  knowing 
that  he  was  his  father.  In  the  mean  time 
the  celebrated  Sphinx  had  appeared  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Thebes.  Seated  on  a  rock, 
she  put  a  riddle  to  every  Theban  that  passed 
by,  and  whoever  was  unable  to  solve  it  was 
killed  by  the  monster.  This  calamity  induced 
the  Thebans  to  proclaim  that  whoever  should 
deliver  the  country  of  the  Sphinx  should 


OENEUS. 


276 


OLYMPIA. 


obtain  the  kingdom  and  Jocasta  as  his  wife. 
The  riddle  ran  as  follows :  "  A  being  with  4 
feet  has  2  feet  and  3  feet,  and  only  one  voice; 
bat  its  feet  vary,  and  when  it  has  most  it  is 
weakest."  Oedipus  solved  the  riddle  by 
saying  that  it  was  man,  who  in  infancy 
crawls  upon  all  fours,  in  manhood  stands 
erect  upon  2  feet,  and  in  old  age  supports  his 
tottering  legs  with  a  staff.  The  Sphinx 
thereupon  threw  herself  down  from  the  rock. 
Oedipusnow  obtained  the  kingdom  of  Thebes, 
and  married  his  mother,  by  whom  he  became 
the  father  of  Eteocles,  PolynTces,  Antig&nc, 
and  Ismeue.  In  consequence  of  this  in- 
cestuous alliance,  the  country  of  Thebes  was 
visited  by  a  plague.  The  oracle,  on  being 
consulted,  ordered  that  the  murderer  of  Laius 
should  be  expelled;  and  the  seer  Tiresias 
told  Oedipns  that  he  was  the  guilty  mail. 
Thereupon  Jocasta  hung  herself,  and  Oedipus 
put  out  his  own  eyes,  and  wandered  from 
Thebes,  accompanied  by  his  daughter  An- 
tigSne.  In  Attica  he  at  length  found  a  place 
of  refuge;  and  at  Colonus,  near  Athens,  the 
Eumemdes  removed  him  from  the  earth. 
The  tragic  fate  of  Oedipus  and  of  his  children 
formed  the  subject  of  many  of  the  noblest  of 
the  Greek  tragedies. 

OENEUS  (-<Sos,  £1,  or  e!),  king  of  Pleuron 
and  Calydon  in  Aetolia,  and  husband  of  Al- 
thaea, father  of  Tydeus,  Meleager,  Gorge, 
Deianfra,  etc.  He  was  deprived  of  his  "kiug- 
dom  by  the  sons  of  his  brother  Agrius.  He 
was  subsequently  avenged  by  his  grandson 
Diomedes,  who  slew  Agrius  and  his  sons,  and 
placed  upon  the  throne  Andraemon,  the  son- 
in-law  of  Oeneus,  as  the  latter  was  too  old. 
Diomedes  took  his  grandfather  with  him  to 
Peloponnesus,  but  here  he  was  slain  by  two 
of  the  sons  of  Agrius  who  had  escaped  the 
slaughter  of  their  brothers.  Respecting  the 
boar  which  laid  waste  the  lands  of  Calydon 
in  his  reign,  see  MELEAGEE. 

OENIADAE  (-arum),  town  of  Acarnania, 
near  the  mouth  orthe  Achelous,  and  surround- 
ed by  marshes.  The  fortress  Nesus  or  Nasus, 
belonging  to  the  territory  of  Oeniadae,  was 
situated  in  a  small  lake  near  Oeniadae. 

OENID1S  (-ae),  a  patronymic  from  Oeueus, 
and  hence  given  to  Meleager,  son  of  Oeneus, 
and  Diomedes,  grandson  of  Oeneus. 

OENOMAUS  (-i),  king  of  Pisa  in  Elis,  son 
of  Ares  (Mars)  and  father  of  Hippodamla. 

[PELOPS-3 

OENONE  (-es),  daughter  of  the  river- 
Cebren,  and  wife  of  Paris,  before  he 
off  Helen.    [PARIS.] 

OENOPlA  <-ae),  the  ancient  name  of 
AEGINA. 

OENOPHtTA  (-Orum),  a  town  in  Boeotia, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Asopus,  memorable 
for  the  victory  gained  here  by  the  Athenians 
over  the  Boeotians,  B.O.  456. 

OEN(5Pi5N  (-onis),  son  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus)  and  husband  of  the  nymph  Helice, 
and  father  of  Merope,  with  whom  the  giant 
Orion  fell  in  love.  [ORION.] 

OEN5TEI,  OEN5TR1A.    [ITALIA.] 

OENQTEIDES,  2  small  islands  in  the 
Tyrrhene  sea,  off  the  coast  of  Lucania,  and 


opposite  the  town  of  Elea  or  Velia  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Helos. 

OETA  (-ae)  or  OETE  (-es),  a  rugged  pile 
of  moan  tains  in  the  S.  of  Thessaly,  an  eastern 
branch  of  Mount  Pindus,  extending  along  the 
5.  bank  of  the  Sperchius  to  the  Maliac  gulf  at 
Thermopylae,  thus  forming  the  N.  barrier  of 
Greece  proper.  Respecting  the  pass  of  Mount 
Oeta,  see  THERMOPYLAE.  Oeta  was  celebrated 
in  mythology  as  the  mountain  on  which 
Hercules  burned  himself  to  death. 

QPELLA  (-ae),  a  man  of  sound  sense  and 
of  a  straightforward  character,  whom  Horace 
contrasts  with  the  Stoic  quacks  of  his  time. 
Ofella  was  also  the  name  of  a  family  in  the 
Lucretia  gens. 

SGtGES  (-is),  or  OGtGUS  (-i),  son  of 
Boeotus,  and  the  first  ruler  of  Thebes,  which 
was  called  after  him  OGYGIA.  In  his  reign 
a  great  deluge  is  said  to  have  occurred.  The 
name  of  Ogyges  is  also  connected  with  Attic 
story,  for  in  Attica  an  Ogygian  flood  is  like- 
wise mentioned.  From  Ogyges  the  Thebans 
are  called  by  the  poets  Og$glaae,  and  Og&tfiut 
is  used  in  the  sense  of  Theban. 

plLEUS  (-£6s,  8,  or  el),  king  of  the  Lo- 
crians,  and  father  of  Ajax,  who  is  hence 
called  Guides,  Qlllddes,  and  AJCKK  Oll&.  He 
was  one  of  the  Argonauts. 

OLBlA  (-ae).  (1)  Narbonensis,  on  a  hill 
called  Olbianus,  E.  of  Telo  Martius.-— (2)  A 
city  near  the  N.  end  of  the  E.  side  of  the 
island  of  Sardinia,  with  the  only  good  harbor 
on  this  coast ;  and  therefore  the  usual  land- 
ing-place for  persons  coming  from  Rome.— 

(3)  [BORYSTHENES.] 

OLClDES  (-um),  a  people  in  Hispania  Tar- 
raconensis,  near  the  sources  of  the  Anas,  in  a 
part  of  the  country  afterwards  inhabited  by 
the  Oretani. 

OLCINIUM  (-i:  Dulcigno),  a  town  on  the 
coast  of  Illyria. 

OLSIRUS.    [OLiABUS.3 

OLEN,  a  mythical  personage,  who  is  repre- 
sented as  the  earliest  Greek  lyric  poet  He  is 
called  both  an  Hyperborean  and  a  Lycian, 
and  is  said  to  have  settled  at  Delos.  His 
name  seems  to  signify  simply  the  flut&player. 

OLENUS  (-i).  (1)  The  husband  of  Lethaea, 
changed  with  her  into  a  stone.— (2)  A  town 
in  Aetolia,  near  New  Pleuron,  destroyed  by 
the  Aetolians  at  an  early  period. — (3)  A  town 
in  Achaia,  between  Patrae  and  Dyme.  The 

§oat  Amalthaea,  which  suckled  the  infant 
ens  (Jupiter),  is  called  Olenia  capella  by  the 
poets,  either  because  the  goat  was  supposed 
to  have  been  born  near  the  town  of  Olenus, 
and  to  have  been  subsequently  transferred  to 
Crete,  or  because  the  nymph  Amalthaea,  to 
whom  the  goat  belonged,  was  a  daughter  of 
Olenus. 

5HIRUS  or  SLfiiRUS  (-i),  a  small  island 
in  the  Aegaean  sea,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  W.  of 
Paros. 

OLISIPO  (Lisbon),  a  town  in  Lusitania, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Tagns. 

OLYMPlA  (-ae),  a  small  plain  in  Elis. 
bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  river  AlphSns,  and 
on  the  W.  by  the  river  Clad£us,  in  which  the 


OLYMPIAS. 


277 


OMPHxVLE. 


Olympic  games  were  celebrated.  In  this  plain 
was  the  sacred  grove  of  Zens  (Jupiter)  called 
Altis.  The  Altis  and  its  immediate  neigh- 
borhood were  adorned  with  numerous  tem- 
ples, statues,  and  public  buildings,  to  which 
the  general  appellation  of  Olympia  was  given  . 
but  there  was  no  town  of  this  name.  Among 
the  numerous  temples  in  the  Altis  the  most 
celebrated  was  the  OtympUwm,  or  temple  of 
Zeus  Olympius,  which  contained  the  master- 
piece of  Greek  art,  the  colossal  statue  of  Zeus 
by  Phidias.  The  statne  was  made  of  ivory 
and  gold,  and  the  god  was  represented  as 
seated  on  a  throne  of  cedar  wood,  adorned 
with  gold,  ivory,  ebony,  and  precious  stones. 
The  Olympic  games  were  celebrated  from  the 
earliest  times  in  Greece.  There  was  an  in- 
terval of  4  years  between  each  celebration 
of  the  festival,  which  interval  was  called  an 
Olympiad ;  but  the  Olympiads  were  not  em- 
ployed as  a  chronological  era  till  the  victory 
of  Coroebus  in  the  foot-race,  B.C.  776.  An 
account  of  the  Olympic  games  and  of  the 
Olympiads  is  given  in  the  Diet.  ofAntiq. 

OLYMPIAS  (-aais),  wife  of  Phmp  IL,  king 

of  Macedonia,  and  mother  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  was  the  daughter  of  Neoptolemus  I., 
king  of  Epirus.  She  withdrew  from  Mace- 
donia when  Philip  married  Cleopatra,  the 
niece  of  Attalus  (B.O.  33T) ;  and  it  was  gen- 
erally believed  that  she  lent  her  support  to 
the  assassination  of  Philip  in  336.  In  the 
troubled  times  which  followed  the  death  of 
Alexander  she  played  a  prominent  part.  In 
317  she  seized  the  supreme  power  in  Mace- 
donia, and  put  to  death  Philip  Arrhidaeus 
and  his  wife  Eurydice.  But  being  attacked 
by  Cassander,  she  took  refuge  in  Pydna,  and 
on  the  surrender  of  this  place  after  a  long 
siege,  she  was  put  to  death  by  Cassander 
(B.O.  316). 

5LYMPIUS,  the  Olympian,  a  surname  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter),  Hercules,  the  Muses  (Olym- 
itiddes),  and  in  general  of  all  the  gods  who 
were  believed  to  live  in  Olympus,  in  contra- 
distinction from  the  gods  of  the  lower  world. 
5LYMPUS  (-i).  (1)  The  range  of  mount- 
ains separating  Macedonia  and  Thessaly, 
but  more  specifically  the  eastern  part  of  the 
chain  forming  at  its  termination  the  northern 
wall  of  the  vale  of  TEMPE.  Its  height  is  about 
9700  feet,  and  its  chief  summit  is  covered  with 
perpetual  snow.  In  the  Greek  mythology, 
Olympus  was  the  residence  of  the  dynasty  of 
gods  of  which  Zeus  (Jupiter)  was  the  head. 
The  early  poets  believed  that  the  gods  actually 
lived  on  the  top  of  this  mountain.  Even  the 
fable  of  the  giants  scaling  heaven  must  be 
understood  in  a  literal  sense ;  not  that  they 
placed  Pelion  and  Ossa  upon  the.  top  of  O" 
pus  to  reach  the  still  higher  heaven,  but 
they  piled  Pelion  on  the  top  of  Ossa,  and 
both  on  the  lower  slopes  of  Olympus,  to  scale 
the  summit  of  Olympus  itseltj  the  abode  of 
the  gods.  Homer  describes  the  gods  as 
having  their  several  palaces  on  the  summit 
of  Olympus ;  as  spending  the  day  In  the  pal- 
ace of  Zeus,  round  whom  they  sit  in  solemn 
conclave,  while  the  younger  gods  dance  be- 
fore them,  and  the  Muses  entertain  them  with 
the  lyre  and  song.  They  are  shut  out  from 


the  view  of  men  upon  the  earth  by  a  wall  of 
clouds,  the  gates  of  which  are  kept  by  the 
Hours.  In  the  later  poets,  however,  the  real 
abode  of  the  gods  is  transferred  from  the 
summit  of  Olympus  to  the  vault  of  heaven 
(?.  c.  the  sky)  itself.  —  (2)  A  chain  of  lofty 
mountains  in  the  N.W.  of  Asia  Minor,  usu- 
ally called  the  Mysiau  Olympus. 

5LYNTHUS  (-i),  a  town  of  Chalcidice,  at 
the  head  of  the  Toronaic  gulf,  and  the  most 
important  of  the  Greek  cities  on  the  coast  of 
Macedonia.  It  was  at  the  head  of  a  con- 
federacy of  all  the  Greek  towns  in  its  neigh- 
borhood, and  maintained  its  independence, 
except  for  a  short  interval,  when  it  was 
subject  to  Sparta,  till  it  was  taken  and 
destroyed  by  Philip,  B.C.  347.  The  Olynthiac 
orations  of  Demosthenes  were  delivered  by 
the  orator  to  urge  the  Athenians  to  send 
assistance  to  the  city  when  it  was  attacked 
by  Philip. 

OMBI  (-ornm),  the  last  great  city  of  Upper 

gypt,  except  Syene,  stood  on  the  E.  bank  of 
the  Nile,  in  the  Ombites  Nomos,  and  was 
celebrated  as  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the 
worship  of  the  crocodile.  Juvenal's  15th 
satire  is  founded  on  a  religious  war  between 
the  people  of  Ombi  and  those  of  Tentyra,  who 
hated  the  crocodile. 

OMPHALE  (-«s),  a  queen  of  Lydia,  daugh- 
ter of  lardanus,  and  wife  of  Tmolus,  after 
whose  death  she  reigned  herself.  The  story 
of  Hercules  serving  her  as  a  slave,  and  of  his 
wearing  her  dress,  while  Omphale  put  on  the 
skin  and  carried  the  club,  is  related  elsewhere 
(p.  192). 


Omphale  and  Hercules.    (Farnese  Group,  now 
at  Naples.) 


ONCHESMUS. 


278 


ORESTES. 


ONCHESMUS  or  ONCHISMUS  (-i),  a  sea- 
port town  of  Epirus,  opposite  Corcyra. 

ONCHESTUS  (-i).  (1)  An  ancient  town  of 
Boeotia,  situated  a  little  S.  of  the  lake  Copais, 
near  Haliartus,  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Onchestus,  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune).— (2) 
A  river  in  Thessaly,  flowing  by  Cynoscepha- 
lae,  and  falling  into  the  lake  Boebeis. 

ON5MACR1TUS  (-i),  an  Athenian,  who 
lived  about  B.O.  520-4S5,  and  made  a  collec- 
tion of  the  ancient  oracles.  Being  detected 
in  interpolating  an  oracle  of  Musaeus,  he  was 
banished  from  Athens  by  Hipparchns,  the 
son  of  Pisistratus. 

OPH15N  (-onis).  (1)  One  of  the  Titans.— 
(2)  One  of  the  companions  of  Cadmus.— (3) 
Father  of  the  Centaur  Amycus,  who  is  hence 
called  OpJilfatides. 

OPHltTSA  or  OPHiUSSA  (-ae),  a  name 
given  to  many  ancient  places  from  their 
abounding  in  snakes.  It  was  an  ancient 
name  both  of  Rhodes  and  Cyprus,  whence 
Ovid  speaks  of  OpMut&a  arva,  that  is,  Cyp- 
rian. 

5PJCI.    [Osoi.] 

OPIMKJS  (-i),  L.,  consul  B.O.  121,  when  he 
took  the  leading  part  in  the  proceedings  which 
ended  in  the  murder  of  C.  Gracchus.  Being 
afterwards  convicted  of  receiving  a  bribe  from 
Jugurtha,  he  went  into  exile  to  Dyrrachium 
in  JEpirus,  where  he  died  in  great  poverty. 
The  year  in  which  be  was  consul  was  remark- 
able for  the  extraordinary  heat  of  the  autumn, 
and  the  vintage  of  this  year  long  remained 
celebrated  as  the  Vinum  Opimianuvn. 

OPITERGfUM  (-i:  Odergd),  a  Roman  col- 
ony iu  Venetia,  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  on  the  river 
Liquentia. 

OPPlANUS  (-i),  the  author  of  2  Greek 
hexameter  poems  still  extant,  one  on  fishing, 
entitled  Halieutica,  and  the  other  on  bunting, 
entitled  Cywgetica,.  Modem  critics,  however, 
have  shown  that  these  2  poems  were  written 
by  2  different  persons  of  this  name.  The 
author  of  the  Halieutica  was  a  native  of  Ana- 
zarba  or  Corycus,  in  Cilicia,  and  flourished 
about  A.D.  180.  The  author  of  the  Cynegetica 
was  a  native  of  Apamea  or  Pella,  in  Syria, 
and  flourished  about  A.D.  206. 

OPPlUS,  the  name  of  a  Roman  gens.— (1) 
C.  OPPIUS,  tribune  of  the  plebs  B.C.  213,  car- 
ried a  law  to  curtail  the  expenses  and  luxuries 
of  Roman  women. — (2)  C.  OPPIUS,  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  C.  Julius  Caesar,  whose  private 
affairs  he  managed  in  conjunction  with  Cor- 
nelius Balbus. 

OPS  (gen.  <3pis),  the  wife  of  Saturnus,  and 
the  Roman  goddess  of  plenty  and  fertility,  as 
is  indicated  by  her  name,  which  is  connect- 
ed with  opimus,  opulentus,  inops,  and  copia. 
She  was  especially  the  protectress  of  agri- 
culture. 

OPtTS  <-untis),  a  town  of  Locris,  from  which 
the  Opuntian  Locrians  derived  their  name. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Patroclus.  • 

ORBlLJUS  PUPILLUS  (-i),  a  Roman 
grammarian  and  schoolmaster,  best  known  to 
us  from  his  having  been  the  teacher  of  Horace, 
who  gives  him  the  epithet  ofplagosus,  from 


the  severe  floggings  which  his  pupils  received 
from  him.  He  was  a  native  of  Eeneventum, 
and  after  serving  as  an  apparitor  of  the  mag?- 
istrates,  and  also  as  a  soldier  in  the  army,  he 
settled  at  Rome  in  the  50th  year  of  his  age 
in  the  consulship  of  Cicero,  B.O.  63.  He  lived 
nearly  100  years. 

ORCADES<-um:  Orkney  and Shetlaiid  Isfes), 
a  group  of  several  small  islands  off  the  N 
coast  of  Britain,  with  which  the  Romans  first 
became  acquainted  when  Agricola  sailed 
round  the  N.  of  Britain. 

ORCH3MSNUS  (-i).  (1)  An  ancient, 
wealthy,  and  powerful  city  of  Boeotia,  the 
capital  of  the  Minyans  iu  the  ante-historical 
ages  of  Greece,  and  hence  called  by  Homer 
the  Minyan  Orchomenos.  It  was  situated 
N.  W.  of  the  lake  Copais,  on  the  river  Cephis- 
sus.  Sixty  years  after  the  Trojan  war  it  was 
taken  by  the  Boeotians,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Boeotian  League.  It  continued  to 
exist  as  an  independent  town  till  B.O.  36T 
when  it  was  taken  and  destroyed  by  the 


N.W.  of  Mantinea. 
ORCTTS.    [HADES.] 


ORSIDES.      [NYMPHAE.] 

(3RESTAE  (-arum),  a  people  in  the  N.  of 
Epirus,  on  the  borders  of  Macedonia,  original- 
ly independent,  but  afterwards  subject  to  the 
Macedonian  monarchs. 


and  Cly 
father  b 
tes  was  sav 
Electra,  who  caused  him  to  be  secretly  carried 
to  Strophius,  king  in  Phocis,  who  was  married 
to  Anaxibia,  the  sister  of  Agamemnon.  There 
he  formed  a  close  and  intimate  friendship 
with  the  king's  son  Pylades ;  and  when  he 
had  grown  up,  he  repaired  secretly  to  Argos 
along  with  his  friend,  and  avenged  his  father's 
death  by  slaying  Clytaemnestra  and  Ae»is- 
thus.  After  the  murder  of  his  mother  he  was 
seized  with  madness,  and  fled  from  land  to 
land,  pursued  by  the  Erinyes  or  Furies.  At 
length,  on  the  advice  of  Apollo,  he  took  refuge 
in  the  temple  of  Athena  (Minerva),  at  Athens 
where  he  was  acquitted  by  the  court  of  the 
Areopagus,  which  the  goddess  had  appoint- 
ed to  decide  his  fate.  According  to  another 
story,  Apollo  told  him  that  he  could  only  re- 
cover from  his  madness  by  bringing  the  statue 
of  Artemis  (Diana)  from  the  Tauric  Cherso- 
nesus.  Accordingly  he  went  to  this  country 
along  with  his  friend  Pylades;  but  on  their 
arrival  they  were  seized  by  the  natives  in 
order  to  be  sacrificed  to  Artemis,  according 
to  the  custom  of  the  country.  But  Iphio-euia! 
the  priestess  of  Artemis,  was  the  sister  of 
Orestes,  and,  after  recognizing  each  other  all 
three  escaped  with  the  statue  of  the  goddess. 
After  his  return  to  Peloponnesus,  Orestes 
took  possession  of  his  father's  kingdom  at 
Mycenae,  and  married  Hermione,  the  dauo-h- 


ORPHEUS  AND  EDBYDIOB.    (Villa  Albani.) 


ORESTILLA. 


279 


ORPHEUS. 


ter  of  Menelaus,  after  slaying  Neoptolemus. 
[HEEMIONE  ;  NEOPTOLEMUS.] 

ORESTILLA,  ATJRELIA.  CAUBELIA.] 

ORETANI  (-orum),  a  powerful  people  in 
the  S.W.  of  Hispania  Tarraconensis. 

pRETTS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  N.  of  Euboea, 
originally  called  Hestiaea  or  Histiaea.  Hav- 
ing revolted  from  the  Athenians  in  B.C.  445, 
it  was  taken  by  Pericles,  its  inhabitants  ex- 
pelled, and  their  place  supplied  by  2000 
Athenians. 

ORICUM  or  (3RICUS  (-i),  an  important 
Greek  town  on  the  coast  of  Illyria,  near  the 
Ceraunian  mountains  and  the  frontiers  of 
Epirus. 

ORI5N  and  ORION  (-onis  and  Snis),  son 
of  Hyrieus,  of  Hyria  in  Boeotia,  a  handsome 
giant  and  hunter.  Having  come  to  Chios, 
he  fell  in  love  with  Merope,  the  daughter  of 
Oenopion ;  his  treatment  of  the  maiden  so 
exasperated  her  father,  that,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Dionysus  (Bacchus),  he  deprived  the 
giant  of  his  sight  Being  informed  by  an 
oracle  that  he  should  recover  his  sight  if  he 
exposed  his  eyeballs  to  the  rays  of  the  rising 
sun,  Orion  found  his  way  to  the  island  or 
Lemnos,  where  Hephaestus  (Vulcan)  gave  him 
Cedalion  as  his  guide,  who  led  him  to  the  East. 
After  the  recovery  of  his  sight  he  lived  as  a 
hunter  along  with  Artemis  (Diana).  The  cause 
of  his  death  is  related  variously.  According 
to  some,  Orion  was  carried  off  by  Eos  (Aurora), 
who  had  fallen  in  love  with  him ;  but  as  this 
was  displeasing  to  the  gods,  Artemis  killed 
him  with-an  arrow  in  Ortygia.  According  to 
others,  he  was  beloved  by  Artemis;  and 
Apollo,  indignant  at  his  sister's  affection  for 
him,  asserted  that  she  was  unable  to  hit  with 
her  arrow  a  distant  point  which  he  showed 
her  in  the  sea.  She  thereupon  took  aim,  the 
arrow  hit  its  mark,  but  the  mark  was  the 
head  of  Orion,  who  was  swimming  in  the  sea. 
A  third  account,  which  Horace  follows,  states 
that  he  offered  violence  to  Artemis,  and  was 
killed  by  the  goddess  with  one  of  her  arrows. 
A  fourth  account  states  that  he  was  stung  to 
death  by  a  scorpion ;  and  that  Aesculapius 
was  slain  by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  with  a  flash 
of  lightning,  when  he  attempted  to  recall  the 
giant  to  life.  After  his  death,  Orion  was 
placed  among  the  stars,  where  he  appears  as 
a  giant  with  a  girdle,  sword,  a  lion's  skin, 
and  a  club.  The  constellation  of  Orion  set 
at  the  commencement  of  November,  at  which 
time  storms  and  rain  were  frequent;  hence 
he  is  often  called  imbrifer,  nimbosus,  or 
aqwsus. 

(5RITHYIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Erechtheus, 
king  of  Athens,  and  of  Traxithea,  who  was 
seized  by  Boreas,  and  carried  off  to  Thrace, 
where  she  became  the  mother  of  Cleopatra, 
Chione,  Zetes,  and  Calais. 

ORMfiNUS  (-i),  son  of  Cercaphus,  and 
father  of  Amyntor.  Hence  Amyntor  is  called 
Ormgriides,  and  Astydamla,  his  grand-daugh- 
ter, Ormenis. 

ORNBAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  town  of 
Argolis,  near  the  frontiers  of  the  territory  of 
Phlias,  subdued  by  Che  Argives  in  the  Pelo- 
ponrasian  wa**,  B.C.  415. 


(5RODES  (-ae),  the  names  of  2  kings  of 
Parthia,  [AJJSACES  XIV.,  XVII.] 

ORONTES  (-is  or  ae),  the  largest  river  of 
Syria,  rising  in  the  Anti-Libanus,  flowing  past 
Antioch,  and  falling  into  the  sea  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Pieria. 

OROPUS  (-i),  a  town  on  the  eastern  front- 
iers of  Boeotia  and  Attica,  was  long  an 
object  of  contention  between  the  Boeotians 
and  Athenians.  It  finally  remained  perma- 
nently in  the  hands  of  the  Athenians. 

ORPHEUS  (gen.  -6os,  6i,  or  el ;  dat.  -ei  or  eo; 
ace.  -ea  or  eum  •  voc.  -eu ;  dbl.  -eo),  a  mythical 
personage,  regarded  by  the  Greeks  as  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  poets  who  lived  before 
the  time  of  Homer.  The  common  story  about 
him  ran  as  follows:  Orpheus,  the  son  of 
Oeagrns  and  Calliope,  lived  in  Thrace  at  the 
period  of  the  Argonauts,  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  their  expedition.  Presented  with 
the  lyre  by  Apollo,  and  instructed  by  the 
Muses  in  its  use,  he  enchanted  with  its 
music  not  only  the  wild  beasts,  but  the  trees 


Orpheus.    (From  a  Mosaic.) 


and  rocks  upon  Olympus,  so  that  they  moved 
from  their  places  to  follow  the  sound  of  his 
golden  harp.  After  his  return  from,  the 
Argouautic  expedition,  he  took  up  his  abode 
in  Thrace,  where  he  married  the  nymph 
Eurydice.  His  wife  having  died  of  the  bite 
of  a  serpent,  he  followed  her  into  the  abodes 
of  Hades.  Here  the  charms  of  his  lyre  sus- 
pended the  torments  of  the  damned,  and  won 
back  his  wife  from  the  most  inexorable  of 
all  the  deities.  His  prayer?  however,  was  only 
granted  upon  this  condition,  that  he  should 
not  look  back  upon  his  restored  wife  till  they 
had  arrived  in  the  upper  world.  At  the  very 
moment  when  they  were  about  to  pass  the 
fatal  bounds,  the  anxiety  of  love  overcame 
the  poet:  he  looked  round  to  see  that  Enry- 
dice  was  following  him :  and  he  beheld  her 
caught  back  into  the  infernal  regions.  His 
grief  for  the  loss  of  Eurydice  led  him  to  treat 
with  contempt  the  Thracian  women,  who  in 
revenge  tore  him  to  pieces  under  the  excite- 
ment of  their  Bacchanalian  orgies.  After  his 
death  the  Muses  collected  the  fragments  of 
his  body  and  buried  them  at  Llbethra,  at  the 


ORTHIA. 


280 


OTHRYADES. 


foot  of  Olympus.  His  head  was  thrown  into 
the  Hebrus,  down  which  it  rolled  to  the  sea, 
and  was  borne  across  to  Lesbos.  His  lyre 
was  also  said  to  have  been  carried  to  Lesbos ; 
bat  both  traditions  are  simply  poetical  ex- 
pressions of  the  historical  fact  that  Lesbos 
was  the  first  great  seat  of  the  music  of  the 
lyre.  The  astronomers  taught  that  the  lyre 
of  Orpheus  was  placed  by  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
among  the  stars,  at  the  intercession  of  Apollo 
and  the  Muses.  Many  poems  ascribed  to 
Orpheus  were  current  in  the  flourishing  period 
of  Greek  literature ;  but  the  extant  poems 
bearing  the  name  of  Orpheus  are  the  forgeries 
of  Christian  grammarians  and  philosophers 
of  the  Alexandrian  school,  though  among 
the  fragments  which  form  a  part  of  the  col- 
lection are  some  genuine  remains  of  the 
Orphic  poetry  known  to  the  earlier  Greek 
writers. 

ORTHlA  <-ae),  a  surname  of  Artemis  at 
Sparta,  at  whose  altar  the  Spartan  boys  had 
to  undergo  the  flogging  called  diamastigosis. 

ORTHRUS  (-i),  the  two-headed  dog  of 
Geryones.  (See  p.  192.) 

ORTtGIA  (-ae)  and  ORTtGlE  (-es).  (1) 
The  ancient  name  of  Delos.  Since  Artemis 
(Diana)  and  Apollo  were  born  at  Delos,  the 
poets  sometimes  call  the  goddess  Ortygia,  and 
give  the  name  of  Ortygiae  boves  to  the  oxen 
of  Apollo.  The  ancients  connected  the  name 
with  Ortyx,  a  quail.— (2)  An  island  near  Syr- 
acuse. [SYBAOUSAE.]— (3)  A  grove  nearEph- 
esus,  in  which  the  Ephesians  pretended  that 
Apollo  and  Artemis  were  born.  Hence  the 
Cayster,  which  flowed  near  Ephesus,  is  called 
Ortygiw  Cayster. 

OSCA  (-ae :  Huesca,  in  Arragonia),  an  im- 
portant town  of  the  Ilergetes,  and  a  Roman 
colony  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  on  the  road 
from  Tarraco  to  Ilerda,  with  silver  mines. 

OSCI  or  OPlCI  (-drum),  one  of  the  most 
ancient  tribes  of  Italy,  inhabiting  the  centre 
of  the  peninsula,  especially  Campania  and 
Samnium.  They  were  subdued  by  the  Sabines 
and  Tyrrhenians,  and  disappeared  from  his- 
tory at  a  comparatively  early  period.  They 
are  identified  by  many  writers  with  the  Auso- 
nes  or  Aurunci.  The  Oscan  language  was 
closely  connected  with  the  other  ancient 
Italian  dialects,  out  of  which  the  Latin  lan- 
guage was  formed;  and  it  continued  to  be 
spoken  by  the  people  of  Campania  long  after 
the  Oscans  had  disappeared  as  a  separate 
people.  A  knowledge  of  it  was  preserved  at 
Home  by  the  Fabulae  Atellanae,  which  were 
a  species  of  farce  or  comedy  written  in 
Oscan. 

OSIRIS  (-is  and  Idis),  the  great  Egyptian 
divinity^  and  husband  of  Isis,  is  said  to  have 
been  originally  king  of  Egypt,  and  to  have 
reclaimed  his  subjects  from  a  barbarous  life 
by  teaching  them  agriculture,  and  by  enact- 
ing wise  laws.  He  afterwards  traveled  into 
foreign  lands,  spreading  wherever  he  went 
the  blessings  of  civilization.  On  his  return 
to  Egypt  he  was  murdered  by  his  brother 
Typhon,  who  cut  his  body  into  pieces,  and 
threw  them  into  the  Nile.  After  a  long 
search  Isis  discovered  the  mangled  remains 
of  her  husband,  and  with  the  assistance  of 


her  son  Horus  defeated  Typhon,  and  re- 
covered the  sovereign  power,  which  Typhon 
had  usurped.  Llsis.] 

OSR5SNB  (-es),  a  district  in  the  N.  of 
Mesopotamia,  separated  by  the  Chaboras 
from  Mygdonia  on  the  E.,  and  from  the  rest 
of  Mesopotamia  on  the  S.  Its  capital  was 


OSSA  (-ae),  a  celebrated  mountain  in  the 
N.  of  Thessaly,  connected  with  Pelion  on  the 
S.E.,  and  divided  from  Olympus  on  ihe  N.W. 
by  the  vale  of  TEMPE.  It  is  mentioned  in  the 
legend  of  the  war  of  the  Giants,  respecting 
which  see  OLYMPUS. 

OSTIA  (-ae:  Ostia),  a  town  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Tiber,  and  the  harbor  of  Rome, 
from  which  it  was  distant  16  miles  by  land, 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  left  arm  of  the 
river.  It  was  founded  by  Ancus  Martins,  the 
4th  king  of  Rome,  was  a  Roman  colony,  and 
became  an  important  and  flourishing  town. 
The  emperor  Claudius  constructed  anew  and 
better  harbor  on  the  right  arm  of  the  Tiber, 
which  was  enlarged  and  improved  by  Trajan. 
This  new  harbor  was  called  simply  Portuts 
Romanus  or  Port-its  Augusti,  and  around  it 
there  sprang  up  a  flourishing  town,  also 
called  Portus.  The  old  town  of  Ostia,  whose 
harbor  had  been  already  partly  filled  up  by 
sand,  now  sank  into  insignificance,  and  only 
continued  to  exist  through  its  salt-works  (so- 
linae),  which  had  been  established  by  Ancus 
Martins. 

OSTORIUS  SCAPULA.    [SCAPULA.] 

OTHO  (-onis),  L.  ROSCRJS  (-i),  tribune  of 
the  plebs  B.C.  6T,  when  he  carried  the  law 
which  save  to  the  equites  a  special  place  at 
the  public  spectacles,  in  fourteen  rows  or 
seats  (in  quattuordecim  gradibus  sive  ordini- 
&ws),  next  to  the  place  of  the  senators,  which 
was  in  the  orchestra.  This  law  was  very 
unpopular;  and  in  Cicero's  consulship  (63) 
there  was  such  a  riot  occasioned  by  the 
obnoxious  measure  that  it  required  all  his 
eloquence  to  allay  the  agitation. 

5THO  (-Snis),  M.  SALVtUS,  Roman  em- 
peror from  January  15th  to  April  16th,  A.D. 
69,  was  born  in  82.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
panions of  Nero  in  his  debaucheries;  but 
when  the  emperor  took  possession  of  his  wife, 
the  beautiful  but  profligate  Poppaea  Sabina, 
Otho  was  sent  as  governor  to  Lusitania,  which 
he  administered  with  credit  during  the  last 
10  years  of  Nero's  life.  Otho  attached  him- 
self to  Galba,  when  he  revolted  against  Nero, 
in  the  hope  of  being  adopted  by  him,  and 
succeeding  to  the  empire.  But  when  Galba 
adopted  L.  Piso,  on  the  10th  of  January,  69, 
Otho  formed  a  conspiracy  against  Galba,  and 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  soldiers  at 
Rome,  who  put  Galba  to  death.  Meantime 
Vitellius  had  been  proclaimed  emperor  at 
Cologne  by  the  German  troops  on  the  3d  of 
January.  When  this  news  reached  Otho,  he 
marched  into  the  N.  of  Italy  to  oppose  the 
generals  of  Vitellius.  His  army  was  defeated 
in  a  decisive  battle  near  Bedriacum,  where- 
upon he  put  an  end  to  his  own  life  at  Brixel- 
lum,  in  the  37th  year  of  his  age. 

5THRY1DSS  and  DTHRYlDES  (-ae). 


OTHRYS. 


281 


PADUS. 


(1)  A  patronymic  given  to  Panthous  or  Pan-  |  been  publUhcd  nearly  10  years  previously  -, 
thus,  the  Trojan  priest  of  Apollo,  as  the  son  |  but  the  real  cause  of  his  exile  is  unknown, 
of  Othrys.— (2)  The  survivor  of  the  300  Spar- 1  It  is  supposed  by  some  that  he  had  been 
tan  champions  who  fought  with  the  SuO  J  guilty  of  an  intrigue  with  the  younger  Julia, 
Argives  for  the  possession  of  Thyrea.  Being  ,  the  granddaughter  of  the  emperor  Augustus, 
ashamed  to  return  to  Sparta  as  the  only  sur-  who  was  banished  in  the  same  year  with 
vivor,  he  slew  himself  on  the  field  of  battle.  Ovid.  Ovid  draws  an  affecting  picture  of  the 
OTHRYS  and  OTHRYS  (-yds),  a  lofty  range  miseries  to  which  he  was  exposed  iu  his 
of  mountains  in  the  S.  of  Thessaly,  extending  \  place  of  exile.  He  sought  some  relief  in  the 
from  Mount  Tymphrestns,  or  the  most  S.-ly  j  exercise  of  his  poetical  talents.  3s  ot  only  did 
part  of  Pindus,  to  the  E.  coast.  It  shut  in  the  j  K  write  several  of  his  Latin  poems  iu  his 
o-reat  Thessalian  plain  on  the  S.  exile,  but  he  likewise  acquired  the  language 


OTUS  (-i),  and  his  brother,  EPHIALTES, 
are  better  known  by  their  name  of  the 
Aloldae.  [ALOEUS.] 

OViDlUS  NlSO,  P.  (-onis),  the  Roman 
poet^  was  boru  at  Sulmo,  in  the  country  of 
ihe  religni,  on  the  20th  of  March,  B.C.  43.  He 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  equestrian 
family.  He  was  destined  to  be  a  pleader, 
and  studied  rhetoric  under  Arellius  Fuscus 
and  Porcius  Latro.  His  education  was  com- 
pleted at  Athens,  and  he  afterwards  traveled 
with  the  poet  Macer  in  Asia  and  Sicily.  His 
love  for  poetry  led  him  to  desert  the  practice 
of  the  law ;  but  he  was  made  one  of  the 
Centwnimri^  or  judges  who  tried  testamentary, 
and  even  criminal  causes ;  and  in  due  time 
he  was  promoted  to  be  one  of  the  Decemviri, 
who  presided  over  the  court  of  the  Centum- 
viri.  He  married  twice  in  early  life  at  the 
desire  of  his  parents,  but  he  speedily  divorced 
each  of  his  wives  in  succession,  and  lived  a 
life  of  licentious  gallantry.  He  afterwards 
married  a  third  wife,  whom  he  appears  to 
have  sincerely  loved,  and  by  whom  he  had  a 
daughter,  Perilla.  After  living  for  many 
years  at  Rome,  and  enjoying  the  favor  of 
Augustus,  he  was  suddenly  banished  by  the 


of  the  Getae,  in  which  he  composed  some 
poems  in  honor  of  Augustus.  He  died  at 
Tomi,  in  the  COth  year  of  his  age,  A.D.  IS. 
Besides  his  amatory  poems,  the  most  im- 
portant of  his  extant  works  are  the  Metamor* 
phones,  consisting  of  such  legends  or  fables  as 
involved  a  transformation,  from  the  Creation 
to  the  time  of  Julius  Caesar,  the  last  being 
that  emperor's  change  into  a  star :  the  Fasti, 
which  is  a  sort  of  poetical  Roman  calendar ; 
and  the  Tristia,  and  Epistles  ex  Ponto,  which 
are  elegies  written  during  his  banishment. 

OXUS  or  OXUS  (-i:  Jihoun  or  Amou), 
a  great  river  of  Central  Asia,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Sogdiana  on  the  N.  and 
Bactria  and  Margiana  on  the  S.,  aud  falling 
into  the  Caspian.  The  Jihoun  now  flows  into 
the  S.W.  corner  of  the  Sea  of  Aral;  but  there 
are  still  distinct  traces  of  a  channel  in  a 
S.W.-ly  direction  from  the  Sea  of  Aral  to 
the  Caspian,  by  which  at  least  a  portion,  and 
probably  the  whole,  of  the  waters  of  the 
Oxus  found  their  way  into  the  Caspian.  The 
Oxus  occupies  an  important  place  in  history, 
having  been  in  nearly  all  ages  the  extreme 
boundary  between  the  great  monarchies  of 
southwestern  Asia  and  the  hordes  which 


emperor  to  Tomi,  a  town  on  the  Euxine,  near  wander  over  the  central  steppes.  Herodotus 
the  mouths  of  the  Danube.  The  pretext  of  I  does  not  mention  the  Oxus  by  name,  but  it  is 
his  banishment  was  his  licentious  poem  on  I  supposed  to  be  the  river  which  he  calls 
the  Art  of  Love  (Ars  Amatoria),  which  had  '  Araxes. 


P. 


PXCHFNUS  or  PiCHTNUM  (-5),  a  prom- 
ontory at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Sicily. 

PlCORUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Orodes  I.,  king  of 
Parthia.  His  history  is  given  under  AKSAOES 
XIV.— (2)  King  of  Parthia.  [ABSACES  XXIV.] 

PACTOLUS  (-i),  a  small  but  celebrated 
river  of  Lydia.  rising  on  Mount  Tmolus,  and 
flowing  past  Sardis  into  the  Hermus.  The 
golden  sands  of  Pactolus  have  passed  into  a 
proverb,  and  were  one  of  the  sources  of  the 
wealth  of  ancient  Lydia.  (See  illust.  on  p.  282.) 

PACT'S"!  (-es),  a  town  in  the  Thracian 
Chersonesus,  on  the  Propcmtis,  to  which  Al- 
eibiades  retired  when  he  was  banished  by  the 
Athenians,  B.C.  407. 

PlCtJVlUS  (-i),  M.,  the  greatest  of  the 
Soman  tragic  poets,  was  born  about  B.O.  220, 
at  Brundusium,  and  was  the  son  of  the  sister 
of  Ennina.  After  living  many  years  at  Rome, 
where  he  acquired  great  reputation  as  a 
nter  as  well  as  a  poet,  he  returned  to 
"  jium,  where  he  died  in  the  90th  year 


of  his  age,  B.O.  130.  His  tragedies  were 
taken  from  the  great  Greek  writers ;  bat  he 
did  not  confine  himself,  like  his  predecessorst 
to  mere  translation,  but  worked  up  his  mate- 
rials with  more  freedom  and  independent 
judgment. 

PlDUS  (-i:  -Po),  the  chief  river  of  Italy, 
identified  by  the  Roman  poets  with  the  fabu- 
lous Eridanus,  from  which  amber  was  ob- 
tained. This  notion  appears  to  have'arisen 
from  the  Phoenician  vessels  receiving  at  the 
mouths  of  the  Padus  the  amber  w  iich  had 
been  transported  by  land  from  the  joasts  of 
the  Baltic  to  those  of  the  Adriatic.  The 
Padus  rises  on  Mount  Vesula  (Ifonfe  r&o),  in 
the  Alps,  and  flows  in  an  E.-ly  direction 
through  the  great  plain  of  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
which  it  divides  into  2  parts,  Gallia  Cispa- 
dana  and  Gallia  Transpadaua.  It  receives 
numerous  affluents,  which  drain  the  whole 
of  this  vast  plain,  descending  from  the  Alps 
on  the  N.,  and  the  Apennines  on  the  S. 
These  affluents*  increased  in  the  summer  b? 


PAEAN. 


282 


PALAESTINA. 


The  Pactolus  at  Snrdis. 


the  melting  of  the  snow  on  the  mountains, 
frequently  oring  down  such  a  large  body  of 
water  as  to  cause  the  Padus  to  overflow  its 
banks.  The  whole  course  of  the  river,  in- 
cluding its  windings,  is  about  450  miles. 
About  20  miles  from  the  sea  the  river  divides 
itself  into  2  main  branches,  and  falls  into 
the  Adriatic  Sea  by  several  months,  between 
Ravenna  and  Altinum. 

PAEiN  (-anis),  that  is,  "the  healing/-  was 
originally  the  name  of  the  physician  of  the 
Olympian  gods.  Subsequently  the  name  was 
used  in  the  more  general  sense  of  deliverer 
from  any  evil  or  calamity,  and  was  thus  ap- 
plied to  Apollo.  From  Apollo  himself  the 
name  was  transferred  to  the  song  dedicated 
to  him,  and  to  the  warlike  song  sung  before 
or  during  a  battle. 

PAEONES  (-urn),  a  powerful  Thracian  peo- 
ple, who  in  historical  times  inhabited  the 
whole  of  the  N.  of  Macedonia,  from  the  front- 
iers of  Illyria  to  some  little  distance  E.  of 
the  river  Strymon.  Their  country  was  called 
PAEONIA. 

PAESTlNUS  SINUS.    [PABSTTOL] 

PAESTUM  (-i),  called  POSIDONIA  (-ae) 
by  the  Greeks,  was  a  city  in  Lucania,  situated 
i  or  5  miles  S.  of  the  Silaras,  and  near  the 
bay,  which  derived  its  name  from  the  town 
(Paestanus  Sinus :  G.  of  Salerno).  It  was  col- 
onized by  the  Sybarites  about  B.O.  524,  and 
soon  became  a  powerful  and  flourishing  city. 
Under  the  Romans  it  gradually  sank  in  im- 
portance, and  in  the  time  of  Augustus  it  is 
only  mentioned  on  account  of  the  beautiful 
roses  grown  in  its  neighborhood.  The  ruins 
of  two  Doric  temples  at  Paestum  are  some  of 
the  most  remarkable  remains  of  antiquity. 

PAETUS  (4),  a  cognomen  in  many  Roman 


gentes,  signified  a  person  who  had  a  slight 
cast  in  the  eye. 

PAETUS,  AELIUS,  the  name  of  2  brothers, 
Publius,  consul  B.C.  201,  and  Seztus,  consul 
B.G.  198 ;  both  of  them,  and  especially  the  lat- 
ter, jurists  of  eminence. 
PAETUS  THRASfiA.  [THBASEA.] 
PlGlSAE  (-arum)  or  PlGXSA  (-ae),  a  town 
of  Thessaly,  on  the  coast  of  Magnesia,  and 
on  the  bay  called  after  it  SINTTS  PAGASAETJS  or 
PAGASIOUS.  It  was  the  port  of  lolcos,  and 
afterwards  of  Pherae,  and  is  celebrated  in 
mythology  as  the  place  where  Jason  built  the 
ship  Argo.  Hence  the  adjective  Pagasaeus  is 
applied  to  Jason,  and  is  also  used  in  the  gen- 
eral sense  of  Thessalian.  Apollo  is  called 


PiLAEMON  (-6nis),  son  of  Athamas  and 
Ino,  originally  called  Melicertes,  became  a 
marine  god  when  his  mother  leaped  with  him 
into  the  sea.  [ATHAMAS.]  The  Romans  iden- 
tified Palaemon  with  their  own  god  Portunus 
or  Portumnns.  [POBTUNUS.] 

PlLAEQPOLIS.    [NEAPOLIS.] 

P1.LAESTS  (-es),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Epirus,  and  a  little  S.  of  the  Acroceraunian 
monntains,  where  Caesar  landed  when  he 
crossed  over  to  Greece  to  cftrry  on  the  war 
against  Pompey. 

PILAESTINA  (-ae),  the  Greek  and  Roman 
form  of  the  Hebrew  word  which  was  nsed  to 
denote  the  country  of  the  Philistines,  and 
which  was  extended  to  the  whole  country. 
The  Romans  called  it  JUDAEA,  extending  to 
the  whole  country  the  name  of  its  S.  part.  It 
was  regarded  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  as 
a  part  of  Syria.  It  was  bounded  by  the  Med- 
iterranean on  the  W.,  by  the  mountains  of 


PALAMEDES.  2i 

Lebanon  on  the  N.,  by  the  Jordan  and  its 
lakes  on  the  B.,  and  by  the  deserts  which 
separated  it  from  Egypt  on  the  S.  The  Ro- 
mans did  not  come  into  contact  with  the 
country  till  B.O.  63,  when  Pompey  took  Jeru- 
salem. Prom  this  time  the  country  was  real- 
ly subject  to  the  Romans.  At  the  death  of 
Herod  his  kingdom  was  divided  between  his 
sons  as  tetrafchs ;  but  the  different  parts  of 
Palestine  were  eventually  annexed  to  the 
Roman  province  of  Syria,  and  were  governed 
by  a  procurator. 

PlLAMSDHJS  (-is),  son  of  Nauplius  and 
Clymene,  and  one  of  the  Greek  heroes  who 
sailed  against  Troy.  When  TJlysses  feigned 
madness  that  he  might  not  be  compelled  to 
sail  with  the  other  chiefs,  Palamedes  detected 
his  stratagem  by  placing  his  infant  son  be- 
fore him  while  he  was  plowing.  [ULYSSES.] 
In  order  to  revenge  himself,  Ulysses  bribed  a 
servant  of  Palamedes  to  conceal  under  his 
master's  bed  a  letter  written  in  the  name  of 
Priam.  He  then  accused  Palamedes  of  treach- 
ery ;  upon  searching  his  tent  they  found  the 
fatal  letter,  and  thereupon  Palamedes  was 
stoned  to  death  by  the  Greeks.  Later  writers 
describe  Palamedes  as  a  sage,  and  attribute 
to  him  the  invention  of  light-houses,  meas- 
ures, scales,  the  discus,  dice,  etc.  He  is  fur- 
ther  said  to  have  added  the  letters  0,  ?,  x>  0» 
to  the  original  alphabet  of  Cadmus. 
PALiTINUS  MONS.  [ROMA.] 
PXLlTIUM.  [ROMA.] 
PALES  (-is),  a  Roman  divinity  of  flocks 
and  shepherds,  whose  festival,  the  Palilia, 
was  celebrated  on  the  21st  of  April,  the  day 
on  which  Rome  was  founded. 

PlLlCI  (-orum)  were  Sicilian  gods,  twin 
sons  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  the  nymph  Thalia. 
Their  mother,  from  fear  of  Hera  (Juno),  pray- 
ed to  be  swallowed  up  by  the  earth;  her 
prayer  was  granted ;  but  in  dne  time  twin 
boys  issued  from  the  earth,  who  were  wor- 
shiped in  the  neighborhood  of  Mount  Aetna, 
near  Palice. 

PAllNtJUUM  (-i :  C.  Palinurti),  a  promon- 
tory on  the  W.  coast  of  Lucania,  said  to  have 
derived  its  name  from  Palinurus,  pilot  of  the 
ship  of  Aeneas,  who  fell  into  the  sea,  and  was 
murdered  on  the  coast  by  the  natives. 

PALLADIUM  (-i),  properly  any  image  of 
Pallas  Athena  (Minerva),  but  specially  ap- 
plied to  an  ancient  image  of  this  goddess  at 
Troy,  on  the  preservation  of  which  the  safety 
of  the  town  depended.  It  was  stolen  by  Ulys- 
ses andDiomedes,  and  was  carried  by  the  lat- 
ter to  Greece.  According  to  some  accounts, 
Troy  contained  two  Palladia,  one  of  which 
was  carried  off  by  Ulysses  and  Diomedes, 
while  the  other  was  conveyed  by  Aeneas  to 
Italy.  Others  relate  that  the  Palladium  taken 
by  the  Greeks  was  a  mere  imitation,  while 
that  which  Aeneas  brought  to  Italy  was  the 
genuine  image.  But  this  twofold  Palladium 
was  probably  a  mere  invention  to  account  for 
its  existence  at  Rome. 

PALLANTlA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  of  the 
Vaccaei,  in  the  N.  of  Hispania  Tarraconensis, 
and  on  a  tributary  of  the  Durius. 
PALLANT3EAS  (-adis)  and  PALLANTIS 


PAN. 

. -idis),  patronymics  jriven  to  Aurora,  the 
laughter  of  the  giant  Pallas. 

PALLADIUM  t-i),an  aucieuttown  of  Ar- 
cadia, near  Tegea,  said  to  have  been  founded 
)y  Pallas,  son  of  Lycaon.  Evander  is  said  to 
lave  come  from  this  place,  and  to  have  call- 
ed the  town  which  he  founded  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tiber  Pallanteum  (afterwards  Pdlan* 
'Hum  andP<2Z<2ftum),  after  the  Arcadian  town. 
Hence  Evander  is  called  Paliantius  iieros. 

PALLAS  (-udis),  a  surname  of  Athena 
[ATHENA.] 

PALLAS  (-antis).    (1)  One  of  the  giants 

(2)  The  father  of  Athena,  according' to  some 
traditions.  —  (3)  Son  of  Lycaon,  and  grand- 
father of  Evander.  CPALLASTICX.]— (4)  Son 
of  Evander,  and  an  ally  of  Aeneas.— (5)  Son 
of  the  Athenian  king  Pandiou,  from  whom 
the  celebrated  family  of  the  Pallantidae  at 
Athens  traced  their  origin.— (6)  A  favorite 
freedman  of  the  emperor  Claudius,  who  ac- 
quired enormous  wealth.  Hence  the  line  in 
Juvenal,  eyo  possideo  plus  Pallante  et  Lirinio. 

PALLENE  (-es),  the  most  westerly  of  the  3 
peninsulas  running  out  from  Chalcidice  in 
Macedonia. 

PALMYRA  (-ae :  Tadnim),  a  celebrated  city 
>f  Syria,  standing  in  an  oasis  of  the  great 
Syrian  Desert,  which  from  its  position  was  a 
halting-place  for  the  caravans  oatween  Syria 
and  Mesopotamia.  Here  Solomon  built  a  city, 
which  was  called  in  Hebrew  Tadmor,  that  is, 
the  city  of  palm-trees ;  and  of  this  name  the 
Greek  Palmyra  is  a  translation.  Under  Ha- 
drian and  tbfe  Antonines  it  was  highly  favor- 
ed, and  reached  its  greatest  splendor.  The 
history  of  its  temporary  elevation  to  the  rank 
of  a  capital,  in  the  3d  century  of  the  Christian 
era,  is  related  under  ODENATHUS  andZssoBiA. 
Its  splendid  ruins,  which  form  a  most  striking 
object  in  the  midst  of  the  desert,  are  of  the 
Roman  period. 

PAMPHYHA  (-ae),  a  narrow  strip  of  the 
S.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  extending  in  a  sort 
of  arch  along  the  Sinus  Pamphylias  (G.  of 
Adalia), between  Lycia  on  the  W.  and  Cilicia 
on  the  E.,  and  on  the  N.  bordering  on  Pisidia, 
The  inhabitants  were  a  mixture  of  races, 
whence  their  name  Pamphyli  (ndupvXot),  of 
all  races.  There  were  Greek  settlements  in 
the  laud,  the  foundation  of  which  was  as- 
cribed to  MOPSUS,  from  whom  the  country 
was  in  early  times  called  MOPSOPIA.  It  was 
successively  a  part  of  the  Persian,  Macedo- 
nian, Greco -Syrian,  and  Pergameue  king- 
doms, and  passed  by  the  will  of  Attains  10. 
to  the  Romans  (B.C.  130),  under  whom  it  was 
made  a  province ;  but  this  province  of  Pam- 
phylia  included  also  Pisidia  and  Isauria,  and 
afterwards  a  part  of  Lycia.  Under  Constan- 
tine  Pisidia  was  again  separated  from  Pam- 
phylia. 

PAN  (Pan5s),  the  great  god  of  flocks  and 
shepherds  among  the  Greeks,  usually  called  a 
son  of  Hermes  (Mercury),  was  originally  an 
Arcadian  god,  and  Arcadia  was  always  the 
principal  seat  of  his  worship.  From  this 
country  his  name  and  worship  afterwards 
spread  over  other  parts  of  Greece ;  but  at 
Athens  his  worship  was  not  introduced  till 


PANAETIUS. 


284 


PANOPEUS. 


the  time  of  the  battle  of  Marathon.  He  is 
described  as  wandering  among  the  mountains 
and  valleys  of  Arcadia,  either  amusing  him- 
self with  the  chase,  or  leading  the  dances  of 
the  nymphs.  He  loved  music,  and  invented 
the  syrinx  or  shepherd's  flute.  Pan,  like  oth- 
er gods  who  dwelt  in  forests,  was  dreaded  by 
travelers,  to  whom  he  sometimes  appeared, 
and  whom  he  startled  with  sudden  awe  or 
terror.  Hence  sudden  fright,  without  any 
visible  cause,  was  ascribed  to  Pan,  and  was 
called  a  Panic  fear.  The  Romans  identified 
their  god  Faunus  with  Pan.  [FAUNDS.]  In 
works  of  art  Pan  is  represented  as  a  sensual 
being,  with  horns,  puck-nose,  and  goat's  feet, 
sometimes  in  the  act  of  dancing,  and  some- 
times playing  on  the  syrinx. 


Pan  with  a  Syrinx. 

PANAETIUS  (-i),  a  native  of  Rhodes,  and 
a  celebrated  Stoic  philosopher,  lived  some 
years  at  Rome,  where  he  became  an  intimate 
friend  of  Laelius  and  of  Scipio  Africanns  the 
younger.  He  succeeded  Antipater  as  head 
of  the  Stoic  school,  and  died  at  Athens,  at  all 
events  before  B.O.  111.  The  principal  work 
of  Panaetius  was  his  treatise  on  the  theory  of 
moral  obligation,  from  which  Cicero  took  the 
greater  part  of  his  work  De  Officiis. 

PANDARS5S,  son  of  Merops  of  Miletus, 
whose  daughters  are  said  to  have  been  car- 
ried off  by  the  Harpies. 

PANDlRUS  <-i).  (1)  A  Lycian,  distin- 
guished in  the  Trojan  army  as  an  archer.— 
(2)  Son  of  Alcanor,  and  twin  brother  of  Bitias, 
one  of  the  companions  of  Aeneas,  slain  by 
Tnrnus. 

PANDATARIA  (-ae :  Vendutene),  a  small 
island  off  the  coast  of  Campania,  to  which  Ju- 
lia, the  daughter  of  Augustus,  was  banished. 

PANDX5N  (-onis).  (1)  King  of  Athens, 
son  of  Erichthonius,  and  father  of  Procne 
and  Philomela.  The  traffic  history  of  his 
daughters  is  given  under  TEBEUS. — (2)  King 
of  Athens,  son  of  Cecrops,  was  expelled  from 
Athens  by  the  Metionidae,  and  fled  to  Me- 
gara;  of  which  he  became  king. 

PANDORA  (-ae),  the  name  of  the  first 
woman  on  earth.  When  Prometheus  had 
stolen  the  fire  from  heaven,  Zeus  (Jupiter) 


in  revenge  caused  Hephaestus  to  make  a 
woman  out  of  earth,  who  by  her  charms  and 
beauty  should  bring  misery  upon  the  human 
race.  Aphrodite  (Venus)  adorned  her  with 
beauty;  Hermes  (Mercury)  bestowed  upon 
her  boldness  and  cunning;  and  the  gods  call- 
ed her  Pandora,  or  All-gifted,  as  each  of  the 
gods  had  given  her  some  power  by  which  she 
was  to  work  the  ruin  of  man.  Hermes  took 
her  to  Epimetheus,  who  made  her  his  wife, 
forgetting  the  advice  of  his  brother  Prome- 
theus not  to  receive  any  gifts  from  the  gods. 
Pandora  brought  with  her  from  heaven  a  box 
containing  every  human  ill,  upon  opening 
which  they  all  escaped  and  spread  over  the 
earth,  Hope  alone  remaining.  At  a  still  later 
period  the  box  is  said  to  have  contained  all 
the  blessings  of  the  gods,  which  would  have 
been  preserved  for  the  human  race  had  not 
Pandora  opened  the  vessel,  so  that  the  wing- 
ed blessings  escaped. 

PANDOSIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  of  Epirus  in 
the  district  Thesprotia,  on  the  river  Acheron. 
— (2)  A  town  in  Brattium,  near  the  frontiers 
of  Lucania,  situated  on  the  river  Acheron. 
It  was  here  that  Alexander  of  Epirus  fell,  B.O. 
326,  in  accordance  with  an  oracle. 

PANDROSOS  (-i),  i.  e. "  the  all-bedewing, " 
or  "refreshing,"  was  a  daughter  of  Cecrops 
and  a  sister  of  Herse  and  Aglauros. 

PANGAEUS  (-i)  or  PANGAEA  (-orum),  a 
range  of  mountains  in  Macedonia,  between 
the  Strymon  and  the  Nestus,  and  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Philippi,  with  gold  and  silver 
mines,  and  with  splendid  roses. 

PANlONtUM  (-i),  a  spot  on  the  N.  of  the 
promontory  of  Mycale,  with  a  temple  to  Po- 
seidon (Neptune),  which  was  the  place  of 
meeting  for  the  cities  of  Ionia. 

PANNONlA  (-ae),  a  Roman  province  be- 
tween the  Danube  and  the  Alps,  separated 
on  the  W.  from  Noricum  by  the  MODS  Cetius, 
and  from  Upper  Italy  by  the  Alpes  Juliae,  on 
the  S.  from  Illyria  by  the  Savus,  on  the  E. 
from  Dacia  by  the  Danube,  and  on  the  N. 
from  Germany  by  the  same  river.— The  Pan- 
nonians  (Pannonii)  were  probably  of  Illyrian 
origin.  They  were  a  brave  and  warlike  peo- 
ple, and  were  conquered  by  the  Romans  in 
the  time  of  Augustus  (about  B.O.  33).  In  A.D. 
7  the  Pannonians  joined  the  Dalmatians  and 
the  other  Illyrian  tribes  in  their  revolt  from 
Rome,  but  were  conquered  by  Tiberius  after 
a  struggle  which  lasted  3  years  (A.D.  7-9). 
Pannonia  was  originally  only  one  province, 
but  was  afterwards  divided  into  two  prov- 
inces, sailed.  Pannonia  Superior  and  Pannonia 
Inferior. 

PANOMPHAEUS  (-i),  i.  e.  the  author  of  all 
signs  and  omens,  a  surname  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter). 

PXNOPE  (-SS)  or  PAN5PAEA  (-ae),  a 
nymph  of  the  sea,  daughter  of  Kerens  and 
Doris. 

PANOPEUS  (-eds  or  el).  (1)  Son  of  Phocus, 
accompanied  Amphitryon  on  his  expedition 
against  the  Taphians  or  Teleboans,  and  was 
one  of  the  Calydonian  hunters. — (2)  Or  Pano* 
pe  (-es),  an  ancient  town  in  Phocis  on  th« 
Cephissus,  and  near  the  frontiers  of  Boeotia. 


PANOPTES. 


285 


PARIS. 


PANOPTSS.    CABGTJB.] 

PANORMUS  (-i:  Palermo),  an  important 
town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  founded  by  the 
Phoenicians,  and  which  at  a  later  time  re- 
ceived its  Greek  name  from  its  excellent  har- 
bor. From  the  Phoenicians  it  passed  into 
the  hands  of  the  Carthaginians,  and  was  taken 
by  the  Romans  in  the  1st  Punic  war,  B.C.  254. 

PANSA  (-ae),  C.VXBlUS,  consul  with  Hir- 
tius,  B.O.  43.  [HiBTius.  J 

PANTAGLS.S  or  PANTlGlES  (-ae),  a  small 
river  on  the  E.  coast  of  Sicily,  flowing  into 
the  sea  between  Megara  and  Syracuse. 

PANTHBUM  (-i),  a  celebrated  temple  at 
Rome  in  the  Campus  Martins,  which  is  still 
extant  and  used  as  a  Christian  church,  re- 
sembles in  its  general  form  the  Colosseum  in 
the  Regent's  Park,  London.  It  was  built  by 
M.  Asrippa,  B.O.  27,  and  was  dedicated  to  Mars 
and  Venus. 

PANTHOUS,  contr.PAOTHtte(voc.P<m- 
thu).  a  priest  of  Apollo  at  Troy,  and  father  of 
Euphorbus,  who  is  therefore  called  Panthfo- 
des.  Pythagoras  is  Also  called  Pantk&idea.  be- 
cause he  maintained  that  his  soul  had  in  a 
previous  state  animated  the  body  of  Euphor- 
bns.  He  is  called  by  Virgil  Othr$ddest  or  son 
ofOthryas. 

PANTIClPAEUM,  a  town  in  the  Tauric 
Chersonesus,  situated  on  a  hill  on  the  Cim- 
merian Bosporus,  was  founded  by  the  Mile- 
sians about  B.C.  541,  and  became  the  residence 
of  the  Greek  kings  of  the  Bosporus. 

P&NYA'SIS,  a  native  of  Halicarnassus,  and 
a  relation— probably  an  uncle— of  the  histo- 
rian Herodotus,  nourished  about  B.C.  480,  and 
was  celebrated  as  an  epic  poet. 

PAPHLAGQNfA  (-ae),  a  country  of  Asia 
Minor,  bounded  by  Bithynia  on  the  W.,  by 
Pontus  on  the  E.,  by  Phrygia  and  afterwards 
by  Galatia  on  the  S.,  and  by  the  Euxine  on 
the  N.  In  the  Trojan  war  the  Paphlagonians 
are  said  to  have  come  to  the  assistance  of  the 
Trojans,  from  the  land  of  the  Heneti,  under 
the  command  of  Pylaemenes.  The  Paphla- 
gonians were  subdued  by  Croesus,  and  after- 
wards formed  part  of  the  Persian  empire. 
0ii  der  the  Romans,  Paphlagonia  formed  part 
of  the  province  of  Galatia,  but  it  was  made  a 
separate  province  by  Constantine. 

PAPHUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Pygmalion,  and 
founder  of  the  city  of  the  same  name.— (2) 
The  name  of  2  towns  on  the  W.  coast  of  Cy- 
prus, called  "  Old  Paphos  "  (na\a«ra0os)  and 
"  New  Paphos,"  the  former  near  the  promon- 
tory of  Zephyrium,  10  stadia  from  the  coast  ; 
the  latter  more  inland,  60  stadia  from  the  for- 
mer. Old  Paphos  was  the  chief  seat  of  the 
worship  of  Aphrodite  (Venus),  who  is  said 
to  have  landed  at  this  place  after  her  birth 
among  the  waves,  and  who  is  hence  frequent- 
ly called  the  Paphian  goddess  (Paphia).  Here 
she  had  a  celebrated  temple,  the  high-priest 
of  which  exercised  a  kind  of  religious  super- 
intendence over  the  whole  island. 

PAPBSttiNUS  (-i),  AEMILIUS,  a  celebra- 
ted Roman  jurist,  was  praefectus  praetorio 
under  the  emperor  Septimius  Sevems,  and 
was  pnt  to  death  by  Caracalla,  A.D.  212. 


PlPlNIUS  STATIUS.    [STATITJS.] 

PAPIRIUS  CARBO.     [CAEBO.] 

PAPIRIUS  CURSOR.    LCTTESOE.] 

PlRAETlCENE  (-es),  a  mountainous  re- 
gion on  the  borders  of  Media  and  Persis. 

PlRAETDNIUM  (-i)  or  AMMONIA  (-ae), 
an  important  city  on  the  N.  coast  of  Africa, 
belonged  politically  to  Egypt :  hence  this  city 
on  the  W.  and  Pelusinm  on  the  E.  are  called 
"corona  Aegypti."  The  adjective  Paraeto- 
niits  is  used  by  the  poets  in  the  general  sense 
of  Egyptian. 

PARCAE.    [MoraAE.] 

PARIS  (-idis).  (1)  Also  called  ALEXAN- 
DER (-dri),  was  the  second  son  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba.  Before  his  birth  Hecnba  dreamed 
that  she  bad  brought  forth  a  fire-brand,  the 
flames  of  which  spread  over  the  whole  city. 
Accordingly,  as  soon  as  the  child  was  born,  he 
was  exposed  on  Mount  Ida,  but  was  brought 
up  by  a  shepherd,  who  gave  him  the  name  of 
Paris.  When  he  had  grown  up,  he  distin- 


Paris.    {Aegina  Marbles.) 


gnished  himself  as  a  valiant  defender  of  the 
nocks  and  shepherds,  and  was  hence  called 
Alexander,  or  the  defender  of  men.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  discovering  his  real  origin,  and 
was  received  by  Priam  as  his  son.  He  mar- 
ried Oenone,  the  daughter  of  the  river  god 
Cebren,  but  he  soon  deserted  her  for  Helen.' 
The  tale  runs  that  when  Pelens  and  Thetis 
solemnized  their  nuptials,  all  the  gods  were 
invited  to  the  marriage  with  the  exception  of 
Eris  (Discordia),  or  Strife.  Enraged  at  her 
exclusion,  the  goddess  threw  a  golden  apple 
among  the  guests,  with  the  inscription  *'  to 
the  fairest."  Thereupon  Hera  (Juno),  Aph- 
rodite (Venus),  and  Athena  (Minerva),  each 
claimed  the  apple  for  herself.  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
ordered  Hermes  (Mercury)  to  take  the  god- 
desses to  Mount  Ida,  and  to  intrust  the  de- 
cision of  the  dispute  to  the  shepherd  Paris. 
The  goddesses  accordingly  appeared  before 
him.  Hera  promised  him  the  sovereignty  of 
Asia,  Athena  renown  in  war,  and  Aphrodite 
the  fairest  of  women  for  his  wife.  Paris  de- 
cided in  favor  of  Aphrodite  and  gave  her  the 


PARISH. 


286 


PAROS. 


golden  apple.  This  judgment  called  forth  in 
ftera  and  Athena  fierce  hatred  against  Troy. 
Under  the  protection  of  Aphrodite,  Paris  now 
sailed  to  Greece,  and  was  hospitably  received 
in  the  palace  of  Menelaus  at  Sparta.  Here 
he  succeeded  in  carrying  off  Helen,  the  wife 
of  Menelaus,  who  was  the  most  beautiful 
woman  in  the  world.  Hence  arose  the  Tro- 
j an  war.  Before  her  marriage  with  Menelaus 
she  had  been  wooed  by  the  noblest  chiefs  of 
all  parts  of  Greece.  Her  former  suitors  now 
resolved  to  revenge  her  abduction,  and  sailed 
against  Troy.  [AGAMEMNON.]  Paris  fought 
with  Menelaus  before  the  walls  of  Troy,  and 
was  defeated,  but  was  carried  off  by  Aphro- 
dite. He  is  said  to  have  killed  Achilles,  either 
by  one  of  his  arrows  or  by  treachery.  [  ACHIL- 
LES.] On  the  capture  of  Troy,  Paris  was 
wounded  by  Philoctetes  with  one  of  the  ar- 
rows of  Hercules,  and  then  returned  to  his 
long -abandoned  wife  Oenone.  But  as  she 
refused  to  heal  the  wound,  Paris  died.  Oeuo- 
ne  quickly  repented,  and  put  an  end  to  her 
own  life.  Paris  is  represented  in  works  of 
art  as  a  beautiful  youth,  without  a  beard,  and 
with  a  Phrygian  cap.— (2)  The  name  of  two 
celebrated  pantomimes,  of  whom  the  elder 
lived  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Nero,  and 
the  younger  in  that  of  Domitian. 

PiRXSlL      [LtTTETIA  PAKISIOfcTTM.] 

PlRlUM  (-i),  a  city  of  Mysia,  on  the  Pro- 
pontis,  founded  by  a  colony  from  Miletus  and 
Paros. 

PARMA  (-ae:  Parma),  a  town  in  Gallia 
Cispadana,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  between  Placentia  and  Mutina,  origi- 
nally a  town  of  the  Boii,  but  made  a  Roman 
colony  K.C.  183.  It  was  celebrated  for  its  wool. 

PARMENIDES  (-is),  a  distinguished  Greek 
philosopher,  was  a  native  of  Elea  in  Italy,  and 
the  founder  of  the  Eleatic  school  of  philoso- 
phy, in  which  he  was  succeeded  by  Zeuo.  He 
was  bom  about  B.O.  513,  and  visited  Athens 
in  44S,  when  he  was  65  years  of  age. 

PARMENION  (-6nis>,  a  distinguished  Mace- 
donian general  in  the  service  of  Philip  and 
Alexander  the  Great  In  Alexander's  inva- 
sion of  Asia,  Parmenion  was  regarded  as  sec- 
ond in  command,  and  is  continually  spoken 
of  as  the  most  attached  of  the  king's  friends. 
But  when  Philotas,  the  son  of  Parmenion, 
was  accused  in  Drangiana  (B.O.  330)  of  being 
privy  to  a  plot  against  the  king's  life,  he  not 
only  confessed  his  own  guilt,  when  put  to  the 
torture,  but  involved  his  father  also  in  the 
plot.  Whether  the  king  really  believed  in 
the  guilt  of  Parmenion,  or  deemed  his  life  a 
necessary  sacrifice  to  policy  after  the  execution 
of  his  son,  he  caused  his  aged  friend  to  be  as- 
sassinated in  Media  before  he  could  receive 
the  tidings  of  his  son's  death. 

PARNASSUS  (-i),  a  range  of  mountains  ex- 
tending S.E.  through  Doris  and  Phocis,  and 
terminating  at  the  Corinthian  gulf  between 
Cirrha  and  Auticyra.  But  the  name  was  more 
usually  restricted  to  the  highest  part  of  the 
range  a  few  miles  N.  of  Delphi.  Its  2  highest 
summits  were  called  Tithorea  and  Lycorea; 
hence  Parnassus  is  frequently  described  by 
the  poets  as  double-headed.  The  sides  of 


Parnassus  were  well  wooded ;  at  its  foot  grew 
myrtle,  laurel,  and  olive  trees,  and  higher  up 
firs ;  and  its  summit  was  covered  with  snow 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  It  con- 
tained numerous  caves,  glens,  and  romantic 
ravines.  It  is  celebrated  as  one  of  the  chief 
seats  of  Apollo  and  the  Muses,  and  an  in- 
spiring source  of  poetry  and  song.  On  Mount 
Lycorea  was  the  Coryciau  cave,  from  which 
the  Muses  are  sometimes  called  the  Corycian 
nymphs.  Just  above  Delphi  was  the  far- 
famed  Castalian  spring,  which  issued  from 
between  2  cliffs,  called  Nauplia  and  Hyamplia. 
These  cliffs  are  frequently  called  by  the  poets 
the  summits  of  Parnassus,  though  they  are 
in  reality  only  small  peaks  at  the  base  of  the 
mountain.  The  mountain  also  was  sacred  to 
Dionysus  (Bacchus),  and  on  one  of  its  summits 
the  Tbyades  held  their  Bacchic  revels.  Be- 
tween Parnassus  proper  and  Mount  Cirphis 
was  the  valley  of  the  Plistus,  through  which 
the  sacred  road  ran  from  Delphi  to  Daulis  and 
Stiris  ;  and  at  the  point  where  the  road 
branched  off  to  these  2  places  (called  <rx«rn/) 
Oedipus  slew  his  father  Laius. 

PARNES  (-ethis),  a  mountain  in  the  N.E. 
of  Attica,  was  a  continuation  of  Mount  Ci- 
thaeron,  and  formed  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Boeotia  and  Attica.  It  was  well  wood- 
ed, abounded  in  game,  and  on  its  lower  slopes 
produced  excellent  wine. 

PlROPAMlSUS  (-i),  the  part  of  the  great 
chain  of  mountains  in  Central  Asia  lying  be- 
tween the  Sariphi  mountains  (M.  ofKohistan) 
on  the  W.  and  Mount  Imaus  (Himalaya)  on 
the  E.,  or  from  about  the  sources  of  the  river 
Margus  on  the  W.  to  the  point  where  the  In- 
dus breaks  through  the  chain  on  the  E.  The 
Greeks  sometimes  called  them  the  Indian 
Caucasus,  a  name  which  has  come  down  to 
our  times  in  the  native  form  of  Hindoo-Koosh. 
Its  inhabitants  were  called  Paromisadae  or 
Paropamisii. 

PlROS  (-i),  an  island  in  the  Aegaean  sea, 
one  of  the  larger  of  the  Cyclades,  was  situated 
S.  of  Delos  and  W.  of  Naxos,  being  separated 
from  the  latter  by  a  channel  5  or  6  miles  wide. 
It  is  about  36  miles  in  circumference.  It  was 
inhabited  by  lonians,  and  became  so  prosper- 
ous, even  at  an  early  period,  as  to  send  out 
colonies  to  Thasos  and  to  Parinm  on  the  Pro- 
poutis.  In  the  first  invasion  of  Greece  by 
the  generals  of  Darius,  Paros  submitted  to 
the  Persians ;  and  after  the  battle  of  Mara- 
thon Miltiades  attempted  to  reduce  the  isl- 
and, but  failed  in  his  attempt,  and  received  a 
wound  of  which  he  died.  [MILTIADES.]  After, 
the  defeat  of  Xerxes,  Paros  came  under  the 
supremacy  of  Athens,  and  shared  the  fate  of 
the  other  Cyclades.  The  most  celebrated 
production  of  Paros  was  its  marble,  which 
was  extensively  used  by  the  ancient  sculptors. 
It  was  chiefly  obtained  from  a  mountain 
called  Marpessa.  Paros  was  the  birthplace 
of  the  poet  Archilochus.— In  Paros  was  dis- 
covered the  celebrated  inscription  called  the 
Parian  Chronicle,  which  is  now  preserved  at 
Oxford.  In  its  perfect  state  it  contained  a 
chronological  account  of  the  principal  events 
in  Greek  history  from  Cecrops,  B.O.  1582,  to 
the  archonship  of  Diognetus,  B.O.  264 


PARRHASIA. 


287 


PARTHIA. 


PARRHASIA  (-ae),  a  district  in  the  S.  of 
Arcadia.  The  adjective  Parrhasim  is  fre- 
quently used  by  the  poets  as  equivalent  to 
Arcadian. 

PARRHISIUS  (-i),  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated Greek  painters,  was  a  native  of  Ephe- 
sus,  but  practiced  his  art  chiefly  at  Athens. 
He  flourished  about  B.C.  400.  Respecting  the 
story  of  his_  contest  with  Zeusis,  see  ZEUXIS. 

PARTHENI.    [PABTHINI.] 

PARTHENIUM  (-i).  (1)  A  town  in  Mysla, 
S.  of  Pergamum.— (2)  A  promontory  in  the 
Chersonesus  Taurica,  on  which  stood  a  temple 
of  the  Tauric  Artemis  (Diana),  from  whom  it 
derived  its  name.  It  was  in  this  temple  that 
human  sacrifices  were  offered  to  the  goddess. 

PARTHENIUS  <-i).  (1)  Of  Nicaea,  a  cele- 
brated grammarian,  who  taught  Virgil  Greek. 
-—(2)  A  mountain  on  the  frontiers  of  Argolis 
and  Arcadia.  It  was  on  this  mountain  that 
Telephus,  the  son  of  Hercules  and  Auge,  was 
suckled  by  a  hind ;  and  here  also  the  god  Pan 
appeared  to  Phidippides,  the  Athenian  couri- 
er, shortly  before  the  battle  of  Marathon.— (3) 
The  chief  river  of  Paphlagouia,  flowing  into 
the  Euxiue,  and  forming  iu  the  lower  part  of 
its  course  the  boundary  between  Bithynia 
and  Paphlagonia. 

PARTHENON  (-onis:  i.  e.  the  virgin's  cham- 
ber), the  usual  name  of  the  temple  of  Athena 
(Minerva)  Parthenos  on  the  Acropolis  of 
Athens.  It  was  erected  under  the  adminis- 
tration of  Pericles,  and  was  dedicated  B.C.  438. 
Its  architects  were  Ictinus  and  Calibrates, 
but  all  the  works  were  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Phidias.  It  was  built  entirely  of  Pen- 
telic  marble ;  its  dimensions  were  227  English 
feet  long,  101  broad,  and  65  high ;  it  was  50 
feet  longer  than  the  edifice  which  preceded  it. 
Its  architecture  was  of  the  Boric  order,  and 
of  the  purest  kind.  It  consisted  of  an  oblong 
central  building  (the  cella),  surrounded  on  all 
sides  by  a  peristyle  of  pillars.  The  cella  was 
divided  into  2  chambers  of  unequal  size,  the 
prodomics  or  pronaos  and  the  opisthodomus  or 


posticwn;  the  former,  which  was  the  larger, 
contained  the  statue  of  the  goddess,  and  was 
the  true  sanctuary,  the  latter  being  probably 
used  as  a  treasury  and  vestry.  It  was  adorned, 
within  and  without,  with  colors  and  gilding, 
and  with  sculptures  which  are  regarded  as 
the  masterpieces  of  ancient  art.  (1.)  The 
tympana  of  the  pediments  were  filled  with 
groups  of  detached  colossal  statues,  those  of 
the  E.  or  principal  front  representing  the 
birth  of  Athena,  and  those  of  the  W.  front  the 
contest  between  Athena  and  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) for  the  land  of  Attica.  (2.)  In  the  fries* 
of  the  entablature,  the  metopes  were  filled  with 
sculptures  in  high  relief,  representing  subjects 
from  the  Attic  mythology,  among  which  the 
battle  of  the  Athenians  with  the  Centaurs 
forms  the  subject  of  the  15  metopes  from  the 
S.  side,  which  are  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
(3.)  Along  the  top  of  the  external  wall  of  the 
cella,  under  the  ceiling  of  the  peristyle,  ran  a 
frieze  sculptured  with  a  representation  of  the 
Panathenuic  procession,  in  very  low  relief. 
A  large  number  of  the  slabs  of  this  frieze 
were  brought  to  England  by  Lord  Elgin,  with 
the  15  metopes  just  mentioned,  and  a  consid- 
erable number  of  other  fragments,  including 
some  of  the  most  important,  though  mutilated, 
statues  from  the  pediments ;  and  the  whole 
collection  was  purchased  by  the  nation  in 
1S16,  and  deposited  in  the  British  Museum. 
The  worst  of  the  injuries  which  the  Parthenon 
has  suffered  from  war  and  pillage  was  inflicted 
in  the  siege  of  Athens  by  the  Venetians  in 
16ST,  when  a  bomb  exploded  in  the  very  cen- 
tre of  the  Parthenon,  and  threw  down  much 
of  both  the  side  walls.  Its  ruins  are  still, 
however,  in  sufficient  preservation  to  give  a 
good  idea  of  the  construction  of  all  its  prin- 
cipal parts. 

PARTHSNOPAEI7S  (-i),  son  of  Meleager 
and  Atalanta,  and  one  of  the  7  heroes  who 
marched  against  Thebes.  [ADBASTUS.} 

PARTHENQPE.    [NEAPOLIS.] 

PARTHlA,  PARTEtAE A  <-ae),  PARTHj- 


The  Parthenon. 


PATHINI. 


288 


PATULCIUS. 


SNB  (-es :  JTftoroMan),  a  country  of  Asia,  to 
the  S.E.  of  the  Caspian,  originally  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Hyrcania,  on  the  E.  by  Aria, 
on  the  S.  by  Carmania,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Media.  The  Parthians  were  a  very  warlike 
people,  and  were  especially  celebrated  as 
horse-archers.  Their  tactics  became  so  cele- 
brated as  to  pass  into  a  proverb.  Their  mail- 
clad  horsemen  spread  like  a  cloud  round  the 
hostile  army,  and  poured  in  a  shower  of  darts, 
and  then  evaded  any  closer  conflict  by  a  rapid 
flight,  during  which  they  still  shot  their  arrows 
backwards  upon  the  enemy.  The  Parthians 
were  subject  successively  to  the  Persians  and 
to  the  Greek  kings  of  Syria ;  but  about  B.C. 
260  they  revolted  from  the  Seleucidae,  under 
a  chieftain  named  Arsaces,  who  founded  an 
independent  monarchy.  Their  empire  ex- 
tended over  Asia  from  the  Euphrates  to  the 
Indus,  and  from  the  Indian  Ocean  to  the 
Paropamisus,  or  even  to  the  Oxus.  The  his- 
tory of  their  empire  till  its  overthrow  ky  the 
Persians  in  A.D.  226  is  given  tinder  ABBACIES. 
The  Lathi  poets  of  the  Augustan  ase  use  the 
names  Parthi,  Persae,  and  Medi  indifferently. 

PATHINI  or  PARTHENI  (-orum),  an 
Illyrian  people  in  the  neighborhood  of  Dyr- 
rhachimn. 

PARYADRES,  a  mountain  chain  of  Asia, 
connecting  the  Taurus  and  the  mountains  of 
Armenia,  was  considered  as  the  boundary 
between  Cappadocia  and  Armenia. 

PARYSXTIS  (-Idis),  daughterof  Artaxerxes 
I.  Longimanus,  king  of  Persia,  and  wife  of 
her  own  brother  Darius  Ochns,  and  mother  of 
Artaxerxes  Mnemon  and  Cyrus.  She  sup- 
ported the  latter  in  his  rebellion  against  his 
brother  Artaxerxes,  B.C.  401.  [CYRUS.]  She 
afterwards  poisoned  Statira,  the  wife  of  Ar- 
taxerxes, and  induced  the  king  to  put  Tissa- 
phernes  to  death,  whom  she  hated  as  having 
been  the  first  to  discover  the  designs  of  Cyrus 
to  his  brother. 

PISARGADA  <-ae)  or  -AE  (-arum),  the 
older  of  the  2  capitals  of  Persis  (the  other 
and  later  being  Persepolis),  is  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  Cyrus  the  Great  on  the  spot 
where  he  gained  his  great  victory  over  As- 
tyages.  The  tomb  of  Cyrus  stood  here  in 
the  midst  of  a  beautiful  park.  The  exact 
site  is  doubtful.  Most  modern  geographers 
identify  it  with  Murghdb,  N.E.  of  Persepolis, 
where  there  are  the  remains  of  a  great  sepul- 
chral monument  of  the  ancient  Persians. 

PISIPHAE  (-es),  daughter  of  Helios  (the 
San)  and  Perseis,  wife  of  Minos,  and  mother 
of  Androgeos,  Ariadne,  and  Phaedra.  Hence 
Phaedra  is  called  Pd»lpkd3ta  by  Ovid.  Pasi- 
pbae  was  also  the  mother  of  the  Minotaurus, 
respecting  whom  see  p.  257. 

PISITHEA  (-ae),  or  P5. SlTHEE  (-es),  one 
of  the  Charites,  or  Graces,  also  called  Aglaia. 

PASPTIGRIS  (-idis),  a  river  rising  on  the 
confines  of  Media  and  Persis,  and  flowing 
through  Susiana  into  the  head  of  the  Persian 
gulf,  after  receiving  the  Enlaeus  on  its  W. 
side.  Some  geographers  make  the  Pasitigris 
a  tributary  of  the  Tigris. 

PASSlRON  (-onis),  a  town  of  Epirus  in 


Molossia,  and  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Mo- 
lossian  kings. 
PATXLA,  PATlLENE.     [PATTALA,  PAT- 

TALENE.] 

PATARA  (-ae),  one  of  the  chief  cities  of 
Lycia,  situated  on  the  coast  a  few  miles  E. 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Xanthus.  It  was  early 
colonized  by  Dorians  from  Crete,  and  became 
a  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Apollo,  who 
had  here  a  very  celebrated  oracle,  which  ut- 
tered responses  in  the  winter  only.  Hence 
Apollo  is  called  by  Horace  "  Delius  et  Fata* 
reus  Apollo." 

PAT&VIUM  (-i:  Padua),  an  ancient  town 
of  the  Veneti  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  on  the  Medoa- 
cus  Minor,  and  on  the  road  from  Mutina  to 
Altmum,  said  to  save  been  founded  by  the 
Trojan  Antenor.  Under  the  Romans  it  was 
the  most  important  city  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  and 
by  its  commerce  and  manufactures  (of  which 
its  woolen  stuffs  were  the  most  celebrated)  it 
attained  great  opulence.  It  is  celebrated  as 
the  birthplace  of  the  historian  Livy. 

PATERCffLUS  (-i),C.VELLElUS,  aRoman 
historian,  served  under  Tiberius  in  his  cam- 
paigns in  Germany  in  the  reign  of  Augustus, 
and  lived  at  least  as  late  as  A.D.  30,  as  he 
dedicated  his  history  to  M.  Vinicius,  who  was 
consul  in  that  year.  This  work  is  a  brief 
compendium  of  Roman  history,  commencing 
with  the  destruction  of  Troy,  and  ending 
withA.T>.30. 

PATMOS  (-i),  one  of  the  islands  called 
Sporades,  in  the  Icarian  sea,  celebrated  as 
the  place  to  which  the  Apostle  John  was 
banished,  and  in  which  he  wrote  the  Apoca- 
lypse. 

PATRAE  (-arum:  Patros),  one  of  the  12 
cities  of  Achaia,  situated  W.  of  Rhium,  near 
the  opening  of  the  Corinthian  gulf.  Augustus 
made  it  the  chief  city  of  Achaia. 

PATROCLUS  (-i),  sometimes  PATROCLES 
(-is),  son  of  Menoetius  of  Opus  and  Sthenele, 
and  grandson  of  Actor  and  Aegina,  whence 
he  is  called  Actorldes.  Having  involuntarily 
committed  murder  while  a  boy,  his  father 
took  him  to  Peleus  at  Phthia,  where  he  be- 
came the  intimate  friend  of  Achilles.  He 
accompanied  the  latter  to  the  Trojan  wars, 
but  when  his  friend  withdrew  from  the  scene 
of  action,  Patroclus  followed  his  example. 
But  he  afterwards  obtained  permission  to 
lead  the  Myrmidons  to  the  fight  when  the 
Greeks  were  hard  pressed  by  the  Trojans. 
Achilles  equipped  him  with  his  own  armor 
and  arms;  and  Patroclus  succeeded  in  driv- 
ing the  Trojans  back  to  their  walls,  where  he 
was  slain  by  Hector.  The  desire  of  aveng- 
ing the  death  of  Patroclus  led  Achilles  agam 
into  the  field.  [ACHILLES.] 

PATTlLA.    [PATTALENE.] 

PATTlLENS  or  PiTALENl  (-es),  the 
name  of  the  great  delta  formed  by  the  2  prin- 
cipal arms  by  which  the  Indus  falls  into  the 
sea.  At  the  apex  of  the  delta  stood  the  city 
Pattala  or  P£tala,  the  Sanscrit  patdla,  which 
means  the  W.  country,  and  is  applied  to  the 
W.  part  of  N.  India  about  the  Indus,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  E.  part  about  the  Gange 

PlTULCfUS. 


PAULINUS. 


289 


PEDUM. 


PAULINUS  (-i),  C.  SUETONIUS,  governor 
of  Britain  A.D.  59-62,  during  which  time  the 
Britons  rose  in  rebellion  under  Boadicea. 
[BoADiOEA.]  In  66  he  was  consul ;  and  after 
She  death  of  Nero  in  6S  he  was  one  of  Otho's 
generals  in  the  war  against  Vitellius. 

PAULUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  celebrated  pa- 
trician family  in  the  Aemilia  gens.— (1)  L. 
AEMILIUS  PATTUJS,  consul  B.O.  219,  when  he 
conquered  Demetrius  of  the  island  of  Pharos 
in  the  Adriatic,  and  compelled  him  to  fly  for 
refuge  to  Philip,  king  of  Macedonia.  He  was 
consul  a  2d  time  in  B.O.  216,  with  C.  Teren- 
tius  Varro.  This  was  the  year  of  the  memo- 
rable defeat  at  Cannae.  [HANNIBAL.]  The 
battle  was  fought  against  the  advice  of  Paulus, 
and  he  was  one  of  the  many  distinguished 
Homans  who  perished  in  the  engagement, 
refusing  to  fly  from  the  field  when  a  tribune 
of  the  soldiers  offered  him  his  horse.  Hence 
we  find  in  Horace, "  animaeque  magnne  pro- 
digum  Panluin  superante  Poeno."  Paulus 
was  a  stanch  adherent  of  the  aristocracy, 
and  was  raised  to  the  consulship  by  the  latter 
party  to  counterbalance  the  influence  of  the 
plebeian  Terentius  Varro.— (2)  L.  AEMILIUS 
PAULUS,  surnamed  MAOEPONIOUS,  sou  of  the 
preceding,  consul  for  the  first  time  B.C.  181, 
and  a  second  time  in  16S,  when  he  brought 
the  war  against  Perseus  to  a  conclusion  by 
the  defeat  of  the  Macedonian  monarch  near 
Pydna,  on  the  22d  of  June.  [PERSEUS.]  Be- 
fore leaving  Greece,  Paulns  marched  into  Epi- 
rus,  where,  in  accordance  with  a  cruel  com- 
mand of  the  senate,  he  gave  to  his  soldiers  70 
towns  to  be  pillaged,  because  they  had  been 
m  alliance  with  Perseus.  He  was  censor  with 
Q.  Marcius  Philippus  in  164,  and  died  in  160, 
after  a  long  and  tedious  illness.  The  Adel- 
phi  of  Terence  was  brought  out  at  the  funeral 
games  exhibited  in  his  honor.  Two  of  his 
eons  were  adopted  into  other  families,  and 
are  known  in  history  by  the  names  of  Q.  Fa- 
bius  Maximus  and  P.  Scipio  Africanus  the 
younger. 

PAULUS  (-i),  JtMUS,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  of  the  Roman  jurists,  was  prae- 
fectus  praetorio  under  the  emperor  Alexander 
Severus. 

PAUSlNilS  (-ae).  (1)  Son  of  Cleombro- 
tus  and  nephew  of  Leonidas.  Several  writers 
incorrectly  call  him  king;  bnt  he  was  only 
agent  for  his  cousin  Plistarchus,  the  infant 
son  of  Leonidas.  He  commanded  the  allied 
forces  of  the  Greeks  at  the  battle  of  Plataea, 
B.O.  479,  and  subsequently  captured  Byzan- 
tium, which  had  been  in  the  hands  of  the 
Persians.  Dazzled  by  his  success  and  repu- 
tation, he  now  aimed  at  becoming  tyrant 
over  the  whole  of  Greece,  with  the  assistance 
of  the  Persian  king,  who  promised  him  his 
daughter  in  marriage.  His  conduct  became 
so  arrogant  that  all  the  allies,  except  the  Pe- 
loponnesians  and  Aeginetans,  voluntarily  of- 
fered to  transfer  to  the  Athenians  that  pre- 
eminence of  rank  which  Sparta  had  hitherto 
enjoyed.  In  this  way  the  Athenian  confed- 
eracy first  took  its  rise.  Reports  of  the  con 
duct  and  designs  of  Pausanias  having  reach 
ed  Sparta,  he  was  recalled ;  and  the  ephors 
accidentally  obtained  proofs  of  his  treason. 


A  man  who  was  charged  with  a  letter  to  Per* 
sia  having  his  suspicions  awakened  by  notic- 
ing that  none  of  those  sent  on  similar  er- 
rands had  returned,  counterfeited  the  seal  of 
Paosanias,  and  opened  the  letter,  in  which  he 
found  directions  for  his  own  death.  He  car- 
ried the  letter  to  the  ephors,  who  prepared  to 
arrest  Pausanias,  bnt  he  took  reinge  in  the 
temple  of  Athena  (Minerva).  The  ephors 
stripped  off  the  roof  of  the  temple,  and  builfc 
up  the  door;  the  aged  mother  of  Pausanias 
is  said  to  have  been  among  the  first  who  laid 
a  stone  for  this  purpose.  When  he  was  on 
the  point  of  expiring,  the  ephors  took  him 
oat,  lest  his  death  should  pollute  the  sanctu- 
ary. He  died  as  soon  as  ne  got  outside,  B.C. 
470.— (2)  Son  of  Plistoanax,  and  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  was  king  of  Sparta  from  K.O. 
40S  to  394.— (3)  A  Macedonian  youth  of  dis- 
tinguished family.  Having  been  shamefully 
treated  by  Attalus,  he  complained  of  the  out- 
rage to  Philip ;  but  as  Philip  took  no  notice 
of  his  complaints,  he  directed  his  vengeance 
against  the  king  himself,  whom  he  murdered 
at  the  festival  held  at  Aegae,  B.C.  336.— (4) 
The  traveler  and  geographer,  perhaps  a  na- 
tive of  Lydia,  lived  under  Antoninus  Pius 
and  M.  Anrelius.  His  work,  entitled  a  Peri- 
egesis  or  Itinerary  of  Greece,  is  in  10  books, 
and  contains  a  description  of  Attica  and  Me- 


garis  (i.) ;  Corinthia,  Sicyonia,  Phliasia,  and 
Argolis  (ii.) ;  Laconica  (iii.),  Messenia  (iv.), 
Elis  (v.,  vi.),  Achaea  (vii.),  Arcadia  (viii.), 
Boeotia  (ix.),  Phocis  (x.).  The  work  shows 


that  Pausanias  visited  most  of  the  places  in 
these  divisions  of  Greece,  a  fact  which  is 
clearly  demonstrated  by  the  minuteness  and 
particularity  of  his  descriptions. 

PAUSlAS  (-ae),  a  native  of  Sicyon,  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  Greek  painters,  was 
contemporary  with  Apelles,  and  flourished 
about  B.O.  360-330. 

PAUSIL¥PUM.  [NEAPOMS.] 

PXVOR  (-oris),  i.  e.  Pear,  the  attendant  of 
Mars. 

PAX  (Pacis),  the  goddess  of  peace,  called 
IRENE  by  the  Greeks.  [IKENE.] 

PED&SA  (-orum)  or  PEDASUM  (-i),  a  very 
ancient  city  of  Caria,  originally  a  chief  abode 
of  the  Leleges. 

PEDASUS  (-i),  a  town  of  Mysia,  on  the 
SatnioTs,  mentioned  several  times  by  Homer. 

PEDlANUS,  ASCONlUS.    [Ascoxius,] 

PEDlUS  (-i),  Q.,  the  great-nephew  of  the 
dictator  C.  Julius  Caesar,  being  the  grandson 
of  Julia,  Caesar's  eldest  sister.  He  served  un- 
der Caesar  in  the  civil  war,  and  in  Caesar's 
will  was  named  one  of  his  heirs.  After  the 
fall  of  the  consuls  Hirtius  and  Pansa  at  the 
battle  of  Mutina  (in  April,  B.C.  43),  Octavius 
marched  upon  Rome  at  the  head  of  an  army; 
and  in  the  month  of  August  he  was  elected 
consul  along  with  Pedius,  who  died  towards 
the  end  of  the  year,  shortly  after  the  news  of 
the  proscription  had  reached  Rome. 

PEDNEUSSUS  (-i),  a  city  in  the  interior 
ofPisidia. 

PfiDO  ALB1N5VANUS.    [ALBINOVAKUS.J 

PEDUM  (-i),  an  ancient  town  of  Latium,  oa 


PEGAE. 


290 


PELIAS. 


the  Via  Lavicana,  which  fell  into  decay  at  an 
early  period. 

PSGAE.      [PAGAE.] 

was  applied  to  the  foun  tain  Hippocreno,  which 
was  culled  forth  by  the  hoof  of  Pegasus.  The 
Muses  are  also  called  Pegdsbdes,  because  the 
fountain  Hippocrene  was  sacred  to  them.  Oe- 
none  is  also  called  Peg&sis,  simply  as  a  fount- 
ain nymph  (from  Trn-w). 

PEGlSUS  <-i),  the  winged  horse  which 
sprang  from  the  blood  of  Medusa  when  her 
head  was  struck  off  by  Perseus.  He  was  call- 
ed Pegasus  because  he  made  his  appearance 
near  the  sources  (irfaaO  of  Oceanus.  While 
drinking  at  the  fountain  of  Pirene,  on  the 
Acrocorinthus,  he  was  caught  by  Bellerophon 
with  a  golden  bridle,  which  Athena  (Minerva) 
had  given  the  hero.  With  the  assistance  of 
Pegasus  Bellerophon  conquered  the  Chimae- 
ra,but,  endeavoring  to  ascend  to  heaven  upon 
his  winged  horse,  he  fell  down  upon  the  earth. 
[BEIXEROPHON.]  Pegasus,  however,  contin- 
ued his  flight  to  heaven,  where  he  dwelt 
among  the  stars. — Pegasus  was  also  regarded 
as  the  horse  of  the  Muses,  and  in  this  connec- 
tion is  more  celebrated  in  modern  times  than 
in  antiquity ;  for  with  the  ancients  he  had  no 
connection  with  the  Muses,  except  producing 
with  his  hoof  the  inspiring  fountain  Hippo- 
crene. Pegasus  is  often  represented  in  an- 
cient works  of  art  along  with  Athena  and 
Bellerophon.  [See  drawings  on  pp.  79,  SO,  112.] 


Pegasus.    (Coin  of  Corinth,  in  the  British  Museum.) 


PBLIG5NIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  district  and  city 
in  Macedonia,  inhabited  by  the  Pelagones, 
and  situated  S.  of  Paeonia,  upon  the  Erigon. 
—(2)  A  district  in  Thessaly,  situated  W.  of 
Olympus,  and  belonging  to  Perrhaebia. 

PfiLASGI  (-orum),  the  earliest  inhabitants 
of  Greece,  who  established  the  worship  of  the 
Dodonaean  Zeus  (Jupiter),  Hephaestus  (Vul- 
can), the  Cabiri,  and  other  divinities  belong- 
ing to  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  the  country. 
They  claimed  descent  from  a  mythical  hero, 
Pel%sgus,  of  whom  we  have  different  accounts 
in  i  Jie  different  parts  of  Greece  inhabited  by 
Pelasgians.  The  nation  was  widely  spread 
over  Greece  and  the  islands  of  the  Grecian 
archipelago ;  and  the  name  of  Pelasgia  was 
given,  at  one  time,  to  Greece.  One  of  the 
most  ancient  traditions  represented  Pelasgus 
as  a  descendant  of  Phoroneus,  king  of  Ar- 
gos ;  and  it  was  generally  believed  by  the 
Greeks  that  the  Pelasgi  spread  from  Argos 
to  the  other  countries  of  Greece.  Arcadia, 
Attica,  Epirus,  and  Thessaly  were,  in  addi- 
tion to  Argos,  some  of  the  principal  seats  of 
the  Pelasgi.  They  were  also  found  on  the 
coasts  of  Asia  Minor,  and,  according  to  some 


writers,  in  Italy  as  well.  Of  the  language, 
habits,  and  civilization  of  this  people  we  pos- 
sess no  certain  knowledge.  Herodotus  says 
they  spoke  a  barbarous  language— that  is,  a 
language  not  Greek;  but  from  the  facility 
with  which  the  Greek  and  Pelasgic  languages 
coalesced  in  all  parts  of  Greece,  and  from  the 
fact  that  the  Athenians  and  Arcadians  are 
said  to  have  been  of  pure  Pelasgic  origin,  it 
is  probable  that  the  two  languages  had  a 
close  affinity.  The  Pelasgi  are  further  said 
to  have  been  an  agricultural  people,  and  to 
have  possessed  a  considerable  knowledge  of 
the  useful  arts.  The  most  ancient  architect- 
ural remains  of  Greece— such  as  the  treasury, 
or  tomb  of  Athens,  at  Mycenae-— are  ascribed 
to  the  Pelasgians,  and  are  cited  as  specimens 
of  Pelasgiau  architecture,  though  there  is  no 
positive  authority  for  these  statements. 

PSLASGiOTlS,  a  district  in  Thessaly,  be- 
tween Hestiaeotis  and  Magnesia.  [THESSA- 

L1A.] 

PELASGUS.    [PELASQi.] 

PELETHKONIUM  (-i),  a  mountainous  dis- 
trict in  Thessaly,  part  of  Mount  Pelion,  where 
the  Lapithae  dwelt. 

PELEUS  (gen.  -SSs  or  el,  ace.  PelSa,  voc. 
Peleu,  all.  Pele"o),  son  of  Aeacus  and  Eudeis, 
and  king  of  the  Myrmidons  at  Phthia  in 
Thessaly.  Having,  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother  Telamon,  murdered  his  half-brother 
Phocus,  he  was  expelled  by  Aeacus  from  Ae- 
giua,  and  went  to  Phthia  in  Thessaly.  Here 
he  was  purified  from  the  murder  by  Eurytion, 
the  son  of  Actor,  who  gave  Peleus  his  daugh- 
ter Antigdne"  in  marriage,  and  a  third  part  of 
his  kingdom.  Peleus  accompanied  Eurytion 
to  the  Calydonian  hunt ;  but  having  involun- 
tarily killed  his  father-in-law  with  nis  spear, 
he  became  a  wanderer  a  second  time.  He 
now  took  refuge  at  lolcus,  where  he  was 
again  purified  by  Acastus,  the  king  of  the 
place.  Here  he  was  falsely  accused  T>y  Asty- 
damia,  the  wife  of  Acastus,  and  in  conse- 
quence nearly  perished  on  Mount  Pelion. 
[AoASTus.]  while  on  Mount  Pelion,  Pelens 
married  the  Nereid  Thetis.  She  was  destined 
to  marry  a  mortal ;  but  having  the  power,  like 
Proteus,  of  assuming  any  form  she  pleased, 
she  endeavored  in  this  way  to  escape  from  Pe- 
leus. The  latter,  however,  previously  taught 
by  Chiron,  held  the  goddess  fast  till  she 
promised  to  marry  him.  The  gods  took  part 
in  the  marriage  solemnity,  and  Eris  or  Strife 
was  the  only  goddess  who  was  not  invited  to 
the  nuptials.  By  Thetis  Peleus  became  the 
father  of  Achilles.  Peleus  was  too  old  to  ac- 
company Achilles  against  Troy ;  he  remained 
at  home,  and  survived  the  death  of  his  son. 

PfiLllDES.      [PELIA8.] 

PfiLlAS  (-ae),  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Tyro,  a  daughter  of  Salmoneus,  and  twin- 
brother  of  Neleus.  The  twins  were  exposed 
by  their  mother,  but  they  were  preserved  and 
reared  by  some  countrymen.  They  subse- 
quently learned  their  parentage,  and  after 
the  death  of  Cretheus,  king  of  lolcus,  who 
had  married  their  mother,  they  seized  the 
throne  of  lolcus,  to  the  exclusion  of  Aeson-, 
the  son  of  Cretheus  and  Tyro.  Pelias  soon 


PELIDES. 


291 


PELOPS. 


afterwards  expelled  his  own  brother  Neleus,  J 
and  thus  became  sole  ruler  of  lolcus.  After  i 
Pelias  had  long  reigned  there,  Jason,  the  son  I 
of  Aeson,  came  to  lolcus  and  claimed  the 
kingdom  as  his  right.  In  order  to  get  rid  of 
him,  Pelias  sent  him  to  Colchis  to  fetch  the 
golden  fleece.  Hence  arose  the  celebrated 
expedition  of  the  Argonauts.  After  the  re- 
turn of  Jason,  Pelias  was  cut  to  pieces  and 
boiled  by  his  own  daughters  (the  P&iddea), 
who  had  been  told  by  Medea  that  in  this 
manner  they  might  restore  their  father  to 
vigor  and  youth.  His  son  Acastus  held  fune- 
ral games  in  his  honor  at  lolcas,  and  expelled 
Jason  and  Medea  from  the  country.  [JASON  ; 
MEDEA;  AEGONAUTAE.]  Among  the  daughters 
of  Pelias  was  Alcestis,  the  wife  of  Admetus. 

PEIIDES  (-ae),  the  son  of  Peleus,  i.e.  Achil- 
les^ 

PELIGNI  (-drum),  a  brave  and  warlike  peo- 
ple, of  Sabine  origin,  in  Central  Italy,  bound- 
ed by  the  Marsi,  the  Marrucini,  the  Samnites, 
and  the  Frentani.  They  took  an  active  part 
in  the  Social  war  (90-89),  and  their  chief  town, 
Cornnium,  was  destined  by  the  allies  to  be 
the  new  capital  of  Italy  in  place  of  Rome. 

PELION,  more  rarely  PELIOS  (-ii),  a  lofty 
range  of  mountains  in  Thessaly,  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Magnesia,  situated  between  the  lake 
Boebeis  and  the  Pagasaean  gulf.  Its  sides 
were  covered  with  wood,  and  on  its  summit 
was  a  temple  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  Actaeus. 
Mount  Peliou  was  celebrated  in  mythology. 
Near  its  summit  was  the  cave  of  the  Centaur 
Chiron.  The  giants,  in  their  war  with  the 
gods,  are  said  to  have  attempted  to  heap  Ossa 
and  Olympus  on  Pelion,  or  Pelion  and  Ossa 
on  Olympus,  in  order  to  scale  heaven.  On 
Pelion  the  timber  was  felled  with  which  the 
ship  Argo  was  built 

FELLA  (-ae).  (1)  An  ancient  town  of  Mace- 
donia, in  the  district  Bottiaea,  situated  upon 
a  lake  formed  by  the  river  Lydias.  Philip 
made  it  his  residence  and  the  capital  of  the 
Macedonian  monarchy.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Alexander  the  Great.  Hence  the 
poets  give  the  surname  ofPellaea  to  Alexan- 
dria in  Egypt,  because  it  was  founded  by  Al- 
exander the  Great,  and  also  use  the  word  in 
a  general  sense  as  equivalent  to  Egyptian.— 
(2)  A  city  of  Palestine,  E.  of  the  Jordan,  in 
Peraea.  It  was  the  place  of  refuge  of  the 
Christians  who  fled  from  Jerusalem  before 
its  capture  by  the  Romans. 

PELLENE  (-es),  the  most  easterly  of  the  12 
cities  of  Achaia.  near  the  frontiers  of  Sicyo- 
nia,  and  situated  on  a  hill  60  stadia  from  the 
city.  The  inhabitants  of  the  peninsula  of 
Pallene,  in  Macedonia,  professed  to  be  de- 
scended from  the  Pellenaeans  in  Achaia,  who 
were  shipwrecked  on  the  Macedonian  coast 
on  their  return  from  Troy. 

PELOPEA  or  PELOPIA  (-ae),  daughter  of 
Thyestes  and  mother  of  Aegisthus.  [AEGIS- 
THUS.] 

PELOPlDAS  (-ae),  a  celebrated  Theban 
general,  and  an  intimate  friend  of  Epaminon- 
das.  He  took  a  leading  part  in  expelling  the 
Spartans  from  Thebes,  B.O.  379 ;  and  from  this 
time  until  his  death  there  was  not  a  year  in 


which  he  was  not  intrusted  with  some  im- 
portant command.  He  was  slain  in  battle  at 
Cynoscephalae  in  Thessaly,  fighting  against 
Alexander  of  Pherae,  B.C.  364. 

PELOPONNESUS  (-i:  Jforea),  the  S.  part 
of  Greece,  or  the  peninsula,  which  was  con- 
nected with  Hellas  proper  by  the  isthmus  of 
Corinth.  It  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name 
—Peloponnesus,  or  the  "island  of  Pelops"— 
from  the  mythical  Pelops.  CPELOPS.]  This 
name  does  not  occur  in  Homer.  In  his  time 
the  peninsula  was  sometimes  called  Apia, 
from  Apis,  son  of  Phoroneus,  king  of  Ar«?os : 
and  sometimes  Anjos;  which  names  were 
given  to  it  on  account  of  Argos  being  the 
chief  power  in  Peloponnesus  at  that  period. 
On  the  E.  and  S.  there  are  3  great  gulfs— the 
Argolic,  Laconian,  and  Messenian.  The  an- 
cients compared  the  shape  of  the  country  to 
the  leaf  of  a  plane-tree ;  and  its  modern  name, 
the  Jforea,  which  first  occurs  in  thel2th  cent- 
ury of  the  Christian  era,  was  given  to  it  on 
account  of  its  resemblance  to  a  mulberry- 
leaf.  Peloponnesus  was  divided  into  various 
provinces,  all  of  which  were  bounded  on  one 
side  by  the  sea,  with  the  exception  of  ARCA- 
DIA, which  was  in  the  centre  of  the  country. 
These  provinces  were  AOHAIA  in  the  !NM  EI.IS 
in  the  W.,  MESSENIA  in  the  W.  and  S.,  LACO- 
NIA  in  the  S.  andE.,  and  COEINTHIA  in  the  E. 
and  N.  An  account  of  the  geography  of  the 
peninsula  is  given  under  these  names.  The 
area  of  Peloponnesus  is  computed  to  be  7779 
English  miles,  and  it  probably  contained  a 
population  of  upwards  of  a  million,  in  the 
flourishing  period  of  Greek  history.— Pelo- 
ponnesus was  originally  inhabited  by  Pelas- 
gians.  Subsequently  the  Achaeaiis,  who  be- 
longed to  the  Aeolic  race,  settled  in  the  E. 
and  S.  parts  of  the  peninsula,  in  Argolis,  La- 
conia,  and  Messenia ;  and  the  lonians  in  the 
N.  part,  in  Achaia ;  while  the  remains  of  the 
original  inhabitants  of  the  country,  the  Pelas- 
gia'ns,  collected  chiefly  in  the  central  part,  in 
Arcadia.  Eighty  years  after  the  Trojan  war, 
according  to  mythical  chronology,  the  Do- 
rians, under  the  conduct  of  the  Heraclidae, 
invaded  and  conquered  Peloponnesus,  and 
established  Boric  states  in  Argolis,  Lacouia, 
and  Messenia,  from  whence  they  extended 
their  power  over  Corinth,  Sicyon,  and  Megara. 
Part  of  the  Achaean  population  remained  in 
these  provinces  as  tributary  subjects  to  the 
Dorians,  under  the  name  of  Perioeci ;  while 
others  of  the  Achaeans  passed  over  to  the 
N.  of  Peloponnesus,  expelled  the  lonians,  and 
settled  in  this  part  of  the  country,  which  was 
called  after  them  Achaia.  The  Aetolians, 
who  had  invaded  Peloponnesus  along  with 
the  Dorians,  settled  in  El  is,  and  became  inter- 
mingled with  the  original  inhabitants.  The 
peninsula  remained  under  Doric  influence 
during  the  most  important  period  of  Greek 
history,  and  opposed  to  the  great  Ionic  city 
of  Athens.  After  the  conquest  of  Messenia 
by  the  Spartans  it  was  under  the  supremacy 
of  Sparta,  till  the  overthrow  of  the  power  of 
the  latter  by  the  Thebans  at  the  battle  of 
Leuctra,  B.C.  371. 

PfiLOPS  (-5pis),  grandson  of  Zeus  (Jupiter), 
and  son  of  Tantalus,  king  of  Pfarygia.  Being 


PELOPS. 


292 


PENATES. 


expelled  from  Phrygia,  he  came  to  Elis,  where 
he  married  Hippodamia,  daughter  of  Oeno- 
maus, whom  he  succeeded  on  the  throne.  By 
means  of  the  v/oalth  he  brought  with  him,  his 
influence  became  so  great  in  the  peninsula 
taat  it  was  called  after  him  "the  island  of 
Felops."  The  legends  about  Pelops  consist 
mainly  of  the  story  of  his  being  cut  to  pieces 
and  boiled,  of  his  contest  with  Oenomatic  and 
HippSdamia,  and  of  his  relation  to  his  sons. 
1.  Pelops  cut  to  pieces  and  boiled.  Tantalus, 
the  favorite  of  the  gods,  onco  invited  them  to 
a  repast,  and  on  that  occasion  killed  his  own 
son,  and,  having  boiled  him,  set  the  flesh  be- 
fore them  that  they  might  eat  it  But  the 
immortal  gods,  knowing  what  it  was,  did  not 
touch  it ;  Demeter  (Ceres)  alone,  being  ab- 
sorbed by  grief  for  her  lost  daughter,  con- 
sumed the  shoulder.  Hereupon  the  gods  or- 
dered Hermes  (Mercury)  to  put  the  limbs  of 
Pelops  into  a  caldron,  and  thereby  restore 
him  to  life.  When  the  process  was  over,  Clo- 
tho  took  him  out  of  the  caldron,  and  as  the 
shoulder  consumed  by  Demeter  was  wanting, 
the  goddess  supplied  its  place  by  one  made 
of  ivory :  his  descendants  (the  Pelopidae),  as 
a  mark  of  their  origin,  were  believed  to  have 
one  shoulder  as  white  as  ivory.  2.  Contest 
with  Oerumaw  and  Hipp&ddmla.  An  oracle 
having  declared  to  Oenomaus,  king  of  Pisa  in 
Elis,  that  he  should  be  killed  by  his  son-in- 
law,  he  declared  that  he  would  bestow  the 
hand  of  his  daughter  Hippodumla  upon  the 
man  who  should  conquer  him  in  the  chariot- 
race,  but  that  whoever  was  conquered  should 
suffer  death.  This  he  did  because  his  horses 
were  swifter  than  those  of  any  other  mortal. 
He  had  overtaken  and  slain  many  a  suitor 
when  Pelops  came  to  Pisa.  Pelops  bribed 
Myrtilus,  the  charioteer  of  Oenomaus,  by  the 
promise  of  half  the  kingdom,  if  he  would  as- 
sist him  in  conquering  his  master.  Myrtilus 
agreed,  and  took  out  the  linch-pins  of  the 
chariot  of  Oenomaus.  In  the  race  the  chariot 
of  Oenomaus  broke  down,  and  he  was  thrown 
out  and  killed.  Thus  Hippodamla  became 
the  wife  of  Pelops.  But  as  Pelops  had  now 
gained  his  object,  he  was  unwilling  to  keep 
feith  with  Myrtilus ;  and  accordingly,  as  they 
were  driving  along  a  cliff,  he  threw  Myrtilus 
into  the  sea.  As  Myrtilus  sank,  he  cursed  Pe- 
lops and  his  whole  race.  Pelops  returned 
with  HippftdamTa  to  Pisa  in  Elis,  and  soon 
made  himself  master  of  Olympia,  where  he 
restored  the  Olympian  games  with  greater 
splendor  than  ever.  3.  The  sons  of  Pelops. 
Chrysippus  was  the  favorite  of  his  father,  and 
was  in  consequence  envied  by  his  brothers. 
The  two  eldest  among  them,  Atreus  and  Thy- 
estes,  with  the  connivance  of  HippSdamla, 
accordingly  murdered  Chrysippus,  and  threw 
his  body  into  a  well.  Pelops,  who  suspected 
his  sons  of  the  murder,  expelled  them  from 
the  country.  Pelops,  after  his  death,  was 
honored  at  Olympia  above  all  other  heroes. 


was  constantly  used  by  the  poets  in  connec- 
tion with  his  descendants  and  the  cities  they 
inhabited.  Hence  we  find  Atreus,  the  son 
of  Pelops,  called  Pelopeiw  Atreus,  and  Aga- 
memnon, the  grandson  or  great-grandson  of 
Atreus,  called  Pelopelus  Agamemnon.  In  the 


same  way  Iphigenla,  the  daughter  of  Aga- 
memnon, and  Hermione,  the  wife  of  Mene- 
laus,  aro  each  called  by  Ovid  Petope'ia  virgo. 
Virgil  uses  the  phraso  relopea  moenia  to  sig- 
nify the  citic::  «n  Peloponnesus  which  Pelops 
and  his  Ccsceziwants  ruled  over ;  and,  in  like 
manner,  Mycenae  is  called  by  Ovid  PelopeS- 
ades  Mycenae* 

PfiLSEIS  (-Idis),  PSL5RIAS  (-t\dis),  or 
PEL5RUS  (-i:  C.  Faro),  the  N.E.  point  of 
Sicily,  and  one  of  the  3  promontories  which 
formed  the  triangular  figure  of  the  island.  Ac- 
cording to  the  usual  story,  it  derived  its  name 
from  Peloruo,  the  pilot  of  Hannibal's  ship ; 
but  the  name  was  more  ancient  than  Hanni- 
bal's time,  being  mentioned  by  Thucydides. 

PELTAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  and  flourish- 
ing city  in  the  N:  of  Phrygia. 

PELtTSlUM  (-i:  O.T.Sin;  both  names  are 
derived  from  nouns  meaning  mud),  a  celebra- 
ted city  of  Lower  Egypt,  standing  on  the  E. 
side  9f  the  E.-most  month  of  the  Nile,  which 
was  called  after  it  the  Pelnsiac  mouth,  20 
stadia  (2  geog.  miles)  from  the  sea,  in  the 
midst  of  morasses,  from  which  it  obtained  its 
name.  As  the  key  of  Egypt  on  the  N.E.,  and 
the  frontier  city  towards  Syria  and  Arabia,  it 
was  strongly  fortified,  and  was  the  scene  of 
many  battles  and  sieges.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  the  geographer  Ptolemaeus. 

PSJN.5.TES  (-urn),  the  houselwld  gods  of 
the  Romans,  both  those  of  a  private  family 
and  of  the  state,  as  the  great  family  of  citizens. 
Hence  we  have  to  distinguish  between  private 
and  public  Penates.  The  name  is  connected 
with  penus;  and  the  images  of  these  gods 
were  kept  in  the  penetralia,  or  the  central 
part  of  the  house.  The  Lares  were  included 
among  the  Penates,  and  both  names  are  often 
used  synonymously.  The  Lares,  however, 
though  included  in  the  Penates,  were  not  the 
only  Penates ;  for  each  family  had  usually  no 
more  than  one  Lar,  whereas  the  Penates  are 
always  spoken  of  in  the  plural.  Most  ancient 
writers  believed  that  the  Penates  of  the  state 


Penates.    (From  the  Vatican  Virgil.) 


PENEIS. 


293 


PERAEA. 


were  brought  by  Aeneas  from  Troy  into  Italy, 
and  were  preserved  first  at  Lavininm,  after- 
wards at  Alba  Longa,  and  finally  at  Rome. 
The  private  Penates  had  their  place  at  the 
hearth  of  every  house,  and  the  table  also  was 
sacred  to  them.  On  the  hearth  a  perpetual 
fire  was  kept  up  in  their  honor,  and  the  table 
always  contained  the  salt-cellar  and  the  first- 
lings of  fruit  for  these  divinities. 

PENEIS  (-idis),  that  is,  Daphne,  daughter 
of  the  river  god  Peneus. 

PENELOPE  (-6s),  daughter  of  Icarius  and 
Periboea  of  Sparta,  married  Ulysses,  - 
king  of  Ithaca.  [Respecting  her  mar- 
riage, see  IOARIUS,  No.  2.]  By  Ulys- 
ses she  had  an  only  child,  Telemachus, 
who  was  an  infant  when  her  husband 
sailed  against  Troy.  During  the  long 
absence  of  Ulysses  she  was  beleaguered 
by  numerous  and  importunate  suitors, 
whom  she  deceived  by  declaring  that  she 
must  finish  a  large  robe  which  she  was 
making  for  Laertes,  her  aged  father-in- 
law,  before  she  could  make  up  her  mind. 
During  the  daytime  she  accordingly 
workea  at  the  robe,  and  in  the  nitht  she 
undid  the  work  of  the  day.  By  this 
means  she  succeeded  in  putting  off  the 
suitors.  But  at  length  her  stratagem 
was  betrayed  by  her  servants:  and 
when,  in  consequence,  the  faithful  Pe- 
nelope was  pressed  more  and  more  by 
the  impatient  suitors,  Ulysses  at  length 
arrived  in  Ithaca,  after  an  absence  of  20 
years.  Having  recognized  her  husband 
by  several  signs,  she  heartily  welcomed 
him,  and  the  days  of  her  grief  and  sor- 
row were  at  an  end.  [ULYSSES.]  While 
Homer  describes  Penelope  as  a  chaste 
and  faithful  wife,  some  writers  charge 
her  with  being  the  reverse,  and  relate 
that  she  became  the  mother  of  Pan  by 
Hermes  or  by  all  the  suitors.  They  add 
that  Ulysses  repudiated  her  when  he  re- 
turned ;  whereupon  she  went  to  Sparta,  and 
thence  to  Man  tinea.  According  to  another 
tradition,  she  married  Telegonus,  after  he 
had  killed  his  father,  Ulysses. 

PENEUS  (-i).  (1)  The  chief  river  of  Thes- 
saly,  rising  in  Mount  Pindus,  and  after  receiv- 
ing many  affluents,  forcing  its  way  through 
ihe  vale  of  Tempe  between  Mounts  Ossa  and 
Olympus  into  the  sea.  [TEMPE.]  As  a  god 
Peneus  was  a  son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  and 
father  of  Daphne  and  Cyrene.— (2)  A  river  of 
Elis,  rising  on  the  frontiers  of  Arcadia,  and 
flowing  into  the  Ionian  sea. 

PENlUS  (-i),  a  little  river  of  Pontus,  falling 
into  the  Eusine. 

PENNINAE  ALPES.    [ALPES.] 

PENTiPOLIS  (-is),  the  name  for  any  asso- 
ciation of  5  cities,  was  applied  specifically  to 
the  5  chief  cities  of  Cyrenaica,  in  N.  Africa— 
Cyrene,  Berenice,  Arsinoe,  Ptolemais,  and 
Apolloiria, 

PENTELICUS  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Attica, 
celebrated  for  its  marble,  is  a  branch  of  Mount 
Parnes,  from  which  it  runs  in  a  S.E.-ly  direc- 
tion between  Athens  and  Marathon  to  the 
coast. 


PENTHESILEA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Ares 
(Mars)  and  Otrera,  and  queen  of  the  Amazons. 
After  the  death  of  Hector  she  came  to  the 
assistance  of  the  Trojans,  but  was  slain  by 
Achilles,  who  mourned  over  the  dying  queen 
on  account  of  her  beauty,  youth,  and  valor. 
Thersites  ridiculed  the  grief  of  Achilles,  and 
was  in  consequence  killed  by  the  hero.  There- 
upon Diomedes,  a  relative  of  Thersites,  threw 
the  body  of  Penthesilea  into  the  river  Seaman* 
der ;  but,  according  to  others,  Achilles  himseli 
buried  it  on  the  banks  of  the  Xanthus. 


Penthesilea  offering  aid  to  Priam. 

PENTHEUS  (-6os  or  el;  ace.  -e*a  or  Sum)* 
son  of  Echion  and  Agave,  the  daughter  of 
Cadmus.  He  succeeded  Cadmus  as  king  of 
Thebes  ;  and  having  resisted  the  introduction 
of  the  worship  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  into  his 
kingdom,  he  was  driven  mad  by  the  god,  his 
palace  was  hurled  to  the  ground,  and  he  him- 
self was  torn  to  pieces  by  his  own  mother  and 
her  two  sisters,  Ino  and  Autonoe,  who  in  their 
Bacchic  frenzy  believed  him  to  be  a  wild  beast. 
The  place  where  Pentheus  suffered  death  ia 
said  to  have  been  Mount  Cithaeron  jr  Mount 
Parnassus.  It  is  related  that  Pentheus  got 
upon  a  tree,  for  the  purpose  of  witnessing  in 
secret  the  revelry  of  the  Bacchic  women,  but 
on  being  discovered  by  them  was  torn  tc 
pieces. 

PENTRI  (-orara),  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant of  the  tribes  in  Samnium.  Their  chief 
town  was  BOVIANUM. 

PEPlRETHUS  (-i),  a  small  island  in  the 
Aegaean  sea,  off  the  coast  of  Thessaly,  and  E. 
of  Halonesns.  It  produced  a  considerable 
quantity  of  wine. 

PEPHRED5. 


PERAEA  (-ae),  i  c.  the  country  en  the  op> 


PERCOTE. 


294 


PERICLES. 


posite  side,  a  general  name  for  any  district 
belonging  to  or  closely  connected  with  a 
country,  from  the  main  part  of  which  it  was 
separated  by  a  sea  or  river. — (1)  The  part  of 
Palestine  E.  of  the  Jordan.— (2)  PERAKA  RHO- 
DIORUM,  a  district  in  the  S.  of  Caria,  opposite 
to  the  island  of  Rhodes,  and  subject  to  the 
Rhodians,  extending  from  Mount  Phoenix  on 

the  W.  to  the  frontier  of  Lycia  on  the  E (3) 

A  city  on  the  W.  coast  of  Mysia,  near  Adramyt- 
tium,  one  of  the  colonies  of  the  Mytileuaeans. 

PERC5T!  (-es),  a  very  ancient  city  of 
Mysia,  between  Abydos  and  Lampsacus,  near 
the  Hellespont. 

PERDICCAS  (-ae).  (1)  The  founder  of  the 
Macedonian  monarchy,  according  to  Herodo- 
tus, though  later  writers  represent  Caranus 
as  the  1st  king  of  Macedonia,  and  make  Per- 
diccas only  the  4th.  [CARANUS.]  Perdiccas 
and  his  two  brothers,  Gauanes  and  ASropus, 
are  said  to  have  come  from  Argos,  and  settled 
near  Mount  Bermius,  from  whence  they  sub- 
dued the  rest  of  Macedonia.  —  (2)  King  of 
Macedonia  from  about  B.O.  454  to  413,  son  and 
successor  of  Alexander  I.  In  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war  we  find  him  at  one  time  in  alliance 
with  the  Spartans,  and  at  another  time  with 
the  Athenians;  and  it  is  evident  that  he 
joined  one  or  the  other  of  the  belligerent 
parties  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  own 
interest  at  the  moment.— (3)  King  of  Mace- 
donia, B.O.  864-359,  second  son  of  Amyntas 
II.,  obtained  the  throne  by  the  assassination 
of  the  usurper  Ptolemy  of  Alorus.  He  fell  in 
battle  against  the  Illyrians.— (4)  One  of  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  generals  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great.  The  king  on  his  death-bed  is 
said  to  have  taken  the  royal  signet-ring  from 
his  finger  and  to  have  given  it  to  Perdiccas. 
After  the  death  of  the  king  (323),  Perdiccas 
had  the  chief  authority  intrusted  to  him  under 
the  command  of  the  new  king,  Arrhidaeus. 
His  ambitious  schemes  induced  Antipater, 
Craterus,  and  Ptolemy  to  unite  in  a  league, 
and  declare  open  war  against  Perdiccas.. 
Thereupon  Perdiccas  marched  into  Egypt 
against  Ptolemy,  but  having  been  defeated 
in  battle,  he  was  slain  by  his  own  troops, 
B.O.  321. 

PERDIX  (-Tcis),  the  nephew  of  Daedalus, 
and  the  inventor  of  the  saw,  the  chisel,  the 
compasses,  etc.  His  skill  excited  the  jeal- 
ousy of  Daedalus,  who  threw  him  headlong 
from  the  temple  of  Athena  (Minerva),  on  the 
Acropolis,  but  the  goddess  caught  him  in  his 
fall,  and  changed  him  into  the  bird  which  was 
named  after  him,  perdisc,  the  partridge. 

PERENNA,  ANNA.    [ANNA.] 

PERGA  (-ae),  an  ancient  and  important 
city  of  Pamphylia,  lay  a  little  inland,  N.E.  of 
Attalia,  between  the  rivers  Catarrhactes  and 
Cestrus,  60  stadia  (6  geog.  mile?)  from  the 
mouth  of  the  former.  It  was  a  celebrated  seat 
of  the  worship  of  Artemis  (Diana).  It  was 
the  first  place  in  Asia  Minor  visited  by  the 
apostle  Paul  on  his  first  missionary  journey. 

PERGAMA  and   PERGlMlA.     [PBEGA- 

MON,  NO.  1.] 

PERGAMUM  or  PERGlMUS  (-i).  The 
former  by  far  the  most  usual  form  in  the 


classical  writers,  though  the  latter  is  more 
common  in  English,  probably  on  account  of 
its  use  in  pur  version  of  the  Bible  (Rev.  ii.  12). 
The  wordis  significant,  connected  with  nvpios, 
a  tower.  —  (1)  The  citadel  of  Troy,  and  used 
poetically  for  Troy  itself:  the  poets  also  use 
the  forms  PEBG-AMA  (-drum)  and  PERGAMIA 
(-ae).—  (2)  A  celebrated  city  of  Asia  Minor,  the 
capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Pergamus,  and  aft- 
erwards of  the  Roman  province  of  Asia,  was 
situated  in  the  district  of  S.  Mysia  called  Teu- 
thrania,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  river  Caicus, 
about  twenty  miles  from  the  sea.  The  king- 
dom of  Pergamus  was  founded  about  B.C.  280 
by  Philetaerus,  who  had  been  intrusted  by 
Lysimachus  with  the  command  of  the  city. 
The  successive  kings  of  Pergamus  were: 
PniLBTAERUS,  B.O.  280-263  ;  EUMENES  I.,  203- 
241;  ATTALUS  I.,  241-19T;  EUMENES  II.,  197- 
159  ;  ATTALUS  II.  PHILABKLPHUS,  159-138  ;  AT- 
TALUS III.  PHILOMETOR,  138-133.  The  king- 
dom reached  its  greatest  extent  after  the  de- 
feat of  Antiochus  the  Great  by  the  Romans, 
in  B.C.  190,  when  the  Romans  bestowed  upon 
Eumenes  II.  the  whole  of  Mysia,  Lydia,  both 
Phrygias,  Lycaonia,  Pisidia,  and  Pamphylia. 
It  was  under  the  same  king  that  the  cele- 
brated library  was  founded  at  Pergamus, 
which  for  a  long  time  rivaled  that  of  Alex- 
andria, and  the  formation  of  which  occasioned 
the  invention  of  parchment,  Charta  Perga^ 
mena.  On  the  death  of  Attains  III.,  in  j*.c. 
133,  the  kingdom,  by  a  bequest  in  his  will, 
passed  to  the  Romans.  The  city  was  an  early 
seat  of  Christianity,  and  is  one  of  the  Seven 
Churches  of  Asia  to  which  the  Apocalyptic 
epistles  are  addressed.  Among  the  celebrated 
natives  of  the  city  were  the  rhetorician  Apoi- 
lodorus  and  the  physician  Galen. 

PERGE. 


P£RlANDER(-dri),  son  of  Cypselus,  whom 
he  succeeded  as  tyrant  of  Corinth,  B.O.  625, 
and  reigned  40  years,  to  B.C.  585.  His  rule  was 
mild  and  beneficent  at  first,  but  afterwards 
became  oppressive.  He  was  a  patron  of  liter- 
ature and  philosophy  ;  and  Arion  and  Ana- 
charsis  were  in  favor  at  his  court  He  was 
very  commonly  reckoned  among  the  Seven 


PERICLES  (-is  or  i),  the  greatest  of  Athe- 
nian statesmen,  was  the  son  of  Xanthippus 
and  Agariste,  both  of  whom  belouged  to  the 
noblest  families  of  Athens.  The  fortune  of 
his  parents  procured  for  him  a  careful  educa- 
tion, and  he  received  instruction  from  Damon, 
Zeno  of  Elea,  and  Anaxagoras.  In  B.C.  469 
Pericles  began  to  take  part  in  public  aflairs, 
40  years  before  his  death,  and  was  soon  re- 
garded as  the  head  of  the  more  democratical 
party  in  the  state,  in  opposition  to  Cimon.  Ifc 
was  at  his  instigation  that  his  friend  Ephial- 
tes  proposed  in  461  the  measure  by  which  the 
Areopagus  was  deprived  of  those  functions 
which  rendered  it  formidable  to  the  demo- 
cratical party.  This  success  was  followed  by 
the  ostracism  of  Ciraon.  Pericles  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  general  as  well  as  a  states- 
man,  and  frequently  commanded  the  Athe- 
nian armies  in  their  wars  with  the  neighbor- 
ing states.  In  448  he  led  the  army  which 
assisted  the  Phocians  in  the  Sacred  war;  and 


PERICLES. 


295 


PERSEPHONE. 


in  445  he  rendered  the  most  signal  service  to 
the  state  by  recoveriug  the  island  of  Euboea, 
which  had  revolted  from  Athens.  After  the 
death  of  Cimon  in  449,  the  aristocratical  party 
was  headed  by  Thocydides,  the  son  of  Mele- 
sias ;  bnt  on  the  ostracism  of  the  latter  in  444 
Pericles  was  left  without  a  rival,  and  through- 
out the  remainder  of  his  political  course  no 
one  appeared  to  contest  his  supremacy.  The 
next  important  event  in  which  Pericles  was 
engaged  was  the  war  against  Samos,  which 
had  revolted  from  Athens,  and  which  he  sub- 
dued after  an  arduous  campaign,  440.  The 
poet  Sophocles  was  one  of  the  generals  who 
fought  with  Pericles  against  Samos.  For  the 
next  10  years,  till  the  outbreak  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war,  the  Athenians  were  not  engaged 
in  any  considerable  military  operations.  Peri- 
cles employed  this  time  of  peace  in  adorning 
Athens  with  public  buildings,  which  made 
this  city  the  wonder  and  admiration  of  Greece. 
[PHIDIAS.]  The  enemies  of  Pericles  made 
many  attempts  to  ruin  his  reputation,  but, 
failing  in  these,  they  attacked  him  through 
his  friends.  His  friends  Phidias  and  Anax- 
agoras.  and  his  mistress  Aspasia,  were  all  ac- 
cused before  the  people.  Phidias  was  con- 
demned and  cast  into  prison  [PHIDIAS]  ;  Anax- 
agoras  was  also  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  and 
quit  Athens  [ANAXAGOBAS]  ;  and  Aspasia  was 
only  acquitted  through  the  entreaties  and 
tears,  of  Pericles.— The  Peloponnesian  war 
has  been  falsely  ascribed  to  the  ambitious 
schemes  of  Pericles.  It  is  true  that  he  coun- 
seled the  Athenians  not  to  yield  to  the  de- 
mands of  the  Lacedaemonians ;  bnt  he  did 
this  because  he  saw  that  war  was  inevita- 
ble; and  that  as  long  as  Athens  retained 
the  great  power  which  she  then  possessed, 
Sparta  would  never  rest  contented.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  in  431  a  Peloponnesian 
army  under  Archidamus  invaded  Attica,  and 
upon  the  advice  of  Pericles  the  Athenians 
conveyed  their  property  into  the  city,  and  al- 
lowed the  Peloponuesians  to  desolate  Attica 


without  opposition.  Next  year  (430),  when 
he  Peloponnesians  again  invaded  Attica, 
Pericles  pursued  the  same  policy  as  before. 
In  this  summer  the  plague  made  its  appear- 
ance iu  Athens.  It  carried  off  his  two  sons, 
Xanthippus  and  Paralus,  and  most  of  his  in- 
•iraate  friends.  In  the  autumn  of  429  Pericles 
limself  died  of  a  lingering  sickues-s.  He  left 
no  legitimate  children.  His  son  Pericles,  by 
Aspasia,  was  one  of  the  generals  at  the  battle 
of  Argiunsae,  and  was  put  to  death  by  the 
Athenians  with  the  other  generals,  B.C.  406. 

ERICLYMENUS  (-i),  one  of  the  Argo- 
nauts, son  of  Neleus,  and  brother  of  Nestor. 
PERILLUS.    [PHALABIS.] 
PERINTHUS  (-i),  an  important  town  of 
Thrace  on  the  Propontis,  and  founded  by  the 
Samians  about  K.C.  559,  situated  22  miles  W. 
of  Selymbria  on  a  small  peninsula.   At  a  later 
lime  it  was  called  Heraclea,  and  sometimes 
Heracka  Tltradae  or  Herwlea  Perinthiis. 

PERIPHAS  (-antis).  (1)  A  king  of  Attica. 
—(2)  One  of  the  Lapithae.— (3)  A  companion 
of  Pyrrhus  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 

PERMESSUS  {-i),"  a  river  in  Boeotia,  de- 
scending from  Mount  Helicon,  and  falling 
into  the  lake  Copais  near  Haliartns. 

PER<5  (-onis),  daughter  of  Nelens  and 
Chloris,  and  wife  of  Bias. 

PERPEREN A  (-ae),  a  small  town  of  Mysia, 
S.  of  Adramyttiam. 

PERPERNA  or  PERPENNA  (-ae :  the  for- 
mer is  the  preferable  form).  (1)  M.,  consul 
js.0.  180,  when  he  defeated  Aristonicus  in  Asia, 
and  took  him  prisoner.— (2)  M.  PEBPKENA 
VESTO,  son  of  the  last,  joined  the  Marian 
party  in  the  civil  war,  and  was  raised  to  the 
praetorship.  He  afterwards  crossed  over  into 
Spain,  and  fought  under  Sertorius  for  some 
years ;  bnt  being  jealous  of  the  latter,  Per- 
perna  and  his  friends  assassinated  Sertorius 
at  a  banquet  in  T2.  His  death  soon  brought 
the  war  to  a  close.  Perperna  was  defeated 
by  Pompey,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  was  put 
to  death. 

PERRHAEBI  (-cram),  a  powerful  and  war- 
like Pelasgic  people  iu  the  N.  of  Thessaly. 
Homer  places  the  Perrhacbi  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Thessalian  Dodona  and  the  river 
Titarosius ;  and  at  a  later  time  the  name  of 
Perrhaebia  was  applied  to  the  district  bound- 
ed by  Macedonia  and  the  Cambuniau  mount- 
ains on  the  N.,  by  Pindus  on  the  W.,  by  the 
Peneus  on  the  S.  and  S.E.,  and  by  the  Peneus 
and  Ossa  on  the  E.  The  Perrhaebi  were 
members  of  the  Amphictyonic  League. 
PERSAE.  [pEEsis.1 

PERSE  (-es),  or  PERSA  (-ae),  daughter  of 
Oceanus,  and  wife  of  Helios  (the  Sun),  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  Aeetes, 
CircS,  PasiphaS,  and  Perses. 

PERSBIS  (-Idis),  a  name  given  to  Hecate 
as  the  daughter  of  Perses  by  Asteria. 

PERSEPHONE  (-es),  called  PROSERPINA 
(-ae)  by  the  Romans,  a  goddess,  daughter  of 
Zens  (Jupiter)  aad  pemeter  (Ceres).  In  At- 
tica she  was  worshiped  under  the  name  of 
Cdre  (Kopn),  that  is,  the  Daughter,  namely,  of 
Demeter ;  and  the  two  were  frequently  called 


PERSEPHONE. 


296 


PERSEPOLIS. 


Persephone  (Proserpine)  enthroned.    (Gerhard,  Archaolog.  Zeit.  tav.  11.) 


The  Mother  and  the  Daughter.  Homer  de- 
scribes her  as  the  wife  of  Hades  (Pinto),  and 
the  formidable,  venerable,  and  majestic  queen 
of  the  Shades,  who  rules  over  the  souls  of  the 
dead,  along  with  her  husband.  Hence  she  is 
called  by  later  writers  Juno  Inferno^  Avema, 
and  Stygia;  and  the  Erinyes  (Furies)  are  said 
to  have  been  her  daughters  by  Pluto.  The 
story  of  her  being  carried  off  by  Hades,  the 
wanderings  of  her  mother  in  search  of  her, 
and  the  worship  of  the  2  goddesses  in  Attica 


at  the  festival  of  the  Eleusinia,  are  related 
under  DKMETEB.  Persephone  is  usually  rep- 
resented in  works  of  art  with  the  grave  and  se- 
vere character  of  the  Jnno  of  thelower  world. 
PJERSEPQLXS  (-is),  the  capital  of  Persis 
and  of  the  Persian  empire.  It  appears,  how- 
ever, to  have  been  seldom  used  as  the  royal 
residence.  Neither  Herodotus,  Xenopbon, 
Ctesias,  nor  the  sacred  writers  during  the 
Persian  period,  mention  it  at  all ;  though  they 
often  speak  of  Babylon,  Snsa,  and  Ecbata^a. 


Persepolte. 


PEKSEPHOIOS.    (From  a  Pompeiian  Fresco,  Naples.) 
Q2 


PERSES. 


297 


PEBSICUS. 


as  the  capitals  of  the  empire.  It  is  ouly  from 
the  Greek  writers  after  the  Macedonian  con- 
quest that  we  learn  its  rank  in  the  empire, 
which  appears  to  have  consisted  chiefly  in  its 
being  one  of  the  2  burial-places  of  the  kings 
(the  other  being  Pasargada),  and  also  a  royal 
treasury;  for  Alexander  found  in  the  palace 
immense  riches,  which  were  said  to  have  ac- 
cumulated from  the  time  of  Cyrus.  It  pre- 
served its  splendor  till  after  the  Macedonian 
conquest,  when  it  was  burned ;  Alexander,  as 
the  story  goes,  setting  tire  to  the  palace  with 
his  own  hand,  at  the  end  of  a  revel,  by  the  in- 
stigation of  the  courtesan  Thais,  B.O.  331.  It 
was  not,  however,  so  entirely  destroyed  as 
some  historians  represent.  It  appears  fre- 
quently in  subsequent  history,  both  ancient 
and  medieval.  It  is  now  deserted,  but  its  ruins 
are  considerable.  It  was  situated  in  the  heart 
of  Persis,  in  the  part  called  Hollow  Persis,  not 
far  from  the  border  of  the  Carmanian  Desert, 
in  a  valley  watered  by  the  river  Araxes,  and 
its  tributaries  the  Medas  and  the  Cyrus. 

PERSSS  (-ae),  son  of  Helios  (the  San)  and 
Perse,  brother  of  Aeetes  and  Circe,  and  father 
of  Hecate. 

PERSEUS  (-Sos  or  ei).  (1)  The  famous 
Argive  hero,  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Danae, 
and  grandson  of  Acri- 
sius.  An  oracle  had 
told  Acrisius  that  he 
was  doomed  to  perish 
by  the  hands  of  Danae's 
son;  and  he  therefore 
shut  up  his  daughter  in 
an  apartment  made  of 
brass  or  stone.  But 
Zeus,  having  metamor- 
phosed himself  into  a 


shower  of  gold,  came 
down  through  the  roof 


Perseus. 


showed  him  the  way  to  the  nymphs,  who  pos- 
sessed the  winded  sandals  the  magic  wallet, 
and  the  helmet  of  Hades  (Pluto),  which  ren- 
dered the  wearer  invisible.  Having  received 
from  the  nymphs  these  invaluable  presents, 
from  Hermes  a  sickle,  and  from  Athena  a  mir- 
ror, he  mounted  into  the  air,  and  arrived  at  the 
abode  of  the  Gorgon?,  who  dwelt  near  Tar- 
tessus,  on  the  coast  of  the  Ocean.  He  found 
them  asleep,  and  cut  off  the  head  of  Medusa, 
looking  at  her  figure  through  the  mirror,  for 
a  sight  of  the  monster  herself  would  have 
changed  him  into  stone.  Perseus  put  her 
head  into  the  wallet  which  he  carried  on  his 
back,  and  as  he  went  away  he  was  pursued 
by  the  other  two  Gorgous ;  bat  his  helmet, 
which  rendered  him  invisible,  enabled  him  w> 
escape  in  safety.  Perseus  then  proceeded  to 
Aethiopia,  where  he  saved  and  married  An- 
dromeda. [ANDEOMEDA.]  Perseus  is  also 
said  to  have  chansred  Atlas  into  the  mountain 
of  the  same  name"  by  means  of  the  Gorgon's 
head.  On  his  return  to  Seriphos  he  found 
that  his  mother  had  taken  refuge  in  a  temple 
to  escape  the  violence  of  Polydectes.  He  then 
went  to  the  palace  of  Polydectes,  and  meta- 
morphosed him  and  all  his  guests  into  stone. 
He  then  gave  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  to  Athena, 
who  placed  it  in  the  middle  of  her  shield  or 
breastplate.  Perseus  subsequently  went  to 
Argos,  accompanied  by  Danae  and  Androme- 
da, Acrisius,  remembering  the  oracle,  escaped 
to  Larissa,  in  the  country  of  the  Pelasgians ; 
but  Perseus  followed  him  in  disguise,  in  order 
to  persuade  him  to  return.  Oif  his  arrival  at 
Larissa,  he  took  part  in  the  public  games,  and 
accidentally  killed  Acrisius  with  the  discus, 
Perseus,  leaving  the  kingdom  of  Argos  t& 
Megapenthes,  the  son  of  Proetus,  received 
from  htm  in  exchange  the  government  of 
Tiryns.  Perseus  is  said  to  have  founded 
Mycenae.— (2)  Or  PEESES  (-ae),  the  last  king 
of  Macedonia,  was  the  eldest  sou  of  Philip  V., 
and  reigned  11  years,  from  B.C.  ITS  to  16S. 
His  war  with  the  Romans  lasted  4  years 
(B.O.  171-10$),  and  was  brought  to  a  close  by 
his  decisive  defeat  by  L.  Aemilius  Paulus  at 
the  battle  of  Pydna  in  168.  Perseus  adorned 
the  triumph  of  his  conqueror,  and  was  per- 
mitted to  end  his  days  in  an  honorable  cap- 
tivity at  Alba. 
PERSIA.  [PEESIS.J 


of  the  prison,  and  be- 
came by  her  the  father 
of  Perseus.    From  this 
circumstance  Perseus  is  sometimes  called 
aurigena.     As  soon  as  Acrisius  discovered 
that  Danae  had  given  birth  to  a  son,  he 
put  both  mother  and  son  into  a  chest,  and 
threw  them  into  the  sea ;  but  Zeus  caused  the 
chest  to  come  ashore  at  Seriphos,  one  of  the 
Cyclades,  when  Dictys,  a  fisherman,  found 
Danae  and  her  son,  and 
carried  them  to  Polydec- 
tes, the  king  of  the  coun- 
try, who  treated  them 
with  kindness.  In  course 
of  time  Polydectes  fell 
in  love  with  Danae,  and 
wishing  to  get  rid  of 
Perseus,  whonad  mean- 
time grown  up  to  man- 
hood, he  sent  the  young 
hero  to  fetch  the  head  of 
Medusa,  one  of  the  Gor- 
gpns.  Gnidedby  Hermes 
(Mercury)  and  Athena 
(Minerva),  Perseus  first  — 

went  to  the  Graeae,  the  C«lii  of  Persens,  king  of  Macedonia. 


PEHSES. 


297 


PEBSICUS. 


as  the  capitals  of  the  empire.  It  is  ouly  from 
the  Greek  writers  after  the  Macedonian  con- 
quest that  we  team  its  rank  in  the  empire, 
which  appears  to  have  consisted  chiefly  in  its 
being  one  of  the  2  burial-places  of  the  kings 
(the  other  being  Pasargada),  and  also  a  royal 
treasury ;  for  Alexander  found  in  the  palace 
immense  riches,  which  were  said  to  have  ac- 
cumulated from  the  time  of  Cyrus.  It  pre- 
served its  splendor  till  after  the  Macedonian 
conquest,  when  it  was  burned ;  Alexander,  as 
the  story  goes,  setting  fire  to  tlie  palace  with 
his  own  hand,  at  the  end  of  a  revel,  by  the  in- 
stigation of  the  courtesan  Thais,  B.O.  331.  It 
was  not,  however,  so  entirely  destroyed  as 
some  historians  represent.  It  appears  fre- 
quently in  subsequent  history,  both  ancient 
and  medieval.  It  is  now  deserted,  but  its  ruins 
are  considerable.  It  was  situated  in  the  heart 
of  Persia,  in  the  part  called  Hollow  Persis,  not 
far  from  the  border  of  the  Carmanian  Desert, 
in  a  valley  watered  by  the  river  Araxes,  and 
its  tributaries  the  Means  and  the  Cyrus. 

PERSIS  (-ae),  son  of  Helios  (the  Sun)  and 
Perse,  brother  of  Aeetes  and  Circe,  and  father 
of  Hecate. 

PERSEUS  (-Sos  or  el).  (1)  The  famous 
Argive  hero,  son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Danae, 
and  grandson  of  Acri- 
sius.  An  oracle  had 
told  Acrisius  that  he 
was  doomed  to  perish 
by  the  hands  of  Danae's 
son;  and  he  therefore 
shut  up  his  daughter  in 
an  apartment  made  of 
brass  or  stone.  But 
Zeus,  having  metamor- 
phosed himself  into  a 


Perseus. 


showed  him  the  way  to  the  nymphs,  who  pos- 
sessed the  winded  sandals,  the  magic  wallet, 
and  the  helmet  of  Hades  (Pluto),  which  ren- 
dered the  wearer  invisible.  Having  received 
from  the  nymphs  these  invaluable  presents, 
from  Hermes  a  sickle,  and  from  Athena  a  mir- 
ror, he  mounted  into  the  air,  and  arrived  at  the 
abode  of  the  Gorgon?*,  who  dwelt  near  Tar- 
tessus,  on  the  coast  of  the  Ocean.  He  found 
them  asleep,  and  cut  off  the  head  of  Medusa, 
looking  at  her  figure  through  the  mirror,  for, 
a  sight  of  the  monster  herself  would  hav0 
changed  him  into  stone.  Perceus  put  her 
head  into  the  wallet  which  he  carried  on  his 
back,  and  as  he  went  away  he  was  pursued 
by  the  other  two  Gordons;  but  his  helmet, 
which  rendered  him  invisible,  enabled  him  w> 
escape  in  safety.  Perseus  then  proceeded  to 
Aethiopia,  where  he  saved  and  married  An- 
dromeda. [ANT>BOMEDA.]  Perseus  is  also 
said  to  have  changed  Atlas  into  the  mountain 
of  the  same  name  by  means  of  the  Gorgon's 
head.  On  his  return  to  Seriphos  he  found 
that  his  mother  had  taken  refuge  in  a  temple 
to  escape  the  violence  of  Polydectes.  He  then 
went  to  the  palace  of  Polydectes,  and  meta- 
morphosed him  and  all  his  quests  into  stone. 
He  then  gave  the  head  of  the  Gorgon  to  Athena, 
who  placed  it  in  the  middle  of  her  shield  or 
breastplate.  Perseus  subsequently  went  to 
Argos,  accompanied  by  Danae  and  Androme- 
da. Acrisins,  remembering  the  oracle,  escaped 
to  Larissa,  in  the  country  of  the  Pelasgians  ; 
but  Perseus  followed  him  in  disguise,  in  order 
to  persuade  him  to  return.  On  his  arrival  at 
Larissa,  he  took  part  in  the  public  games,  and 
accidentally  killed  Acrisius  with  the  discus, 
Perseus,  leaving  the  kingdom  of  Argos  to 
Megapenthes,  the  son  of  Proetus,  received 
from  him  in  exchange  the  government  of 


Tiryns.  Perseus  is  said  to  have  founded 
Mycenae.—  (2)  Or  PEESES  (-ae),  the  last  king 
of  Macedonia,  was  the  eldest  sou  of  Philip  V., 
and  reigned  11  years,  from  B.C.  ITS  to  1CS. 
His  war  with  the  Romans  lasted  4  years 
(B.O.  1T1-163),  and  was  brought  to  a  close  by 
his  decisive  defeat  by  L.  Aemilins  Paulas  at 
the  battle  of  Pydna  in  16S.  Perseus  adorned 


the  triumph  of  his  conqueror,  and  was  per- 
mitted to  end  his  days  in  an  honorable  cap- 
tivity at  Alba. 

PERSIA.      [PEB8IS.J 


shower  of  gold,  came 
down  through  the  roof 
of  the  prison,  and  be- 
came by  her  the  father 
of  Perseus.    Prom  this 
circumstance  Perseus  is  sometimes  called 
aurig&ia.     As  soon  as  Acrisius  discovered 
that  Danae  had  given  birth  to  a  son,  he 
put  both  mother  and  son  into  a  chest,  and 
threw  them  into  the  sea ;  but  Zeus  caused  the 
chest  to  come  ashore  at  Seriphos,  one  of  the 
Cyclades,  when  Dictys,  a  fisherman,  found 
Danae  and  her  son,  and 
carried  them  to  Polydec- 
tes, the  king  of  the  coun- 
try, who  treated  them 
with  kindness.  In  course 
of  time  Polydectes  fell 
hi  love  with  Dauae,  and 
wishing  to  get  rid  of 
Perseus,  who  nad  mean- 
time grown  up  to  man- 
hood, he  sent  the  young 
hero  to  fetch  the  head  of 
Medusa,  one  of  the  Gor- 
gons.  Gnidedby  Hermes 
(Mercury)  and  Athena 
(Minerva),  Perseus  first  ^r,    ^  . 

Went  to  the  Graeae,  the  Coin  of  Perseus,  kins  of  Macedonia. 

to* 'from  thei^thlfone  tooth  and  their  one  I     PERSICUS  SlOTS,  ^RStCIJM 

eye,  and  would  not  restore  them  until  they  ]  the  name  given  by  the  later  geograpuers  w 


PERSIS. 


298 


PESSINUS. 


the  great  gulf  of  the  Mare  Ervthraeum  (In- 
dian Ocean),  extending  bet  ween  the  coast  of 
Arabia  and  the  opposite  coast  of  Susiana, 
Persia,  and  Carmania,  now  called  the  Persian 
Gulf. 

PERSIS  <-idis),  very  rarely  PEESIA  (-ae), 
originally  a  small  district  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
the  S.W.  by  the  Persian  Gulf;  on  the  N.W. 
and  N.  by  Susiana,  Media,  and  Parthia,  and 
on  the  E.  towards  Carmania  by  no  definite 
boundaries  in  the  desert.     The  only  level 
part  of  the  country  was  the  strip  of  sea-coast: 
the  rest  was  intersected  with  mountains.  The 
inhabitants  were  divided  into  3  classes  or 
castes :  First,  the  nobles  or  warriors,  contain- 
ing the  3  tribes  of  the  PASARGADAK,  who  were 
the  most  noble,  and  to  whom  the  royal  family 
of  the  Achaemenidae  belonged.     Secondly, 
the  agricultural  and  other  settled  tribes. 
Thirdly,  the  tribes  which  remained  nomadic. 
The  Persians  had  a  close  ethnical  affinity  to 
the  Medes,  and  followed  the  same  customs 
and  religion  [MAGI;  ZOROASTER.]     On  their 
first  appearance  in  history  they  are  represent- 
ed as  a  nation  of  hardy  shepherds,  who  under 
their  leader  Cyrus  overthrew  the  empire  of 
the  Medes,  and  became  the  masters  of  West- 
ern Asia,  B.O.  559.    [CYRUS.]    In  the  reign  of 
Darius,  the  3d  king  of  Persia,  the  empire  ex- 
tended from  Thrace  and  Cyrenaica  on  the  W. 
to  the  Indus  on  the  E.,  and  from  the  Euxine, 
the  Caucasus,  the  Caspian,  and  the  Oxus  and 
Jaxartes  on  the  N.  to  Aethiopia,  Arabia,  and 
the  Erythraean  sea  on  the  S.    It  embraced, 
in  Europe,  Thrace  and  some  of  the  Greek 
cities  N.  of  the  Euxine ;  in  Africa,  Egypt  and 
Cyreuaica;  in  Asia,  on  the  W.,  Palestine, 
Phoenicia,  Syria,  the  several  districts  of  Asia 
Minor,  Armenia,  Mesopotamia,  Assyria,  Bab- 
ylonia, Susiana,  Atropateue,  Great  Media; 
on  the  N.,  Hyrcania,  Margiaua,  Bactriana,  and 
Sogdiana ;  on  the  E.,  the  Paropamisus,  Ara- 
chpsia,  and  India  (i.  e.  part  of  the  Punjab  and 
Scinde) ;  on  the  S.,  Persis,  Carraania,  and  Ge- 
drosia?  and  in  the  centre  of  the  E.  part,  Par- 
tMa,  Aria,  and  Draugiana.   The  capital  cities 
of  the  empire  were  Babylon,  Susa,  Ecbatana 
in  Media,  and,  though  these  were  seldom,  if 
ever,  used  as  residences,  Pasargada  and  Per- 
sepolis  in  Persis.    (See  the  several  articles.) 
Of  this  vast  empire  Darius  undertook  the 
organization,  and  divided  it  into  20  satrapies. 
Of  the  ancient  Persian  history,  an  abstract  is 
given  under  the  names  of  the  several  kings, 
a  list  of  whom  is  subjoined:  1,  CTEUS,  B.C. 
559-529 ;  2,  CAMBYSES,  529-522 ;  3,  Usurpation 
of  the  pseudo-SMERDis,  7  months,  522-521 ;  4, 
DARIUS  I.,  son  of  Hystaspes,  521-485 ;  5,  XERX- 
ES I.,  485-405;  6,  Usurpation  of  ARTABANXTS, 
T  months,  465-464 ;  7,  ARTAXERXES  L  LONGI- 
IIANTJS,  464-425 ;  8,  XERXES  II.,  2  months ;  9, 
SOGDIANUS,  1  months,  425-424 ;  10,  Oouns,  or 
DATUUS  II.  NOTHTTS,  424-405 ;  11,  ARTAXBRXES 
-  H.  MNEMON,  405-359 ;  12,  OCHTJS,  or  ARTAXERX- 
ES  m.,  359-338 ;  13,  ARSES,  338-336 ;  14,  DARI- 
US III  CODOMANTJS,  336-331.    [ALEXANDER]. 
Here  the  ancient  history  of  Persia  ends,  as  a 
kingdom ;  but,  as  a  people,  the  Persians  prop- 
er, under  the  influence  especially  of  their  re- 
ligion, preserved  their  existence,  and  at  length 
regained  their  independence  on  the  downfall 


if  the  Parthian  empire.    [SASSANI^AE] In 

reading  the  Roman  poets,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  they  constantly  use  Pertsae,  as  well 
as  Medi,  as  a  general  term  for  the  peoples  E. 
of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  and  especially 
for  the  Parthians. 

PERSIUS  FLACCUS  (-i),  A.,  the  Roman 
poet,  was  a  knight  connected  by  blood  and 
marriage  with  persons  of  the  highest  rank, 
and  was  born  at  Volaterrae  in  Etruria,  A.D. 
34.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Cornutus  the  Stoic, 
and  while  yet  a  youth  was  on  familiar  term* 
with  Lucan,  with  Caesius  Bassus,  the  lyric 
poet,  and  with  several  other  persons  of  lit- 
erary eminence.  He  was  tenderly  beloved  by 
ihe  high-minded  Paetus  Thrasea,  and  seems 
to  have  been  well  worthy  of  such  affection ; 
for  he  is  described  as  a  virtuous  and  pleasing 
youth.  He  died  in  A .D.  62,  before  he  had  com- 
pleted his  28th  year.  The  extant  works  of  Per- 
sius  consist  of  6  short  satires,  and  were  left  in 
an  unfinished  state.  They  are  written  in  an 
obscure  style,  and  are  difficult  to  understand, 

PERTlNAX  (-acis),  HELVIUS  <-i);  Roman, 
emperor  from  January  1st  to  March  28th, 
A.D.  193,  was  reluctantly  persuaded  to  accept 
the  empire  on  the 
death  of  Commo- 
dus.  But  having 
attempted  to  check 
the  license  of  the 
praetorian  troops, 
he  was  slain  by  the 
latter,  who  then  put 
up  the  empire  for 
sale. 

PERtfStA  (-ae: 
Perugia),  an  an- 
cient city  in  the 
E.  part  of  Etruria 
between  the  lake 
Trasimenus  and 
the  Tiber,  and  one 
of  the  12  cities  of 
the  Etruscan  con- 
federacy. It  was 
situated  on  a  hill, 
and  was  strongly 
Pertinax.  fortified  by  nature 

and  by  art.    It  is 

memorable  in  the  civil  wars  as  the  place  in 
which  L.  Antouius,  the  brother  of  the  trium- 
vir, took  refuge,  when  he  was  no  longer  able 
to  oppose  Octavianus  (Augustus)  in  the  field, 
and  where  he  was  kept  closely  blockaded  by 
Octavianus  from  the  end  of  B.C.  41  to  the 
spring  of  40.  Famine  compelled  it  to  sur- 
render ;  but  one  of  its  citizens  having  set  fire 
to  his  own  house,  the  flames  spread,  and  the 
whole  city  was  burned  to  the  ground.  It  was 
rebuilt  by  Augustus. 

PESSBStTS  or  PEStNttS  (-untis),  a  city  in 
the  S.W.  corner  of  Galatia,  on  the  S.  slope  of 
Mount  Dindymus  or  Agdistis,  was  celebrated 
as  a  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  CybSle,  un- 
der the  surname  of  Agdistis,  whose  temple, 
crowded  with  riches,  stood  on  a  hill  outside 
the  city.  In  this  temple  was  an  image  of  the 
goddess,  which  was  removed  to  Rome,  to 
satisfy  an  oracle  in  the  Sibylline  books. 


PETELIA. 


299 


PHALARIS. 


PfiTlLlA  or  PETILIA  (-ae:  Strongoli). 
an  ancient  Greek  town  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Bruttium,  founded,  according  to  tradition,  by 
Philoctetes.  ' 

PETILIUS,    CAPIT3LINUS.       [CAPITO- 

LINUS.] 

PETRA  (-ae),  the  name  of  several 


PEUCSTf A.    [APULIA.] 


f  .a  AV,  u  OOA  ^-ae),  an  island  in  the  Aegaean 
sea,  one  of  the  Sporades. 
PHAEACES  (-urn),  a  fabulous  people  im- 


the  capital,  first,  of  the  Idumaeans,  and  after- 
wards of  the  Nabathaeaus.  It  lies  in  the 
midst  of  the  mountains  of  Seir,  just  half-way 
between  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  head  of  the 
Aelauitic  gulf  of  the  Red  Sea,  in  a  valley,  or 
rather  ravine,  surrounded  by  almost  inacces- 
sible precipices,  which  is  entered  by  a  narrow 
gorge  on  the  E.,  the  rocky  walls  of  which 
approach  so  closely  as  in  some  places  hardly 
to  permit  2  horsemen  to  ride  abreast.  On  the 
banks  of  the  river  which  runs  through  this 
ravine  stood  the  city  itself,  and  some  fine 
ruins  of  its  public  buildings  still  remain. 
These  ruins  are  chiefly  of  the  Roman  period, 
when  Petra  had  become  an  important  city  as 
a  centre  of  the  caravan  traffic  of  the  Naba- 
thaeans.  It  maintained  its  independence 
under  the  Romans  till  the  time  of  Trajan, 
by  whom  it  was  taken.  It  was  the  chief 
city  of  Arabia  Petraea ;  and  under  the  later 
empire  the  capital  of  Palaestina  Tertia. 

PETREIUS  (-i),  M.,  a  man  of  military  expe- 
rience, is  first  mentioned  in  B.O.  62,  when  he 
served  as  legatus  to  C.  Antonius,  and  defeat- 
ed the  army  of  Catiline.  He  belonged  to  the 
aristocratical  party;  and  in  55  he  was  sent 
into  Spain  along  with  L.  Afranius  as  legatus 
of  Pompey.  He  subsequently  fought  against 
Caesar  in  Africa,  and  after  the  loss  of  the 
battle  of  Thapsus,  he  and  Juba  fell  by  each 
other's  hands. 

PSTRINUM  (-i),  a  mountain  near  Sinu- 
essa,  on  the  confines  of  Latium  and  Campania, 
on  which  good  wine  was  grown. 

PETROCORlI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Aqnitanica,  in  the  modern  Perigord. 

PfiTRONlUS  (-i),  C.,  or  T.,  one  of  the 
chosen  companions  of  Nero,  and  regarded  as 
director-in-chief  of  the  imperial  pleasures 
(Blegantiae  arbiter).  The  influence  which 
Petronius  thus  acquired  excited  the  jealousy 
of  Tigellinus ;  and  being  accused  of  treason, 
.  he  put  an  end  to  his  life  by  opening  his  veins. 
He  is  said  to  have  dispatched  m  his  last 
moments  a  letter  to  the  prince,  taunting  him 
with  his  brutal  excesses.  It  is  uncertain 
whether  he  is  the  author  of  the  work,  which 
has  come  down  to  us,  bearing  the  title  Pctronii 
Arbitri  Satyr-icon.  It  is  a  sort  of  comic  ro- 
mance, filled  with  disgusting  licentiousness. 
PEUCE  (-es),  an  island  in  Moesia  Inferior, 
formed  by  the  2  southern  mouths  of  the 
Danube,  inhabited  by  the  Peucini,  who  were 
a  tribe  of  the  Bastaruae,  and  took  their  name 
from  the  island. 

PEUCESTAS  (-ae),  an  officer  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  on  whose  death  (».c.  328)  he  ob- 
tained the  government  of  Persia,  He  fought 
on  the  side  of  Eumenes  against  Antigonus 
(31T-316),  and  was  finally  deprived  of  his 
satrapy  by  Antigonus. 


western  part  of  the  earth,  and  who 
were  governed  by  king  Alcinons.  [ALCINOUS.] 
They  are  described  us  a  people  of  luxurious 
labits;  whence  a  glutton  ib  called  Ptiamx 
by  Horace.— The  aucieuts  identified  the  Ho- 
meric Schcria  with  Corcyra;  bat  it  is  better 
to  regard  Scheria  as  altogether  fabulous. 

PHAEDON  (-onis),  a  native  of  Elis,  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  sold  as  a  slave  at  Athens. 
He  afterwards  obtained  his  freedom,  and  be- 
came a  follower  of  Socrates,  at  whose  death 
he  was  present.  He  afterwards  returned  to 
Elis,  where  he  became  the  founder  of  a  school 
of  philosophy.  The  dialogue  of  Plato,  con- 
taining an  account  of  the  death  of  Socrates, 
bears  the  name  of  Phaedon. 

PHAEDRA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Minos,  and 
wife  of  Theseus,  who  falsely  accused  her  step- 
son Hippolytus.  After  the  death  of  Hippo- 
lytus,  his  innocence  became  known  to  nis 
father,  and  Phaedra  made  away  with  herself. 
PHAEDRUS  (-i),  the  Latin  Fabulist,  was 
originally  a  slave,  and  was  brought  from 
Thrace  or  Macedonia  to  Rome,  where  he 
learned  the  Latin  language.  He  received  his 
freedom  from  Augustus.  His  fables  are  91 
in  number,  written  in  iambic  verse :  most  of 
them  are  borrowed  from  Aesop. 

PHAESTUS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  S.  of  Crete, 
near  Gortyna,  the  birthplace  of  Epimenides. 
PHlfiTHON  (-oiitis),  that  is,  "the  shin- 
ing," used  as  an  epithet  or  surname  of  Helios 
(the  Sun),  but  more  commonly  known  as  the 
name  of  a  son  of  Helios  by  Clymene.  He  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Phaethon  from  his  father, 
and  was  afterwards  so  presumptuous  as  to 
request  his  father  to  allow  him  to  drive  the 
chariot  of  the  sun  across  the  heavens  for  one 
day.  Helios  was  induced  by  the  entreaties 
of  his  son  and  of  Clymene  to  yield,  but  the 
youth  being  too  weak  to  check  the  horses, 
they  rushed  out  of  their  usual  track,  and 
came  so  near  the  earth  as  almost  to  set  it  on 
fire.  Thereupon  Zeus  killed  him  with  a  flash 
of  lightning,  and  hurled  him  down  into  the 
river  Eridanus.  His  sisters,  the  Hellddae  or 
Phtfrtkonfiddes,  who  had  yoked  the  horses  to 
thechariot,weremetamorphosedintopoplars> 
and  their  tears  into  amber.  [HELIADAE.] 
PHAliTHtTSA.  [HELIADAE.] 
PHXLANTHUS  (-i),  the  leader  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians who  founded  Tarentum  in  Italy, 
about  B.O.  TOS. 

PHALARIS  (-Idis),  ruler  of  Agrigeutum  in 
Sicily,  has  obtained  a  proverbial  celebrity  as 
a  cruel  and  inhuman  tyrant  He  reigned 
,  from  about  B.C.  570  to  564.  He  perished  oy  a 
sudden  outbreak  of  the  popular  fury.  No  cir- 
cumstance connected  with  him  is  more  cele- 
brated than  the  brazen  bull  in  which  he  is 
said  to  have  burned  alive  the  victims  of  his 
cruelty,  and  of  which  we  are  told  that  he 


PHALERUM. 


300 


PHASIS: 


Phaethon.    (Zatmoni,  Gal.  di  Firenze,  serie  4,  vol.  9.) 


made  the  first  experiment  noon  its  inventor, 
Perillus.  The  Epistles  bearing  the  name  of 
Phalaris  have  been  proved  by  JBentley  to  be 
the  composition  of  some  Sophist. 

PHiLlRUM  (-i),  the  most  E.-ly  of  the 
harbors  of  Athens,  and  the  one  chiefly  used 
by  the  Athenians  before  the  time  of  the  Per- 
sian wars.  After  the  establishment  by  The- 
mistocles  of  the  harbors  iu  the  peninsula  of 
Piraeus,  Phalerum  was  not  much  used. 

PHlNAE  (-arum),  the  S.  point  of  the 
island  of  Chios,  celebrated  for  its  temple  of 
Apollo,  and  for  its  excellent  wine. 

PHlNlGORlA  (-ae),  a  Greek  city  on  the 
Asiatic  coast  of  the  Cimmerian  Bosporus, 
was  chosen  by  the  kings  of  Bosporus  as  their 
capital  in  Asia. 

PHI5N  (-onis),  a  boatman  at  Mitylene,  is 
said  to  have  been  originally  an  ugly  old  man ; 
but  having  carried  Aphrodite  (Venus)  across 
the  sea  without  accepting  payment,  the  god- 
dess gave  him  youth  and  beauty.  After  this 
Sappho  is  said  to  have  fallen  in  love  with 
him,  and,  when  he  slighted  her,  to  have  leaped 
from  the  Leucadian  rock.  [SAPPHO.] 

PHlRAE  (-arum).  (1)  A  town  in  the  W. 
part  of  Achaia,  and  one  of  the  12  Achaean 
cities,  situated  on  the  river  Pierus.— (2)  A 
town  in  Messenia  on  the  river  Nedon,  near 
the  frontiers  of  Laconia. 

PHARMACtTSA  (-ae),  an  island  off  the 
coast  of  Miletus,  where  Julius  Caesar  wae 
taken  prisoner  by  pirates. 

PHARNABAZUS  (-i),  satrap  of  the  Persian 
provinces  near  the  Hellespont,  towards  the 
end  of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  for  many 
years  subsequently.  His  character  is  distin- 
guished by  generosity  and  openness.  He  has 
been  charged,  it  is  true,  with  the  murder  of 
Alcibiades ;  but  the  latter  probably  fell  by 
the  hands  of  others.  [ALOHJIADES.] 

PHARNlCES  (-is).  (1)  King  of  Pontus, 
ind  grandfather  of  Mithridates  the  Great, 
feigned  from  about  B.C.  190  to  15G.— (Z)  King 
of  Pontus,  or  more  properly  of  the  Bosporus, 
was  the  son  of  Mithridates  the  Great,  whom 
he  compelled  to  put  an  end  to  his  life  in  68. 
[MiTHxiDATES  VI.]  After  the  death  of  his 
father,  Pompey  granted  him  the  kingdom  of 
the  Bosporus.  In  the  civil  war  between  Cae- 


sar and  Pompey,  Pharnaces  seized  the  oppor- 
tunity to  reinstate  himself  iu  his  father's  do- 
minions ;  but  he  was  defeated  by  Caesar  in  a 
decisive  action  near  Zela  (47).  The  battle 
was  gained  with  such  ease  by  Caesar  that 
he  informed  the  senate  of  his  victory  by  the 
words  Pern',  vidi,  vivi.  In  the  course  of  the 
same  year  Pharnaces  was  slain  by  Asander, 
one  of  his  generals.  [ABANBER.] 

PHARNlClA,  a  flourishing  city  of  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  coast  of  Pontus,  built  near 
(some  think  on)  the  site  of  Cerasus,  probably 
by  Pharnaces,  the  grandfather  of  Mithridates 
the  Great 

PHARSS.LUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Thessaly,  in 
the  district  Thessaliotis,  W.  of  the  river  Enip- 
eus.  Near  Pharsalus  was  fought  the  decisive 
battle  between  Caesar  and  Pompey,  B.O.  4S, 
which  made  Caesar  master  of  the  Roman 
world.  It  is  frequently  called  the  battle  of 
Pharsalia,  which  was  the  name  of  the  terri- 
tory of  the  town. 

PHlRUS  or  PHlROS  (-i).  (1)  A  small 
island  off  the  coast  of  Egypt.  When  Alexan- 
der the  Great  planned  the  city  of  Alexandria, 
on  the  coast  opposite  to  Pharos,  he  caused 
the  island  to  be  united  to  the  coast  by  a  mole 
T  stadia  in  length,  thus  forming  the  2  harbors 
of  the  city.  [ALEXANDRIA.]  The  island  was 
chiefly  famous  for  the  lofty  tower  built  upon 
it  by  Ptolemy  n.  for  a  light-house,  whence 
the  name  of  Pharus  was  applied  to  all  similar 
structures. — (2)  An  island  of  the  Adriatic,  off 
the  coasts  of  Dalmatia,  E.  of  Issa. 

PHlSlLIS  (-idis),  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Lycia,  near  the  borders  of  Pamphylia,  found- 
ed by  Dorian  colonists.  It  became  afterwards 
the  head-quarters  of  the  pirates  who  infested 
the  S.  coasts  of  Asia  Minor,  and  was  therefor® 
destroyed  by  P.  Serviliuslsauricus.  Pha&-eHsis 
said  to  have  been  the  place  at  which  the  light, 
quick  vessels  called  Phaseli  were  first  built. 

PHiSIS  (-is  or  idis).  (1)  A  celebrated 
river  of  Colchis,  flowing  into  the  E.  end  of 
the  Poutus  Euxinns  (Black  Sea).  It  was  fa- 
mous in  connection  with  the  story  of  the  Ar- 
gonautic  expedition.  Hence  Medea  is  called 
Phdshas,  and  the  adjective  Phdslfous  is  used 
in  the  sense  of  Colchian.  [ARGONAUTAK.]  It 
has  given  name  to  the  pheasant  (phasianus), 
which  is  said  to  have  been  first  brought  t« 


PHEGEUS. 


301 


PHILAENI. 


Greece  from  its  banks.— (2)  Near  the  mouth  I  goddess,  his  own  likeness  and  that  of  Peri- 
of  the  river,  units  S.  side,  was  a  town  of  the  j  cles.  On  this  Litter  chanre  Phidias  was 
same  name,  founded  by  the  Milesians.  |  thro\yn  into  prison,  where  tie  died  from  dis- 


PHEGEUS  (-eos  or  OF),  king  of  P^ophis 
in  Arcadia,  purified  Alcmaeuu  after  he  had 
killed  his  mother,  and  gave  him  his  daughter 
Alphesiboea  in  marriage.  [ALCMAEON.] 

PHEMIUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  minstrel,  who 
sung  to  the  suitors  in  the  palace  of  Ulysses  in 
Ithaca. 

PHfiNEUS  (-i),  an  ancient  town  in  the  N.E. 
of  Arcadia,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Cyllene. 

PHiERAE  (-urum),  an  ancient  town  of  Thes- 
saly  in  the  Pelasgian  plain,  90  stadia  from  its 


ort-town  Pagasae,  on  the  Pagasaeaii  gulf. 
It  is  celebrated  in  mythology  as  the  residence 
of  Adraetus,  and  in  history  on  account  of  its 
tyrants,  who  extended  their  power  over  near-  ; 
ly  the  whole  of  Thessaly.    Of  these  the  most  ! 


ease  in  432. 

PHIDIPPIDES  or  PHILIPPIDES  (-is),  a 
celebrated  courier,  who  was  tent  by  the  Athe- 
nians to  Sparta,  in  u.c.  490,  to  ask  for  aid 
against  the  Persians,  and  arrived  there  on 
the  second  day  from  his  leaving  Athens. 

PHlDON  (-oiiis),  a  king  of  Argos,  who  ex- 
tended his  sovereignty  over  the  *  greater  part 
of  the  Peloponnesus.  In  B.C.  743 'be  deprived 
the  Eleaus  of  their  presidency  at  the  Olympic 
games,  and  celebrated  them  jointly  with  the 


Pkans;  but  the  Eleaus  not  long  after  defeat- 
ed him,  with  the  aid  of  Sparta,  and  recovered 
their  privilege.  The  most  memorable  act  of 
Phidou  was  his  introduction  of  copper  and 
silver  coinage,  and  a  new  scale  of  weights 

powerful  was  Jason;  who  was  madeTagus  or  i  Qud  measures,  which,  through  his  influence, 
'•    •         "—•         '  ---  became  prevalent  in  the  Peloponnesus,  and 


generalissimo  of  Thessaly  about  B.C.  374. 
PHlRAE.    [PHABAE.] 


ultimately  throughout  the  greater  portion 
of  Greece.   The  scale  in  question  was  known 


metre,  which  was  named,  after  him,  the 
Pherecratean. 

PHSRECTDES  (-is).  (1)  Of  Syros,  an 
early  Greek  philosopher,  flourished  about 
B.O.  544.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  teacher 
of  Pythagoras,  and  to  have  taught  the  doc- 
•  trine  of  the  Metempsychosis.— (2)  Of  Athens, 
one  of  the  early  Greek  logographers,  was  a 
contemporary  of  Herodotus. 

PHSRES  (-etis),  son  of  Cretheus  and  Tyro, 
father  of  Admetns  and  Lycurgus,  and  founder 
of  Pherae  in  Thessaly.  Admetus,  as  the  son 
of  Pheres,  is  called  Pherttiddts. 

PHIDL5.S  (-ae),  the  greatest  sculptor  and 
statuary  of  Greece,  was  born  at  Athens  about 
B.O.  490.  He  was  intrusted  by  Pericles  with 
the  superintendence  of  all  the  works  of  art 
which  were  erected  at  Athens  during  his  ad- 
ministration. Of  these  works  the  chief  were 
the  Propylaea  of  the  Acropolis,  and,  above 
all,  the  temple  of  Athena  on  the  Acropolis, 
called  the  Parthenon,  on  which  the  highest 
efforts  of  the  "best  artists  were  employed. 
The  sculptured  ornaments  of  this  temple,  the 
remains  of  which  form  the  glory  of  the  Brit- 
ish Museum,  were  executed  under  the  imme- 
diate superintendence  of  Phidias ;  but  the 
colossal  statue  of  the  divinity,  made  of  ivory 
and  gold,  which  was  inclosed  within  that 
magnificent  shrine,  was  the  work  of  the  art- 
ist's own  hand.  The  statne  was  dedicated  in 
438.  Having  finished  his  great  work  at  Ath- 
ens, he  went  to  Elis  and  Olympia,  where  he 
finished  his  statne  of  the  Olympian  Zens,  the 
greatest  of  all  his  works.  On  his  return  to 
Athens  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  jealousy  against 
his  great  patron,  Pericles.  [PERICLKS.]  Phi- 
dias was  first  accused  of  peculation,  bnt  this 
charge  was  at  once  refuted,  as,  by  the  advice 
of  Pericles,  the  gold  had  been  affixed  to  the 
statue  of  Athena  in  such  a  manner  that  it 
could  be  removed,  and  the  weight  of  it  exam- 
ined. The  accusers  then  charged  Phidias 
with  impiety,  in  having  introduced  into  the 
battle  of  the  Amazons,  on  the  shield  of  the 


given  to  it  only  in  consequence  of  the  com- 
mercial activity  of  the  Aeginetans. 

PHIGALIA  (-ae),  a  town  in  the  S.W.  cor- 
ner of  Arcadia,  ou  the  frontiers  of  Messenia 
and  Elis,  which  owes  its  celebrity  in  modern 
times  to  the  remains  of  a  splendid  temple  in 
its  territory,  built  in  the  time  of  Pericles. 
The  sculptures  in  alto-relievo,  which  orna- 
mented the  frieze  in  the  interior,  are  now- 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  They  rep- 
resent the  combat  of  the  Centaurs  and  the 
Lapithae,  and  of  the  Greeks  and  the  Amozons. 

PHILADELPHIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  city  of 
Lydia,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Tmolus,  built  by- 
Attains  Philadelphus,  king  of  Pergamus.  It 
was  an  early  seat  of  Christianity,  and  itt 
Church  is  one  of  the  7  to  which  the  Apoca- 
lypse is  addressed.— (2)  A  city  of  Cilicia  As- 
pera,  on  the  Calycaduus,  above  Aphrodisias. 

PHILADELPHIA  (-i),  a  surname  of  Ptole- 
maeus  II.,  king  of  Egypt  [PTOLEMAEUS],  and 
of  Attains  II.,  king  of  Pergamum.  [ATTAINS.] 

PHILAE  (-arum),  an  island  in  the  Nile, 
just  below  the  first  cataract,  on  the  S.  bound- 
ary of  the  country  towards  Aethiopia.  It 
was  inhabited  by  Egyptians  and  Ethiopians 
jointly,  and  was  covered  with  magnificent 
temples,  whose  splendid  ruins  still  remain. 

PHtLAENI  (-orum),  2  brothers,  citizens  of 
Carthage,  of  whom  the  following  story  is 
told:  A  dispute  having  arisen  between  the 
Carthaginians  and  Cyrenaeans  about  their 
boundaries,  it  was  "agreed  that  deputies 
should  start  at  a  fixed  time  from  each  of  the 
cities,  and  that  the  place  of  their  meeting 
should  thenceforth  form  the  limit  of  the  2 
territories.  The  Philaeni  departed  from  Car- 
thage, and  advanced  much  farther  than  the 
Cyrenaean  party.  The  Cyrenaeans  accused 
them  of  having  set  forth  before  the  time 
agreed  upon,  but  at  length  consented  to  ae 
cept  the  spot  which  they  had  reached  as  t 
boundary-line,  if  the  Philaeni  would  submit 
to  be  buried  alive  there  in  the  sand.  The 


PHILAMMON. 


302 


PHILTPPUS. 


Philaeni  accordingly  devoted  themselves  for 
their  country  in  the  way  proposed.  The  Car- 
thaginiaus  paid  high  honors  to  their  memory, 
and  erected  altars  to  them  where  they  had 
died ;  and  from  these  the  place  was  called 
"The  Altars  of  the  Philaeiii." 

PHtLAMMON  (-onis),  a  mythical  poet  and 
musician,  said  to  have  been  the  sou  of  Apollo, 
and  the  father  of  Thamyris  and  Eumolpus. 

PESLEM5N  <-6nis).  (1)  An  aged  Phryg- 
ian, and  husband  of  Baucis,  who  hospitably 
entertained  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Hermes  (Mer- 
cury).— (2)  A  celebrated  Athenian  poet  of  the 
New  Comedy,  was  a  native  of  Soli  in  Cilicia, 
but  at  an  early  age  went  to  Athens,  and  there 
received  the  citizenship.  He  flourished  in 
the  reign  of  Alexander,  a  little  earlier  than 
Menauder,  whom,  however,  he  long  survived. 
He  began  to  exhibit  about  B.C.  380,  and  lived 
nearly  100  years.  Although.  Philemon  was 
inferior  to  Menander  as  a  poet,  yet  he  was  a 
greater  favorite  with  the  Athenians,  and  often 
conquered  his  rival  in  the  dramatic  contests. 
[MENANI>KR.]— (3)  The  younger  Philemon, 
also  a  poet  of  the  New  Comedy,  was  a  son  of 
the  former. 

PHJLETAERUS.    [PEnaAMTTM.] 

PEIUJTAS  (-ae),  of  Cos,  a  distinguished 
Alexandrian  poet  and  grammarian,  and  the 
tutor  of  Ptolemy  II.  Philadelphus. 

PHJIIPPI  (-orum),  a  celebrated  city  in 
Macedonia  adjecta,  situated  on  a  steep  height 
of  Mount  Pangaeus,  and  founded  by  Philip 
.  of  Macedon.  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  town, 
CEENIDES,  a  colony  of  the  Thasiaus.  Philip- 
pi  is  celebrated  in  history  in  consequence  of 
the  victory  gained  there  by  Octavianos  and 
Antony  over  Brutus  and  Cassius,  B.C.  42,  and 
as  the  place  where  the  Apostle  Paul  first 
preached  the  Gospel  in  Europe,  A.D.  53.  One 
of  St.  Paul's  Epistles  is  addressed  to  the 
Church  at  Philippi. 

PHlLIPPOPQLIS  (-is:  PMippopoty,  an 
important  town  in  Thrace,  founded  by  Philip 
of  Macedon,  was  situated  in  a  large  plain,  S.  E. 
of  the  Hebrus,  on  a  hill  with  8  summits, 
whence  it  was  sometimes  called  Trimontium. 
Under  the  Roman  empire  it  was  the  capital 
of  the  province  of  Thracia. 

PHJLEPPUS  (-I).— I.  Kings  of  Macedonia. 
£1)  Son  of  Argaens,  was  the  3d  king,  accord- 
ing to  Herodotus  and  Thucydides,  who,  not 
reckoning  CAB  ANUS  and  his  two  immediate 
successors,  look  upon  Perdiccas  L  as  the 
founder  of  the  monarchy.— (2)  Youngest  son 
of  Amyntas  n.  and  Eurydice,  reigned  B.C. 
359-336.  He  was  born  in  382,  an  d  was  brought 
up  at  Thebes,  whither  he  had  been  carried  as 
ahostage  by  Pelopidas,  and  where  he  received 
a  most  careful  education.  Upon  the  death 
of  his  brother,  Perdiccas  IIL,  Philip  obtained 
the  government  of  Macedonia,  at  first  merely 
as  guardian  to  his  infant  nephew  Amyntas ; 
but  at  the  end  of  a  few  months  he  set  aside 
the  claims  of  the  young  prince,  and  assumed 
for  himself  the  title  of  king.  As  soon  as  he 
was  firmly  established  on  the  throne,  he  in- 
troduced among  the  Macedonians  a  stricter 
military  discipline,  and  organized  their  army 
on  the  plan  of  the  phalanx.  He  then  directed 


his  views  to  the  aggrandizement  of  his  kino1- 
dom.  lie  resolved  first  to  obtain  possession 
of  the  various  Greek  cities  upon  the  Macedo- 
nian coast.  Amphipolis,  Pydna,  Potidaea 
Methone,  and,  finally,  Olynthus,  successively 
fell  into  his  hands.  Demosthenes,  in  his 
Philippic  and  Olynthiac  orations,  endeavored 
to  rouse  the  Athenians  to  the  clanger  of  Ath- 
ens and  Greece  from  the  ambitious  schemes 
of  Philip ;  but  the  Athenians  did  not  adopt 
any  rigorous  efforts  to  check  the  progress  of 
the  Macedonian  king.  Ou  the  invitation  of 
the  Amphictyous  he  subdued  the  Phociaus, 
and  was  rewarded  with  the  place  of  the  latter 
in  the  Amphictyonic  council  (B.C.  346).  The 
Athenians  at  length  became  thoroughly 
alarmed  at  his  aggrandizement;  and  accord- 
ingly, when  he  marched  through  Thermopy- 
lae, at  the  invitation  of  the  Amphictyons,  to 
puuish  the  Locrians  of  Amphissa,  they  re- 
solved to  oppose  him.  Through  the  influence 
of  Demosthenes,  they  succeeded  in  forming 
an  alliance  with  the  Thebans ;  but  their  united 
army  was  defeated  by  Philip  in  the  month  of 
August,  338,  in  the  decisive  battle  of  Chaero- 
noa,  which  put  an  end  to  the  independence  of 
Greece.  A  congress  of  the  Grecian  states  was 
now  held  at  Corinth,  in  which  war  with  Per- 
sia was  determined  on,  and  the  king  of  Mac- 
edonia was  appointed  to  command  the  forces 
of  the  national  confederacy.  But  in  the  midst 
of  his  preparations  for  his  Asiatic  expedition 
he  was  murdered  during  the  celebration  of 
the  nuptials  of  his  daughter  with  Alexander 
of  Epirus,  by  a  youth  of  noble  blood  named 
Pausanias.  His  motive  for  the  deed  is  stated 
by  Aristotle  to  have  been  private  resentment 
against  Philip,  to  whom  he  had  complained 
In  vain  of  a  gross  outrage  offered  to  him  by 
Attalus.  His  wife,  Olympias,  however,  was 
suspected  of  being  implicated  in  the  plot. 
[OLYMPIAS.]  Philip  died  in  the  47th  year  of 
his  age,  and  the  24th  of  his  reign,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Alexander  the  Great — (3)  The 
name  of  Philip  was  bestowed  by  the  Macedo- 
nian army  upon  Arrhidaeus,  the  bastard  son 
of  Philip  II.,  when  he  was  raised  to  the  throne 
after  the  death  of  Alexander  the  Great.  He 
accordingly  appears  in  the  list  of  Macedonian 
kings  as  Philip  III.  [ARRHIDAEUS.]— (4)  Eld- 
est son  of  Cassander,  whom  he  succeeded  on 
the  throne,  u.o.  29C,  bnt  he  reigned  only  a 
few  months.— (5)  Son  of  Demetrius  H.,  reign- 
ed B.O.  220-1T8.  He  succeeded  his  uncle,  An- 
tigonus  Dosou,  at  17  years  of  age.  During 
the  first  3  years  of  his  reign  he  conducted  the 
war  against  the  Aetoliaiis  at  the  request  of 
the  Achaeans  and  Aratus.  But  soon  after 
bringing  this  war  to  a  conclusion  he  became 
jealous  of  Aratus,  whom  he  caused  to  be  re- 
moved by  a  slow  and  secret  poison.  Philip 
was  engaged  in  two  wars  with  the  Romans. 
The  first  lasted  from  B.C.  215,  when  he  con- 
cluded an  alliance  with  Hannibal,  to  205. 
The  second  commenced  in  200,  and  was 
brought  to  an  end  by  the  defeat  of  Philip,  by 
the  consul  Flamininus,  at  the  battle  of  Cynos- 
cephalae,  in  197.  [FLAMININUS.]  Through  the 
false  accusations  of  his  son  Perseus,  he  put 
to  death  his  other  sou  Demetrius;  but  dis- 
covering afterwards  the  innocence  of  the  lat- 
ter, he  died  (B.O.  179)  a  prey  to  remorse.  He 


PHILISTUS. 


303 


PHELUS. 


was  succeeded  by  Perseus.— IT.  Famtlti  of  the  \     PHILODEMrS  (-i).  of  Gadara  in  Palestine, 
Marrii  Philippi.    (1)  L.  MABOITC  PUILIPPCS,  i  an  Epicurean  philosopher,  and  epigrammatic 
consul  u.c.  91,  opposed  with  vigor  the  meas-  i  poet,  contemporary  with  Cicero,   He  is  also 
ures  of  the  tribune  Drusus.     He  was  one  of  i  mentioned  by  Horace  (Sat.  i.,  2, 121). 
the  most  distinguished  orators  of  his  time.— 


, ,  _  ..      j  married  his  mother,  Atia. 

— TEL  Emperorss  of  Home.  M.  JTTHTJS  Pin-  , 
LIPPUS,  the  name  of  2  Roman  emperors,  father  [ 
and  son,  of  whom  the  former  reigned  A.P. 
244-249.  He  was  an  Arabian  by  Sirth,  and 
rose  to  high  rank  in  the  Roman  army.  He 
obtained  the  empire  by  the  assassination  of 
Gordiau.  He  was  slain  near  Verona,  either 
in  battle  against  Decius,  or  by  his  own  sol- 
diers. His  son,  whom  he  had  proclaimed 
Augustus  two  years  before,  perished  at  the 
same  time. 

PHlLISTUS  (-i),  a  Syracusan,  and  a  friend 
of  the  younger  Dionysius,  commanded  the 
fleet  of  the  latter  in  a  battle  with  Dion,  and, 
being  defeated,  put  an  end  to  his  life.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  celebrated  history  of  Sic- 
ily, in  which  he  closely  imitated  Thucydides. 
PHILO  (-onis).  (1)  An  academic  philoso- 
pher, was  a  native  of  Larissa  and  a  disciple 
of  Clitomachus.  After  the  conquest  of  Ath- 
ens by  Mithridates  he  removed  to  Rome, 
where  he  had  Cicero  as  one  of  his  hearers.— 
(2)  Of  Byzantium,  a  celebrated  mechanician, 
and  a  contemporary  of  Ctesibius,  flourished 
about  B.C.  146.— (3)  Judaeus,  or  surnamed  the 
Jew,  was  born  at  Alexandria,  and  was  sent  to 
Rome  in  A.D.  40  on  an  embassy  to  the  emper- 
or Caligula.  He  wrote  several  works  which 
have  come  down  to  us,  in  which  he  attempts 
to  reconcile  the  sacred  Scriptures  with  the 
doctrines  of  the  Greek  philosophy. 

PEiLO,  Q.  PUBLILIUS,  a  distinguished 
general  in  the  Samnite  wars,  proposed,  in  his 
dictatorship,  B.C.  339,  the  celebrated  Publiliae 
Leges,  which  abolished  the  power  of  the  patri- 
cian assembly  of  the  curiae,  and  elevated  the 
plebeians  to  an  equality  with  the  patricians 
for  all  practical  purposes. 

PHILOCTETES  (-is),  a  son  of  Poeas 
(whence  he  is  called  Poeanfiddes),  was  the 
most  celebrated  archer  in  the  Trojan  war. 
He  was  the  friend  and  armor-bearer  of  Her- 
cules, who  bequeathed  to  him  his  bow  and 
the  poisoned  arrows,  for  having  set  fire  to 
the  pile  on  Mount  Oeta,  on  which  Hercules 
perished.  Philoctetes  was  also  one  of  the 
suitors  of  Helen,  and  thus  took  part  in  the 
Trojan  war.  On  his  voyage  to  Troy,  while 
staying  in  the  island  of  Chryse,  he  was  bitten 
on  the"foot  by  a  snake,  or  wounded  by  one  of 
his  arrows.  The  wound  produced  such  an  in- 
tolerable stench  that  the  Greeks,  on  the  ad- 
vice of  Ulysses,  left  Philoctetes  on  the  solitary 
coast  of  Lemnos.  He  remained  in  this  island 
tiU  the  10th  year  of  the  Trojan  war,  when 
Ulysses  and  Diomedes  came  to  fetch  him  to 
Troy,  as  an  oracle  had  declared  that  the  city 
could  not  be  taken  without  the  arrows  of 
Hercules.  He  accompanied  these  heroes  to 
Troy,  and  on  his  arrival  Aesculapius  or  his 
sons  cured  his  wound.  He  slew  Paris  and 
many  other  Trojans.  On  his  return  from  Troy 
he  is  said  to  have  settled  in  Italy. 


:ontemporary  of  Socrates. 

PHILOMELA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Pandion, 
king  of  Athens,  and  sister  of  Procuc,  who 
had  married  Tereus,  king  of  Thrace.  Being 
dishonored  by  the  latter^Philomela  was  met- 
amorphosed into  a  nightingale.  The  story  is 
given  under  TEREUS. 

PHILOMELIUM  or  PHIL5MELOI  (-i),  a 
city  of  Phrygia,  on  the  borders  of  Lycaonia 
and  Pisidia,  said  to  have  been  named  from  the 
numbers  of  nightingales  in  its  neighborhood. 

PHlLOPOEMEN  (-cnis),  of  Megalopolis  in 
Arcadia,  one  of  the  few  great  men  that  Greece 
produced  iii  the  decline  of  her  political  in- 
dependence. The  great  object  of  his  life  was 
to  infuse  into  the  Achaeans  a  military  spirit, 
and  thereby  to  establish  their  independence 
on  a  firm  aud  lasting  basis.  He  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Sellasia  (R.O,  221),  in 
which  Cleomenes  was  defeated.  Soon  after- 
wards he  sailed  to  Crete,  and  served  for  some 
years  in  the  wars  between  the  cities  of  that 
island.  In  B.C.  203  he  was  elected  strategus, 
or  general  of  the  Achaean  League,  andinlhis 
year  slew  in  battle  with  his  own  hand  Ma» 
chauidas,  tyrant  of  Lacedaemou.  He  was  S 
times  general  of  the  Achaean  League,  and 
discharged  the  duties  of  his  office  with  honor 
to  himself  and  advantage  to  his  country.  In 
B.C.  1S3,  when  he  was  marching  against  the 
Messeuians  who  had  revolted  from  the  Achae- 
an League,  he  fell  in  with  a  large  body  of 
MessenTan  troops,  by  whom  he  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  carried  to  Messene,  where  he 
was  compelled  to  drink  poison. 

PHILOSTRATUS,  FLAVIUS  (-i).  (1)  A 
native  of  Lemnos,  flourished  iii  the  1st  half 
of  the  3d  century  of  the  Christian  era,  and 
taught  rhetoric  first  at  Athens  aud  afterwards 
at  Rome.  He  wrote  several  works,  of  which 
the  most  important  is  the  Life  of  ApoUonius 
of  Tyana  in  S  books.— (2)  The  younger,  and 
a  grandson  of  the  preceding.  He  Hvrote  a 
work  entitled  Imagines. 

PHiLOTAS  (-ae),  son  of  Parmenion,  en- 
joyed a  high  place  in  the  friendship  of  Alex- 
anaer,  but  was  accused  in  B.C.  330  of  being 
privy  to  a  plot  against  the  king's  life.  There 
was"no  proof  of  his  gnilt;  but  a  confession 
was  wrung  from  him  oy  tortnre,  and  he  \vaa 
stoned  to  death  by  the  troops.  [PABMESION.] 

PHILOXENUS  (-i),  of  Cythera,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  dithyrainbic  poets  of 
Greece,  was  bom  B.C.  436  and  died  3SO.  He 
spent  part  of  his  life  at  Syracuse,  where  he 
was  cast  into  prison  by  Dionysius,  because  he 
had  told  the  tyrant,  when  asked  to  revise  one 
of  his  poems,  that  the  best  way  of  correcting 
it  would  be  to  draw  a  black  line  through  the 
whole  paper.  Only  a  few  fragments  of  bis 
poems  have  come  down  to  us. 

PHILUS,  L.  FtRlUS  (-i),  consul  B.C.  136, 
was  fond  of  Greek  literature  and  refinement 


PHILYRA. 


304 


PHOCYLIDES. 


and  is  introduced  by  Cicero  as  one  of  the 
speakers  in  his  dialogue  De  JRepublica. 

PHILYRA  (-ae),  a  nymph,  daughter  of 
Oceanus,  and  mother  of  the  Centaur  Chiron, 
was  changed  into  a  linden -tree.  Hence 
Chiron  was  called  Phtt$rid$s,  and  his  abode 
Phityreia  tecta. 

PHINEUS  (-Sos,  ei,  or  ei).  (1)  Son  of  Be- 
lus  and  Anchmoe,  and  brother  of  Cepheus, 
slain  by  Perseus.  [ANDROMEDA  and  PERSEUS.] 
—(2)  Son  of  Agenor,  and  king  of  Salmydessus 
in  Thrace,  and  a  celebrated  soothsayer.  He 
deprived  his  sons  of  sight,  in  consequence  of 
afalse accusation  madeagainst  them  by Idaea, 
their  step-mother.  The  gods,  in  consequence, 
punished  him  with  the  loss  of  his  sight,  and 
sent  the  Harpies  to  torment  him.  [HARFYIAE.] 
When  the  Argonauts  visited  Thrace,  he  was 
delivered  from  these  monsters  by  Zetes  and 
Calais,  the  sons  of  Boreas.  Phmeus  in  re- 
turn explained  to  the  Argonauts  the  further 
course  they  had  to  take.  According  to  other 
accounts  he  was  slain  by  Hercules. 
PHINTIAS.  [DAMON.] 
PHLEGSTH5N  (-ontis),  i.  e.  the  flaming, 
a  river  in  the  lower  world,  in  whose  channel 
flowed  flames  instead  of  water 
PHLEGRA.  [PALLENE.] 
PHLEGRAEI  CAMPI  (-orura),  the  name 
of  the  volcanic  plain  extending  along  the  coast 
of  Campania  from  Cumae  to  Capua,  so  called 
because  it  was  believed  to  have  been  once  on 
fire. 

PHLfiGtAS  (-ae),  son  of  Ares  (Mars)  and 
Chryse,  and  king  or  Orchomeuos,  in  Boeotia. 
He  was  the  father  of  fxion  and  Corouis,  the 
latter  of  whom  became  by  Apollo  the  mother 
of  Aesculapius.  Enraged  at  this,  Phlegyas 
set  fire  to  the  temple  of  the  god,  who  killed 
him  with  his  arrows,  and  condemned  him  to 
severe  punishment  in  the  lower  world.  His 
descendants,  Phlegyae,  are  represented  as  a 
mythical  race,  who  destroyed  the  temple  at 
Delphi 

PHIItTS  (-untis),  the  chief  town  of  a  small 
province  in  the  N.E.  of  Peloponnesus,  whose 
territory,  PHLI  ASIA,  was  bounded  by  Sicyonia, 
Arcadia,  and  Argos. 

PH5CAEA  (-ae),  the  N.-most  of  the  Ionian 
cities  on  the  W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  cele- 
brated as  a  great  maritime  state,  and  espe- 
cially as  the  founder  of  the  Greek  colony  of 
MASBILIA,  in  Gaul.  The  name  of  Phocaean 
is  often  used  with  reference  to  Massilia. 

PH5CI5N  (-5nis),  an  Athenian  general  and 
statesman,  born  about  B.O.  402.  He  frequently 
opposed  the  measures  of  Demosthenes,  and 
recommended  peace  with  Philip;  but  he  was 
not  one  of  the  mercenary  supporters  of  the 
Macedonian  monarch.  On  the  contrary,  his 
virtue  i*  above  suspicion,  and  his  public  con 
duct  was  always  influenced  by  upright  mo- 
tives. When  the  Piraeus  was  seized  by  Alex 
ander,  the  son  of  Polysperchon,  in  818,  Pho- 
cion  was  suspected  of  having  advised  Alex 
ander  to  take  this  step ;  whereupon  he  fled 
to  Alexander,  but  was  basely  surrendered  by 
Poiysperchon  to  the  Athenians.  He  was 
condemned  to  drink  the  hemlock,  and  thui 


perished  in  317,  at  the  age  of  85.  The  Ath& 
nians  are  said  to  have  repented  of  their  con- 
duct. 


Fhocion. 


PHOCIS  (-idis),  a  country  in  Northern 
Greece,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Locri  Epic- 
nemidii  and  Opuntii,  on  the  E.  by  Boeotia. 
on  the  W.by  the  Locri  Ozolae  and  Doris,  and 
on  the  S.  by  the  Corinthian  gulf.  It  was  a 
mountainous  and  unproductive  country,  and 
owes  its  chief  importance  in  history  to  the 
fact  of  its  possessingthe  Delphic  oracle.  Its 
chief  mountain  was  PARNASSUS,  and  its  chief 
river  the  CEPHISSUS.  The  Phocians  played 
no  conspicuous  part  in  Greek  history  till  the 
time  of  Philip  of  Macedon ;  but  at  this  period 
they  became  involved  in  a  war,  called  the 
Phocian  or  Sacred  War,  in  which  the  princi- 
pal states  of  Greece  took  part.  At  the  insti- 
gation of  the  Thebans,  the  inveterate  enemies 
of  the  Phocians,  the  Amphictyons  imposed  a 
fine  upon  the  Phocians,  and,  upon  their  re- 
fusal to  pay  it,  declared  the  Phocian  land  for- 
feited to  the  god  at  Delphi.  Thereupon  the 
Phocians  seized  the  treasures  of  the  temple 
at  Delphi  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  the 
war.  This  war  lasted  10  years  (B.O.  357-846), 
and  was  brought  to  a  close  by  the  conquest 
of  the  Phocians  by  Philip  of  Macedon.  All 
their  towns  were  razed  to  the  ground  with 
the  exception  of  Abae ;  and  the  2  votes  which 
they  had  in  the  Amphictyonic  council  were 
taken  away  and  given  to  Philip. 

PH5CT7S  (-i),  son  of  Aeacus  and  the  Nereid 
Psamathe,  was  murdered  by  his  half-brothers 
Telaraon  and  Peleus.  [PELEUS.] 

PH5C"?LtDlS  (-is),  of  Miletus,  a  gnomic 
poet,  contemporary  with  Theognes,  was  born 
B.C.  560. 


PHOEBE. 


305 


PHRYGIA. 


PHOEBE  (-es).  (1)  A  surname  of  Artemis 
(Diana)  as  the  goddess  of  the  moon  (Luna), 
the  moon  being  regarded  as  tbe  female  Phoe- 
bus or  sun — (2)  Daughter  of  Tyiidareos  and 
Leda,  and  a  sister  of  Clytaemuestra.  —  (3) 
Daughter  of  Leucippus. 

PHOEBUS  (-i),  the  Bright  or  Pure,  an 
epithet  of  Apollo. 

PHOENICE  (-Ss),  a  country  of  Asia,  on 
the  coast  of  Syria,  extending  from  the  river 
Elentherus  on  the  N.  to  below  Mount  Carmel 
on  the  S.,  and  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Coele- 
Syria  and  Palestine.  It  was  a  mountainous 
strip  of  coast  land,  not  more  than  10  or  12 
miles  broad,  hemmed  in  between  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  the  chain  of  Lebanon,  whose  lat- 
eral branches  run  out  into  the  sea  in  bold 
promontories,  upon  which  were  situated  some 
of  the  greatest  maritime  states  of  the  ancient 
world.  For  the  history  of  those  great  cities, 
see  SIDON,  TYEUS,  etc.  The  people  were  of 
the  Semitic  race,  and  their  language  was  a 
dialect  of  the  Aramaic,  closely  related  to  the 
Hebrew  and  Syriac.  Their  written  characters 
were  the  same  as  the  Samaritan  or  Old  He- 
brew ;  and  from  them  the  Greek  alphabet,  and 
through  it  most  of  the  alphabets  of  Europe, 
were  undoubtedly  derived ;  hence  they  were 
regarded  by  the  Greeks  as  the  inventors  of 
letters.  Other  inventions  in  the  sciences  and 
arts  are  ascribed  to  them :  such  as  arithmetic, 
astronomy,  navigation,  the  manufacture  of 
glass,  and  the  coining  of  money.  That,  at  a 
very  early  time,  they  excelled  iu  the  fine  arts, 
is  clear  from  the  aid  which  Solomon  received 
from  Hiram,  king  of  Tyre,  in  the  building  and 
the  sculptured  decorations  of  the  temple  at 
Jerusalem,  and  from  the  references  in  Homer 
to  Sidonian  artists.  In  the  sacred  history  of 
the  Israelitish  conquest  of  Canaan,  in  that  of 
the  Hebrew  monarchy,  and  in  the  earliest 
Greek  poetry,  we  find  the  Phoenicians  already 
a  great  maritime  people.  Their  voyages  and 
their  settlements  extended  beyond  the  pil- 
lars of  Hercules  to  the  W.  coasts  of  Africa  and 
Spain,  and  even  as  far  as  the  British  islands. 
tBaiTAKNTA.]  Within  the  Mediterranean  they 
planted  numerous  colonies,  on  its  islands,  on 
the  coast  of  Spain,  and  especially  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Africa,  the  chief  of  which  was  CAR- 
THAGO. They  were  successively  subdued  by 
the  Assyrians,  Babylonians,  Persians,  Mace- 
donians, and  Romans ;  bnt  these  conquests 
did  not  entirely  ruin  their  commerce,  which 
was  still  considerable  at  the  Christian  era. 
Under  the  Romans,  Phoenice  formed  a  part 
of  the  province  of  Syria. 

PHOENIX  (-icis).  (1)  Son  of  Agenor  and 
brother  of  Europa.  Being  sent  by~his  father 
in  search  of  his  sister,  who  was  carried  off 
by  Zeus  (Jupiter),  he  settled  in  the  country, 
which  was  called  after  him  Phoenicia. — (2) 
Son  of  Amyntor  by  Cleobtile  or  Hippodamia. 
His  father  having  neglected  his  wife,  and  at- 
tached himself  to  a  mistress,  Cleobule  per- 
suaded her  son  to  gain  the  affections. of  the 
latter.  Phoenix  succeeded  in  the  attempt, 
but  was  in  consequence  cursed  by  his  father. 
Thereupon  he  fled  to  Phthia  iu  Thessaly, 
where  he  was  hospitably  received  by  Pelens, 
Who  made  him  ruler  of  the  Dolopes,  and  in- 


trusted to  him  the  education  of  his  son  Achil- 
les. He  afterwards  accompanied  Achilles  to 
the  Trojan  war.  According  to  another  tradi- 
tion, Amyntor  put  out  the  eyes  of  his  son, 
who  fled  in  this  condition  to  Peleus;  but 
Chiron  restored  his  sight. 

PHOLOE  <-e$),  a  mountain  forming  the 
boundary  between  Arcadia  and  Elis;  men- 
tioued  as  one  of  the  seats  of  the  Centaurs. 

[PlIOLUS.] 

PHOLUS  (4),  a  Centaur,  accidentally  slain 
by  one  of  the  poisoned  arrows*  of  Hercnles, 
and  buried  in  the  mountain  called  Pholoe 
after  him.  For  the  details  of  this  story,  see 
p.  191. 

PHORCUS  <-i),  PHORCYS  (-yos),  or 
PHORCYN  (-ynus),  a  tea  deiry,  son  of  Pontus 
and  Ge,  and  father  of  the  Graeae  and  Gor- 
gones,  who  are  hence  called  Phorcides,  Phor- 
cydes,  or  Phorcynides  (-urn). 

PHORMlON  (-onifr),  a  celebrated  Athenian 
general  in  the  Peloponnesiuu  war. 

PHOROXEUS  (-eos  or  ei),  son  of  Inachus 
and  Melhi,  one  of  the  fabulous  kings  of  Ar- 
<TD>,  tmd  father  of  Niobe  and  ApisC  Hence 
Phoroueus  and  PhorOuis  are  used  in  the  gen- 
eral sense  of  Argive. 

PHRlATES  (-ae),  the  name  of  4  kings  of 
Parthia.  [AESXCES  V.,  VII.,  XH.,  XV.] 

PHRAORTES,  2d  king  of  Media,  son  and 
successor  of  Deioces,  reigned  B.C.  G56--634. 
He  was  killed  while  laying  siege  to  Ninas 
(Nineveh). 

PHRIXUS  (-i),  son  of  Athamas  andNephele, 
and  brother  of  Helle.  In  consequence  of  the 
intrigues  of  his  step-mother,  Ino,  he  was  to  be 
sacrificed  to  Zeus  (Jupiter) ;  but  Nephele  res- 
cued her  2  children,  who  rode  away  through 
the  air  upon  the  ram  with  the  golden  fleece, 
the  gift  of  Hermes  (Mercury).  Between  Sige- 
um  and  the  Chersonesus,  Helle  fell  into  the 
sea,  which  was  called  after  her  the  Hellespont ; 
bnt  Phrixus  arrived  in  safety  in  Colchis,  the 
kingdom  of  Aeetes,  who  gave  him  his  daugh- 
ter Chalciope  in  marriage.  Phrixns  sacrificed 
to  Zeus  the  ram  which"  had  carried  him,  and 
gave  its  fleece  to  Aeetes,  who  fastened  it  to 
an  oak-tree  in  the  grove  of  Ares  (Mare).  This 
fleece  was  afterwards  carried  away  by  Jason 
aud  the  Argonauts.  [JASON.] 

PHRtGiA  MATER.    [PHEYGIA.] 

PHRTGlA  (-ae),  a  country  of  Asia  Minor, 
which  was  of  different  extent  at  different 
periods.  Under  the  Roman  empire,  Phrygia 
was  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Mysia,  Lydia,  and 
Caris,  on  the  S.  by  Lycia  aod  Pisidia,  on  the 
E.  by  Lycaonia  (which  is  often  reckoned  as  a 
part  of Phrvgia)  and  Galatia  (which  former- 
ly belonged"  to  Phrygia),  and  on  the  N.  by 
Bithyuia.  The  Phrygians  are  mentioned  by 
Homer  as  settled  on  the  banks  of  the  Sanga- 
rius,  where  later  writers  tell  us  of  the  power- 
ful Phrygian  kingdom  of  Gonmus  and  MIDAS. 
It  would  seem  ttiat  they  were  a  branch  of  the 
great  Thracian  family,  originally  settled  in 
the  N.  W.  of  Asia  Minor,  as  "far  as  the  shores 
of  the  Hellespont  aud  Propoutis,  and  that 
the  successive  migrations  of  other  Thracian 
peoples,  as  the  Thyni,  Bithyni,  Mysians,  and 


PHBYNICHUS. 


306 


PICENTIA. 


Teucrians,  drove  them  farther  inland.  They 
were  not,  however,  entirely  displaced  by  the 
Mysiaus  and  Teucrians  from  the  country  be- 
tween the  shores  of  the  Hellespont  and  Pro- 
pontis  and  Mounts  Ida  and  Olympus,  where 
they  continued  side  by  side  with  the  Greek 
colonies,  and  where  their  name  was  preserved 
in  that  of  the  district  under  all  subsequent 
changes,  namely  PUBYGIA  Minor  or  PHBYGIA 
HBLI.BSPONTUS.  The  kingdom  of  Phrygia  was 
conquered  by  Croesus,  and  formed  part  of  the 
Persian,  Macedonian,  and  Syro-Greciau  em- 
pires ;  but,  under  the  last,  the  N.E.  part,  ad- 
jacent to  Paphlagouia  and  the  Halys,  was 
conquered  by  the  Gauls,  and  formed  the  W. 
part  of  GALATIA  ;  and  under  the  Romans  was 
included  in  the  province  of  Asia.  In  connec- 
tion with  the  early  intellectual  culture  of 
Greece,  Phrygia  is  highly  important.  The 
earliest  Greek  music,  especially  that  of  the 
flute,  was  borrowed  in  part,  through  the 
Asiatic  colonies,  from  Phrygia.  With  this 
country  also  were  closely  associated  the  orgies 
of  Dionysus  (Bacchus),  and  of  Cybele,  the 
Mother  of  the  Gods,  the  Phrygia  Mater  of 
the  Roman  poets.  After  the  Persian  con- 
quest, however,  the  Phrygians  seem  to  have 
lost  all  intellectual  activity,  and  they  became 
proverbial  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
for  submissiveness  and  stupidity.  The  Ro- 
man poets  constantly  use  the  epithet  Phry- 
gian as  equivalent  to  Trojan. 

PHRYNlCHUS  (-i),  an  Athenian,  and  one 
of  the  early  tragic  poets,  gained  his  first 
tragic  victory  in  B.C.  511,  12  years  before 
Aeschylus  (499). 

PHTHIA. 


PHTHI5TIS  (-idis),  a  district  in  the  S  E 
of  Thessaly,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Maliac 
gulf,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Pagasaean  gulf 
and  inhabited  by  Achaeans.  [THESSA.LIA.] 
Homer  calls  it  PHTHIA,  and  mentions  a  city 
of  the  same  name,  which  was  celebrated  as 
the  residence  of  Achilles.  Hence  the  poets 
call  Achilles  Phthius  hero,  and  his  father  Pe- 
leus  Phthius  rex. 

PHTCttS  (  untis),  a  promontory  on  the 
coast  of  Cyrenuica,  a  little  W.  of  Apollonia. 

PHl?LACS  (-es),  a  small  town  of  Thessaly 
in  Phthiotis,  the  birthplace  of  Protesilaus, 
hence  called  Phylacides ;  his  wife  Laodamia  is 
also  called  Phylaceis. 

PHTLS  (-es),  a  strongly  fortified  place  in 
Attica,  on  the  confines  of  Boeotia,  and  mem- 
orable as  the  place  which  Thrasybulus  and  the 
Athenian  patriots  seized  soon  after  the  end 
of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  B.O.  404,  and  from 
which  they  directed  their  operations  against 
the  30  Tyrants  at  Athens. 

PHYLLIS.    [DBMOPHON.] 

PHYLLUS  (-i),  a  town  of  Thessaly  in  the 
district  Thessaliotis.  The  poets  use  Phyllew 
and  Phyll&ius  in  the  sense  of  Thessalian. 

PHYSCON.      [PTOLTZMAUS.3 
PICENI.      [PlOENUM.] 

PlCENTlA  (-ae :  Vicenza),  a  town  in  the  S. 
of  Campania  at  the  head  of  the  Binds  Paes- 
tanus.  The  name  of  Picentini  was  not  con- 
fined to  the  inhabitants  of  Picentia,  but  was 
given  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  whole  coast 
of  the  Sinus  Paestanus,  from  the  promontory 
of  Minerva  to  the  river  Silarus.  They  were 
a  portion  of  the  Sabine  Picentes,  who  were 


View  of  Phyla. 


PICENTINL 


307 


PIXDENISSCS. 


transplanted  by  the  Romans  to  this  part  of 
Campania  after  the  conquest  of  Picenum,  i*.o. 
268,  at  which  time  they  founded  the  town  of 
Picentia. 

PICENTINL    [PIOENTIA.] 

PICENUM  (-i),  a  country  iu  central  Italy, 
vras  a  narro\y  strip  of  land  along  the  coast 
of  the  Adriatic,  and  was  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Umbria,  on  the  W.  by  Umbria  and  the 
territory  of  the  Sabines,  and  on  the  S.  by  the 
territory  of  the  Marsi  and  Vestini.  It  is  said 
to  have  derived  its  name  from  the  bird  picus, 
which  directed  the  Sabine  immigrants  into 
the  land.  They  were  conquered  by  the  Ro- 
mans in  B.C.  26S,  when  a  portion  of  them  was 
transplanted  to  the  coast  of  the  Sinus  Paesta- 
nus,  where  they  founded  the  town  of  Picentia. 

[PlOENTIA.] 

PICTI  (-orum),  a  people  inhabiting  the 
northern  part  of  Britain,  appear  to  have  been 
either  a  tribe  of  the  Caledonians,  or  the  same 
people  as  the  Caledonians,  though  under  an- 
other name.  They  were  called"  Picti  by  the 
Romans,  from  their  practice  of  painting  their 
bodies.  They  are  first  mentioned  in  A.I>.  290 ; 
and  after  this  time  their  name  frequently 
occurs  in  the  Roman  writers,  and  often  in 
connection  with  that  of  the  Scoti. 

PICTONES  (-urn),  subsequently  PICTlVI 
(-orum),  a  powerful  people  on  the  coast  of 
Gallia  Aquitanica.  Their  chief  town  was 
Limonum,  subsequently  Pictavi  (Poitiers). 

PICUMNUS  and  PILUMNUS  (-i),  twogods 
of  matrimony  iu  the  rustic  religion  of  the 
ancient  Romans.  Pilumnus  was  considered 
the  ancestor  of  Turnus. 

PICUS  (-i),  a  Latin  prophetic  divinity,  son 
of  Saturnus,  husband  of  Canens,  and  father  of 
Fatmus.  The  legend  of  Picas  is  founded  on 
the  notion  that  the  woodpecker  is  a  prophetic 
bird,  sacred  to  Mars.  Pomona  was  beloved 
by  him ;  and  when  Circe's  love  for  him  was 
not  requited,  she  changed  him  into  a  wood- 
pecker, who  retained  the  prophetic  powers 
which  he  had  formerly  possessed  as  a  man. 

PlfiRiA  (-ae).  (1)  A  narrow  slip  of  country 
on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Macedonia,  extending 
from  th.e  mouth,  of  the  Peneus  in  Thessaly  to 
the  Haliacmou,  and  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Mount  Olympus  and  its  offshoots.  A  portion 
of  these  mountains  was  called  by  the  ancient 
writers  PIEKDS,  or  the  Pierian  mountain. 
The  inhabitants  of  this  country  were  a  Thra- 
cian  people,  and  are  celebrated  in  the  early 
history  of  Greek  poetry  and  music,  since 
their  country  was  one  of  the  earliest  seats  of 
the  worship  of  the  Muses,  who  are  hence 
sailed  PUrWes.  After  the  establishment  of 
the  Macedonian  kingdom  in  Emathia  in  the 
7th  century  B.O.,  Pieria  was  conquered  by 
the  Macedonians,  and  the  inhabitants  were 
driven  out  of  the  country.— (2)  A  district  in 
Macedonia,  E.  of  the  Strymon,  near  Mount 
Pangaeum,  where  the  Pierians  settled  who 
had  been  driven  out  of  their  original  abodes 
by  the  Macedonians,  as  already  related.— (3) 
A  district  on  the  N.  coast  of  Syria,  so  called 
from  the  mountain  Pieria,  a  branch  of  the 
Amanus,  a  name  given  to  it  by  the  Macedo- 
nians after  their  conquest  of  the  East 


PIERIDES  (-urn).  (1)  A  surname  of  tha 
Muses.  [PiERiA,  >*o.  1.]— (2)  The  nine  daugh- 
ters of  Pierus,  kiug  of  £m:uhia  (Macedonia), 
to  whom  he  gave  the  uames  of  the  nine  Mnsea. 
They  afterwards  entered  into  a  contest  with 
the  Muses,  and,  being  conquered,  were  meta- 
morphosed into  birds. 

PIERUS.  (1)  Mythological.  [PIEEUDES.]— 
(2)  A  mountain.  [PIEP.IA,  No.  1.] 

PILUMNUS.    [PicuMNrs.] 

PIMPLEA.  (-ae),  a  town  iu  the  Macedonian 
province  of  Pieria,  sacred  to  the  Muses,  who 
were  hence  called  Piinplftdes.  Horace  uses 
the  form  Pimplea  in  the  singular,  and  not 


PINARA  (-orum),  an  inland  city  of  Lycia. 
PINARII  and  POTlTII  (-orum),  the  name 
of  two  ancient  Roman  families,  who  presided 
over  the  worship  of  Hercules  at  Rome. 

,,'INARUS  (-i),  a  river  of  Cilicia,  rising  in 
Mount  Amanus,  and  falling  into  the  gulf  of 
Issus. 

PINDARUS  (-i),  the  greatest  lyric  poet  of 
Greece,  was  born  at  Cyuoscephalae,  a  village 
in  the  territory  of  The- 
bes, about  B.G.  522.  He 
commenced  his  career 
as  a  poet  at  an  ear- 
ly age,  and  was  soon 
employed  by  different 
states  and  princes  in 
all  parts  of  the  Hel- 
lenic world  to  com- 
pose for  them  choral 
sonars  for  special  oc- 
casions. He  received 
money  and  presents 
for  his  works ;  but  he 
never  degenerated  into 
a  common  mercenary 
Pindar.  poet,  and  he  continued 

to  preserve  to  his  lat- 
est days  the  respect  of  all  parts  of  Greece. 
I  The  praises  which  he  bestowed  upon  Alexan- 
der, kinsr  of  Macedonia,  are  said  to  have  been 
I  the  chie~f  reason  which  led  Alexander  the 
;  Great  to  spare  the  house  of  the  poet  when 
he  destroyed  the  rest  of  Thebes.    He  died  in 
his  SOth  year,  B.O.  442.    Pindar  wrote  poems 
of  various  kinds,  most  of  which  are  mention- 
ed in  the  well-known  lines  of  Horace: 

"  Sea  per  audaces  nova  dithyrambos 
Verba  devolvit,  numerisqne  fertur 

Lege  solatia : 
Sea  deos  (hymns  and  paeans)  regeave  (encomia) 

canlt,  deorum 
Sanguinem :  . .  . 
Sive  quos  Elea  domura  redvclt 
Palma  caelestea  (tie  JEpinicia) :  ... 
Flebili  sponsae  jnvenemve  raptum 
Plorsnt"  (fke  dirges). 

But  his  only  poems  which  have  come  down 
to  us  entire  are  his  Epinida^  which  were 
composed  in  commemoration  of  victories  in 
the  public  games.  They  are  divided  into  4 
books,  celebrating  the  victories  gained  in  the 
Olympian,  Pythian,  Nemean,  and  Isthmian 
games. 

PINDENISSUS  (-i),  a  fortified  town  of 
Cilicia,  which  was  taken  by  Cicero  when  h«* 
was  proconsul  of  Cilicia. 


PINDUS. 


308 


PIRAEEUS. 


PINDUS  (-i).  (1)  A  lofty  range  of  mount- 
ains in  northern  Greece,  a  portion  of  the 
great  backbone  which  runs  through  the 
centre  of  Greece  from  N.  to  S.  The  name  of 
Pindus  was  confined  to  that  part  of  the  chain 
which  separates  Thessaly  and  Epirus;  and 
its  most  N.-ly  and  also  highest  part  was 
called  LACMON.— (2)  One  of  the  4  towns  in 
Doris. 

PINNA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  of  the  Vestini, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines. 


PIRAEEUS  (-55s)  or  PIRAEUS  (-1 .  Porto 
Leone  or  Porto  Draeowe),  the  most  important 
of  the  harbors  of  Athens,  was  situated  in  the 
peninsula  about  5  miles  S.W.  of  Athens.  This 
peninsula,  which  is  sometimes  called  by  the 
general  name  of  Piraeens,  contained  3  har- 
bors :  PIRAEETJS  proper,  on  the  W.  side,  by  far 
the  largest  of  the  3 ;  ZEA,  on  the  E.  side,  sep- 
arated from  Piraeeus  by  a  narrow  isthmus; 
and  MTOYOHIA  (Pkamarfy  still  farther  to  the 
B.  It  was  through  the  suggestion  of  The- 


PIRENE. 


309 


PISISTKATUS. 


mistocles  that  the  Athenians  were  induced  to 
make  use  of  the  harbor  of  Piraeeus.  Before 
the  Persian  wars  their  principal  harbor  was 
Phalerum,  which  was  not  situated  in  the 
Piraean  peninsula  at  all,  but  lay  to  the  E.  of 
Munychia.  [PHALEECMO  The  town  or  demus 
of  Piraeeus  was  surrounded  with  strong  forti- 
fications by  Themistocles,  and  was  connected 
with  Athens  by  means  of  the  celebrated  long 
walls  under  the  administration  of  Pericles. 
(See  p.  70.)  The  town  possessed  a  considera- 
ble population,  and  many  public  and  private 
buildings. 

PXRSNE  (-Ss),  a  celebrated  fountain  at 
<3orinth,  at  which  Bellerophon  is  said  to  have 
caaght  the  horse  Pegasus.  It  gushed  forth 
&om  the  rock  in  the  Acrocorinthus,  was  con- 
*eyed  down  the  hill  by  subterraneous  con- 
dints,  and  fell  into  a  marble  basin,  from  which 
the  greater  part  of  the  town  was  supplied 
with  water.  The  poets  frequently  used  Pi- 
r&nis  in  the  general  sense  of  Corinthian. 

PXRtTEQUS  (-i),  son  of  Ixion  and  Dia,  and 
king  of  the  Lapithae  in  Thessaly.  Pirith- 
oUs  once  invaded  Attica,  but  when  Theseus 
came  forth  to  oppose  him,  he  conceived  a 
warm  admiration  for  the  Athenian  king;  and 
from  this  time  a*most  intimate  friendship 
sprang  up  between  the  two  heroes.  When 
Pirithous  was  celebrating  his  marriage  with 
Hippodamia,  the  intoxicated  Centaur  Eury- 
tion  or  Eurytus  carried  her  off,  and  this  act 
occasioned  the  celebrated  fight  between  the 
Centaurs  and  Lapithae,  in  which  the  Centaurs 
•were  defeated.  Theseus,  who  was  present  at 
the  wedding  of  Pirithoas,  assisted  him  in  his 
battle  against  the  Centaurs.  Hippodamia 
afterwards  died,  and  each  of  the  two  friends 
resolved  to  wed  a  daughter  of  Zens  (Jupiter). 
With  the  assistance  of  Pirithous,  Theseus 
carried  off  Helen  from  Sparta.  Pirithous 
was  still  more  ambitions,  and  resolved  to 
carry  off  Persephone  (Proserpina),  the  wife 
of  the  king  of  the  lower  world.  Theseus 
would  not  desert  his  friend  in  the  enterprise, 
though  he  knew  the  risk  which  they  ran. 
The  two  friends  accordingly  descended  to  the 
lower  world ;  but  they  were  seized  by  Pluto 
and  fastened  to  a  rock,  where  they  both  re- 
mained till  Hercules  visited  the  lower  world. 
Hercules  delivered  Theseus,  who  h*d  made 
the  daring  attempt  only  to  please  his  friend ; 
but  Pirithous  remained  forever  in  torment. 

PISA  (-ae),the  capital  of  PSSlTIS  (-idis), 
the  middle -portion  of  the  province  of  Elis,  in 
Peloponnesus.  [Ens.]  Pisa  itself  was  situated 
N.  of  the  Alphaeus,  at  a  very  short  distance 
E.  of  Olyrapia,  and,  in  consequence  of  its 
proximity  to  the  latter  place,  was  frequently 
identified  by  the  poets  with  it  The  history 
of  the  Pisatae  consists  of  their  struggle  with 
the  Eleaus,  with  whom  they  contended  for  the 
presidency  of  the  Olympic  games.  The  Pisa- 
tae obtained  this  honor  in  the  Sth  Olympiad 
(B.O.  748),  with  the  assistance  of  Phidon,  ty- 
rant of  Argos,  and  also  a  2d  time  in  the  34th 
Olympiad '(644),  by  means  of  their  own  king 
Pautaleon.  In  the  52d  Olympiad  (572)  the 
struggle  between  the  2  peoples  was  brought 
to  a'close  by  the  conquest  and  destruction  of 
Pisa  bY  the  Eleans. 


PISAE  (-arum:  Pisa},  an  ancient  city  of 
Struria,  and  one  of  the  12  cities  of  the  confed- 
eration, was  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Arnos  and  Ausar  (Scrchio),  about  6  miles  from 
he  sea.   According  to  some  traditions,  Pisae 
was  founded  by  the  companions  of  Nestor, 
the  inhabitants  of  Pisa  in  Elis,  who  were 
driven  upon  the  coast  of  Italy  on  their  return 
rom  Troy ;  whence  the  Roman  poets  give  the 
Etruscan  town  the  surname  of  Alphea.    In 
B.O.  180  it  was  made  a  Latin  colony.   Its  har- 
>or,  called  POBTCS  PISANUS,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Araus,  was  much  used  by  the  Romans. 
PISANDER  (-dri),  an  Athenian,  the  chief 
»ent  in  effecting  the  revolution  of  the  Four 
[undred,  B.O.  412. 
PISITIS.    [PISA.] 

PISAURITM  (-i :  Pesara),  an  ancient  town 
of  TJmbria,  near  the  month  of  the  river  PI- 
SAURUS  (Foglia),  on  the  road  to  Arimiunm. 

PlSlDlA  (-ae),  an  inland  district  of  Asia 
Minor,  lying  N.  of  Lycia  and  Pampbylia,  was 
a  mountainous  region,  inhabited  by  a  war- 
like people,  who  maintained  their  independ- 
ence against  all  the  successive  rulers  of  Asia 
Minor. 

PlSISTRJLTlDAE  (-arum),  a  name  given 
:o  Hippias  and  Hipparchas,  as  the  sons  of 
Pisistratns. 

PXSISTR3.TTJS  M),anAthenian,son  of  Hip* 
pocrates,  belonged  to  a  noble  family  at  Athens- 
His  mother  was  cousin-german  to  the  mother 
of  Solon.  When  Solon  had  retired  from 
Athens,  after  the  establishment  of  his  con- 
stitution, the  old  rivalry  between  the  parties 
of  the  Plain,  the  Coast,  and  the  Highlands 
broke  out  into  open  feud.  The  first  was  headed 
by  Lycurgns,  the  second  by  Megacles,  the  son 
of  A'lcmaeon,  and  the  third  by  Pisistratus, 
who  had  formed  the  design  of  making  him- 
self tyrant  or  despot  of  Athens.  Solou,  on 
his  return,  quickly  saw  through  his  designs, 
and  attempted  in  vain  to  dissuade  him  from 
overthrowing  the  constitution.  When  Pisis- 
tratus  found  his  plans  sufficiently  ripe  for 
execution,  he  one  day  made  his  appearance 
in  the  agora,  his  mules  and  his  own  person 
exhibiting  recent  wounds,  and  pretended  that 
he  had  been  nearly  assassin :i ted  by  his  ene- 
mies as  he  was  riding  into  the  country.  An 
assembly  of  the  people  was  forthwith  called, 
in  which  one  of  his  partisans  proposed  that 
a  bodv-^uard  of  50  citizens,  armed  with  clubs, 
should,  be  granted  to  him.  Pisistratus  took 
the  opportunity  of  raising  a  much  larger  force, 
with  which  he  seized  the  citadel,  B.O.  560,  thus 
becoming  tyrant  of  Athens.  His  first  usurpa- 
tion lasted  but  a  short  time.  Before  his  power 
was  firmly  rooted,  the  factions  headed  by 
Megacles  and  Lycurgus  combined,  and  Pisis- 
tratus was  compelled  to  evacuate  Athens. 
But  Megacles  and  Lycurgus  soon  quarreled ; 
whereupon  the  former  offered  to  reinstate 
Pisistratus  in  the  tyranny  if  he  would  marry 
his  daughter.  The  proposal  was  accepted  by 
Pisistratus,  who  thus  became  a  second  t?me 
tyrant  of  Athens.  Pisistratus  now  married 
the  daughter  of  Megacles ;  but  in  consequence 
of  the  insulting  manner  in  which  he  treated 
his  wife,  Megacles  again  made  common  causa 


PISO. 


310 


PISTORIA. 


with  Lyc'«rgus,  and  Pisistratus  was  a  second 
time  compelled  to  evacuate  Athens.    He  re- 
tired to  Eretria,  in  Enboea ;  and  after  spend- 
ing 10  years  in  making  preparations  to  re- 
gain his  power,  he  invaded  Attica,  and  made 
himself  master  of  Athens  for  the  third  time. 
He  was  not  expelled  again,  but  continued  to 
hold  his  power  till  Ms  death.    His  rule  was 
not  oppressive.    He  maintained  the  form  of 
"Solon's  institutions,  and  not  only  exacted 
obedience  to  the  laws  from  his  subjects  and 
friends,  but  himself  set  the  example  of  sub- 
mitting to  them.    He  was  a  warm  patron  of 
literature ;  and  it  is  to  him  that  we  owe  the 
first  written  text  of  the  whole  of  the  poems 
of  Homer,  which,  without  his  care,  would 
most  likely  now  exist  only  in  a  few  disjointed 
fragments.    [HOMEEGTS.]    He -died  in  B.C.  527, 
and  was  succeeded  in  the  tyranny  by  his  two 
sons,  Hippias  and  Hipparchus.    They  con- 
tinued the  government  on  the  same  principles 
as  their  father.     Hipparchus  inherited  his 
father's  literary  tastes.  Several  distinguished 
poets  lived  at  Athens  under  the  patronage  of 
Hipparchus,  as,  for  example,  Simonides  of 
Ceos,  and  Anacreon  of  Teos.  After  the  mur- 
der of  Hipparchus,  in  B.O.  514,  an  account  of 
which  is  given  under  HABMOTHTIS,  a  great 
change  ensued  in  the  character  of  the  govern- 
ment.    Under  the  influence  of  revengeful 
feelings  and  fears  for  his  own  safety,  Hippias 
now  became  a  morose  and  suspicious  tyrant. 
His  old  enemies,  the  Alcmaeonidae,  to  whom 
Megacles  belonged,  availed  themselves  of  the 
growing  discontent  of  the  citizens ;  and  after 
one  or  two  unsuccessful  attempts  they  at 
length  succeeded,  supported  by  a  large  force 
under  Cleomenes,  in  expelling  Hippias  from 
Attica.    Hippias  first  retired  to  Sigeum,  B.C. 
510.    He  afterwards  repaired  to  the  court  of 
Darius,  and  looked  forward  to  a  restoration 
to  his  country  by  the  aid  of  the  Persians.   He 
accompanied  the  expedition  sent  under  Datis 
and  Artaphernes.  and  pointed  out  to  the  Per- 
sians the  plain  of  Marathon  as  the  most  suit- 
able place  for  their  landing.    He  was  now 
(490)  of  great  age.    According  to  some  ac- 
counts he  fell  in  the  battle  of  Marathon; 
according  to  others  he  died  at  Lemnos,  on  his 
return. 

PISO  (-onis),  the  name  of  a  distinguished 
family  of  the  Calpurnia  gens.  The  name  is 
connected  with  agriculture,  the  most  honor- 
able pursuit  of  the  ancient  Romans ;  it  comes 
from  the  verb  pise-re  or  pinsere,  and  refers  to 
the  pounding  or  grinding  of  corn.  The  chief 
members  of  the  family  are :— (1)  L.  CALPUB- 
NITJS  PISO  CAESONINTTS,  consul  B.O.  112,  served 
as  legatus  under  L.  Cassius  Longinus,  B.O 
107,  and  fell  in  battle  against  the  Tigurini 
in  the  territory  of  the  Alfobroges.  This  Piso 
was  the  grandfather  of  Caesar's  father-in-law 
a  circumstance  to  which  Caesar  alludes  in 
recording  his  own  victory  over  the  Tigurini 
at  a  later  time — (2)  L.  CALPUBNIUS  Piso 
FIHWU,  consul  K.O.  133,  received,  from  his  in- 
tegrity and  conscientiousness,  the  surname  of 
,  Pragi,  which  is  nearly  equivalent  to  oar  "  man 
of  honor."  He  was  a  stanch  supporter  of 
the  aristocratical  party,  and  offered  a  strong 
opposition  to  the  measures  of  C.  Gracchus 
He  wrote  Annals,  which  contained  the  history 


>f  Rome  from  the  earliest  period  to  the  age 
n  which  Piso  himself  lived.— (3)  C.  CALPUE- 
NIUS  Piso,  consul  B.O.  67,  belonged  to  the 
aristocratical  party.    He  afterwards  adminis- 
ered  the  province  of  Narbonese  Gaul  as  pro- 
consul.   In  63  he  was  accused  of  plundering 
;he  province,  and  was  defended  oy  Cicero. 
The  latter  charge  was  brought  against  Piso  at 
the  instigation  of  Caesar ;  and  Piso,  in  re- 
venge, implored  Cicero,  but  without  success, 
to  accuse  Caesar  as  one  of  the  conspirators 
of  Catiline.— (4)  M.  CALPORNIUS  Piso,  usually 
called  M.  PITPIUS  Piso,  because  he  was  adopt- 
ed by  M.  Pupius.    He  was  elected  consul  B.C. 
61,  through  the  influence  of  Pompey.— (5)  CN. 
CALPIJUNIUS  Piso,  a  young  noble  who  had  dis- 
sipated his  fortune  by  his  extravagance  and 
profligacy,  and  therefore  joined  Catiline  in 
what  is  usually  called  his  first  conspiracy  (66). 
The  senate,  anxious  to  get  rid  of  Piso,  sent 
itin  into  Nearer  Spain  as  quaestor,  but  with 
ibe  rank  and  title  of  propraetor.    His  exac- 
tions in  the  province  soon  made  him  so  hate- 
ful to  the  inhabitants  that  he  was  murdered 
by  them.— (6)  L.  CALPUENIOS  Piso,  consul  B.O. 
58,  was  an  unprincipled  debauchee  and  a  cruel 
and  corrupt  magistrate.    Piso  and  his  col- 
league, Gabinius,  supported  Clodius  in  his 
measures  against  Cicero,  which  resulted  in 
the  banishment  of  the  orator.     Piso  after- 
wards governed  Macedonia,  and  plundered 
the  province  in  the  most  shameless  manner. 
On  his  return  to  Rome  (55),  Cicero  attacked 
him  in  a  speech  which  is  extant  (InPisonem). 
Calpuruia,  the  daughter  of  Piso,  was  the  last 
wife  of  the  dictator  Caesar.— (7)  C.  CALPUB- 
NITJS  Piso  FBTJGI,  the  son-in-law  of  Cicero, 
married  his  daughter  Tullia,  in  B.O.  63.    He 
died  in  57.— (8)  CN.  CALPUENIDS  Piso  was  ap- 
pointed by  Tiberias  to  the  command  of  Syria 
m  A.J).  18,  in  order  that  he  might  thwart  and 
oppose  Germanicus,  who  had  received  from 
the  emperor  the  government  of  all  the  eastern 
provinces.    Plancina,  the  wife  of  Piso,  was 
also  urged  on  by  Livia,  the  mother  of  the  em- 
peror, to  vie  with  and  annoy  Agrippina.  Ger- 
manicus and  Agrippina  were  thus  exposed  to 
every  species  of  insult  and  opposition  from 
Piso  and  Plancina;  and  when  Germanicus 
fell  ill  in  the  autumn  of  19,  he  believed  that 
he  had  been  poisoned  by  them.    Piso,  on  his 
return  to  Rome  (20),  was  accused  of  murder- 
ing Germanicus ;  the  matter  was  investigated 
by  the  senate ;  but  before  the  investigation 
came  to  an  end  Piso  was  found  one  morning 
in  his  room  with  his  throat  cut.  and  his  sword 
lying  by  his  side.   The  powerful  influence  of 
Livia  secured  the  acquittal  of  Plancina. - 
(9)  C.  CALPUBNIUS  Piso,  the  leader  of  the 
well-known  conspiracy  against  Nero  in  A.D. 
65.    On  the  discovery  of  the  plot  he  put  an 
end  to  his  life  by  opening  his  veins. 

PISTOR  (-Qris),  the  Baker,  a  surname  of 
Jupiter  at  Rome,  because  when  the  .Gauls 
were  besieging  Rome  he  suggested  to  the 
besieged  the  idea  of  thro  wing  loaves  of  bread 
among  the  enemies,  to  make  them  believe 
that  the  Romans  had  plenty  of  provisions. 

PIST5RIA  (-ae),  or  PISTORlUM  (-i: 
Pistofa),  a  small  place  in  Etruria,  on  the  road 
from  Luca  to  Florentia,  rendered  memo' 


PITANE. 


311 


PLATO. 


rable  by  the  defeat  of  Catiline  in  its  neigh- 
borhood. 

PITANE  (-es),  a  sea-port  town  of  Mysia,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Elaitic  gulf;  the  birthplace 
of  the  Academic  philosopher  Arcesilans. 

PITHECtSA.      [AENABIA.] 

PITHO  (us),  the  Greek  goddess  of  persua- 
sion, called  SHAD  A  or  STTADELA  by  the  Romans. 
Her  worship  was  closely  connected  with  that 
of  Aphrodite  (Venus). 

PITTACUS  (-i),  one  of  "the  Seven  Wise 
Men  "  of  Greece,  was  a  native  of  Mytilene  in 
Lesbos,  and  was  highly  celebrated  as  a  war- 
rior, a  statesman,  a  philosopher,  and  a  poet. 
In  11.0.  606  he  commanded  the  Mytilenaeans 
in  their  war  with  the  Athenians  for  the  pos- 
session of  Sigeum,  and  signalized  himself  by 
killing  in  single  combat  Thrynon,  the  com- 
mander of  the  Athenians.  The  supreme 
power  at  Mytilene  was  fiercely  disputed  be- 
tween a  succession  of  tyrants  and  the  aristo- 
cratic party,  headed  by  Alcaeus,  and  the  latter 
was  driven  into  exile.  As  the  exiles  tried  to 
effect  their  return  by  force  of  arms,  the  popu- 
lar party  chose  Pittacus  as  their  ruler,  with 
absolute  power,  under  the  title  of  Aestjmnetes. 
He  held  this  office  for  10  years  (5S9-579),  and 
then  voluntarily  resigned  it,  having  restored 
order  to  the  state.  He  died  in  569,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age. 

PITTHEUS  (-e5s  and  Si),  king  of  Troezene, 
was  son  of  Pelops,  father  of  Aethra,  and 
grandfather  and  instructor  of  Theseus. 
Aethra  as  his  daughter  is  called  Pitikeis. 

PLACENTfA  (-ae:  Piacenza),  a  Roman 
colony  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  founded  at  the  same 
time  as  Cremona,  B.C.  219,  and  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Po,  not  far  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Trebia.  It  was  taken  and 
destroyed  by  the  Gauls  in  B.C.  200,  but  was 
soon  rebuilt  by  the  Romans,  and  became  an 
important  place. 

PLAN  ASIA  (-ae:  Pianosa),  an  island  he- 
tween  Corsica  and  the  coast  of  Etruria,  to 
which  Augustus  banished  his  grandson 
Agrippa  Postumus. 

PLANCINA.    tPiso,No.9.] 

PLANCIUS  (-i),CN.,whom  Cicero  defend- 
ed B.O.  54,  in  an  oration  still  extant,  when  he 
was  accused  of  having  practiced  bribery  in 
order  to  gain  his  election  as  cnrule  aedile. 

PLANCUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  distinguished 
family  of  the  Munatia  gens.  The  surname 
Plancns  signified  a  person  having  flat  splay 
feet  without  any  bend  in  them.  (1)  L.  MTTNA- 
TIUS  PLANOUS,  a  friend  of  Julius  Caesar,  who 
nominated  him  to  the  government  of  Trans- 
alpine Gaul  for  B.O.  44.  Here  he  joined 
Antony  and  Lepidus.  He  was  consul  in  42, 
and  governed  in  succession  the  provinces  of 
Asia  and  Syria.  He  deserted  Antony  and 
Augustus  shortly  before  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war  between  the  two  in  31.  Both 
the  public  and  private  life  of  Plancus  was 
stained  by  numerous  vices.  One  of  Horace's 
odes  (Carm.,  i.,  7)  is  addressed  to  him.— (2)  T. 
MUNATIUS  PLANOtrs  BURBA,  brother  of  the 
former,  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  B.C.  52,  and 
was  condemned  to  banishment  on  account  of 


his  proceedings  in  this  year,  tie  fought  on 
Antony's  side~in  the  campaign  of  Mutina.— 
(3)  Csu  MO-ATEUS  PLANCIS,  brother  of  the 
two  preceding,  was  praetor  in  43. —(4)  L. 
PLATJTIUS  PLAXCUB,  brother  of  the  three  pre- 
ceding, was  adopted  by  an  L.  Plautius.  He  was 
included  in  the  proscription  of  the  triumvirs, 
43,  with  the  consent  of  his  brother  Lucius, 
and  was  put  to  death. 

PLA.TAEA  (-ae),  more  commonly  PLX.- 
TAEAE  (-arum),  an  ancient  city  of  Boeotia, 
on  the  N.  slope  of  Mount  Cithaeron,  not  far 
from  the  sources  of  the  Asopns,  and  on  the 
frontiers  of  Attica.  It  was  said  to  have  de- 
rived its  name  from  Plataea,  a  daughter  of 
Asopus.  At  an  early  period  the  Plataeans 
deserted  the  Boeotian  confederacy  and  placed 
themselves  under  the  protection  of  Athens ; 
and  when  the  Persians  invaded  Attica,  B.«. 
490,  they  sent  1000  men  to  the  assistance  of 
the  Athenians,  and  fought  on  their  side  at 
the  battle  of  Marathon.  Ten  years  afterwards 
(4SO)  their  city  was  destroyed  by  the  Persian 
army  under  Xerxes  at  the  instigation  of  the 
Thebans ;  and  the  place  was  still  in  rains  in 
the  following  year  (i79),  when  the  memorable 
battle  was  fought  in  their  territory,  in  which 
Mardonius  was  defeated,  and  the  independ- 
ence of  Greece  secured.  In  consequence  of 
this  victory,  the  territory  of  Plataea  was  de-  • 
clared  inviolable.  It  now  enjoyed  a  prosperity 
of  50  years ;  but  in  the  3d  year  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesiau  war  (429)  the  Thebans  persuaded 
the  Spartans  to  attack  the  town,  and  after  a 
siege  of  2  years  at  length  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing possession  of  the  place  (427).  Plataea 
was  now  razed  to  the  ground,  but  was  again 
rebuilt  after  the  peace  of  Antalcidas  (3S7). 
It  was  destroyed  the  3d  time  by  its  inveterate 
enemies  the  Thebans  in  374,  It  was  once 
more  restored  under  the  Macedonian  suprem- 
acy, and  continued  in  existence  till  a  very 
late  period. 

PLlTO  (-Gnis).  (1)  The  Athenian  comic 
poet,  was  a  contemporary  with  Aristophanes, 
and  nourished 
fromB.c.42Sto3S9. 
He  ranked  among 
the  very  best  poets 
of  the  Old  Comedy. 
— (2)  The  philoso- 
pher, was  the  son 
of  Ariston  and  Pe- 
rictione  or  Potone, 
and  was  born  at 
Athens  either  in 
B.O.  429  or  428.  Ac- 
cording to  others, 
he  was  born  in  the 
neighboring  island 
ofAegina.  His  pa- 
ternal family  boast- 
Plato,  ed  of  having  de- 
scended from  Co- 

drns ;  his  maternal  ancestors,  of  a  relationship 
with  Solon.  He  was  instructed  in  grammar, 
music,  and  gymnastics  by  the  most  distin- 
guished teachers  of  that  time ;  and  in  his  20th 
year  he  became  a  follower  of  Socrates,  and  one 
of  his  most  ardent  admirers.  After  the  death 
of  Socrates  (399)  he  withdrew  to  Megara,  and 


PLAUTUS. 


312 


PLISTOANAX. 


subsequently  visited  Egypt,  Sicily,  and  the 
Greek  cities  in  Lower  Italy,  through  his  eager- 
ness for  knowledge.  Daring  his  residence  ill 
Sicily  he  became  acquainted  with  the  elder 
Dionysius,  but  soon  fell  out  with  the  tyrant. 
According  to  a  common  story,  he  was  sold  as 
a  slave  by  the  tyrant,  but  was  set  at  liberty 
by  Anuiceris  of  Cyreue.  After  his  return  he 
began  to  teach  in  the  gymnasium  of  the 
Academy  and  its  shady  avenues,  whence  his 
school  was  subsequently  called  the  Academic. 
Over  the  vestibule  of  his  house  he  set  up  the 
inscription,  "Let  no  one  enter  who  is  unac- 
quainted with  geometry."  Plato's  occupa- 
tion as  an  instructor  was  twice  interrupted 
by  his  voyages  to  Sicily;  first  when  Dion 
persuaded  him  to  try  to  win  the  younger 
Dionysius  to  philosophy ;  the  second  time,  a 
few  years  later  (about  3GO),  when  the  invita- 
tion of  Dionysius  to  reconcile  the  disputes 
which  had  broken  out  between  him  and  Dion 
brought  him  back  to  Syracuse.  His  efforts 
were  both  times  unsuccessful  and  he  owed 
his  own  safety  to  nothing  but  the  earnest  in- 
tercession of  Archytas.  He  died  in  the  82d 
year  of  his  age,  B.O.  347.  Plato  wrote  a  great 
number  of  works  on  different  philosophical 
subjects,  which  are  still  extant.  They  are  in 
the  form  of  dialogue,  and  are  distinguished 
by  purity  of  language  and  elegance  of  style. 

PLAUTUS  (-i),  T.  MACClUS  (not  ACCIUS), 
the  most  celebrated  comic  poet  of  Rome,  was 
a  native  of  Sarsina,  a  small  village  in  Umbria, 
and  was  born  about  B.C.  254.  In  early  life  he 
was  in  needy  circumstances.  He  was  first 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  actors,  and, 
having  saved  a  little  money,  he  left  Rome 
and  set  up  in  business.  But  his  speculations 
having  failed,  he  returned  to  Rome,  and  en- 
tered the  service  of  a  baker,  who  employed 
him  in  turning  a  hand-mill.  While  thus  en- 
gaged he  wrote  3  plays,  the  sale  of  which  to 
the  managers  of  the  public  games  enabled 
him  to  quit  his  drudgery  and  begin  his  liter- 
ary career.  He  was  then  probably  about  30 
years  of  age  (224).  He  continued  his  literary 
occupation  for  about  40  years,  and  died  in 
184,  when  he  was  70  years  of  age.  20  of  his 
comedies,  have  come  down  to  us.  They  en- 
joyed unrivaled  popularity  among  the  Ro- 
mans, and  continued  to  be  represented  down 
to  the  time  of  Diocletian.  They  appear  to 
be  all  founded  upon  Greek  models :  but  he 
takes  greater  liberties  with  the  originals  than 
Terence. 

PLSHDES  or  PLSHDES  (-urn),  were  the 
daughters  of  Atlas  and  Plei5ne,  whence  they 
bear  the  name  of  the  AfUtntides.  They  were 
called  Vergiliae  by  the  Romans.  They  were 
the  sisters  of  the  Hyades,  and  1  in  number,  6 
of  whom  are  described  as  visible,  and  the  7th 
as  invisible.  Some  call  the  7th  Sterdpe,  and 
relate  that  she  became  invisible  from  shame, 
because  she  alone  had  loved  a  mortal  man. 
The  Pleiades  were  virgin  companions  of  Ar- 
temis (Diana),  and,  together  with  their  moth- 
er Pleione,  were  pursued  by  the  hunter  Orion 
in  Boeotia;  their  prayer  to  be  rescued  from 
him  was  heard  by  the  gods,  and  they  were 
metamorphosed  into  doves  (ir€Xe<d5e?)»  and 
placed  among  tb3  stars.  The  rising  of  the 


Pleiades  in  Italy  is  about  the  beginning  of 
May,  and  their  setting  about  the*  begin  urn  » 
of  November.  Their  names  are  Electra3 
Maia,  Taygete,  Alcyone,  Ceiaeuo,  Sterope 
and  Merope. 

PLEMMYRlUM  <-i),  a  promontory  on  the 
S.  coast  of  Sicily,  immediately  S.  of  Syracuse. 
LEiONS  (-es),  a  daughter  of  Oceanus,  and 
mother  of  the  Pleiades  by  Atlas.  [ATLAS; 
PLEIADES.] 

PLEUMOXil  (-orum),  a  small  tribe  in  Gal- 
lia  Belgica,  subject  to  the  Nervii. 

PLEURON  (-oiiis),  an  ancient  city  in  Aeto- 
lia,  situated  at  a  little  distance  from  the  coast. 
It  was  abandoned  by  its  inhabitants  when 
Demetrius  II. ,  king  of  Macedonia,  laid  waste 
the  surrounding  country,  and  a  new  city  was 
built  under  the  same  name  near  the  ancient 
one.  The  2  cities  are  distinguished  by  ge- 
ographers under  the  names  of  Okl  Pleuron 
and  New  Pleuron  respectively. 

PLINIUS  (-i).  (1)  C.  PLINIUS  SECUNDUS, 
frequently  called  Pliny  the  Elder,  was  born 
A.D.  23,  either  at  Verona  or  Novtim  Comum 
(Como)  in  the  N.  of  Italy.  In  his  youth  he 
served  in  the  army  in  Germany,  and  after- 
wards practiced  for  a  time  as  a  pleader  at 
Rome.  But  he  spent  the  greater  part  of  his 
time  in  study,  and  was  one  of  the  most  labo- 
rious students  that  ever  lived.  He  perished 
in  the  celebrated  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  which 
overwhelmed  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii,  in 
A.D.  79,  being  50  years  of  age.  He  was  at  the 
time  stationed  at  Miseuuni  in  the  command 
of  the  Roman  fleet ;  and  it  was  his  anxiety  to 
examine  more  closely  the  extraordinary  phe- 
nomenon which  led  him  to  sail  to  Stabiae, 
where  he  landed  and  perished.  Pliny  wrote 
a  great  number  of  works,  but  the  only  one 
which  has  come  down  to  us  is  his  Eistoria 
Naturalis.  It  is  divided  into  37  books,  and  is 
dedicated  to  Titus,  the  son  of  Vespasian,  with 
whom  Pliny  lived  on  very  intimate  terms.— 
(2)  C.  PI^INUS  CAEoaius  SECTTNDUS,  frequently 
called  Pliny  the  younger,  was  the  son  of  C. 
Caecilius,  and  of  Plinia,  the  sister  of  the  elder 
Pliny.  He  was  born  at  Comum  in  A.D.  61 ; 
and  having  lost  his  father  at  an  early  age,  he 
was  adopted  by  his  uncle.  From  his  youth 
he  was  devoted  to  letters.  In  his  14th  year 
he  wrote  a  Greek  tragedy,  and  in  his  19th 
year  he  began  to  speak  in  the  forum,  and  be- 
came distinguished  as  an-  orator.  He  was  a 
friend  of  the  historian  Tacitus.  In  A.I>.  100 
he  was  consul,  and  in  103  he  was  appointed 
propraetor  of  the  province  Pontica,  where  he 
did  not  stay  quite  2  years.  His  extant  works 
are  his  Panegyricus,  which  is  a  fulsome  eulo- 
gium  on  Trajan,  and  the  10  books  of  the 


PLTSTHENES  (-is),  son  of  Atreus,  and 
husband  of  AerSpe  or  EriphylS,  by  whom  he 
became  the  father  of  Agamemnon,  Meuelaus, 
and  Anaxibia;  but  Homer  makes  the  lat- 
ter the  children  of  Aireus.  [AGAMEMNON; 
ATEEUS.] 

PLISTOINAX  or  PLIST5NAX  (-actis), 
king  of  Sparta  B.O.  458—408,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  the  Pausanias  who  conquered  at  Pla- 
taea,  B.O.  479.  During  19  years  of  his  reig* 


PLISTUS. 


313 


POLEMOX. 


(i45-426)  he  lived  in  exile,  but  was  after- 
wards recalled,  iu  obedience  to  the  Delphic  ' 
oracle.  j 

PLTSTUS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  Phocis,  ris- 
ing in  Mount  Parnassus,  and  falling  into  the 
Cnssaean  gulf. 

PLOTINA,  POMPEIA  (-ae),  the  wife  of  the 
emperor  Trajan,  who  persuaded  her  husband 
to  adopt  Hadrian. 

PLOTlNUS  (-i),  the  founder  of  the  Neo-Pla- 
touic  system,  was  born  in  Egypt,  about  A.D. 
203.  He  taught  during  the  latter  part  of  his 
Mfe  at  Rome,  where  he  had  among  his  disci- 
ples the  celebrated  Porphyry.  His  works, 
which  have  come  down  to  us,  were  put  into 
their  present  form  by  Porphyry.  Plotinus 
died  at  Puteoli,  in  Campania,  A.D.  202.  j 

PLOTARCHUS  (-i),  the  biographer  and 
philosopher,  was  born  at  Chaeronea,  in  Boe- 
otia,  probably  in  the  reign  of  Claudius.  He 
lived  for  some  time  at  'Rome,  and  in  other 
parts  of  Italy ;  and  he  was  lecturing  at  Rome 
during  the  reign  of  Domitian.  He  spent  the 
later  years  of  his  life  at  Chaeronea,  where  he 
discharged  various  magisterial  offices,  and 
held  a  priesthood.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown.  The  work  which  has  immortalized 
Plutarch's  name  is  his  Parallel  Lives  of 
Greeks  and  Romans.  Perhaps  no  work  of 
antiquity  has  been  so  extensively  read  in 
modern  times  as  these  Lives.  The  reason  of 
their  popularity  is  that  Plutarch  has  rightly 
conceived  the  business  of  a  biographer :  his 
biography  is  true  portraiture.  His  other 
writings,  above  60  in  number,  are  placed  un- 
der the  general  title  of  Moralia,  or  Ethical 
works.  The  best  of  them  are  practical;  and 
their  merits  consist  in  the  soundness  of  his 
views  on  the  ordinary  events  of  human  life, 
and  in  the  benevolence  of  his  temper. 

PLUTO  or  PLtfTC)N  (-onis).  the  giver  of 
wealth,  at  first  a  surname  of  Hades,  the  god 
of  the  lower  world,  and  afterwards  used  as 
the  real  name  of  the  god.  An  account  of  the 
god  is  given  under  HADES. 

PLETUS  (-i),  the  god  of  wealth,  is  de- 
scribed as  a  sou  of  lasiou  and  Demeter  (Ce- 
res). LIASION.]  Zeus  (Jupiter)  is  said  to  have 
deprived  him  of  sight,  that  he  might  distrib- 
ute his  gifts  blindly,  and  without  any  regard 
to  merit. 

PLT5TIUS  (-i),  i.  e.  "the  sender  of  rain,"  a 
surname  of  Jupiter  among  the  Romans,  to 
whom  sacrifices  were  offered  during  long- 
protracted  droughts. 

PODlLlRiUS  (-i),  son  of  Aesculapius,  and 
brother  of  Machaon.along  with  whom  he  led 
the  Thessalians  of  Tricca  against  Troy.  He 
was,  like  his  brother,  skilled  in  the  medical 
art.  Ou  his  return  from  Troy  he  was  cast  by 
&  storm  on  the  coast  of  Syros,  in  Caria,  where 
he  is  said  to  have  settled. 

PODARClS  (-is).  (1)  The  original  name 
of  Priam.  [PRiAMDS.]— (2)  Son  of  Iphiclus, 
and  grandson  of  Phylacus,  was  a  younger 
brottier  of  Protesilaus,  and  led  the  Thessa- 
lians  of  Phylace  against  Troy. 

PODARGE.    [HAEPYIAJL] 


POEAS  (-autis),  father  of  Philoctetes,  wno 
is  hence  called  Pwantfatiett,  Poeanthtu  /tt'A/«, 
Poeantia  proles,  and  Pwante  *>tttitJi.  Poeas  is 
mentioned  among  the  Argonauts.  [HERCU- 
LES;  PuiLOCTETEb.] 

POEXI  (-orura),  a  common  name  of  the 
Carthaginians,  because  they  were  a  colony 
of  Phoenicians. 

POGoX  (-onis),  the  harbor  of  Troezen,  ir 
Argolis. 

POL  A  (-ae\  an  ancient  town  in  Istria,  situ- 
ated on  the  W.  coast,  and  near  the  promou- 
tory  POLATICUM,  said  to  have  been  founded 
by  the  Colchians,  who  had  been  sent  in  pur- 
suit of  Medea.  It  was  subsequently  a  Roman 
colony,  and  an  important  commercial  town, 
being'unitecl  by  good  roads  with  Aquileia  and 
the  principal  towns  of  Illyria.  Its  importance 
is  attested  by  its  magnificent  ruins,  of  whicb 
the  principal  are  those  of  an  amphitheatre, 
of  a  triumphal  arch,  and  of  several  temples. 

P5LEMON  (-unit).  (1)  L,  king  of  Pontns 
and  the  Bosporus,  was  the  sou  of  Zenon,  the 
orator,  of  Laodicea.  He  was  appointed  by 
Antony  in  B.C.  39  to  the  government  of  a  part 
of  Cilicia;  and  he  subsequently  obtained  in 
exchange  the  kingdom  of  Poatus.  After  the 
battle  of  Actium  he  was  able  to  make  his 
peace  with  Augustus,  \vht>  confirmed  him  in 
his  kingdom.  About  u.c.  16  he  was  intrusted 
by  Agrippa  with  the  charge  of  reducing  the 
kingdom  of  Bosporus,  of  which  he  was  made 
king  after  conquering  the  country.  He  after- 
wards fell  in  an  expedition  against  the  bar- 
barian tribe  of  the  Aspurgians.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  wife,  Pythodorie. — (2)  II.,  son 
of  the  preceding  and  of  Pythodoris,  was  raised 
to  the  sovereignty  of  Pontus  and  Bosporus  by 
Caligula,  in  A.T>.  39.  He  was  induced  by  Xero 
to  abdicate  the  throne  in  A.I>.  62,  and  Pontus 
was  reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  Roman 
province.— (3)  Of  Athens,  an  eminent  Platonic 
philosopher.  In  his  youth  he  was  extremely, 
profligate ;  but  one  day,  when  he  was  about 
30,  on~his  bursting  into  the  school  of  Xenocra- 
tes,  at  the  head  of  a  band  of  revellers,  his  at* 
tention  was  so  arrested  by  the  discourse, 
which  chanced  to  be  upon  temperance,  that 
he  tore  off  his  garland,  and  remained  an  at- 
tentive listener.  From  that  dav  he  adopted 
an  abstemious  course  of  life,  and  continued 
to  frequent  the  school,  of  which,  on  the  death 
of  Xenocrates,  he  became  the  head,  B.C.  315. 
He  died  in  273,  at  a  great  age.— (4)  A  Stoic 
philosopher  and  an  eminent  geographer,  sur- 
named  Perieyetes,  lived  in  the  time  of  Ptole- 
my Epiphanes,  at  the  beginning  of  the  2d 
century  B.O.  —  (5)  ANTOMUS,  a  celebrated 
sophist  and  rhetorician,  flourished  under  Tra- 
jan, Hadrian,  and  the  first  Antoninus.  He 
was  born  of  a  consular  family,  at  Laodicea, 
but  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  at  Smyr- 
na. His  most  celebrated  disciple  was  Aristi- 
des.  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  was 
so  tortured  oy  the  gout  that  he  resolved  to 
pnt  an  end  to  his  existence ;  he  caused  him- 
self to  be  shut  np  in  the  tomb  of  his  ancestors 
i  at  Laodicea,  where  he  died  of  hunger,  at  the 
i  age  of  C5.— (6)  The  author  of  a  short  Greek 
I  work  on  Physiognomy,  which  is  still  extant 


POLEMONIUM. 


314 


POLYBIUS. 


He  probably  lived  in  the  2d  or  3d  century 
after  Christ. 

P6LEMONIUM  (-i),  a  city  on  the  coast  of 
Pontus  in  Asia  Minor,  built  by  King  POLEMON 
(probably  the  2d),  on  the  site  of  the  older  city 
of  Side,  and  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  gulf. 

P5LIAS  (-adis),  i.  e.  "  the  goddess  protect- 
ing the  city,"  a  surname  of  Athena  at  Athens, 
where  she  was  worshiped  as  the  protecting 
divinity  of  the  acropolis. 

POLtORCETES,  DEMETRIUS.  [DEME- 
TRIUS.] 

POLITJJS  (-ae),  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
and  father  of  Priam  the  younger,  was  slaiu 
by  Pyrrhus. 

POLIT5RIUM  (-i),  a  town  in  the  interior 
of  Latium,  destroyed  by  Ancus  Martins. 

POLLA,  ARGENTARf  A  (-ae),  the  wife  of 
the  poet  Lncan. 

POLLENTlA  (-ae :  Polema),  a  town  of  the 
Statielli  in  Liguria,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Sturia  and  the  Tanarus.  It  was  celebrated 
for  its  wool.  In  its  neighborhood  Stilicho 
gained  a  victory  over  the  Goths  under 
Alaric. 

POLLIO  (-onis),  ASlNlUS  (-i),  a  distin- 
guished orator,  j>oet,  and  historian  of  the 
Augustan  age.  He  was  born  at  Rome  in  B.C. 
76,  and  became  distinguished  as  an  orator 
at  an  early  age.  In  the  civil  war  he  fought 
on  Caesar's  side,  and  at  the  death  of  the  dic- 
tator held  the  command  of  Further  Spain. 
He  subsequently  united  his  forces  to  those  of 
Octavian,  Antony,  and  Lepidus.  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  by  Antony  to  settle  the 
veterans  in  the  lands  which  had  been  assigned 
to  them  in  Transpadane  Gaul.  It  was  upon 
this  occasion  that  he  saved  the  property  of 
the  poet  Virgil  at  Mantua  from  confiscation. 
In  B.O.  40  Pollio  took  an  active  part  in  effect- 
ing the  reconciliation  between  Octavian  and 
Antony  at  Brundusium.  In  the  same  year  he 
,  was  consul ;  and  it  was  during  his  consulship 
that  Virgil  addressed  to  him  his  4th  Eclogue. 
In  B.C.  39  Antony  went  to  Greece,  and  Pollio. 
as  the  legate  of  Antony,  defeated  the  Parthim 
and  took  the  Dalmatian  town  of  Salonae.  It 
was  during  his  Illyrian  campaign  that  Virgil 
addressed  to  him  the  8th  Eclogue.  From 
this  time  Pollio  withdrew  from  political  life, 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  literature. 
fie  died  A.D.  4,  in  the  80th  year  of  his  age. 
Pollio  was  not  only  a  patron  of  Virgil,  Horace, 
and  other  great  poets  and  writers,  but  he  was 
also  the  -first  person  to  establish  a  public 
library  at  Rome.  None  of  Pollio's  own  works 
have  come  down  to  us,  but  they  possessed 
sufficient  merit  to  lead  his  contemporaries  to 
class  his  name  with  those  of  Cicero,  Virgjl, 
and  Sallust,  as  an  orator,  a  poet,  and  an  his- 
torian. It  was  as  an  orator  that  he  possessed 
the  greatest  reputation ;  and  Horace  speaks 
of  him  as  "Insigne  maestis  praesidium  reis 
et  consuleuti,  Pollio,  curiae."  Pollio  wrote 
the  history  or  the  civil  wars  in  IT  books,  com- 
mencing with  the  consulship  of  Metellus  and 
Afranins,  B.C.  60.  As  a  poet,  Pollio  was  best 
known  by  his  tragedies,  which  are  spoken  of 
in  high  terms  by  Virgil  and  Horace,  but  which 
probably  did  not  possess  any  great  merit,  as 


they  are  hardly  mentioned  by  subsequent 
writers. 

POLLiO  (-onis),  VEDlUS,  a  friend  of  Au« 
gustus,  who  used  to  feed  his  lampreys  with 
human  flesh.  Whenever  a  slave  displeased 
him,  the  unfortunate  wretch  was  forthwith 
thrown  into  the  pond  as  food  for  the  fish. 
He  died  B.O.  15,  leaving  a  large  part  of  his 
property  to  Augustus.  It  was  this  Pollio 
who  built  the  celebrated  villa  of  Pausilypum 
near  Naples. 

POLLUX  or  POLYDEUCES.    [DiosouBi.] 

POLLUX  (-ucis),  JtMUS  (-i),  of  Naucratis 
in  Egypt,  a  Greek  sophist  and  grammarian, 
who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Comm'odus.  He  ie 
the  author  of  an  extant  work,  entitled  Onoma- 
sticon,  in  10  books,  containing  explanations 
of  the  meanings  of  Greek  words. 

P5L?AENUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Larapsacus,  a 
mathematician  and  a  friend  of  Epicurus.— (2) 
A  Macedonian,  the  author  of  the  work  on 
Stratagems  in  war,  which  is  still  extant,  lived 
about  the  middle  of  the  2d  century  of  the 
Christian  era. 

POLYBIUS  (-i),  the  historian,  the  son  of 
Lycortas,  and  a  native  of  Megalopolis  in 
Arcadia,  was  born  about  B.O.  204.  His  father 
Lycortas  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
men  of  the  Achaean  League ;  and  Polybius  at 
an  early  age  took  part  in  public  affairs.  After 
the  conquest  of  Macedonia  by  the  Romans,  in 
B.O.  168,  Polybius  was  one  of  the  1000  distin- 
guished Achaeans  who  were  carried  as  prison- 
ers to  Rome.  On  his  arrival  in  Italy  he  ac- 
quired the  friendship  of  the  younger  Scipio 
Africanus.  After  remaining  in  Italy  17  years, 
P9lybius  returned  to  Peloponnesus  in  B.O.  151, 
with  the  surviving  Achaean  exiles,  who  were 
at  length  allowed  by  the  senate  to  revisit  their 
native  land.  Soon  afterwards  he  joined  Scipio 
in  his  campaign  against  Carthage,  and  was 
present  at  the  destruction  of  that  city  in  146. 
Immediately  afterwards  he  hurried  to  Greece, 
where  he  arrived  soon  after  the  capture  of 
Corinth ;  and  he  exerted  all  his  influence  to 
alleviate  the  misfortunes  of  his  countrymen, 
and  to  procure  favorable  terms  for  them.  He 
undertook  journeys  into  foreign  countries  for 
the  purpose  of  visiting  the  places  which  he 
had  to  describe  in  his  history.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  82,  in  consequence  of  a  fall  from 
his  horse,  about  B.C.  122.  His  history  con- 
sisted of  40  books.  It  began  B.C.  220,  where 
the  history  of  Aratus  left  off,  and  ended  at 
146,  in  which  year  Corinth  was  destroyed. 
It  consisted  of  2  distinct  parts.  The  first 
part  comprised  a  period  of  35  years,  begin- 
ning with  the  2d  Punic  war  and  the  Social 
war  in  Greece,  and  ending  with  the  conquest 
of  Perseus  and  the  downfall  of  the  Mace- 
donian kingdom,  in  168.  This  was  in  fact 
the  main  portion  of  his  work,  and  its  great 
object  was  to  show  how  the  Romans  had  in 
this  brief  period  of  53  years  conquered  the 
greater  part  of  the  world;  but  since  the 
Greeks  were  ignorant,  for  the  most  part,  of 
the  early  history  of  Rome,  he  gives  a  survey 
of  Roman  history  from  the  taking  of  the  city 
by  the  Gauls  to  the  commencement  of  the 
2d  Punic  war  in  the  first  2  books,  which  thus 
form  an  introduction  to  the  body  of  the  work. 


POLYBUS. 


315 


POLYSPERCHON. 


latter  persuaded  his  sister  Hiona  to  put  Poly-, 
raesstor  to  death. 

POLYGNOTUS  (-i),  one  of  the  moat 
celebrated  Greek  painters,  was  the  eon  of 
Aglaophon,  and  a  native  of  the  island  of 
Thasos ;  but  he  received  the  citizenship  of 
Athens,  on  which  account  he  is  sometimes 
called  an  Athenian.  He  lived  on  intimate 
terms  with  Cimou  and  his  sister  Elpinice ; 
and  he  probably  came  to  Athenr?  in  B.C.  463. 
After  the  subjugation  of  Thasos  by  Cimon  he 
continued  to  exercise  his  art  almost  down  to 
the  beginning  of  the  Peloponnesian  war  (431). 

POLt'HYHNiA.    CMUSAE.] 

POLfMESTOR  or  POLYMNESTOR.  [Po- 

LYDOEUS.] 

P5LYMNIA.    [McsAE.3 

P5L¥NICES  (-is),  son  of  Oedipus  and 
Jocasta,  and  brother  of  Eteocles  and  An- 
tigone. [ETEOCLES;  ADEASTCS.] 

POLtPHEMUS  (-i),  son  of  Poseidon 
(Neptune)  and  the  nymph  Thoosa,  was  one 
of  the  Cyclopes  in  Sicily.  [CYCLOPES.]  He 
is  represented  as  a  gigantic  monster,  having 
only  one  eye,  in  the  centre  of  his  forehead, 
caring  naught  for  the  gods,  and  devouring 
human  flesh.  He  dwelt  in  a  cave  near  3Iouns 
Aetna,  and  ted  his  flocks  upon  the  mountain. 
He  fell  in  love  with  the  nymph  Galatea,  but 
as  she  rejected  him  fur  Acis,  he  destroyed  the 
latter  by  crushing  him  under  a  huge  rock. 
When  Ulysses  was  driven  npon  Sicily,  Poly- 
phemus devoured  some  of  his  companions; 


The  second  part  of  the  work,  which  formed 
a  kind  of  supplement  to  the  former  part,  com- 
prised the  period  from  the  conquest  of  Perseus 
in  168  to  the  fall  of  Corinth  in  146.  This  his- 
tory of  Polybins  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
works  that  has  come  down  to  us  from  an- 
tiquity; but  unfortunately  the  greater  part 
of  it  has  perished.  We  possess  the  first  5 
books  entire,  but  of  the  rest  we  have  only 
fragments  and  extracts. 

POLt'BUS  (-i),  king  of  Corinth,  by  whom 
Oedipus  was  brought  up.  [OEDIPCS.] 

POLYCLBTUS  (-i),  of  Argos,  probably  by 
citizenship,  and  of  S  icy  on,  probably  by  birth, 
was  one  of  the  most  celebrated  statuaries  of 
the  ancient  world.  He  was  also  a  sculptor, 
an  architect,  and  an  artist  in  torentic.  He 
was  somewhat  younger  than  Phidias,  and 
flourished  about  B.O.  452-412.  Phidias  was 
unsurpassed  in  making  the  images  of  the 
gods,  Polycletus  in  those  of  men. 

P5LYCRATES  (-is),  tyrant  of  Samos,  and 
one  of  the  most  powerful  of  all  the  Greek 
tyrants.  He  possessed  a  large  navy,  and  ex- 
tended his  sway  over  several  of  the  neigh- 
boring islands.  The  most  eminent  artists 
.and  poets  found  a  welcome  at  his  court ;  and 
his  friendship  for  Anacreon  is  particularly 
celebrated.  But  in  the  midst  of  his  prosper- 
ity, Oroetes,  the  satrap  of  Sardis,  allured  him 
to  the  mainland,  where  he  was  arrested  soon 
after  his  arrival,  and  crucified,  B.O.  522. 

PQLtDAMi.  S  (-antis),  son  of  Panthous  and 
Phrontis,  was  a  Trojan  hero,  a  friend  of 
Hector,  and  brother  of  Euphorbus. 

POLtDECTBS  (-ae),  king  of  the  island 
of  Seriphos,  received  kindly  Danae  and 
Perseus.  [PERSEUS.] 

P5L¥DEUCES,  called  by  the  Romans 
Pollux.  [DIOSCURI.] 

POLtDDRUS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  The. 
bes,  son  of  Cadmus  and  Harmonia,  hus- 
band of  Nycteis,  and  father  of  Labdacus. 
— (2)  The  youngest  among  the  sons  of 
Priam  and  LaotoS,  was  slain  by  Achilles. 
This  is  the  Homeric  account ;  hut  later 
traditions  make  him  a  son  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  and  give  a  different  account  of 
his  death.  When  Jlinm  was  on  the  point 
of  falling  into  the  bands  of  the  Greeks, 
Priam  intrusted  Polydorus  and  a  large 
sum  of  money  to  Polymestor  or  Polym- 
nestor,  king  of  the  Thracian  Chersone- 
sus,  After  the  destruction  of  Troy, 
Polymestor  killed  Polydorus  for  the 
purpose  of  getting  possession  of  his 
treasures,  and  cast  his  body  into  the  sea. 
His  body  was  afterwards  washed  upon 

the  Coast,  Where  it  was  found  and  recog-         The  Cyclops  Polyphemus.    (Zoega,  Bassirilievi,  tav.  57.) 

nized  by  his  mother  Hecuba,  who  took 

vengeance  upon  Polymestor  by  killing  his  |  and  Ulysses  would  have  shared  the  same  fate 
two  cbildren;and  putting  out  his  eyes.  An-  j  had  he  not  put  out  the  eye  of  the  monster 
other  tradition  stated  mat  Polydorus  was  .  while  he  was  asleep.  [ULYSSES.] 
intrusted  to  his  sister  Bioua,  who  was  mar-  POLYSPERCHO"N  (-ontis),  a  Macedonian, 
ried  to  Polymestor.  She  brought  him  up  as  and  a  distinguished  oflicer  of  Alexander  the 
her  own  son,  while  she  made  every  one  else  Great.  Antipater  on  his  death-bed  (B.O.  Slfl) 
believe  that  her  own  son  Deiphilus  or  DeTpy-  appointed  Polysperchon  to  succeed  him  as 
lus  was  Polydorus.  Polymestor,  at  the  iusti- :  regent  in  Macedonia,  while  he  assigned  to  his 
cation  of -the  Greeks,  slew  his  own  son,  sup- !  own  son  Cassander  the  subordinate  station  of 
posino-  him  to  be  Polydorus ;  whereupon  the  !  Chiliarch.  Polysperchon  soon  became  in- 


POLYXENA. 


316 


POMPEIUS. 


volved  in  war  with  Cassander,  and  finally 
submitted  to  the  latter. 

POLYXSNA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Priam  and 
Hecuha,  was  beloved  by  Achilles.  [See  p.  13.] 
When  the  Greeks,  on  their  voyage  home, 
were  still  lingering  on  the  coast  of  Thrace, 
the  shade  of  Achilles  appeared  to  them,  de- 
manding that  Polyxena  should  be  sacrificed 
to  him.  Neoptolemus  accordingly  slew  her 
on  the  tomb  of  his  father. 

POLYX<3  (-us).  (1)  The  nnrse  of  queen 
Hypsipyle  in  Lemnos,  celebrated  as  a  proph- 
etess. —  (2)  An  Argive  woman,  married  to 
Tlepolenras,  sou  of  Hercules,  followed  her 
husband  to  Rhodes,  where,  according  to  some 
traditions,  she  put  to  death  the  celebrated 
Helen.  [HELENA.] 

P5MC3NA  (-ae),  the  Roman  divinity  of  the 
fruit  of  trees,  hence  called  Pomorum  Pcttrona. 
Her  name  is  derived  from  Pommn.  She  is 
represented  by  the  poets  as  beloved  by  sev- 
eral of  the  rustic  divinities,  such  as  Silvanus, 
Picus,Vertumuus,  and  others. 

POMPSIA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  Q.  Pora- 
peius  Rufus,  son  of  the  consul  of  B.O.  88,  and 
of  Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  the  dictator  Sulla. 
She  married  C.  Caesar,  subsequently  the  dic- 
tator, in  B.C.  6T,  but  was  divorced  by  him  in 
61,  because  she  was  suspected  of  intriguing 
with  Clodius,  who  stealthily  introduced  him- 
self into  her  husband's  house  while  she  was 
celebrating  the  mysteries  of  the  Bona  Dea.  — 
(2)  Daughter  of  Pompey,  the  triumvir,  by  his 
third  wife  Mucia.  She  married  Faustus  Sulla, 
the  son  of  the  dictator,  who  perished  in  the 
African  war,  46.  —  (3)  Daughter  of  Sex.  Pom- 
pey, the  son  of  the  triumvir  and  of  Scribonia. 
At  the  peace  of  Misenum,  in  39,  she  was  be- 
trothed to  M.  Marcellus,  the  son  of  Octavia, 
the  sister  of  Octavian,  but  was  never  married 
to  him. 

POMPEn  (-orum),  a  city  of  Campania, 
wassituated  on  the  coast,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Vesuvius;  but  in  consequence  of  the  physical 
changes  which  the  surrounding  country  has 
undergone,  the  ruins  of  Pompeii  are  found  at 
present  about  2  miles  from  the  sea.  It  was 
overwhelmed  in  A.D.  79,  along  with  Hercu- 
lanenm  and  Stabiae,  by  the  great  eruption  of 
Mount  Vesuvius.  The  lava  did  not  reach 
Pompeii,  but  the  town  was  covered  with  suc- 
cessive layers  of  ashes  and  other  volcanic 
matter,  on  which  a  soil  was  gradually  formed. 
Thus  a  great  part  of  the  city  has  been  pre- 
served ;  and  the  excavation  of  it  in  modern 
times  has  thrown  great  light  upon  many  points 
of  antiquity,  such  as  the  construction  of  Ro- 
man houses,  and,  in  general,  all  subjects  con- 
nected with  the  private  life  of  the  ancients. 
About  half  the  city  is  now  exposed  to  view. 

POMPEIOPQLIS. 


POMPEIUS  (-i).  (1)  Q.  POMPEIUS,  said  to 
have  been  the  son  of  a  flute-player,  was  the 
first  of  the  family  who  rose  to  dignity  in  the 
state.  He  was  consul  in  141,  when  he  carried 
on  war  unsuccessfully  against  the  Nnman  tines 
in  Spain.—  (2)  Q.  POMPEIUS  RCTPCS,  a  zealous 
supporter  of  the  aristocratical  party,  was  con- 
sul B.O.  88,  with  L.  Snlla.  When  Sulla  set  out 
for  the  East  to  conduct  the  war  against  Mith- 


ridates,  he  left  Italy  in  charge  of  Pompeiua 
Rufus,  and  assigned  to  him  the  army  of  Cn. 
Pompeius  Strabo,  who  was  still  engaged  in 
carrying  on  war  against  the  Marsi.  Strabo, 
however,  who  was  unwilling  to  be  deprived 
of  the  command,  caused  Pompeius  Rufus  to 
be  murdered  by  the  soldiers.— (3)  CN.  POM- 
PEIUS STEABO,  consul  B.C.  89,  when  he  carried 
on  war  with  success  against  the  allies,  sub- 
duing the  greater  number  of  the  Italian  peo- 
ple who  were  still  in  arms.  He  continued  in 
the  S.  of  Italy  as  proconsul  in  the  following 
year  (88),  when  he  caused  Pompeius  Rufus  ta 
be  assassinated.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was 
killed  by  lightning.  His  avarice  and  cruelty 
had  made  him  hated  by  the  soldiers  to  such 
a  degree  that  they  tore  his  corpse  from  the 
bier,  and  dragged  it  through  the  streets.— (4) 
CN.  POMPEIUS  MAGNUS,  the  TRIUMVIB,  sou  of 
the  last,  was  born  on  the  30th  of  September, 
u.o.  106,  and  was  consequently  a  few  months 
younger  than  Cicero,  who  was  born  on  the  3d 
of  January  in  this  year,  and  6  years  older  than 
Caesar.  He  fought  under  his  father  in  89 
against  the  Italians,  when  he  was  only  17 
years  of  age.  When  Sulla  returned  to  Italy 


Cn.  Pompeius  Magnus. 


(84),  Pompey  marched  to  his  assistance ;  and 
in  the  war  which  followed  against  the  Marian 
party  he  distinguished  himself  as  one  of 
Sulla's  most  successful  generals.  In  conse- 
quence of  his  victories  in  Africa  over  the 
Marian  party,  he  was  greeted  by  Sulla  with 
the  surname  of  MAGNUS,  a  name  which  he 
bore  ever  afterwards.  He  was  allowed  to 
enter  Rome  in  triumph  (81),  although  he  was 
still  a  simple  eques,  and  had  not  held  any 
public  onlce.  Pompey  continued  faithful  to 
the  aristocracy  after  Sulla's  death  (78),  and 
supported  the  consul  Catulus  in  resisting:  the 


POMPEIUS. 


317 


POMPTINAE. 


attempts  of  his  colleague  Lepidus  to  repeal 
the  laws  of  Sulla,    He  was  afterwards  sent 
into  Spain  as  proconsul,  to  assist  Metellus 
against  Sertorius,  and  remained  in  that  coun- 
try for  five  years  (76-71).    CSEETOBICS.]    On 
his  return  to  Rome  he  was  consul  with  M. 
Crassus,  B.O.  70.    In  his  consulship  he  openly 
broke  with  the  aristocracy,  and  became  the 
great  popular  hero.   He  carried  a  law  restor- 
ing to  the  tribunes  the  power  of  which  they 
had  been  deprived  by  Sana.    In  67  the  tribune 
A.  Gabinins  brought  forward  a  bill  propos- 
ing to  confer  upon  Pompey  the  command  of 
the  war  against  the  pirates,  with  extraor- 
dinary powers.     This  bill  was  carried,  and 
in  the  course  of  three  months  he  cleared  the 
Mediterranean  of  the  pirates,  who  had  long 
been  the  terror  of  the  Romans.    Next  year 
(66)  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  Local  las  in 
the  command  of  the  war  against  Mithridates. 
The  bill  conferring  upon  him  this  command 
was  proposed  by  the  tribune  C.  Manillas,  and 
was  supported  by  Cicero  in  an  oration  which 
has  come  down  to  us.    He  easily  defeated 
Mithridates,  who  fled  to  the  Cimmerian  Bos- 
porus.   He  received  the  submission  of  Tigra- 
nes,  king  of  Armenia ;  made  Syria  a  Roman 
province ;  took  Jerusalem ;  and,  after  settling 
the  affairs  of  Asia,  returned  to  Italy  in  62. 
He  disbanded  his  army  after  landing  at  Brun- 
disium,  and  thus  calmed  the  apprehensions 
of  many, who  feared  that  he  would  seize  upon 
the  supreme  power.    He  entered  Rome  in 
triumph  on  the  30th  of  September,  B.C.  60. 
The  senate,  however,  refused  to  ratify  *his 
acts  in  Asia;  whereupon  Pompey  entered 
into  a  close  alliance  with  Caesar.  To  be  more 
sure  of  carrying  their  plans  into  execution, 
they  took  the  wealthy  Crassus  into  their 
counsels.    The  three  agreed  to  assist  one 
another  against  their  mutual  enemies ;  and 
thus  was  formed  the  first  triumvirate.    This 
onion  of  the  three  most  powerful  men  at  Rome 
crushed  the  aristocracy  for  the  time.    To  ce- 
ment their  union  more  "closely,  Caesar  gave  to 
Pompey  his  daughter  Julia  in  marriage.  Next 
year  (58)  Caesar  went  to  his  province  in  Gaul, 
out  Pompey  remained  in  Rome.  While  Caesar 
was  gaining  glory  and  influence  in  Gaul, 
Pompey  was  gradually  losing  influence  at 
Rome.    In  55  Pompey  was  consul  a  second 
time  with  Crassus.    Pompey  received  as  his 
provinces  the  two  Spains,  which  were  gov- 
erned by  his  legates,  L.  Afranius  and  M. 
Petreius,  while  he  himself  remained  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  city.    Caesar's  increas- 
ing power  and  influence  at  length  made  it 
clear  to  Pompey  that  a  struggle  must  take 
place  between  them,  sooner  or  later.    The 
death  of  his  wife  Julia,  in  54,  to  whom  he  was 
tenderly  attached,  broke  the  last  link  which 
still  connected  him  with  Caesar.     In  order 
to  obtain  supreme  power,  Pompey  secretly 
encouraged  the  civil  discord-with  which  the 
state  was  torn  asunder ;  and  such  frightful 
scenes  of  anarchy  followed  the  death  of  Clo- 
dius  at  the  beginning  of  52  that  the  senate 
had  no  alternative  but  calling  in  the  assist- 
ance of  Pompey,  who  was  accordingly  made 
sole  consul  in  52,  and  succeeded  in  restoring 
order  to  the  state.   Soon  afterwards  Pompey 
became  reconciled  to  the  aristocracy,  and  was 


now  regarded  as  their  acknowledged  head. 
The  history  of  the  civil  war  which  followed 
s  related  in  the  life  of  CAESAE.  After  the 
iattle  of  Pharsjilia,  (4S),  Pompey  sailed  to 
Egypt,  where  he  was  put  to  death  by  order 
of  the  ministers  of  the  youncr  king  Ptolemy. 
Pompey  got  into  a  boat,  which  the  Egyptians 
sent  to  bring  him  to  laud ;  but  just  as  the 
boat  reached  the  shore,  and  he  was  stepping 
on  land,  he  was  stabbed  in  the  back  in  sisrht 
of  bis  wife,  who  was  anxiously  watching  liim 
\-orn  the  ship.  He  was  slain* on  the  29th  of 
September,  B.C.  4S,  and  had  just  completed 
his  5Sth  year.  His  head  was  cut  off,  and  was 
brought  to  Caesar  when  he  arrived  in  Ecrypt 
soon  afterwards,  but  he  turned  away  from  th« 
sight,  shed  tears  at  the  melancholy  death  of 
lis  rival,  and  put  his  murderers  to  death. 
Pompey  was  married  5  times.  The  names 
of  his  wives  were— 1,  Antistla;  2,  Aemilia; 
3,  Mucia;  4,  Julia;  5,  Cornelia.  — (5)  CN. 
POMPEIUS  MAGNUS,  elder  son  of  the  triumvir, 
by  his  third  wife  Mucia,  carried  on  war 
against  Caesar  in  Spain,  and  was  defeated  at 
the  battle  of  Munda,  B.C.  45.  He  was  shortly 
afterwards  taken  prisoner  and  put  to  death. 
—(6)  SEX.  POMPEICS  MAGNUS,  younger  son 
of  the  triumvir  by  his  third  wife  Mucia, 
fought,  along  with  his  brother,  against  Caesar 
at  Munda.  but  escaped  with  his  life.  After 
Caesar's  death  (44.)  he  obtained  a  large  fleet, 
became  master  of  the  sea,  and  took  possession 
of  Sicily.  He  was  eventually  defeated  by  the 
fleet  of  Augustas,  and  fled  from  Sicily  to  Asia, 
where  he  ""was  taken  prisoner,  and  pat  to 
death  (35). 

POMPEIUS  FESTUS.    [FESTUS.] 
POMPEIUS  TROGUS.    [JusTiNUs.] 
POMPELON  (-6nis :  Pamplona),  equivalent 
to  Pompeiopolis,  so  called  by  the  sons  of 
Pompey,  was  the  chief  town  of  the  Vasconea 
in  Hisp'ania  Tarraconeusis. 
POMPILIUS,  NUMA.    [NuMA.3 
POMPONlA  (-ae).     (1)  Sister  of  T.  Pom- 
ponius  Atticns,  was  married  to  0.  Cicero, 
the  brother  of  the  orator,  B.C.  6S.    The  mar- 
riage proved  an  unhappy  one.    Q.  Cicero, 
after  leading  a  miserable  life  with  his  wife 
for  almost  24  years,  at  length  divorced  her, 
B.O.  45  or  44— (2)  Daughter  of  T.  Pornponius 
Atticus,  married  to  M.  Yipsaniua  Agriypa. 
Her  daughter,  Vipsania  Agrippina,  married 
Tiberius,"  the  successor  of  Augustus. 

POMP5NIUS,  SEXTUS  (-i),  a  distinguish- 
ed  Roman  jurist,  who  lived  under  Antoninus 
Pius  and  M.  Aurelins. 
POMPONIUS  ATTICUS.  [ArnoTS.] 
POMP5NIUS  MELA.  [MELA..3 
POMPTINAE  or  PONTIN AE  (-arnm),  P£« 
LTOES  (-um),  the  Pontine  Marshes,  the  name 
of  a  low,  marsh  v  plain  on  the  coast  of  Latinm, 
between  Circeil  and  Terracina,  said  to  have 
been  so  called  after  an  ancient  town  Pontia, 
which  disappeared  at  an  early  period.  The 
marshes  are  formed  chiefly  by  a  number  of 
small  streams,  which,  instead  of  finding  their 
way  into  the  sea,  spread  over  this  plai n.  The 
miasmas  arising  from  these  marshes  are  ex- 
ceedingly unhealthy  in  the  summer.  At  &B 


PONTIA. 


318 


PORSENA. 


early  period  they  either  did  not  exist  at  all 
or  were  confined  to  a  narrow  district.  We 
are  told  that  originally  there  were  -23  towns 
in  this  plain ;  and  in  B.O.  812  the  greater  part 
of  it  mast  have  heen  free  from  the  marshes, 
since  the  censor  Appius  Claudius  conducted 
the  celebrated  Via  Appia  in  that  year  through 
the  plain,  which  must  then  have  been  suffi- 
ciently strong  to  bear  the  weight  of  this  road. 
In  the  time  of  Augustus  there  was  a  naviga- 
ble canal  runninglalongside  of  the  Via  Appia 
from  Forum  Appii  to  the  grove  of  Feronia, 
which  was  intended  to  carry  off  a  portion  of 
the  waters  of  the  marshes.  Horace  embarked 
upon  this  canal  on  his  celebrated  journey 
from  Rome  to  Brundisium  in  37. 

PONTtA  (-ae:  Ponza),  a  rocky  island  off 
the  coast  of  Latium,  opposite  Formiae,  taken 
by  the  Romans  from  the  Volscians,  and  colo- 
nized B.O.  813.  Under  the  empire  it  was  used 
as  a  place  of  banishment  for  state  criminals. 

PONTIUS  (-i),  C.,  general  of  the  Samnites  in 
B.O.  321,  defeated  the  Roman  army  iu  one  of 
the  mountain  passes  near  Caudium,  and  com- 
pelled them  to  pass  under  the  yoke.  Nearly 
30  years  afterwards  Pontius  was  defeated  by 
Q.  Fabius  Gurges  (292),  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  put  to  death  after  the  triumph  of  the 
consul. 

PONTUS  (-i),  the  N.E.-most  district  of 
Asia  Minor,  along  the  coast  of  the  Euxine, 
E.  of  the  river  Halys,  having  originally  no 
specific  name,  was  spoken  of  as  the  country 
on  the  Pontus  (Eitxinu$\  and  hence  acquired 
the  name  of  Pontus,  which  is  first  found  in 
Xenophon's  Anabasis.  The  name  first  ac- 
quired a  political  importance  through  the 
foundation  of  a  new  kingdom  in  it,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  4th  century  B.O.,  by  ABIOBAB- 
ZANES  I.  This  kingdom  reached  its  greatest 
height  under  Mithridates  VL.  who  for  many 
years  carried  on  war  with  the  Romans.  [Mrra- 
EIDATES  VI.]  In  A.  i>.  62  the  country  was  con- 
stituted by  Nero  a  Roman  province.  It  was 
divided  into  the  3  districts  of  PONTUS  GA- 
LATIOTJS  in  the  WM  bordering  on  Galatia; 
P.  POLEMONIAOUS  in  the  centre,  so  called 
from  its  capital  POLBMONIUH  ;  and  P.  CAFPA- 
nooros  in  the  E.,  bordering  on  Cappadocia 
(Armenia  Minor)..  Pontus  was  a  mountain- 
ous country ;  wild  and  barren  in  the  E.,  where 
the  great  chains  approach  the  Euxine ;  but 
in  the  W.  watered  by  the  great  rivers  HALYS 
and  IBIS,  and  their  tributaries,  the  valleys  of 
which,  as  well  as  the  land  along  the  coast, 
are  extremely  fertile.  The  E.  part  was  rich 
n  minerals,  and  contained  the  celebrated  iron 
nines  of  the  Chalybes. 

PONTUS  EUXINUS,  or  simply  PONTUS 
£1:  the  Black  Sea},  the  great  inland  sea  in- 
closed by  Asia  Minor  on  the  S.,  Colchis  on  the 
E.,  Sarmatia  on  theN.,  and  Dacia  and  Thracia 
on  the  W.,  and  having  no  other  outlet  than 
the  narrow  BOSPOBTTS  THRAOIUS  in  its  S.W. 
corner.  Its  length  is  about  700  miles,  and  its 
breadth  varies  from  400  to  160.  The  Argo- 
nautic  legends  show  that  the  Greeks  had  some 
acquaintance  with  this  sea  at  a  very  early 
period.  It  is  said  that  they  at  first  called  it 
"Af  evo?  (inhospitable),  from  the  savage  charac- 
ter of  the  peoples  on  its  coast,  and  from  the 


supposed  terrors  of  its  navigation,  and  that 
afterwards,  on  their  favorite  principle  of 
euphemism  (i.  e.,  abstaining  from  words  of  evil 
omen),  they  changed  its  name  to  Eof  ei/o$,  Ion. 
Evf€<vos,  hospitable.  The  Greeks  of  Asia 
Minor,  especially  the  people  of  Miletus,  found- 
ed many  colonies  and  commercial  emporiums 
on  its  shores. 
POPILLIUS  LAENAS.  [LAENAS.] 

POPLlCOLA.      [PUBLIOOLA.] 

POPPAEA  SABINA.    [SABINA.] 
POPPAEUS  SABINUS.    [SABINUS.] 
POPUXONIA  (-ae),  or  P(5PtL$N!UM  (-i), 
an  ancient  town  of  Etruria,  situated  on  a 
lofty  hill,  sinking  abruptly  to  the  sea,  and 
forming  a  peninsula.    It  was  destroyed  by 
Sulla  iu  the  civil  wars. 

PORCIA  (-ae).   (1)  Sister  of  Cato  Uticen- 
sis,  married  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  consul 
B.O.  54,  who  was  slain  in  the  battle  of  Pharsa- 
lia — (2)  Daughter  of  Cato  Uticensis,  married 
first  to  M.  Bibulns,  consul  B.C.  59,  and  after- 
wards to  M.  Brutus,  the  assassin  of  Julius 
Caesar.     She  induced  her  husband  on  the 
night  before  the  15th  of  March  to  disclose  to 
her  the  conspiracy  against  Caesar's  life,  and 
she  is  reported  to  have  wounded  herself  in 
the  thigh  in  order  to  show  that  she  had  a 
courageous  soul,  and  could  be  trusted  with 
the  secret.    She  put  an  end  to  her  own  life 
after  the  death  of  Brutus  in  42. 
PORClUS  CATO.    [CATO.] 
PORCRJS  FESTUS.    [FESTTTS.] 
PORClUS  LATRO.    [LATBO.] 
PORCIUS  LICINUS.    [LiorNus.] 
PORPHYRISN  (-5nis),  one  of  the  giants 
who  fought  against  the  gods,  slain  by  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  and  Hercules. 

PORPHYRIUS  (-i),  usually  called  POR- 
PHYRY, a  Greek  philosopher  of  the  Neo- 
Platonic  school,  was  born  A.D.  233,  either  in 
Batanea  in  Palestine  or  at  Tyre.  His  original 
name  was  Malchus.  the  Greek  form  of  the 
Syrophoenician  Melech,  a  word  which  signi- 
fied king.  He  studied  at  Athens  under 
Longinus,  who  changed  his  name  into  Por* 
phyrius  (in  allusion  to  the  usual  color  of 
royal  robes).  He  settled  at  Rome  in  his 
30th  year,  and  there  became  a  disciple  of 
Plotinus,  whose  writings  he  corrected  and 
arranged.  [PLOTINUS.]  His  most  celebrated 
work  was  his  treatise  against  the  Christian 
religion,  which  was  publicly  destroyed  by 
order  of  the  emperor  Theodosius. 

PORSfiNA,  PORSENA,  or  PORSENNA 
(-ae),  LARS  (-tis),  king  of  the  Etruscan  town 
of  Clusium,  marched  against  Rome  at  the 
head  of  a  vast  army,  in  order  to  restore  Tar- 
quinius  Superbus  to  the  throne.  He  took 
possession  of  the  hill  Janiculum,  and  would 
have  entered  the  city  by  the  bridge  which 
connected  Rome  with  the  Janiculum  had  it 
not  been  for  the  superhuman  prowess  of  Ho- 
ratius  Codes.  [COOLES.]  He  then  proceeded 
to  lay  siege  to  the  city,  which  soon  began  to 
suffer  from  famine.  Thereupon  a  young  Ro- 
man, named  C.  Mucius,  resolved  to  delivei 
his  country  by  murdering  the  invading  king 


PORTUNUS. 


319 


POSEIDON. 


He  accordingly  went  over  to  the  Etruscan 
camp,  but,  ignorant  of  the  person  of  Porsena, 
killed  the  royal  secretary  instead.  Seized, 
and  threatened  with  torture,  he  thrust  his 
right  hand  into  the  fire  on  the  altar,  and  there 
let  it  burn,  to  show  how  little  he  heeded  pain. 
Astonished  at  his  courage,  the  king  bade  him 
depart  in  peace ;  and  Scaevola,  as  he  was 
henceforward  called,  told  him,  out  of  grati- 
tude, to  make  peace  with  Rome,  since  300 
noble  youths  had  sworn  to  take  the  life  of  the 
king,  and  he  was  the  first  upon  whom  the  lot 
had  fallen.  Porsena  thereupon  made  peace 
with  the  Romans,  aud  withdrew  his  troops 
from  the  Janiculum  after  receiving  20  host- 
ages from  the  Romans.  Such  was  the  tale 
by  which  Roman  vanity  concealed  one  of  the 
earliest  and  greatest  disasters  of  the  city. 
The  real  fact  is  that  Rome  was  completely 
conquered  by  Porsena,  and  compelled  to  pay 
tribute. 

PORT^NUS  or  PORTUMNUS  (-i),  the  pro- 
tecting genius  of  harbors  among  the  Romans, 
identified  with  the  Greek  Palaemon.  [Px- 
LAJSMON.] 

PORTJS  (-i).  (1)  King  of  the  Indian  prov- 
inces E.  of  the  river  Hydaspes,  offered  a  for- 
midable resistance  to  Alexander  when  the 
latter  attempted  to  cross  the  river,  B.O.  327. 
He  was  conquered  by  Alexander,  and  was 
afterwards  received  into  his  favor.  We  are 
told  that  Porus  was  a  man  of  gigantic  stature 
—not  less  than  five  cubits  in  height— and  that 
his  personal  strength  and  prowess  in  war 
were  not  less  conspicuous  than  his  valor.— 
(2)  Another  Indian  monarch  at  the  time  of 
Alexander's  expedition.  His  dominions  were 
subdued  by  Hephaestion,  and  annexed  to 
those  of  the  preceding  Poros,  who  was  his 
kinsman. 

POSEIDON,  called  KEPTTOTJS  (-i)  by  the 
Romans,  was  the  god  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea.  His  name  seems  to  be  connected  with 
TTOTO?,  7r6i/T09,  and  7roTa/x6y,  accordingto  which 
he  is  the  god  of  the  fluid  element.  He  was  a 
son  of  Cronos  (Saturuns)  aud  Rhea,  whence 
he  is  called  Cronius^  and  by  Latin  poets  Sa- 
turnius.  He  was  accordingly  a  brother  of 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Hades  (Pluto),  and  it  was 
determined  by  lot  that  he  should  rule  over 
the  sea.  Like  his  brothers  and  sisters,  he 


Poseidon  (Neptune). 


Neptune  and  a  Nymph. 

was,  after  his  birth,  swallowed  by  his  father 
Cronos,  but  thrown  up  again.  In  the  Ho- 
meric poems  Poseidon  is  described  as  equal 
to  Zens  in  dignity,  but  less  powerful.  He  re- 
sents the  attempts  of  Zeus  to  intimidate  him ; 
he  even  threatens  his  mightier  brother,  and 
once  conspired  with  Hera  (Juno)  and  Athena 
(Minerva)  to  put  him  in  chains ;  but  on  other 
occasions  we  find  him  submissive  to  Zens. 
The  palace  of  Poseidon  was  in  the  depth  of 
the  sea  near  Aegae  in  Euboea,  where  he  kept 
his  horses  with  brazen  hoofs  and  golden 
manes.  With  these  horses  he  rides  in  a  char- 
iot over  the  waves  of  the  sea,  which  become 
smooth  as  he  approaches,  while  the  monsters 
of  the  deep  play  around  his  chariot.  Posei- 
don, in  conjunction  with  Apollo,  is  said  to 
have  built  the  walls  of  Troy  for  Laomedon, 
whence  Troy  is  called  Neptunia  Pergama. 
Laomedon  refused  to  give  these  gods  the  re- 
ward which  had  been  stipulated,  and  even 
dismissed  them  with  threats.  Poseidon  in 
consequence  sent  a  marine  monster,  which 
was  on  the  point  of  devouring  Laomedon's 
daughter,  when  it  was  killed  by  Hercules. 
He  continued  to  bear  an  implacable  hatred 
against  the  Trojans,  and  he  sided  with  the 
Greeks  in  the  war  against  their  city.  In  the 
Odyssey  he  appears  hostile  to  Ulysses,  whom 
he  prevents  from  returning  home,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  having  blinded  Polyphemus,  a 
son  of  Poseidon  by  the  nymph  Thoosa.  He 
is  said  to  have  created  the  horse,  when  he 
disputed  with  Athena  as  to  which  of  them 
should  give  name  to  the  capital  of  Attica, 
[ATITENA.]  He  was  accordingly  believed  to 
have  taught  men  the  art  of  managing  horses 
by  the  bridle,  and  to  have  been  the  originator 


POSIDONIA. 


320 


PRIAPUS. 


and  protector  of  horse-races.  He  even  meta- 
morphosed himself  into  a  horse,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  deceiving  Demeter  (Ceres).  Poseidon 
was  married  to  Amphitrite,  by  whom  he  had 
three  children,  Triton,  Rhode,  and  Beathe- 
sicyme ;  but  he  had  also  a  vast  number  of 
children  by  other  divinities  and  mortal  wom- 
en. The  sacrifices  offered  to  him  sreuerally 
consisted  of  black  and  white  bulls^but  wild 
boars  and  rams  were  also  sacrificed  to  him. 
Horse  and  chariot  races  were  held  in  his 
honor  on  the  Corinthian  isthmus.  The  sym- 
bol of  Poseidon's  power  was  the  trident,  or  a 
spear  with  three  points,  with  which  he  used  to 
shatter  rocks,  to  call  forth  or  subdue  storms, 
to  shake  the  earth,  and  the  like.  In  works 
of  art  Poseidon  may  be  easily  recognized  by 
his  attributes — the  dolphin,  the  horse,  or  the 
trident,  and  he  is  frequently  represented  in 
groups  along  with  Amphitrite,  Tritons,  Ne- 
reids, dolphins,  etc.  The  Roman  god  NEP- 
TUNUS  is  spoken  of  In  a  separate  article. 

POSIDONIA.    [PAJSSTTJM.] 

POSID5NIUS  <-i),  a  distinguished  Stoic 
philosopher,  born  at  Apamea  in  Syria,  about 
B.C.  135.  He  studied  at  Athens  under  Penae- 
tius,  and  taught  .at  Rhodes  with  great  success. 
He  gave  instruction  to  Cicero,  and  numbered 
Pompey  among  his  friends.  In  B.O.  51  Posi- 
donius  removed  to  Rome,  and  died  soon  after 
at  the  age  of  84. 

POSTtfttflUS.    [AujiNxrs.] 

POST&MUS  (-i),  assumed  the  title  of  em- 
peror in  Gaul  A.D.  258,  and  reigned  till  267, 
when  he  was  slain  by  his  soldiers. 

POSTVERTA  or  POSTVORTA  (-ae),  a  Ro- 
man goddess  presiding  over  childbirth. 

POTENTlA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Picenum,  on 
the  river  Flosis. 

,P$TIDAEA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Macedonia,  on 
the  narrow  isthmus  of  the  peninsula  Pallene, 
was  a  colony  of  the  Corinthians.  It  after- 
wards became  tributary  to  Athens,  and  its 
revolt  from  the  latter  city,  in  B.O.  432,  wan  one 
of  the  immediate  causes  of  the  Peloponnssian 
•war.  It  was  taken  by  the  Athenians  in  429, 
after  a  siege  of  more  than  2  years,  its  inhab- 
itants expelled,  and  their  place  supplied  by 
Athenian  colonists.  In  856  it  was  taken  by 
Philip,  who  destroyed  the  city  and  gave  its 
territory  to  the  Olynthians.  Cassander  built 
a  new  city  on  the  same  site,  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  CassandrSa,  and  which  soon  Be- 
came the  most  flourishing  city  in  all  Mace- 
donia. 

P<?TXTIL    [PiNABiA  GENS.] 

POTNIAE  (-arum),  a  small  town  in  Boeo- 
tia,  on  the  Asopus.  The  adjective  Potniades 
Ising.  Potnias)  is  an  epithet  frequently  given 
to  the  mares  which  tore  to  death  Glaucus  of 
Potniae.  [GLAUOUS,  No.  1.] 

PRAENESTE  (-is :  Palestrinti),  one  of  the 
most  ancient  towns  of  Latium,  situated  on  a 
steep  and  lofty  hill  about  20  miles  S,E.  of 
Rome.  It  was  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
TelegonuB,  the  son  of  Ulysses.  It  was  strong- 
ly fortified  by  nature  and  by  art,  and  frequent- 
ly resisted  the  attacks  of  the  Romans.  To- 
gether witn  the  other  Latin  towns,  it  became 


subject  to  Rome,  and  was  at  a  later  period 
made  a  Roman  colony.  It  was  here  that  the 
younger  Marius  took  refuge,  and  was  be- 
sieged by  Sulla's  troops.  Praeneste  possessed 
a  celebrated  temple  of  Fortuna,  with  an  ora- 
cle, which  is  often  mentioned  under  the  name 
of  Praeiiestinae  sortes.  In  consequence  of 
its  lofty  situation,  Praeneste  was  a  cool  and 
healthy  residence  in  the  great  heats  of  sum- 
mer (hence  frigidum  Praeneste,  in  Horace). 
PRAET5R1A.  AUGUSTA,  [ATTGUSTA,  No. 


PRASII  (-orum),  a  gr 
pie  of  India,  on  the  Ga 
time  of  Seleucus  I.  by 
Their  capital  city  was! 


it  and  powerful  peo. 
res,  governed  at  the 
:ing  SANDBOOOTTTJB. 
libothra  (Patna). 

PRATlNAS  (-ae),  one  of  the  early  tragic 
poets  at  Athens,  and  a  contemporary  of  Aes- 
chylus. 

PRAXf  TELES  (-is),  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished sculptors  of  Greece,  flourished  about 
B.O.  864  and  onwards.  He  was  a  citizen,  if 
not  a  native,  of  Athens.  He  stands,  with 
Scopas,  at  the  head  of  the  later  Attic  school, 
so  called  in  contradistinction  to  the  earlier 
Attic  school  of  Phidias.  Without  attempting 
those  sublime  impersonations  of  divine  maj- 
esty in  which  Phidias  had  been  so  inimitably 
successful,  Praxiteles  was  unsurpassed  in  the 
exhibition  of  the  softer  beauties  of  the  human 
form,  especially  in  the  female  figure.  His 
most  celebrated  work  was  a  marble  statue  of 
Aphrodite  (Venus),  which  was  distinguished 
from  other  statues  of  the  goddess  by  the  name 
of  the  Cnidians,  who  purchased  it. 

PRI&  MSDES  or  PRIX MlDBS  (-ae),  that  is, 
a  son  of  Priam,  by  which  name  Hector,  Paris, 
Helenus,  Deiphobus,  and  the  other  sons  of 
Priam,  are  frequently  called. 

PRliMUS  (-i1/,  the  famous  king  of  Troy 
at  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war,  was  a  son  of 
Laomedon.  His  original  name  was  Podarces. 
i.  e.  "the  swift -footed,"  which  was  changed 
into  Priamus,  "the  ransomed"  (from  wpt'a- 
/xat),  because  he  was  ransomed  by  his  sister, 
Hesione,  after  he  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of 
Hercules.  He  was  first  married  to  Arisba, 
and  afterwards  to  Hecuba.  According  to 
Homer,  he  was  the  father  of  50  sons,  19  of 
whom  were  children  of  Hecuba.  In  the  ear- 
lier part  of  his  reign  Priam  supported  the 
Phrygians  in  their  war  against  the  Amazons. 
When  the  Greeks  landed  on  tne  Trojan  coast 
Priam  was  advanced  in  years,  and  took  no 
active  part  in  the  war.  Once  only  did  he 
venture  upon  the  field  of  battle,  to  conclude 
the  agreement  respecting  the  single  combat 
between  Paris  and  Menelaus.  After  the  death 
of  Hector,  Priam  went  to  the  tent  of  Achilles 
to  ransom  his  son's  body  for  burial,  and  ob- 
tained it.  Upon  the  capture  of  Troy  he  was 
slain  by  Pyrrhus,  the  son  of  Achilles. 

PRt&PUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Dionysus  (Bac- 
chus) and  Aphrodite  (Venus),  was  born  at 
Lampsacus,  on  the  Hellespont,  whence  he  is 
sometimes  called  Helleapontiacw.  He  was 
regarded  as  the  god  of  fruitmlness  in  general, 
and  was  worshiped  as  the  protector  of  flocks 
of  sheep  and  goats,  of  bees,  of  the  vine,  and 
of  all  garden  produce.  He  was  represented 


PRIENE. 


321 


1'iiOETUS. 


Priapus.    (Visconti,  Mas.  Pio.  Clem.,  vol.  1,  pi,  50.) 

fa  carved  images,  mostly  in  the  form  of  Her- 
mae,  carrying  fruit  in  his  garment,  and  either 
a  sickle  or  cornucopia  in  his  hand  —  (2)  A  city 
of  Mysia,  on  the  Propontis,  E.  of  Parinm,  a 
colony  of  the  Milesians,  and  a  seat  of  the 
worship  of  the  god  Priapus. 

PRHiNE  (-es),  one  of  the  12  Ionian  cities 
on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  stood  in  the  N.W. 
corner  of  Caria,  at  the  foot  of  Monnt  Myeale. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Bias,  one  of  the  Sev- 
en Sages  of  Greece. 

PRIMUS,  M.  ANT5NHJS  <-i),  a  general  of 
Vespasian,  who  gained  a  victory  over  the  Vi- 
tellian  army  at  Bedriacum,  A.D.  69. 

PRISCIS.NUS  (-i),  a  Roman  grammarian, 
flourished  ahont  A.D.  450,  and  taught  gram- 
mar at  Constantinople.  Several  of  his  gram- 
matical works  are  extant 

PRISCTJS,  HELVIDIUS  <-i),  son-in-law  of 
Thrasea  Paetus,  distinguished  by  his  love  of 
virtue,  philosophy,  and  liberty,  was  put  to 
death  by  Vespasian. 

PRIVBRNUM  (-i),  an  ancient  town  of  La- 
tium,  on  the  river  Amasenus. 

PROBUS,   AEMMUS.     CNEPOS,  COKNE- 


PROBTJS,  M.  AURSLlUS  (-i),  Roman  em- 
peror A.D.  276-282,  was  the  successor  of  Taci- 
tus. During  his  reign  he  gained  many  brill- 
iant victories  over  the  barbarians  on  the 
frontiers  of  Gaul  and  Illyricum,  and  in  other 
parts  of  the  Roman  empire.  He  was  killed 
In  a  mutiny  of  his  own  soldiers. 

PROCAS  (-ae),  one  of  the  fabulous  kings 
of  Alba  Longa,  father  of  Numitor  and  Amu- 
lius. 


<-ae:  Proci&a),  an  island  off 
the  coast  of  Campania,  near  the  proinontorj 
Misenum. 

PROCLES,  one  of  the  twin  sons  of  Aristo* 
demus.  [BUSTS-THESES.} 

PROCLUS  <-i),  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
teachers  of  the  Neo-Platonic  school,  was  born- 
at  Byzantium  A.D.  412,  and  died  A.D.  485.  He 
laid  claim  to  the  possession  of  miracnlous 
power,  and  his  philosophical  system  is  char- 
acterized by  vagueness  and  mysticism.  Sev- 
eral of  his_works  are  still  extant 

PROCNE  (-es),  daughter  of  king  Pandion 
of  Athens,  and  wife  of  Tereas.  [TEEBITS.] 

PR5CONNESUS  (-i:  Marmora),  an  island 
of  the  Propontis,  which  takes  from  it  its  mod- 
ern name  (Sea  of  Marmora),  off  the  N.  coast 
of  Mysia,  N.W.  of  the  peninsula  of  Cyzicus  or 
Dolionis.  The  island  was  celebrated  for  it? 
raavble,  and  hence  its  modern  name. 

PROCRIS  (-is),  daughter  of  Erechtheus,  and 
wife  of  Cephalus.  [CEPHALUS.] 

PROCRUSTES  (-ae),  that  is,  "the  Stretch- 
er,1' a  surname  of  the  famous  robber  Polype- 
mon  or  Damastes.  He  used  to  tie  all  travel- 
ers who  fell  into  his  hands  upon  a  bed;  if 
they  were  shorter  than  the  bed,  he  stretched 
their  limbs  till  they  were  of  the  same  length  ; 
if  they  were  longer  than  the  bed,  he  made 
them  of  the  same  size  by  cutting  off  some  of 
their  limbs._  He  was  slain  by  Theseus. 

PROCfTLElUS,  C.,  a  Roman  eques,  one  of 
the  friends  of  Augustus,  is  said  to  have  di- 
vided his  property  with  his  brothers  (perhaps 
cousins),  Caepio  and  Murena,  who  had  lost 
their  property  in  the  civil  wars. 

PR6c"&LUS  <-i),  the  jurist,  was  the  con- 
temporary of  the  jurist  Sferva  the  younger, 
who  was  probably  the  father  of  the  emperor 
Nerva.  The  fact  that  Proculus  gave  his  name 
to  the  school  or  sect  (Proculiani  or  ProcuUi- 
cmi)  which  was  opposed  to  that  of  the  Sabini- 
ani  shows  that  he  was  a  jurist  of  note. 

PROCtJLUS,  JtfLfUS  (-i),  a  Roman  sen- 
ator, is  said  to  have  informed  the  Roman 
people,  after  the  death  ot'Romnlns,  that  their 
king  had  appeared  to  him,  and  bade  him  tell 
the  people  to  honor  him  in  future  as  a  god, 
under  the  name  of  Quirinus. 

PRODI CUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  sophist,  was 
a  native  of  lulis  in  the  island  of  Ceos,  and 
lived  in  the  time  of  the  Peloponnesiau  war 
and  subsequently.  He  frequently  visited  Ath- 
ens. 

PROETfDES.    [PEOETUS.] 

PROETUS  (-i),  son  of  Abas  and  Ocalea, 
and  twin-brother  of  Acrisius.  In  the  dispute 
between  the  2  brothers  for  the  kingdom  of 
Argos,  Proetus  was  espelled,  whereupon  he 
fled  to  lobates  in  Lycia,  and  married  Antea 
or  Stheneboea,  the  daughter  of  the  latter. 
With  the  assistance  of  tobates,  Proetns  re- 
turned to  his  native  land,  and  Acrisins  gave 
him  a  share  of  his  kingdom,  surrendering  tc 
Mm  Tiryns,  Midea,  and  the  coast  of  Arsons. 
Proetus  had  3  daughters,  Lysippe,  Iphino?, 
andlphianassa,who  are  often,  mentioned  un- 
der the  general  name  of  PROETIBES.  Whet 
these  daughters  arrived  at  the  age  of  maturi- 


PROMETHEUS. 


322 


PROTOGENES. 


ty  they  were  stricken  with  madness,  either 
from  despising  the  worship  of  Dionysus  (Bac- 
chus), or  from  presuming  to  compare  their 
beauty  with  that  of  Hera  (Juno).  [MELAM- 
pns.]  The  frenzy  spread  to  the  other  women 
of  Argos,  till  at  length  Proetus  agreed  to  di- 
vide his  kingdom  hetween  Melampus  and  his 
brother  Bias,  upon  the  former  promising  that 
he  would  cure  the  women  of  their  madness. 
Proetus  also  plays  a  prominent  part  in  the 
story  of  Bellerophon.  [BELLEROPHON.]— Ac- 
cording to  Ovid,  Acrisius  was  expelled  from 
his  kingdom  by  Proetns ;  and  Perseus,  the 
grandson  of  Acrisius,  avenged  his  grandfa- 
ther by  turning;  Proetus  into  stone  by  means 
of  the  head  of  Medusa. 

PRSMETHEttS  (-£6s  or  el),  son  of  the  Ti- 
tan lapetus  and  Clymene,  and  brother  of  At- 
las, Menoetius,  and  Epimetheus.  Hia  name 
signifies  "  forethought,"  -as  that  of  his  broth- 
er Bpimetheus  denotes  "afterthought."  He 
is  represented  as  the  great  benefactor  of  men 
in  spite  of  Zeus  (Jupiter).  He  stole  fire  from 
heaven  in  a  hollow  tube,  and  taught  mortals 
all  useful  arts.  In  order  to  punish  men,  Zeus 
gave  Pandora  as  a  present  to  Epimetheus,  in 
consequence  of  which  diseases  and  sufferings 
of  every  kind  befell  mortals.  [PANDORA.] 
He  also  chained  Prometheus  to  a  rock  on 
Mount  Caucasus,  where  in  the  day-time  an 
eagle  consumed  his  liver,  which  was  restored 
in  each  succeeding  night.  Prometheus  was 
thus  exposed  to  perpetual  torture ;  but  Her- 
cules killed  the  eagle  and  delivered  the  suf- 
ferer, with  the  consent  of  Zeus,  who  in  this 
way  had  an  opportunity  of  allowing  his  son 
to  gain  immortal  fame.  There  was  also  a 
legend  which  related  that  Prometheus  cre- 
ated raau  out  of  earth  and  water.  He  is  said 
to  have  given  to  men  a  portion  of  all  the  qual- 
ities possessed  by  the  other  animals. 


Prometheus.    (Bellorii,  Ant.  Lncern.  Sepolc.  tav.  2.) 

PRC>NtJBA  (-ae),  a  surname  of  Juno  among 
the  Romans,  describing  her  as  the  deity  pre- 
siding over  marriage. 

PROPERTIUS  (-i),  SEX.  AURlLlUS,  the 
Boman  poet,  was  a  native  of  Umbria,  and 
was  born  about  B.O.  51.  He  began  to  write 
poetry  at  a  very  early  age,  and  the  merit  of 
his  productions  attracted  the  attention  and 
patronage  of  Maecenas.  The  year  of  his  death 
is  unknown.  Propertius  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal of  the  Roman  elegiac  poets. 

PR6PONTIS  (-Idis :  Sea  of  Marmora},  so 
failed  from  its  position  with  reference  to  the 


Pontns  (JSuxinus),  being  Trpo  rov  HOI/TOW,  "be- 
fore the  Pontus,"  is  the  small  sea  uniting  the 
Euxine  and  the  Aegaean,  and  dividing  Eu- 
rope (Thracia)  from  Asia  (Mysia  and  Bithy- 
nia). 

PROSERPINA.  [PERSEPHONE.] 
PROTXGOR5.S  (-ae),  a  celebrated  sophist, 
was  born  at  Abdera  in  Thrace,  probably 
about  B.O.  480,  and  died  about  411,  at  the  age 
of  nearly  70  years.  He  was  the  first  who 
called  himself  a  sophist,  and  taught  for  pay ; 
and  he  practiced  his  profession  for  the  space 
of  40  years.  His  instructions  were  so  highly 
valued  that  he  sometimes  received  100  minae 
from  a  pupil ;  and  Plato  says  that  Protagoras 
made  more  money  than  Phidias  and  10  other 
sculptors.  In  411  he  was  accused  of  impiety 
by  Pythodorus,  one  of  the  Four  Hundred. 
His  impeachment  was  founded  on  his  book 
on  the  gods,  which  began  with  the  statement— 
"Respecting  the  gods,  I  am  unable  to  know 
whether  they  exist  or  do  not  exist"  The 
impeachment  was  followed  by  his  banish- 
ment, or,  as  others  affirm,  only  by  the  burn- 
ing of  his  book. 

PROTESlLlUS  (-i),  son  of  Iphiclns  and 
Astyoche,  was  a  native  of  Phylace  in  Thessa- 
ly.  He  is  called  Phyladus  and  Phylacidea, 
either  from  that  circumstance  or  from  his  be- 
ing a  grandson  of  Phylacus.  He  led  the  war- 
riors of  several  Thessalian  places  against 
Troy,  and  was  the  first  of  all  the  Greeks  who 
was  killed  by  the  Trojans,  being  the  first  who 
leaped  from  the  ships  upon  the  Trojan  shore. 
According  to  the  common  tradition,  he  was 
slain  by  Hector. 

PROTEUS  (-Sos,  Si,  or  6i),  the  prophetic  old 
man  of  the  sea,  is  described  in  the  earliest 
legends  as  a  subject  of  Poseidon  (Neptune), 
whose  flocks  (the  seals)  he  tended.  Accord- 
ing to  Homer,  he  resided  in  the  island  of  Pha- 
ros, at  the  distance  of  one- day's  journey  from 
the  river  Aegyptus  (Nile);  whereas  Virgil 
places  his  residence  in  the  island  of  Carpa- 
thos,  between  Crete  and  Rhodes.  At  mid- 
day Proteus  rose  from  the  sea,  and  slept  in 
the  shade  of  the  rocks,  with  the  monsters  of 
the  deep  lying  around  him.  Any  one  wish- 
ing to  learn  futurity  from  him  was  obliged  to 
catch  hold  of  him  at  that  time :  as  soon  as  he 
was  seized  he  assumed  every  possible  shape, 
in  order  to  escape  the  necessity  of  prophesy- 
ing, but  whenever  he  saw  that  his  endeavor^ 
were  of  no  avail  he  resumed  his  usual  form, 
and  told  the  truth.  After  finishing  his  proph- 
ecy he  returned  into  the  sea.  Homer  ascribes 
to  him  a  daughter  Idothea. — Another  set  of 
traditions  describes  Proteus  as  a  son  of  Po- 
seidon, and  as  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  had  two 
sons,  Telegonus  and  rolygonus  or  Tmolus. 

PRSTOGfiNES  (-is),  a  celebrated  Greek 
painter.  He  was  a  native  of  Caunus  in  Caria, 
a  city  subject  to  the  Rhodians,  and  flourished 
B.O.  332-800.  He  resided  at  Rhodes  almost 
entirely ;  the  only  other  city  of  Greece  which 
he  is  said  to  have  visited  is  Athens,  where  he 
executed  one  of  his  great  works  in  the  Pro- 
pylaea.  Up  to  his  50th  year  he  is  said  to  have 
lived  in  poverty  and  in  comparative  obscn- 
rity.  His  fame  had,  however,  reached  the 


PBOXENUS. 


323 


PTELEUM. 


ears  of  Apelles,  who,  as  the  surest  way  of 
making  the  merits  of  Protpgeues  known  to 
his  fellow-citizens,  offered  him  for  his  finished 
works  the  enormous  sum  of  50  talents  a  piece, 
and  thus  led  the  Rhoclians  to  understand 
what  an  artist  they  had  among  them. 

PROXENUS  (-i),  a  Boeotian,  was  a  disciple 
of  Gorgias,  and  a  friend  of  Xeuophon. 

PRtfSA  or  PRtTSIAS  (-ae).  (1)  A  great 
city  of  Bithynia,  on  the  N.  side  of  Mount 
Olympus,  15  Roman  miles  from  Cins  and  25 
from  Nicaea.— (2)  Some  writers  distinguish 
from  this  a  smaller  city,  which  stood  N.  W.  of 
the  former,  and  was  originally  called  CiEBtrs. 
PRtTStAS  (-ae).  (1)  King  of  Bithynia  from 
about  B.O.  22S  to  ISO.  He  was  the  son  of  Zie- 
laa,  whom  he  succeeded.  He  appears  to  have 
been  a  monarch  of  vigor  and  ability,  and 
raised  his  kingdom  of  Bithynia  to  a  much 
higher  pitch  of  power  and  prosperity  than  it 
had  previously  attained.  He  basely  surren- 
dered Hannibal,  who  had  taken  refuge  at  his 
court,  to  the  Romans ;  but  who  escaped  fall- 
ing into  the  hands  of  his  enemies  by  a  volun- 
tary death. — (2)  The  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  reigned  from  about  ISO  to  149.  He 
courted  assiduously  the  alliance  of  the  Ro- 
mans. He  carried  on  war  with  Attains,  king 
of  Pergamus,  with  whom,  however,  he  was 
compelled  by  the  Romans  to  conclude  peace 
in  154. 

PSAMMENITUS  (-i),  king  of  Egypt,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Amasis  in  B.O.  526,  and 
reigned  only  6  mouths.  He  was  conquered 
by  Cambyses  in  525,  and  his  country  made  a 
province  of  the  Persian  empire. 

PSAMMIS,  king  of  Egypt,  succeeded  his 
father  Necho,  and  reigned  from  u.o.  601  to 
595. 

PSAMMITICHUS  or  PSAMMSTlCHIJS 
<-i),  a  king  of  Egypt,  and  founder  of  the  Saitic 
dynasty,  reigned  from  B.O.  6T1  to  61T.  He  was 
originally  one  of  the  12  kings  who  obtained 
an  independent  sovereignty  m  the  confusion 
which  followed  the  death  of  Setho.  Having 
been  driven  into  banishment  by  the  other 
kings,  he  took  refuge  in  the  marshes ;  but 
shortly  afterwards,  with  the  aid  of  some 
Ionian  and  Carian  pirates,  he  conquered  the 
other  kings,  and  became  sole  ruler  of  Egypt. 
The  employment  of  foreign  mercenaries  by 
Psammitichus  gave  great  offense  to  the  mili- 
tary caste  in  Egypt ;  and  being  indignant  at 
other  treatment  which  they  received  from 
him,  they  emigrated  in  a  body  of  240,000  men 
into  Ethiopia,  where  settlements  were  assign 
ed  to  them  by  the  Ethiopian  king. 

PSDPHIS  (-idis:  Khan  of  Tripotamo}, 
town  in  the  N.W.  of  Arcadia,  on  the  river 
Erymanthus,  is  said  to  have  been  originally 
called  PHBGIA. 

PSYCHS  (-§s),  "the  soul,"  occurs  in  th 
later  times  of  antiquity  as  a  personification 
of  the  human  soul.  Psyche  was  the  yqunges 
of  the  3  daughters  of  a  king,  and  excited  by 
her  beauty  the  jealousy  and  envv  of  Venus 
In  order  to  avenge  herself,  the  goddess  order 
ed  Cupid  or  Amor  to  inspire  Psyche  with  r 
love  for  the  most  contemptible  of  all  men 
but  Cupid  was  so  stricken  with  her  beauty 


hat  he  himself  fell  in  love  with  her.  He  ac- 
ordingly  conveyed  her  to  a  charming  spot, 
vhere  unseen  and  unknown  he  visited  her 
very  night,  and  left  her  as  soon  as  the  day 
jet;an  to  dawn.  But  her  jealous  sisters  made 
ler  believe  that  in  the  darkness  of  ni?ht  she 
was  embracing  some  hideous  moiister,  and 
ccordingly  once,  while  Cupid  was  asleep,  she 
drew  near  to  him  with  a  lamp,  and.  to  her 
imazement,  beheld  the  most  handsome  and 
ovely  of  the  gods.  In  the  excitement  of  joy 
and  fear,  a  drop  of  hot  oil  fell  from  her  lamp 
upon  his  shoulder.  This  awoke  Cupid,  who 
censured  her  for  her  mistrust,  and  fied. 
Psyche's  happiness  was  now  gone,  and  after 
attempting  in  vain  to  throw  herself  into  a 
river,  she  wandered  about  from  temple  to 
;emple,  inquiring  after  her  lover,  and  at 
ength  came  to  the  palace  of  Venus.  There 
ler  real  sufferings  began,  for  Venus  retained 
ler,  treated  her  as  a  slave,  and  imposed  upon 
jer  the  hardest  and  most  humiliating  labors. 
Psyche  would  have  perished  nuder  the  weight 
of  her  sufferings  had  not  Cupid,  who  still 
loved  her  in  secret,  invisibly  comforted  and 
assisted  her  in  her  toils.  With  his  aid  she  at 
last  succeeded  in  overcoming  the  jealousy 
and  hatred  of  Venn? :  she  became  immortal, 
and  was  united  to  him  forever.  In  this  pleas- 
ing story  Psyche  evidently  represents  the 
human  soul,  which  is  purified  by  passions 
and  misfortunes,  and  thus  prepared  for  the 
enjoyment  of  true  and  pure  happiness.  In 
works  of  art  Psyche  is  represented  as  a  maid- 
en with  the  winsrs  of  a  butterfly,  along  with 
Cupid  in  the  different  situations  described  in 
the  allegory. 


Psyche.    (From  an  ancient  Gem.) 

PSYLLI  (-orum),  a  Libyan  people,  the  earli- 
est known  inhabitants  of  the  district  of  N. 
Africa  called  Cyrenaica. 

PSYTTALlA.    [SALAMIS.] 

PTELEUM  <-i).  (1)  (Ptelia^  an  ancient  sea- 
port  town  of  Thessaly  in  the  district  Phthio- 
tis,  at  the  S.W.  extremity  cf  the  Sinus  Pa- 
gasaeus,  was  destroyed  by  the  Romans.— (2) 
A  town  in  Elis  Triphylia,  said  to  have  been 


PTOLEMAEUS. 


324 


PTOLEMAEUS. 


a  colony  from  the  preceding.— (3)  A  fortress 
of  Ionia,  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  belong- 
ing to  Erythrae. 

PTOLEMAEUS  (-i),  usually  called  PTOL- 
EMY, the  name  of  several  kings  of  Egypt. 
I.  Surnamed  SOTER,  the  Preserver,  but  more 
commonly  known  as  the  sou  of  Lagus,  reign- 
ed u.c.  323-285.  His  father  Lagus  was  a 
Macedonian  of  ignoble  birth,  but  nis  mother 
Arsinoe  had  been  a  concubine  of  Philip  of 
Macedon,  on  which  account  it  seems  to  have 
been  generally  believed  that  Ptolemy  was 
in  reality  the  offspring  of  that  monarch. 
Ptolemy  accompanied  Alexander  throughout 
his  campaigns  in  Asia,  and  on  the  division  of 
the  empire  which  followed  Alexander's  death 
(323),  obtained  the  government  of  Egypt. 
He  afterwards  enlarged  his  dominions  by 
seizing  upon  the  important  satrapy  of  Phoe- 
nicia and  Coele-Syria,  and  made  himself 
master  of  Jerusalem  by  attacking  the  city  on 
the  Sabbath-day.  These  provinces  he  lostjbut 
again  recovered  in  a  war  with  Antigonus  and 
his  son  Demetrius.  Ptolemy  subsequently 
crossed  over  to  Greece,  where  he  announced 
himself  as  the  liberator  of  the  Greeks,  but 
he  effected  little.  In  306  he  was  defeated  by 
Demetrius  in  a  great  sea  fight  off  Salamis  in 
Cyprus,  by  which  he  lost  that  important  island. 
Next  year  (305)  Ptolemy  rendered  the  most 
important  assistance  to  the  Rhodians,  who 
were  besieged  by  Demetrius;  and  when 
Demetrius  was  at  length  compelled  to  raise 
the  siege  (304),  the  Rhodians  paid  divine 
honors  to  the  Egyptian  monarch  as  their 
saviour  and  preserver  (Soter).  The  latter 
years  of  Ptolemy's  reign  appear  to  have  been 
devoted  almost  entirely  to  the  arts  of  peace, 
and  in  285  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  young- 
est son  Ptolemy  Philadelphus.  He  survived 
this  event  2  years,  and  died  in  283.  The  char- 
acter of  Ptolemy  does  not  merit  unqualified 
praise;  but  he  distinguished  himself  as  a 
ruler  and  as  a  patron  of  literature  and  sci- 
ence. He  is  thought  to  have  founded  the 
Library  and  the  Museum  of  Alexandria. 
Many  men  of  literary  eminence  were  gather- 
ed around  the  Egyptian  king :  among  whom 
may  be  especially  noticed  Demetrius  of  Pha- 
lerus,  the  great  geometer  Euclid,  the  philoso- 
phers Stilpo  of  Megara,  Theodorus  of  Cyrene, 
and  Diodorus  surnamed  Cronus ;  as  well  as 
the  elegiac  poet  Philetas  of  Cos,  and  the  gram- 
marian Zenodotus.  Ptolemy  was  himself  an 
author,  and  composed  a  history  of  the  wars 
of  Alexander.— II.  PHILABELPHUS  (u.o.  285- 
247),  the  son  of  Ptolemy  I.  by  his  wife  Bere- 
nice, was  born  in  the  island  of  Cos,  309.  His 


Coin  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus.     , 


long  reign  was  marked  by  few  events  of  a 
striking  "character.  He  was  long  engaged  in 
war  with  his  half-brother  Magas  for  the  pos- 
session  of  the  Cyrenai'ca,  which  he  eventually 
ceded  to  Magas.  Ptolemy  also  concluded  a 
treaty  with  the  Romans.  He  was  frequently 
engaged  in  hostilities  with  Syria,  which  were 
terminated  towards  the  close  of  his  reign  by 
a  treaty  of  peace,  by  which  Ptolemy  gave  hit 
daughter  Berenice  in  marriage  to  Antiochus 
II.  Ptolemy's  chief  care,  however,  was  di- 
rected to  the  internal  administration  of  his 
kingdom,  and  to  the  patronage  of  literature 
and  science.  Under  him  the  Museum  of  Alex- 
andria became  the  resort  and  abode  of  all  the 
most  distinguished  men  of  letters  of  the  day, 
and  in  the  library  attached  to  it  were  accu- 
mulated all  the  treasures  of  ancient  learning. 
According  to  a  well-known  tradition,  it  was 
by  his  express  command  that  the  Holy  Script- 
ures of  the  Jews  were  translated  into  Greek. 
The  new  cities  or  colonies  founded  by  him  in 
different  parts  of  his  dominions  were  ex- 
tremely numerous.  All  authorities  concur 
in  attesting  the  great  power  and  wealth  to 
which  the  Egyptian  monarchy  was  raised  un- 
der Philadelphus,  but  his  private  life  and  re- 
lations do  not  exhibit  his  character  in  as  fa- 
vorable a  light  as  we  might  have  inferred 
from  the  splendor  of  his  administration.— IIL 
EmsRG-ETES  (B.O.  24T-222),  eldest  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  Philadelphus.  Shortly  after  his  ac- 
cession he  invaded  Syria,  in  order  to  avenge 
the  death  of  his  sister  Berenice.  He  advanced 
as  far  as  Babylon  and  Snsa,  and  after  reduc- 
ing all  Mesopotamia,  Babylonia,  and  Susiana, 
received  the  submission  of  all  the  upper  prov- 
inces of  Asia  as  far  as  the  confines  of  Bactria 
and  India.  From  this  career  of  conquest  he 
was  recalled  by  the  news  of  seditions  in 
Egypt,  and  returned  to  that  country,  carry- 
ing with  him  an  immense  booty,  comprising 
among  other  objects  all  the  statues  of  the 
Egyptian  deities  which  had  been  carried  off 
byCambyses  to  Babylon  or  Persia,  and 

Hence  he  obtained  the  title  of  Euergetes  (the 
Benefactor).  His  fleets  were  equally  success- 
ful ;  but  it  appears  that  the  greater  part  of 
the  eastern  provinces  speedily  fell  again  into 
the  hands  of  Seleucus,  while  Ptolemy  retain- 
ed possession  of  the  maritime  regions  and  a 
great  part  of  Syria  itself.  During  the  latter 
years  of  his  reign  he  subdued  the  Ethiopian 
tribes  on  his  southern  frontier,  and  advanced 
as  far  as  Adule,  a  port  on  the  Red  Sea.  Ptol- 
emy Euergetes  is  scarcely  less  celebrated  than 
his  father  for  Ms  patronage  of  literature  and 
science.— IV.  PHILOPATOB  (B.O.  222- 
205),  eldest  son  and  successor  of 
Euergetes,  was  very  far  from  inher- 
iting the  virtues  or  abilities  of  his 
father,  and  his  reign  was  the  com- 
mencement of  the  decline  of  the 
Egyptian  kingdom.  Its  beginning 
was  stained  with  crimes  of  the 
darkest  kind.  He  put  to  death  his 
mother  Berenice,  his  brother  Ma- 
gas, and  his  uncle  Lysimachus,  and 
then  gave  himself  up  without  re- 
straint to  a  life  of  indolence  and 
luxury,  while  he  abandoned  to  his 


PTOLEMAEUS. 


325 


PTOLEMAEUS. 


minister  Sosibius  the  care  of  all  political  af- 
fairs.   Antiochus  the  Great,  king  of  Syria, 
availed  himself  of  this  state  of  disorder,  and 
conquered  the  greater  part  of  Coele-Syriu  and 
Palestine ;  but  in  the  3d  year  of  the  war  (217) 
he  was  completely  defeated  by  Ptolemy  in 
person,  at  the  decisive  battle  of  Raphia.    On 
his  return  from  his  Syrian  expedition  Ptole- 
my gave  himself  up  more  and  more  to  every 
species  of  vice  and  debauchery,  and  thus 
shortened  his  life,    fie  died  in  205.    Like  his 
predecessors,  he  encouraged  philosophers  and 
men  of  letters,  and  especially  patronized  the 
distinguished  grammarian  Aristarchus.— V. 
EPIPHANES  (B.O.  205-181),  son  and  successor 
of  Ptolemy  IV.    He  was  a  child  of  5  years  old 
at  the  death  of  his  father  (205).    Philip,  king 
of  Macedonia,  and  Antiochus  HL,  of  Syria, 
took  advantage  of  the  minority  of  Ptolemy, 
and  entered  into  a  league  to  divide  his  do- 
minions between  them.    In  pursuance  of  this 
arrangement  Antiochus   conquered  Coele- 
Syria,  while  Philip  reduced  the  Cyclades  and 
me  cities  in  Thrace  which  had  still  remained 
subject  to  Egypt ;  but  the  Romans  command- 
ed both  monarchs  to  refrain  from  further  hos- 
tilities and  to  restore  all  the  conquered  cities. 
In  196  the  young  king  was  declared  of  age, 
and  the  ceremony  of  his  Auacleteria  or  coro- 
nation was  solemnized  with  great  magnifi- 
cence, on  which  occasion  the  decree  was  is- 
sued which  has  been  preserved  to  us  in  the 
celebrated  inscription  known  as  the  Rosetta 
stone.    As  long  as  Ptolemy  continued  under 
the  guidance  and  influence  of  Aristomenes 
his  administration  was  equitable  and  popular. 
Gradually,  however,  he  became  estranged 
from  his  able  and  virtuous  minister,  and  at 
length  compelled  him  to  take  poison.    To- 
wards the  close  of  his  reign  Ptolemy  con- 
ceived the  project  of  recovering  Coele-Syria 
from  Seleucus,  the  successor  of  Antiochus,  as 
the  latter  monarch  had  not  restored  that 
province,  according  to  treaty,  when  Ptolemy 
married  his  daughter  Cleopatra.    But  having 
by  an  unguarded  expression  excited  the  ap- 
prehensions of  some  of  his  friends,  he  was  cut 
off  by  poison  in  the  24th  year  of  his  reign 
and  the  29th  of  his  age  (181).    His  reign  was 
marked  by  the  rapid  decline  of  the  Egyptian 
monarchy,  and  at  his  death  Cyprus  and  the 
CyrenaTca  were  almost  the  only  foreign  pos- 
sessions still  attached  to  the  crown  of  Egypt. 
— VL  PHILOMETOR  (B.O.  181-146),  eldest  son 
and  successor  of  Ptolemy  V.    He  was  a  child 
at  the  death  of  his  father  in  181,  and  the  re- 
gency was  assumed  during  his  minority  by 
his  mother  Cleopatra.    After  her  death,  in 
173,  his  ministers  had  the  rashness  to  engage 
in  war  with  Autiochus  Epiphanes,  king  of 
Syria,  in  the  vain  hope  of  recovering  the 
provinces  of  Coele-Syria  and  Phoenicia.   But 
their  army  was  totally  defeated  by  Antiochus 
near  Pelusinm,  and  Antiochus  advanced  as 
far  as  Memphis  (170).    The  young  king  him- 
self fell  into  his  hands,  bat  was  treated  with 
kindness  and  distinction,  as  Antiochus  hoped 
by  his  means  to  make  himself  the  master  of 
Egypt    But  being  unable  to  take  Alexandria, 
which  was  defended  by  Ptolemy's  younger 
brother.  Antiochus  withdrew  into  Syria,  after 
establishing  Philometor  as  king  at  Memphis, 


but  retaining  in  his  hands  the  frontier  for- 
tress of  Pelusinm.  This,  last  circumstance, 
together  with  the  ravages  committed  *oy  the 
Syrian  troops,  awakened  PUilometur,"who 
had  hitherto  been  a  mere  puppet  in  the  hands 
of  the  Syrian  king,  to  a  sense  of  his  true  po- 
sition, and  he  hastened  to  make  overtures  of 
peace  to  his  brother,  who  during  Ptolemy's 
captivity  had  assumed  the  title  ot"  king  Euer- 
getes  II.  It  was  agreed  that  the  two  broth- 
ers should  reign  together,  and  that  Philome- 
tor should  marry  his  sister  Cleopatra.  Upon 
this  Antiochus  advanced  a  second  time  to  the 
walls  of  Alexandria,  but  withdrew  to  his  own 
dominions  (1GS)  at  the  command  of  M.  Popii- 
lius  Laeuas,  the  Roman  embussador.  Dis- 
sensions soon  broke  out  between  the  uvo 
brothers,  and  Euerjretes  expelled  Philometor 
from  Alexandria.  '  Hereupon  Philoraetor  re- 
paired in  person  to  Home  (lt>4),  where  he  was 
received  by  the  senate  with  the  utmost  honor, 
and  deputies  were  appointed  to  reinstate  him 
in  the  sovereign  power.  The  remainder  of 
his  reign  was  chiefly  occupied  with  Syrian  af- 
fairs. In  146  he  gained  a  decisive  victory  over 
Alexander  Balas,  but  died  a  few  days  after- 
wards i«  coofcequence  of  a  fall  from  his  horse 
during  the  battle.  He  had  reigned  35  years 
from  the  period  of  his  tirfet  accession,  and  IS 
from  his  restoration  by  the  Romans.  Philo- 
metor is  praised  for  the  mildness  and  human- 
ity of  his  disposition ;  and  if  not  one  of  the 
greatest,  he  was  at  least  oue  of  the  best  of 
the  race  of  the  Ptolemies.— VII.  EUERGETKS 
II.,  or  PUYSCON  (that  is,  Big-Belly),  reigned 
11.0. 146-117.  In  order  to  secure  undisputed 
possession  of  the  throue,  he  married  his  sis- 
ter Cleopatra,  the  widow  of  his  brother  Philo- 
metor, and  put  to  death  his  nephew  Ptolemy, 
who  had  been  proclaimed  king  under  the  sur- 
name of  Eupator.  A  reign  thus  commenced 
in  blood  was  continued  "in  a  similar  spirit. 
Many  of  the  leading  citizens  of  Alexandria, 
who  had  taken  part  against  him  on  the  death 
of  his  brother,  were  put  to  death,  and  the 
streets  of  the  city  were  repeatedly  deluded 
with  blood.  At  the  same  time  that  he  thus 
incurred  the  hatred  of  his  subjects  by  his 
cruelties,  he  rendered  himself  an  object  of 
their  aversion  and  contempt  by  abandoning 
himself  to  the  most  degrading  vices.  He  be- 
came enamored  of  his  niece  Cleopatra  (the 
offspring  of  his  wife  by  her  former  marriage 
with  Philometor),  and  he  did  not  hesitate  to 
divorce  the  mother  and  receive  her  daughter 
instead  as  his  wife  and  queen.  By  this  pro- 
ceeding he  alienated  stiil  more  the  miuils  of 
his  Greek  subjects,  and  his  vices  and  cruelties 
at  length  produced  an  insurrection  at  Alexan- 
dria. Thereupon  he  fled  to  Cyprus,  and  the 
Alexandrians  declared  his  sister  Cleopatra 
queen  (ISO).  Enraged  at  this,  Ptolemy  put  to 
death  Memphitis,  his  son  by  Cleopatra,  and 
sent  his  head  and  hands  to  his  unhappy  moth- 
er. But  Cleopatra  having  been  shortly  after- 
wards expelled  from  Alexandria  in  her  turn, 
Ptolemy  found  himself  unexpectedly  reinstat- 
ed on  the  throne  (127).  He  died  after  retening 
29  vears  from  the  death  of  his  brother  Philo- 
me'tor.  Although  the  character  of  Ptolemy 
Phvscon  was  stained  by  the  most  infamous 
vices  and  by  the  most  sanguinary  cruelty,  he 


PTOLEMAEUS. 


326 


PUBLICOLA. 


still  retained  that  love  of  letters  which  appears 
to  have  been  hereditary  in  the  whole  race  of 
the  Ptolemies.— VIII.  SOTER!!.,  and  also  PHI- 
LOMETOB,  butmore  commonly  called  LATHYRUS 
or  LATHURUS,  reigned  B.O.  117-107,  and  also 
89-81.  Although  he  was  of  fall  age  at  the 
time  of  his  father's  death  (117),  he  was  obliged 
to  reign  jointly  with  his  mother  Cleopatra, 
vrho  had  been  appointed  by  the  will  of  her 
late  husband  to  succeed  him  on  the  throne. 
After  reigning  10  years  he  was  expelled  from 
Alexandria  by  an  insurrection  of  the  people, 
which  she  had  excited  against  him  (107).  His 
brother  Alexander  now  assumed  the  sover- 
eignty of  Egypt,  in  conjunction  with  his 
mother,  and  reigned  for  18  years.  After  the 
death  of  Cleopatra  and  the  expulsion  of  Alex- 
ander in  89,  Ptolemy  Lathyrus,  who  had  es- 
tablished himself  at  Cyprus,  was  recalled  by 
the  Alexandrians,  and  established  anew  on 
the  throne  of  Egypt,  which  he  occupied  thence- 
forth without  interruption  till  his  death  in 
81.  The  most  important  event  of  this  period 
was  the  revolt  of  Thebes,  in  Upper  Egypt, 
which  was  taken  afcer  a  3  years1  siege,  and 
reduced  to  the  state  of  ruin  in  which  it  has 
ever  since  remained.  —  IX.  ALES  AN  DICE  I., 
youngest  son  of  Ptolemy  VII.,  reigned  con- 
jointly with  his  mother  Cleopatra  from  the 
expulsion  of  his  brother  Lathyrus,  B.C.  107  to 
90.  In  this  year  he  assassinated  his  mother ; 
bat  he  had  not  reigned  alone  a  year  when  he 
was  compelled  by  a  general  sedition  of  the 
populace  and  military  to  quit  Alexandria.— 
X.  ALEXANDER  II.,  son  of  the  preceding,  put 
to  death  by  the  Alexandrians  shortly  after 
his  accession.— XI.  DIONYSUS,  but  more  com- 
monly known  by  the  appellation  of  AULBTES, 
the  flute-player,  an  illegitimate  son  of  Ptole- 
my Lathyrus,  was  on  the- death  of  Alexander 
H.  proclaimed  king  by  the  Alexandrians,  B.O. 
80.  To  obtain  the  ratification  of  his  title  from 
the  Romans,  he  expended  immense  sums, 
which  he  was  compelled  to  raise  by  the  im- 
position of  fresh  taxes,  and  the  discontent 
thus  excited  combining  with  the  contempt 
entertained  for  his  character,  led  to  his  expul- 
sion by  the  Alexandrians  in  58.  Thereupon 
he  proceeded  in  person  to  Rome  to  solicit  as- 
sistance ;  but  it  was  not  till  55  that  A.  Gabin- 
ius,  proconsul  in  Syria,  was  induced,  by  the 
influence  of  Pompey,  aided  by  the  enormous 
bribe  of  10,000  talents  from  Ptolemy  himself, 
to  undertake  his  restoration.  One  of  his  first 
acts  was  to  put  to  death  his  daughter  Bere- 
nice (whom  the  Alexandrians  had  placed  on 
the  throne)  and  many  of  the  leading  citizens 
of  Alexandria.  He  died  in  51,  after  a  reign 
of  29  years  from  the  date  of  his  first  accession. 
—XII.  Eldest  son  of  the  preceding.  By  his 
Cather's  will  the  sovereign  power  was  left  to 
\iraself  and  his  sister  Cleopatra  jointly ;  but 
he  latter  was  expelled  by  the  minister  Pothi- 
.mc  after  she  had  reigned  in  conjunction  with 
her  brother  about  3  years.  Hereupon  she 
took  refuge  in  Syria,  and  assembled  an  army, 
with  which  she  invaded  Egypt  Shortly  after, 
Caesar  arrived  in  Egypt,  and  as  Cleopatra's 
charms  gained  her  his  support,  Po  thin  us  de- 
termined to  excite  an  insurrection  against 
him.  Hence  arose  what  is  usually  called  the 
Alexandrian  war.  Ptolemy,  who  was  at  first 


in  Caesar's  hands,  managed  to  escape,  and 
put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  insurgents,  but 
he  was  defeated  by  Caesar,  and  was  drowned 
in  an  attempt  to  escape  by  the  river  (47).— 
XIII.  Youngest  son  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  was 
declared  king  by  Caesar  in  conjunction  with 
Cleopatra,  after  the  death  of  his  elder  brother ; 
but  in  4S  Cleopatra  put  him  to  death. — King* 
of  other  Countries:  (1)  PTOLEMY,  surriamed 
ALORITES,  that  is,  of  Alorus,  regent,  or,  accord- 
ing to  some  authors,  king  of  Macedonia,  as- 
sassinated  by  Perdiccas  III.,  364.— (2)  Sur. 
named  APION,  king  of  Cyrene  (117-9G),  an  il- 
legitimate son  of  Ptolemy  Physcon,  king  of 
Egypt. — (3)  Surnained  CERAUNUS,  son  of  Ptol- 
emy I.,  king  of  Egypt,  assassinated  Seleucus 
(280)  and  took  possession  of  the  Macedonian 
throne.  After  reigning  a  few  months  he  was 
defeated  in  battle  by  the  Gauls,  taken  prison- 
er, and  put  to  death.— (4)  Tetrarch  of  CH  ALOIS, 
in  Syria,  reigned  from  about  70  to  40. — (5) 
King  of  CYPRUS,  the  younger  brother  of  Ptol- 
emy Auletes,  kiugof  Egypt,  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life,  57.— (6)  King  of  EPIRUS,  the  2d  son 
of  Alexander  II.  The  date  of  his  reign  can 
not  be  fixed  with  certainty,  but  it  may  be 
placed  between  239-229 — (7)  King  of  MAURE- 
TAISIA,  was  the  son  and  successor  of  Juba  H. 
By  his  mother,  Cleopatra,  he  was  descended 
from  the  kings  of  Egypt,  whose  name  he  bore. 
He  reigned  from  A.B.  IS,  or  earlier,  till  A.T>. 
40,  when  he  was  summoned  to  Borne  by 
Caligula,  and  shortly  after  put  to  death. 

PT6LJBMAEUS  (-i),  CLAUDIUS,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician,  astronomer,  and  geog- 
rapher. Of  Ptolemy  himself  we  know  abso- 
lutely nothing  but  his  date.  He  certainly 
observed  in  A.D.  139,  at  Alexandria;  and  since 
he  survived  Antoninus  he  was  alive  A.D.  161. 
His  Geography^  in  8  books,  is  his  most  cele- 
brated work. 

PTOLEMlIS  (-idis).  (1)  Also  called  ACE 
(in  Old  Test.  ACCO :  Arab.  Akka,  Pr.  St.  Jean 
d'Acre,  Eng.  Acre),  a  celebrated  city  on  the 
coast  of  Phoenicia,  S.  of  Tyre,  andN.  of  Mount 
Carmel,  lies  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay  surround- 
ed by  mountains,  in  a  position  marked  out 
by  nature  as  a  key  of  the  passage  between 
Coele-Syria  and  Palestine.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  cities  of  Phoenicia,  being  mentioned 
in  the  Book  of  Judges  (i.  31).  —(2)  (At  or  near 
El-Lah.vm)t  a  small  town  of  Middle  Egypt,  in 
the  Nomos  Arsinoites.— (3)  P.  HERMII  (Men- 
shieh,  Ru.),  a  city  of  Upper  Es^pt,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Nile,  below  AbydosT--(4)  P.  THB- 
EON,  or  EPITHERAS,  a  port  on  the  Red  Sea,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Troglodytae.-— (5)  (Tolmelta, 
or  Tokmeta,  Ru.),  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  Cyre- 
naica,  one  of  the  5  great  cities  of  the  Libyan. 
Pentapolis. 

PUBL5CQLA,  or  POPLSC&LA,  or  POPLl- 
COLA  (-ae),  a  Roman  cognomen,  signifying 
"  one  who  courts  the  people  "  (from  populus 
and  eoZo),  and  thus  "  a  friend  of  the  people." 
The  form  Poplicula  or  Poplicola  was  the  more 
ancient,  but  Publteola  was  the  one  usually 
employed  by  the  Romans  in  later  times.— 
(1)  P.  VALERIUS  PUBLIOOLA  took  an  active 
part  in  expelling  the  Tarquins  from  the  city, 
and  was  thereupon  elected  consul  with  Brutus 
(B.O.  509).  He  secured  the  liberties  of  the 


PUBLILIA. 


327 


PYLEISTE. 


people  by  proposing  several  laws,  and  order- 
ed the  lictors  10  lower  the  fasces  before  the 
people,  as  an  acknowledgment  that  their 
power  was  superior  to  that  of  the  consuls. 
Hence  he  became  so  great  a  favorite  with 
the  people  that  he  received  the  surname  of 
Pubticofa.  He  was  consul  3  times  again, 
namely,  in  508, 507,  and  504.  He  died  in  503. 
— (2)  £.  GKLLIUS  PUBLICOLA,  consul  with  Cn. 
Lentulus  Clodianus,  B.O.  72.  He  belonged 
to  the  aristocratical  party.  In  63  he  warmly 
supported  Cicero  in  the  suppression  of  the 
Catilinarian  conspiracy.— (3)  L.  GELLITTS  Pou- 
LICOLA,  son  of  the  preceding,  espoused  the  re- 
publican party  and  went  with  M.  Brutus  to 
Asia,  but  deserted  to  the  triumvirs  Octavian 
and  Antony,  for  which  treachery  he  obtained 
the  consulship  in  36.  In  the  war  between 
Octavian  and  Antony  he  espoused  the  side 
of  the  latter,  and  commanded  the  right  wing 
of  Antony's  fleet  at  the  battle  of  Actiurn. 

PUJBLIL1A  (-ae),  the  2d  wife  of  M.  Tullius 
Cicero,  whom  he  married  B.C.  46. 

PUBL1L1US  PHILO.    [PHILO.] 

PUBL1LIUS,  <-i),  VOLERO  <-onis),  tribune 
of  the  plebs,  B.O.  472,  and  again  471,  effected 
an  important  change  in  the  Roman  constitu- 
tion. In  virtue  of  the  laws  which  he  proposed, 
the  tribunes  of  the  plebs  and  the  aediles  were 
elected  by  the  comitia  tributa,  instead  of  by 
the  comitia  centuriata,  as  had  previously  been 
the  case,  and  the  tribes  obtained  the  power 
of  deliberating  and  determining-  in  all  matters 
affecting  the  whole  nation,  and  not  such  only 
as  concerned  the  plebs. 

PtJBLttJS  StTlUS.    [Sraus.] 

PtTDlCiTtA  (-ae),  a  personification  of 
modesty,  was  worshiped  both  in  Greece  and 
at  Rome.  At  Athens  an  altar  was  dedicated 
to  her.  At  Rome  two  sanctuaries  were  dedi- 
cated to  her,  one  under  the  name  otPudicitia 
Patricia*  and  the  other  under  that  of  JPudiritia 
ptebeto. 

PULCHER,  CLAUDIUS.    [CLAUDIUS.] 

PULCHRUM  PR5MONTORIUM  (-i),  a 
promontory  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  Carthagin- 
ian territory  in  N.  Africa,  probably  identical 
with  the  APOLLINIS  PBOMONTOBITTM. 

PUPIENUS  MAXIMUS,  M.  CLODlUS  (-i), 
was  elected  emperor  with  Balbinus  in  A.I>. 
238,  when  the  senate  received  intelligence  of 
the  death  of  the  two  Gordians  in  Africa;  but 
the  new  emperors  were  slain  by  the  soldiers 
at  Rome  in  the  same  year. 

PtTPIUS  (-i),  a  Roman  dramatist. 

PURPURlRlAE  INSffLAE  (-firum)  (prob. 
the  Madeira  group),  a  group  of  islands  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Africa. 

PtfTfiOLlNUM  (-i),  a  country-house  of 
Cicero  near  Puteoli,  where  he  wrote  his 
Qua&ttiones  Academicae,  and  where  the  en> 
peror  Hadrian  was  buried. 

PttTfio'LS.NUS  SINUS  (-i:  Bay  of  Naples), 
a  bay  of  the  sea  on  the  coast  of  Campania 
between  the  promontory  Misenum  and  the 
promontory  of  Minerva,  which  was  originally 
called  Cnmaims. 

PtSTfiOLI  (-orura :  Pozzwlfy  originally 
named  DIG  AEARCHIA,  a  celebrated  sea-port 


town  of  Campania,  situated  on  a  promontory 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  Puieolaans  Sinus,  and  a 
little  to  the  E.  of  Cmnae,  was  founded  by  th« 
Greeks  of  Cumae,  u.c.  521,  uuder  the  name  of 
Dicaearchia.  It  obtained  the  name  of  Putcoli 
either  from  its  numerous  wells  or  from  the 
stench  arising  from  the  mineral  springs  io  its 
neighborhood.  The  town  was  indebted  for 
its  importance  to  its  excellent  harbor,  which 
was  protected  by  an  extensive  mole  to  which 
Caligula  attached  a  floating  bridge,  which  ex- 
tended  as  far  as  Baiae,  a  distance  of  2  milesc 
Puteoli  was  the  chief  emporium  for  the  com- 
merce with  Alexandria  and  with  the  greater 
part  of  Spain.  The  town  was  colonized  by 
the  Romans  in  B.C.  194,  and  also  anew  bv  Au- 
gustus, Kero,  and  Ve^pasi an.  It  was  destroy- 
ed by  Alaric  in  A.D.  410,  by  Genserlc  in  455, 
and  also  by  Totilas  in  W5,  but  was  on  each 
occasion  speedily  rebuilt.  There  are  still 
many  ruins  of  the  ancient  town  at  the  modern 
Pozzuoli. 

PYDNA  (-ae :  Kitron),  a  town  of  Macedonia 
in  the  district  Pieria,  was  situated  at  a  wnall 
distance  W.  of  the  Thermaic  gulf,  on  which 
it  had  a  harbor.  It  was  originally  a  Greek 
colony,  but  it  was  subdued  by  the  Macedonian 
kings,  from  whom,  however,  it  frequently  re- 
volted. It  was  subdued  by  Philip,  who  en- 
larged and  fortified  the  place.  It  is  especially 
memorable  on  account  of  the  victory  gained 
under  its  walls  by  Aemilius  Paulus  over  Per- 
seus, the  last  king  of  Macedonia,  16S.  Under 
the  Romans  it  was  also  called  Citrum  or  Ci- 
trus. 

PYGSLA  or  PHYGELA  (-ae),  a  small  town 
of  Ionia,  on  the  coast  of  Lydia. 

PYGMAEI  (-orum),  i.  e.  vtien  of  the  height 
of  a  irvy/ij?,  i.  e.  13*-  inches,  a  fabulous  people 
first  mentioned  by  Homer  as  dwelling'  on 
the  shores  of  Ocean,  and  attacked  by  cranes 
in  spring-time.  Some  writers  place  them  in 
Aethiopia,  others  in  India,  and  others  in  the 
extreme  N.  of  the  earth. 

PYGMILION  (-onis).  (1)  King  of  Cyprus. 
He  is  said  to  have  fallen  in  love  with  the 
ivory  image  of  a  maiden  which  he  himself 
had  made,  and  to  have  prayed  to  Aphrodite 
(Venus)  to  breathe  life  into  it.  When  the 
request  was  granted,  Pygmalion  married  the 
maiden,  and  became  by  her  the  father  of 
Paphus.— (2)  Son  of  Belus  and  brother  of 
Dido,  who  murdered  Sichaeus,  Dido's  hus- 
band. [Dn>o.] 

P¥L3.DES  (-is).  (1)  Son  of  Strophius  and 
Anaxibia,  a  sister  of  Agamemnon.  His  fathei 
was  king  of  Phocis ;  and  after  the  death  of 
Agamemnon,  Orestes  was  secretly  carried  to 
his  father's  court.  Here  Pylades  contracted 
that  friendship  with  Orestes  which  became 
proverbial.  He  assisted  Orestes  hi  murdering 
his  mother  Clytaemnestra,  and  eventually 
married  his  sister  Electra.  [OUCSTES  3— (2)  A 
pantomime  dancer  in  the  reign  of  Augustus. 
P^LAE  (-arum),  a  general  name  for  anj 
narrow  pass,  such  as  Thermopylae,  Pylae 
Albaniae,  Caspiae,  etc. 

PYLENE  (-es),  an  ancient  town  of  Aetolia 
near  the  coast,  mentioned  by  IJomer.  Th« 
Aeoliaus  wno  took  Pylene  afterwards  » 


328 


PYRRHO. 


moved  higher  up  into  the  country  and  found- 
ed PROSCHITTM. 

PtXOS  (-i),  the  name  of  3  towns  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Peloponnesus.  (1)  In  Elis,  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Scollis,  and  about  70  or  80  stadia 
from  the  city  of  Elis  on  the  road  to  Olympia, 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Ladon  and  the 
Peneus.—(2)  In  Triphylia,  about  30  stadia 
from  the  coast,  on  the  river  Mamaus,  W.  of 
the  mountain  Minthe,  and  N.  of  Lepreum. — 
(3)  In  the  S.W.  of  Messenia,  was  situated  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Aegaleos  on  a  promontory 
&t  the  N.  entrance  of  the  basin,  now  called 
the  Bay  of  Ncwarino,  the  largest  and  safest 
harbor  in  all  Greece.  This  harbor  was  front- 
ed and  protected  by  the  small  island  of  Sphac- 


20;  their  greatest  height  is  between  11.000 
and  12,000  feet.  The  continuation  of  the 
mountains  along  the  Mare  Cantabricum  was 
called  Saltus  Vasconum,  and  still  further  W. 
Mons  Vindius  or  Vinnius. 

PYRSNSS  PROMONTORIUM,  or  PROM. 
VSNfiRIS  (C.  Crew),  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
the  Pyrenees  in  Spain,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Gaul,  derived  its  2d  name  from  a  temple  of 
Venus  on  the  promontory. 

PYRGI  (-drum).  (1)  The  most  S.-ly  town 
of  Triphylia,  in  Elis,  near  the  Messenian 
frontier,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the 
Minyae.— (2)  (Santa  Sever  a),  an  ancient  Pelas- 
gic  town  on  the  coast  of  Etraria,  was  used  as 
the  port  of  Caere  or  Agylla,  and  was  a  place 


Bay  of  Navarino. 


teria  (Sphagia),  which  stretched  along  the 
coast  about  H  miles,  leaving  only  2  narrow 
entrances  at  each  end.  Pvlos  became  mem- 
orable in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  when  the 
Athenians  under  Demosthenes  built  a  fort  on 
the  promontory  Coryphasium  a  little  8.  of  the 
ancient  city,  and  just  within  the  N.  entrance 
to  the  harbor  (B.O.  425).  The  attempts  of  the 
Spartans  to  dislodge  the  Athenians  proved 
unavailing ;  and  the  capture  by  Cleon  of  the 
Spartans  who  had  landed  on  the  island  of 
Sphacteria  was  one  of  the  most  important 
events  in  the  whole  war. 

PtRACMSN.    [CYCLOPES.] 

PYRiMUS.    [TmsBE.] 

PYR&MUS  (-i :  Jihari),  one  of  the  largest 
rivers  of  Asia  Minor,  rises  in  the  Anti-Taurus 
range,  near  Arabissns,  in  Cataonia  ([the  S.E. 
part  of  Cappadocia),  and  after  running  S.E., 
first  underground,  and  then  as  a  navigable 
river,  breaks  through  the  Taurus  chain  Dya 
deep  and  narrow  ravine,  and  then  flows  S.  w. 
through  Cilicia,  in  a  deep  and  rapid  stream, 
about  1  stadium  (606  feet)  in  width,  and  falls 
into  the  sea  near  Mallus. 

PYRSNE  (-es)  or  PYRSNAEI  (-drum) 
MONTES  (Pyrenees),  a  range  of  mountains 
extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  forming  the  boundary  between 
Gaul  and  Spain.  The  length  of  these  mount- 
ains is  about  270  miles  in  a  straight  line; 
their  breadth  varies  from  about  40  miles  to 


of  considerable  importance  as  a  commercial 
emporium. 

PYRGOTfiLES  (-is),  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated gem-engravers  of  ancient  Greece,  was 
a  contemporary  of  Alexander  the  Great,  who 
placed  him  on  a  level  with  Apelles  and  Lysip- 
pus,  by  naming  him  as  the  only  artist  who 
was  permitted  to  engrave  seal-rings  for  the 
king. 

PYRIPHLSGSTHON  (-ontis),  that  is,  flam- 
ing with  fire,  the  name  of  one  of  the  rivers  in 
the  lower  world. 

PYRRHA  (-ae).  (1)  [DBTTOALION.]— (2)  A 
town  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Lesbos, 
on  the  inner  part  of  the  deep  bay  named  after 
it,  and  consequently  on  the  narrowest  part  of 
the  island.— (3)  A  town  and  promontory  of 
Phthiotis,  in  Thessaly,  on  the  Pagasaean  gnl£ 
and  near  the  frontiers  of  Magnesia.  Off  this 
promontory  there  were  2  small  islands  named 
Pyrrha  and  Deucalion. 

PYRRHO  (-5nis),  the  founder  of  the  Skep- 
tical or  Pyrrhonian  school  of  philosophy,  was 
a  native  of  Elis,  in  Peloponnesus.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  poor,  and  to  have  followed,  at 
first,  the  profession  of  a  painter.  He  is  then 
said  to  have  been  attracted  to  philosophy  by 
the  books  of  Democritus,  to  nave  attended 
the  lectures  of  Bryson,  a  disciple  of  Stilpon, 
to  have  attached  himself  closely  to  Anaxar- 
chus,  and  with  him  to  have  joined  the  expe- 
dition of  Alexander  the  Great.  He  asserted 


PYERHUS. 


329 


PYTHAGORAS. 


that  certain  knowledge  on  any  subject  was 
unattainable,  and  that  the  great  object  of 
man  ought  to  be  to  lead  a  virtuous  life.  Pyr- 
rho  wrote  no  works  except  a  poem  addressed 
to  Alexander,  which  was  rewarded  by  the 
latter  in  a  royal  manner.  His  philosophical 
system  was  first  reduced  to  writing  by  his 
disciple  Timon.  He  reached  the  age  of  90 
years,  but  we  have  no  mention  of  the  year 
either  of  his  birth  or  of  his  death. 
PYERHUS  (-i).  <1>  Mythological.  [NEO- 
.]— (2)  L  King  of  Epirus,  son  of 


Coin  of  Pyrrhos,  with  Head  of  Dodonean  Zeus. 


Aeacides  and  Phthia,  was  born  B.C.  818.  Cas- 
sander  having  prevailed  upon  the  Epirots  to 
expel  their  young  king,  Pyrrhus,  who  was  only 
17  years  of  age,  accompanied  his  brother-in- 
law  Demetrius  to  Asia,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Ipsus,  301,  in  which  he  gained 
great  renown  for  his  valor.  Afterwards  he 
went  as  a  hostage  for  Demetrius  into  Egypt, 
where  he  married  Antigone,  the  daughter  of 
Berenice.  Ptolemy  now  supplied  him  with 
forces,  with  which  he  regained  his  kingdom 
(295).  After  this  he  made  an  attempt  to  con- 
quer Macedonia,  and  actually  obtained  a  share 
of  the  throne  vrith  Lysimachus,  but  was  driven 
out  of  the  country  after  a  reign  of  7  months 
(286).  For  the  next  few  years JPyrrhus  reign- 
ed quietly  in  Epirus;  but  in  2SO  he  accepted 
the  invitation  of  the  Tarentines  to  assist  them 
in  their  war  against  the  Romans.  He  crossed 
over  to  Italy  with  a  large  army,  and  in  the  1st 
campaign  defeated  the  Roman  consul,  M. 
Valerius  Laevinus,  near  Heraclea.  The  battle 
was  long  and  bravely  contested ;  and  it  was 
nottillPyrrhusbroughtfonvardhiselephants, 
which  bore  down  everything  before  them,that 
the  Romans  took  to  flight.  The  loss  of  Pyr- 
rhus, though  inferior  to  that  of  the  Romans, 
was  still  very  considerable.  Hence  he  ad- 
vanced within  24  miles  of  Rome;  but  as  he 
•bund  it  impossible  to  compel  the  Romans  to 
accept  peace,  he  retraced  his  steps,  and^wth- 

drew  into  winter-t —    '  ~~ 

the  2d  campaign  (2..,  -  rf  —  -_  „-- 
victory  near  Asculurn  over  the  Romans,  who 
were  commanded  by  the  consuls  P.  Deems 
Mus  and  P.  Sulpicius  Saverrio.  The  battle, 
however,  was  followed  by  no  decisive  results, 
and  his  forces  were  so  mnch  exhausted  by  it 
that  he  lent  a  ready  ear  to  the  invitations  of 
the  Greeks  in  Sicily,  who  begged  him  to  come 
to  their  assistance  against  the  Carthaginians. 


He  accordingly  crossed  over  into  Sicily,  where 
he  remained  from  the  middle  of  27S  to  the 
end  of  276.  At  first  be  met  with  brilliant 
success,  but  having  failed  in  an  attempt  upon 
Lilybaeum,  he  lost  his  popularity  with  the 
Greeks,  who  began  to  form  cabals  and  plots 
against  him.  His  position  in  Sicily  at  length 
became  so  uncomfortable  and  dangerous 
that  he  returned  to  Italy  in  the  autumn  of 
2T6.  The  following  year  he  was  defeated 
with  great  loss  near  Beneventum  by  the 
Roman  consul  Curius  Dentatus,  and  obliged 
to  leave  Italy.  He  brought 
back  with  him  to  Epirus 
only  S000  foot  and  500  horse, 
and  had  not  monev  to  main- 
tain even  these  without  un- 
dertaking new  wars.  He 
therefore  invaded  Macedo- 
nia, of  which  he  became 
king  a  second  time,  and 
afterwards  turned  his  arms 
against  Sparta  and  Argos. 
In  the  last  city  he  was  killed 
(272)  by  a  tile  hurled  by  a 
woman  from  the  house-top, 
in  the  46th  year  of  his  age 
and  23d  of  his  reign.  Pyr- 
rhus was  the  greatest  war- 
rior and  one  of  the  best 
princes  of  his  time. — (3)  IL 


King  of  Epirus,  son  of  Alexander  n.  and 
Olyrapias,  and  grandson  of  Pyrrhus  L 

PtTHlGORAS  (-ae).  (1)  A  celebrated 
Greek  philosopher,  a  native  of  Samos,  flour- 
ished in  the  times  ofPolvcratesandTarquin- 
ias  Superbus  (B.C.  640-510).  He  studied  in  hie 
own  country  under  Creophilus,  Pherecy/les 
of  Syros,  and  others,  and  is  said  to  have  visit- 
ed Egypt  and  many  countries  of  the  East  for 
the  purpose  of  acquiring  knowledge.  He  be- 
lieved in  the  transmigration  of  sonls ;  and  is 
said  to  have  pretended  that  he  had  been  Eu- 
phorbus,  the  son  of  Panthos,  in  the  Trojan 
war,  as  well  as  various  other  characters.  He 
paid  great  attention  to  arithmetic,  and  its  ap- 
plication to  weights,  measures,  and  the  theory 
of  music.  He  pretended  to  divination  and 
prophecy ;  and  he  appears  as  the  revealer  of 
a  mode  of  life  calculated  to  raise  his  disciples 
above  the  level  of  mankind,  and  to  recom- 
mend them  to  the  favor  of  the  gods.  Having 
settled  at  Crotona,  in  Italy,  he  formed  a  select 
brotherhood  or  club  of  300,  bound  by  a  sort 
of  vow  to  Pythagoras  and  each  other,  for  the 
purpose  of  cultivating  the  religious  and  as- 
cetic observances  enjoined  by  their  master, 
and  of  studying  his  religious  and  philosoph- 
ical theories,  it  appears  that  they  had  some 
secret  conventional  symbols  by  which  mem- 
bers of  the  fraternity  could  recognize  each 
other,  and  they  were  bound  to  secrecy.  But 
•the  populace  of  Crotona  rose  against  them ; 
the  Duilding  in  which  they  assembled  was  set 
on  fire,  and  only  the  younger  and  more  active 
members  escaped.  Similar  commotions  en- 
sued in  the  other  cities  of  Magna  Graecia  in 
which  Pythagorean  clubs  had  been  formed. 


tie  fate  of  Pythasrorns  himself, 
the  accounts  varied.  Some  say  that  he  perish- 


Respecti 


ed  in  the  temple  with  his  disciples ;  others 
that  he  fled  first  to  Tarentum,  and  that,  being 


PYTHEAS. 


330 


QUIKINUS. 


driven  thence,  he  escaped  to  Metapontum, 
and  there  starved  himself  to  death.— (2)  Of 
Khegium,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  statua- 
ries of  Greece,  probably  flourished  B,O.  480- 
480. 

PYTHSAS  (-ae).  (1)  An  Athenian  orator, 
distinguished  by  his  unceasing  animosity 
against  Demosthenes.  —  (2)  Of  Massilia,  in 
Gaul,  a  celebrated  Greek  navigator,  who 
probably  lived  in  the  time  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  or  shortly  afterwards.  He  appears  to 
have  undertaken  voyages,  one  in  which  he 
visited  Britain  and  Thule,  and  a  second  in 
which  he  coasted  along  the  whole  of  Europe 
from  Gadira  (Cadiz)  to  the  Tanais,  and  the 
description  of  which  probably  formed  the 
subject  of  his  P&riplus.  Pytheas  made  Thule 
a  6  days'  sail  from  Britain;  and  said  that 


the  day  and  the  night  were  each  6  months 
long  in  Thule.  Hence  some  modern  writers 
have  supposed  that  he  must  have  reached 
Iceland ;  while  others  have  maintained  that 
he  advanced  as  far  as  the  Shetland  Isl- 
ands. £<£  either  supposition  is  very  im- 
probe&le. 

P-STHIUS  <-i),  the  Pythian,  a  surname  of 
the  Delphian  Apollo.  [PYTHON.] 

PYTHON  (-onis),  the  celebrated  serpent 
which  was  produced  from  the  mud  left  on  the 
earth  after  the  delnge  of  Deucalion.  He  lived 
in  the  caves  of  Mount  Parnassus,  but  was 
slain  by  Apollo,  who  founded  the  Pythian 
games  in  commemoration  of  his  victory,  and 
received  in  consequence  the  surname  Pytkiut. 

PYXUS.      [BUXENTTTM.] 


QUADI,  a  powerful  German  people  of  the 
Suevic  race,  dwelt  in  the  S.B.  of  Germany,  be- 
tween Mount  Gabreta,  the  Hercynian  forest, 
the  Sarmatian  mountains,  and  the  Danube. 
They  were  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Marco- 
manni,  with  whom  they  were  always  closely 
united,  on  the  N.  by  the  Gothini  and  Osi,  on 
the  E.  by  the  lazyges  Metanastae,  from  whom 
they  were  separated  by  the  river  Granuas 
(Gran),  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Pannonians, 
from  whom  they  were  divided  by  the  Danube. 
In  the  reign  of  Tiberius  the  Quadi  were  taken 
under  the  protection  of  the  Romans.  In  the 
reign  of  M.  Aurelius,  however,  they  joined 
the  Marcomanni  and  other  German  tribes  in 
the  long  and  bloody  war  against  the  empire, 
which  lasted  during  the  greater  part  of  that 
emperor's  reign.  Their  name  is  especially 
memorable  in  the  history  of  this  war  by  the 
victory  which  M.  Aurelius  gained  over  them 
in  174.  The  Quadi  disappear  from  history  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  4th  century. 

QUADRlFRONS  (-ontis),  a  surname  of 
Janus.  It  is  said  that  after  the  conquest  of 
the  Faliscans  an  image  of  Janus  was  found 
with  4  foreheads.  Hence  a  temple  of  Janus 
Qnadrifrons  was  afterwards  built  in  the 
Forum  transitorium,  which  had  4  gates.  The 
fact  of  the  god  being  represented  with  4  heads 
is  considered  by  the  ancients  to  be  an  indica- 
tion of  his  being  the  divinity  presiding  over 
the  year  with  its  4  seasons. 

QUADRIGlRlUS,  Q.  CLAUDIUS  (-i),  a 
Boman  historian  who  flourished  B.O.  100-T8. 
His  work  commenced  immediately  after  the 
destruction  of  Rome  by  the  Gauls,  and  must 
in  all  probability  have  come  down  to  the 
death  of  Sulla. 

QUINTILIUS  VIRUS.    [VABUS.] 

QUINTII3INUS,M.  FABlUS(-i),  the  most 
celebrated  of  Roman  rhetoricians,  was  born 
at  Calagurris  (Calahorra),  in  Spain,  A.D.  40. 
He  completed  his  education  at  Rome,  and 
began  to  practice  at  the  bar  about  68.  But 
he  "was  chiefly  distinguished  as  a  teacher  of 
eloquence,  bearing  away  the  palm  in  this  de- 
partment from  all  his  rivals,  and  associating 


his  name,  even  to  a  proverb,  with  pre-emi- 
nence in  the  art  By  Domitian  he  was  invest- 
ed  with  the  insignia  and  title  of  consul  (con- 
sularia  ornamenta),  and  is,  moreover,  cele- 
brated as  the  first  public  instructor  who,  in 
virtue  of  the  endowment  by  Vespasian,  re- 
ceived a  regular  salary  from  the  imperial  ex- 
chequer. He  is  supposed  to  have  died  about 
118.  The  great  work  of  Quintilian  is  a  com- 
plete system  of  rhetoric,  in  12  books,  entitled 
De  Institutione  Oratorio,  Libri  XIL,  or  some- 
times Institutwnes  Oratoriae,  dedicated  to  his 
friend  Marcellus  Victorius,  himself  a  celebra- 
ted orator  and  a  favorite  at  court  This  pro- 
duction bears  throughout  the  impress  of  a 
clear,  sound  judgment,  keen  discrimination, 
and  pure  taste,  improved  by  extensive  read- 
ing, deep  reflection,  and  long  practice.  There 
are  also  extant  164  declamations  under  the 
name  of  Quintilian,  but  no  one  believes  these 
to  be  genuine,  and  few  suppose  that  they 
proceeded  from  any  one  individual. 

T.  QUINTfUS  CIPIT5LINUS  BARBi- 
TUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  general  in  the  early 
history  of  the  republic,  and  equally  distin- 
guished in  the  internal  history  of  the  state. 
He  was  six  times  consul,  namely»  in  B.O.  4T1. 
468, 465, 446, 448, 489 — Several  of  his  descend- 
ants held  the  consulship,  but  none  of  these 
require  mention  except  T.  Qurtmus  PENNUS 
CAPITOLINTTS  CBISPINTJS,  who  was  consul  208, 
and  was  defeated  by  Hannibal 

QUINTIUS  CINCINNlTUa 

TTTS.] 

QUINTlUS  PLftMTNlNUS. 

JNTTB.] 

QUINTUS  CURTKJS. 

QUINTUS  SMYRNAEUS  (-i),  commonly 
called  QUINTUS  CALABER,  author  of  a 
Greek  epic  poem  on  the  events  of  the  Trojan 
war  from  the  death  of  Hector  to  the  return 
of  the  Greeks.  Quintus  closely  copied  Homer, 
but  not  a  single  poetical  idea  of  his  own  seems 
ever  to  have  inspired  him. 

QUlRXNiLIS  MONS.    CRc-MA.] 

QUtRINUS  (-i),  a  Sabine  word,  perhaps  de« 
rived  from  quiris,  a  lance  or  spear.  It  occurs 


RABIRIUS. 


331 


BEGULUS. 


first  of  all  as  the  name  of  Romulus,  after  he 
had  been  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  divinity ; 
and  the  festival  celebrated  in  his  honor  bore 


the  name  of  Quirinalia.  It  is  also  used  as  a 
surname  of  Mars,  Janus,  and  even  of  Au- 
gustus. 


R. 


RlBlRlUS  (-i).  (1)  C.,  an  aged  senator, 
was  accused  in  B.C.  63,  by  T.  Labienus,  tribune 
of  the  plebs,  of  having  put  to  death  the  tribune 
L.  Appuleius  Saturninus  in  100,  nearly  40  years 
before.  [SATTTRNINTJS.]  The  accusation  was 
set  on  foot  at  the  instigation  of  Caesar,  who 
judged  it  necessary  to  deter  the  senate  from 


The  Duumviri  Perduellionis  (an  obsolete  tri- 
bunal) appointed  to  try  Rabirius  were  C. 
Caesar  himself  and  his  relative  L.  Caesar. 
Rabirius  was  condemned,  but  appealed  to  the 
people  in  the  comitia  of  the  centuries.    The 
case  excited  the  greatest  interest;  since  it 
was  not  simply  the  life  or  death  of  Rabirius, 
but  the  power  and  authority  of  the  senate, 
which  were  at  stake.  Rabirius  was  defended 
by  Cicero ;  but  the  eloquence  of  his  advocate 
was  of  no  avail,  and  the  people  would  have 
ratified  the  decision  of  the  duumvirs  had  not 
the  meeting  been  broken  up  by  the  praetor, 
Q.  Metellus  Celer,  who  removed  the  military 
flag  which  floated  on  the  Janiculum.— (2)  C. 
RABIBIUS  POSTTTMTJS  was  the  son  of  the  sister 
of  the  preceding.    After  the  restoration  of 
Ptolemy  Auletes  to  bis  kingdom  by  means  of 
Gabinius  in  B.O.  55,  Rabirius  repaired  to  Alex- 
andria, and  was  invested  by  the  Mug  with  the 
office  of  DioeceteSi  or  chief  treasurer.    In  this 
office  his  extortions  were  so  terrible  that 
Ptolemy  had  him  apprehended ;  but  Rabirius 
escaped  from  prison,  probably  throngh  the 
connivance  of  the  king,  and  returned  toRome. 
Here  a  trial  awaited  him.   Gabinius  had  been 
sentenced  to  pay  a  heavy  fine  on  account  of 
his  extortions  in  Egypt ;  and  as  he  was  un- 
able to  pay  this  fine,  a  suit  was  instituted 
against  Rabirius,  who  was  liable  to  make  up 
the  deficiency,  if  it  could  be  proved  that  he 
had  received  any  of  the  money  of  which  Ga- 
binius had  illegally  become  possessed.  Rabi- 
rius was  defended  by  Cicero,  and  was  proba- 
bly condemned — (3)  A  Roman  poet,  who  lived 
in  the  last  years  of  the  repnblic,  and  wrote  a 
poem  on  the  Civil  Wars. 

RAMSES,  the  name  of  many  kings  of  Egypt 
of  the  18th,  19th,  and  20th  dynasties. 

RAPHIA  or  RAPHE A  (-ae :  RepM),  a  sea- 
port town  in  the  extreme  S.W.  of  Palestine 
beyond  Gaza,  on  the  edge  of  the  desert 

RASfiNA.      [ETRtTBIA.] 

RATOMAGUS  or  ROTOMlGUS  <-i:  Rou 
en),  the  chief  town  of  the  Vellocasses  in  Gallia 
Lugdunensis. 

RAUDll  CAMPL  [CAMPI  BATTDILJ 
RAURICI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia  Bel 
gica,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Helvetn,  on 
the  W.  by  the  Sequani,  on  the  N.  by  the  Tri 
bocci,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Rhine.  They  mus 
have  been  a  people  of  considerable  impor 
tance,  as  23,000  of  them  are  said  to  have  emi 
grated  with  the  Helvetii  in  B.O.  58,  and  they 


possessed  several  towns,  of  which  the  most 
important  were  Augusta  (August)  and  Basilla 
(Bade  or  Bale). 

RAVENNA  (-ae :  (Northern  Italy)  Ravenna), 
an  important  town  in  Gallia  Cisalpina,  on  the 
river  Bedesis,  and  about  a  mile  from  the  sea, 
though  it  is  now  about  5  miles  in  the  interior, 
in  consequence  of  the  sea  having  receded  ail 
along  this  coast  Ravenna  was  situated  in 
the  midst  of  marshes,  and  was  only  accessible 
in  one  direction  by  laud,  probably  by  the  road 
eadin<*  from  Ariminum.  It  was  said  to  have 
een  founded  by  Thessalians  (Pelasgians), 
nd  afterwards  to  have  passed  into  the  hands 
f  the  Umbrians,  but  it  long  remained  an  in- 


ignificant  place,  and  its  greatness  does  not 
egin  till  the  time  of  the  empire,  when  Au- 
snstnB  made  it  one  of  the  2  chief  stations  of 
he  Roman  fleet  Ravenna  thus  suddenly  be- 
ame  one  of  the  most  important  places  in 
he  N.  of  Italy.  When  the  Roman  empire 
vas  threatened  by  the  barbarians,  the  em- 
perors of  the  West  took  up  their  residence 
at  Ravenna,  which,  on  account  of  its  situa- 
ion  and  fortifications,  was  regarded  as  im- 
wegnable.  After  the  downfall  of  the  West- 
ern empire,  Theodoric  also  made  it  the  capi- 
tal of  his  kingdom;  and  after  the  overthrow 
of  the  Gothic  dominion  by  N  arses,  it  became 
the  residence  of  the  exarchs,  or  the  governors 
of  the  Byzantine  empire  in  Italy,  till  the  Lom- 
bards took  the  town,  A.D.  752. 

RfilTfi  (-is  :  Rieti),  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Sabines  in  Central  Italy,  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  the  Aborigines  or  Pelasdans,was 
situated  on  the  Lacus  Velinus  and  the  Via 
Salaria.  It  was  the  chief  place  of  assembly 
for  the  Sabines,  and  was  subsequently  a  prae- 
fectura  or  a  municipium.  The  valley  in  which 
Reate  was  situated  was  so  beautiful  that  it 
received  the  name  of  Tempe  ;  and  in  its  neigh- 
borhood is  the  celebrated  waterfall,  which  is 
now  known  under  the  name  of  the  fall  of 
Terni  or  the  Cascade  delle  Marmore. 

REDONES  (-um),  a  people  in  the  interior 
of  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  whose  chief  town  was 
Condate  (Rennes). 

REGILLUS  LACUS  (-i),  a  lake  in  Latiura, 
memorable  for  the  victory  sained  on  its  banks 
by  the  Romans  over  the  Latins,  B.C.  49S.  It 
was  E.  of  Rome,  in  the  territory  of  Tusculum, 
and  between  Lavicum  and  Gabii  ;  but  it  can 
not  be  identified  with  certainty  with  any 
modern  lake. 


DI,  RSGIFM 
M,  also  FOR 


RUM 


REGIUM  LEPI 
or  simply  REGlUM, 

(Reggio),*  town  of  the  Boil  in  Galha  Cisal- 
pina. 

RSGULUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  family  of  the 
Atilia  sens.—  (1)  M.  ATILIUB  REGrtcs,  consul 
B  a  26T,  conquered  the  Salleutini,  took  the 
town  of  Brundusium,  and  obtained  in  conse* 


REGULUS. 


332 


RHAETIA. 


qnence  the  honor  of  a  triumph.  In  256  he  was 
consul  a  second  time  with  L.  Manlius  Vnlso 
Longus.  The  2  consuls  defeated  the  Cartha- 
ginian fleet,  and  afterwards  lauded  in  Africa 
with  a  large  force.  They  met  with  great  and 
striking  success ;  and  after  Manlius  returned 
to  Rome  with  half  of  the  army,  Regulus  re- 
mained in  Africa  with  the  other  half,  and 
prosecuted  the  war  with  the  utmost  vigor. 
The  Carthaginian  generals,  Hasdrubal,  Bos- 
tar,  and  Hamilcar,  withdrew  into  the  mount- 
ains, where  they  were  attacked  by  Regulus, 
and  defeated  with  great  loss.  The  Cartha- 
ginian troops  retired  within  the  walls  of  the 
city,  and  Regulus  now  overran  the  country 
without  opposition.  The  Carthaginians  in 
despair  sent  a  herald  to  Regulus  to  solicit 
peace?  but  the  Roman  general  would  only 
grant  it  on  such  intolerable  terms  that  the 
Carthaginians  resolved  to  continue  the  war, 
and  hold  out  to  the  last.  A  Lacedaemonian 
named  Xanthippus  pointed  out  to  the  Car- 
thaginians that  their  defeat  was  owing  to  the 
iucompetency  of  their  generals,  and  not  to 
the  superiority  of  the  Roman  arms.  Being 
placed  at  the  head  of  their  forces,  he  totally 
defeated  the  Romans,  and  took  Regnlus  him- 
self prisoner  (255).  Regulus  remained  in  cap- 
tivity for  the  next  5  years,  till  250,  when  the 
Carthaginians,  after  their  defeat  by  the  pro- 


Coin  of  a  Livineius,  with  Head  of  Regulus. 

consul  Metellus,  sent  an  embassy  to  Rome  to 
solicit  peace,  or  at  least  an  exchange  of  pris- 
oners. They  allowed  Regulus  to  accompany 
the  embassadors  on  the  promise  that  he  would 
return  to  Carthage  if  their  proposals  were  de- 
clined. This  embassy  of  Regulus  is  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  stories  inRoman  history. 
It  is  related  that  he  dissuaded  the  senate  from 
assenting  to  a  peace,  or  even  to  an  exchange 
of  prisoners,  and  that,  resisting  all  the  per- 
suasions of  his  friends  to  remain  in  Rome,  he 
returned  to  Carthage, where  a  martyr's  death 
awaited  him.  On  his  arrival  at  Carthage  he 
is  said  to  have  been  put  to  death  with  the 
most  excruciating  tortures.  When  the  news 
of  the  barbarous  death  of  Regulus  reached 
Rome, the  senate  is  said  to  have  given  Hamil- 
car and  Bostar,  2  of  the  noblest  Carthaginian 
prisoners,  to  the  family  of  Regulus,  who  re- 
venged themselves  by  putting  them  to  death 
with  cruel  torments.  But  many  writers  have 
supposed  that  this  tale  was  invented  in  order 
to  excuse  the  cruelties  perpetrated  by  the 
family  of  Regulus  on  the  Carthaginian  pris- 
oners committed  to  their  custody.  Regulus 
was  one  of  the  favorite  characters  of  early 
Roman  story.  Not  only  was  he  celebrated 
on  account  of  his  heroism  in  giving  the  senate 
advice  which  secured  him  a  martyr's  death, 
but  also  on  account  of  his  frugality  and  sim- 
plicity of  life.-— (2)  C.,  surnamed  SEBRAHUS, 


consul  in  25T,  when  he  defeated  the  Carthagin- 
ian fleet  off  the  Lipareau  islands,  and  obtain- 
ed possession  of  the  islands  of  Lipara  and 
Melite.  He  was  consul  a  second  time  in  250, 
with  L.  Maulius  Vulso.  This  Regulus  is  the 
first  Atilius  who  bears  the  surname  of  Ser- 
•ranus. 

REMI  or  RHEMI  (-orum),  one  of  the  most 
powerful  people  in  Gallia  Belgica,  inhabited 
the  country  through  which  the  Axona  flowed, 
and  were  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Nervii, 
on  the  S.E.  by  the  Veromaudui,  on  the  B.  by 
the  Suessiones  and  Bellovaci,  and  on  the  w;< 
by  the  Nervii.  They  formed  an  alliance  with 
Caesar,  when  the  rest  of  the  Belgae  made 
war  against  him,  B.C.  5T.  Their  chief  town 
was  Durocortorum,  afterwards  called  Remi 
(Rkevwj). 

REMUS.    [ROMULUS.] 

RSSAINA,  RESAENA,  RESINA  (-ae-. 
Ras-el-Airi),  a  city  of  Mesopotamia,  near  the 
sources  of  the  Chaboras,  on  the  road  from 
Carrae  to  Nisibis.  After  its  restoration  and 
fortification  by  Theodosius,  it  was  called 

TflEODOSIOPOLIS. 

REITDIGNI  (-orum),  a  people  in  the  N. 
of  Germany,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Albis, 
N.  of  the  Langobardi. 

REX  (RSgis),  MARCIUS.  (1)  Q.,  praetor 
B.O.  144,  built  the  aqueduct  called  Aqua  Mar- 
da.— (2)  Q.,  consul  in  118,  founded  in  this 
year  the  colony  of  Norbo  Martius  in  Gaul — 
(3)  Q..  consul  in  68,  and  proconsul  in  Cilicia  in 
the  following  year.  Being  refused  a  triumph 
on  his  return  to  Rome,  he  remained  outside 
the  city  till  the  Catilinarian  conspiracy  broke 
out  in  63,  when  the  senate  sent  him  to  Faesu- 
lae  to  watch  the  movements  of  C.  Mallius  or 
Manlius,  Catiline's  general. 

RHA  (Volga),  a  great  river  of  Asia,  first 
mentioned  by  Ptolemy,  who  describes  it  as 
rising  in  the  N.  of  Sarmatia,  in  2  branches, 
Rha  Occidentalis  and  Rha  Orientalis  (the 
Volga  and  the  Kama),  after  the  junction  of 
which  it  flowed  S.W.,  forming  the  boundary 
between  Sarmatia  Asiatica  and  Scythia,  till 
near  the  Tanais  (Don),  where  it  suddenly 
turns  to  the  S.E.,  and  falls  into  the  N.  W.  part 
of  the  Caspian. 

RHADiMANTHUS  (-i),  son  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  Europa,  and  brother  of  king  Minos 
of  Crete.  From  fear  of  his  brother  he  fled  to 
Ocalea  in  Boeotia,  and  there  married  Alcmene. 
In  consequence  of  his  justice  throughout  life, 
he  became  after  his  death  one  of  the  judges 
in  the  lower  world. 

RHAETIA  (-ae),  a  Roman  province  S.  of 
the  Danube,  was  originally  distinct  from  Vin- 
delicia, and  was  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Helvetii,  on  the  E.  by  Noricum.  on  the  N.  by 
Vindelicia,  and  on  the  S.  by  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
-  •  -  n*  in  Switzer- 

of  the  Tyrol. 

. ury,  however, 

Vindelicia  was  added  to  the  province  of  Rhae- 
tia,  whence  Tacitus  speaks  of  Augusta  Vin- 
delicorum  as  situated  in  Rhaetia.  At  a  later 
time  Rhaetia  was  subdivided  into  2  provinces, 
Khaetia  Prfnia  and  Rhaetia  Secunda,  the  for- 
mer of  which  answered  to  the  old  province  of 


RHAGAE. 


BHEDONES. 


Rhaetia,  and  the  latter  to  that  of  Vindelicia. 
Rhaetia  was  a  very  mountainous  country, 
since  the  main  chain  of  the  Alps  ran  through 
the  greater  part  of  the  province.  These 
mountains  were  called  Alpes  Rhaeticae,  and 
extended  from  the  St.  Gothard  to  the  Orteler 
by  the  pass  of  the  ytelvio ;  and  in  them  rose 
the  Oenus  (Iwi)  and  most  of  the  chief  rivers 


....  . .   ..    ,    >0  t.  .  

in  theN.  of  Italy,  such  as  the  Athesis  (Adige) 
and  the  Addua  (Adda).  The  original  inhab- 
itants of  the  country,  the  RHAETI,  are  said  by 
most  ancient  writers  to  have  been  Tuscans, 
who  were  driven  out  of  the  N.  of  Italy  by  the 
invasion  of  the  Celts,  and  who  took  refuge  in 
this  mountainous  district  under  a  leader  called 
Rbaetus.  They  were  a  brave  and  warlike 
people,  and  caused  the  Romans  much  trouble 
by  their  marauding  incursions  into  Gaul  and 
the  N.  of  Italy.  They  were  not  subdued  by 
the  Romans  till  the  reign  of  Augustus,  and 
they  offered  a  brave  and  desperate  resistance 
against  both  Drusus  and  Tiberius,  who  finally 
conquered  them.  Rhaetia  was  then  formed 
into  a  Roman  province,  to  which  Vindelicia 
was  afterwards  added,  as  has  been  already 
stated.  The  only  town  in  Rhaetia  of  any  im- 
portance was  TBIDENTINUM  (Trent). 

RHAGAE  (-arum:  .Ra?,Ru.  S.B.  of  Tehran), 
the  greatest  city  of  Media,  lay  in  the  extreme 
N.  of  Great  Media,  at  the  S.  foot  of  the  mount- 
ains (Caspins  M.)  which  border  the  S.  shores 
of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  on  the  W.  side  of  the 

E';  pass  through  those  mountains  called  the 
iae  Pylae.  It  was  therefore  the  key  of 
a  towards  Parthia  and  Hyrcania.  Hav- 
ing been  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  it  was 
restored  by  Selencus  Nicator,  and  named 
BUEOPUS.  In  the  Parthian  wars  it  was  again 
destroyed,  but  it  was  rebuilt  by  Arsaces,  and 
called  ABSAOIA.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was 
atill  a  great  city  under  its  original  name 
slightly  altered  (JS«0;  and  it  was  finally  de 
stroyed  by  the  Tartars  in  the  12th  century. 

RHAMNtJ'S  (-untis:  Obrio  Kastro),  a  demus 
in  Attica,  belonging  to  the  tribe  Aeantis 
which  derived  its  name  from  the  rhamnits,  a 
kind  of  prickly  shrub.  Rhamnus  was  situated 
on  a  small  rocky  peninsula  on  the  E.  coast  ol 
Attica,  60  stadia  from  Marathon.  It  possessed 
a  celebrated  temple  of  Nemesis,  who  is  henc 
called  by  the  Latin  poets  Rhamnusto  dea  o 
virgo. 

RHAMPSINYTUS  (-i),  one  of  the  ancien 
-  -  Proteus,  and  wn 


the  worship  of  Rhea,  though  many  other 
parts  of  Greece  laid  claim  to  the  honor  of  be- 
ing the  birthplace  of  Zens.  Rhea  was  after- 
wards identified  by  the  Greeks  in  Asia  Minor 
with  the  great  Asiatic  goddess  known  under 
;  le  name  of  "the  Great  Mother,"  or  "the 
other  of  the  Gods,"  and  also  bearing  other 
ames,  such  as  Cybele,  Agdistis,  DindymGnC-, 
c.  Hence  her  worship  became  of  a  wild 
nd  enthusiastic  character,  and  various  East- 
rn  rites  were  added  to  it,  which  soon  spread 
hrongh  the  whole  of  Greece.  From  the  or- 
iastic  nature  of  these  rites  her  worship  be- 
ame  closely  connected  with  that  of  Dionysus 
Bacchus).  Under  the  name  of  Cybele  her 
vorship  was  universal  in  Phrvgia.  Under 
he  name  of  Agdistis  she  was  worshiped  with 
reat  solemnity  at  Pessinus,  in  Galatia,  which 
own  was  regarded  as  the  principal  seat  of 
er  worship.  Under  different  names  we 
jiight  trace  the  worship  of  Rhea  as  far  as 
he  Euphrates,  and  even  Bactriana.  She  was, 
n  fact,  the  great  goddess  of  the  Eastern 
world,  and  we  find  her  worshiped  there  un- 
er  a  variety  of  forms  and  names.  As  re- 
•ards  the  Romans,  they  had  from  the  earliest 
imes  worshiped  Jupiter  and  his  mother  Ops, 
he  wife  of  Saturn,  who  seems  to  have  been 
dentical  with  Rhea.  In  all  European  conn- 
ries  Rhea  was  conceived  to  be  accompanied 
by  the  Curetes,  who  are  inseparably  connect- 
ed with  the  birth  and  bringing  up  of  Zeus  in 
Crete ;  and  in  Phrygia,  by  the  Corybantes, 
Atys,  and  Agdistis.  The  Corybantes  were 
her  enthusiastic  priests,  who  with  drums, 
cymbals,  horns,  and  in  full  armor,  performed 
;heir  orgiastic  dances  in  the  forests  and  on 
the  mountains  of  Phryjria.  In  Rome  the 
Galli  were  her  priests.  The  lion  was  sacred 
to  her.  In  works  of  art  she  is  usually  repre- 
sented seated  on  a  throne,  adorned  with  a 
mural  crown,  from  which  a  veil  hongs  oown. 
Lions  appear  crouching  on  the  right  and  left 
of  her  throne,  and  sometimes  she  is  seen  rid- 
ing in  a  chariot  drawn  by  lions. 


tions  by  the  name  of  Ravnessu  Neter-kek-pei 
RHEA  (-ae),  an  ancient  Greek  goddess,  an 
pears  to  have  been  a  goddess  of  the  earth.  Sh 
is  represented  as  a  daughter  of  Uranus  and  Ge 
and  the  wife  of  CrSnos  (Saturn),  by  whom  sh 
became  the  mother  of  Hestia  gesta),  Demete 
(Ceres),  Hera  (Juno),  Hades  (PlutoXPoseido 
(Neptune),  and  Zeus  (Jupiter).  CrSnos  de 
voured  all  his  children  by  Rhea,  but  when  sh 
wa?on?he  point  of  giving  birth  to  Zeus,  sh 

Crete  was  undoubtedly  the  earliest  seat  o 


Rhea,  or  Cybele.   (From  a  Roman  Lamp.) 
RHlA  SILVIA.    [ROMULUS.] 
RHSDONES.    [REDONE*] 


RHEGIUM. 


334 


EHODANUS. 


RHSGIUM  (-i:  Reggio),  a  celebrated  Greek 
town  on  the  coast  of  Bruttium,  in  the  S.  of 
Italy,  was  situated  on  the  Fretum  Siculum, 
or  the  strait  which  separates  Italy  and  Sicily. 
Khegium  was  founded  about  the  beginning 
of  the  first  Messenian  war,  B.C.  743,  by  Aeo- 
lian Chalcidians  from  Euboea  and  by  Doric 
Messenians,  who  had  quitted  their  native 
country  on  the  commencement  of  hostilities 
between  Sparta  and  Messenia.  Even  before 
the  Persian  wars  Rhegium  was  sufficiently 
powerful  to  send  3000  of  its  citizens  to  the 
Assistance  of  the  Tarentines,  and  in  the  time 
•of  the  elder  Dionysius  it  possessed  a  fleet  of 
SO  ships  of  war.  This  monarch,  having  been 
offended  by  the  inhabitants,  took  the  city 
and  treated  it  with  the  greatest  severity. 
Rhegium  never  recovered  its  former  great- 
ness, though  it  still  continued  to  be  a  place 
of  considerable  importance.  The  Rhegians 
having  applied  to  Rome  for  assistance  when 
Pyrrhus  was  in  the  S.  of  Italy,  the  Romans 
placed  in  the  town  a  garrison  of  4000  soldiers, 
who  had  been  levied  among  the  Latin  colo- 
nies in  Campania.  These  troops  seized  the 
town  in  279,  killed  or  expelled  the  male  in- 
habitants, and  took  possession  of  their  wives 
and  children.  The  Romans  were  too  much 
engaged  at  the  time  with  their  war  against 
Pyrrnus  to  take  notice  of  this  outrage ;  but 
when  Pyrrhus  was  driven  out  of  Italy  they 
took  signal  vengeance  upon  these  Campa- 
nians,  and  restored  the  surviving  Rhegians 
to  their  city.  Rhegium  was  the  place  from 
•which  persons  usually  crossed  over  to  Sicily, 
but  the  spot  at  which  they  embarked  was 
called  COLITMNA  RHEGINA  (Torre  di  Carallo), 
and  was  100  stadia  N.  of  the  town. 

RHENEA  (-ae),  anciently  called  Ortygia  and 
Celadussa,  an  island  in  the  Aegaean  sea  and 
one  of  the  Cyclades,W.  of  Delos.  from  which 
it  was  divided  by  a  narrow  strait  only  4  sta- 
dia in  width. 

RHlNUS  (-1).  (1)  (Rhein  in  German,  Rhine 
in  English),  one  of  the  great  rivers  in  Europe, 
forming  in  ancient  times  the  boundary  be- 
tween Gaul  and  Germany,  rises  in  Mount 
Adulas  (St.Gothard),  not  far  from  the  sources 
of  the  Rhone,  and  flows  first  in  a  W.-ly  direc- 
tion, passing  through  the  Lacus  Brigantinus 
(Lake  of  Constance)  till  it  reaches  Basilia 
(Basle),  where  it  takes  a  N.-ly  direction,  and 
eventually  flows  into  the  ocean  by  several 
mouths.  The  ancients  spoke  of  2  main  arms 
into  which  the  Rhine  was  divided  on  enter- 
ing the  territory  of  the  Batavi,  of  which  the 
one  on  the  E.  continued  to  bear  the  name  of 
Rheuus,  while  that  on.  the  W.,  into  which  the 
Mosa  (MOOS  or  Meuse)  flowed,  was  called  Va- 
halis  (Waal).  After  Dmsus,  in  B.O.  12,  had 
connected  the  Flevo  Lacus  (Zuyder-Zee)  with 
the  Rhine  by  means  of  a  canal  (in  making 
which  he  probably  made  use  of  the  bed  of  the 
Yssel),  we  find  mention  of  8  mouths  of  the 
Rhine.  Of  these  the  names,  as  given  by 
Pliny,  are— on  the  W.,  Helium  (the  Vahalis  of 
other  writers) ;  in  the  centre,  Rhenus ;  and 
on  the  E.,  Flevum ;  but  at  a  later  time  we 
again  find  mention  of  only  2  mouths.  The 
Rhine  is  described  by  the  ancients  as  a  broad, 
vapid,  and  deep  river.  It  receives  many  trib- 


utaries, of  which  the  most  important  are  the 
Mosella  (Moselle)  and  Mosa  (Moos  or  Meuse) 
on  the  left,  and  the  Nicer  (Neckar),  Moenus 
(Main),  and  Luppia  (Lippe)  on  the  right.  Its 
whole  course  amounts  to  about  950  miles 
The  inundations  of  the  Rhine  near  its  mouth 
are  mentioned  by  the  ancients.  Caesar  was 
the  first  Roman  general  wjio  crossed  the 
Rhine.  He  threw  a  bridge  of  boats  across 
the  river,  probably  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Cologne.— -(2)  (Reno),  a  tributary  of  the  Padus 
(Po)  in  Gallia  Cisalpina,  near  Bononia,  on  a 
small  island  of  which  Octaviau,  Antony,  and 
Lepidus  formed  the  celebrated  triumvirate. 

RHSSUS  (-i).  (1)  A  river-god  in  Bithynia, 
one  of  the  sons  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys. — (2) 
Son  of  king  EToneus  in  Thrace,  marched  to 
the  assistance  of  the  Trojans  in  their  war 
with  the  Greeks.  An  oracle  had  declared 
that  Troy  would  never  be  taken  if  the  snow- 
white  horses  of  Rhesus  should  once  drink 
the  water  of  the  Xanthus  and  feed  upon  the 
grass  of  the  Trojan  plain.  But  as  soon  as 
Rhesus  had  reached  the  Trojan  territory,  and 
had  pitched  his  tents  late  at  night,  Ulysses 
and  Diomedes  penetrated  into  his  camp,  slew 
Rhesus  himself,  and  carried  ofi*  his  horses. 

RHIANUS  (-i)  of  Crete,  a  distinguished 
Alexandrian  poet  and  grammarian,  flourish- 
ed B.C.  222. 

RHINOCOLtTRA  or  RHINOCORtTRA  (Ku- 
latrd-Arish),  the  frontier  town  of  Egypt  and 
Palestine,  lay  in  the  midst  of  the  desert,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  brook  (M-Arish)  which 
was  the  boundary  between  the  countries, 
and  which  is  called  in  Scripture  the  River  or 
Egypt. 

RHIPABI  MONTES  (-orum),  the  name  of 
a  lofty  range  of  mountains  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  earth,  respecting  which  there  are 
diverse  statements  in  the  ancient  writers. 
The  name  seems  to  have  been  given  by  the 
Greek  poets  quite  indefinitely  to  all  the 
mountains  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe 
and  Asia.  Thus  the  Rhipaei  Monies'  are 
sometimes  called  the  Hyperborei  Montes. 
[HYPEBBOEBI.]  The  later  geographical  writ- 
ers place  the  Rhipaean  mountains  N.E.  of 
Mount  Alaunus  on  the  frontiers  of  Asiatic  Sar- 
matia,  and  state  that  the  TanaTs  rises  in  these 
mountains.  According  to  this  account  the 
Rhipaeau  mountains  may  be  regarded  as  a 
western  branch  of  the  Ural  Mountains. 

RE3XJM  <-i :  Castello  di  Jforea),  a  promon- 
tory in  Achaia,  opposite  to  the  promontory 
of  Antirrhium  (Castello  di  Romelia),  on  the 
borders  of  Aetolia  and  Locris,  with  which  it 
formed  the  narrow  entrance  to  the  Corinthian 
gulf,  which  strait  is  now  called  the  Little  Dar- 
danelles. 

RHODA  or  RHQDUS  (-ae  or  i:  Rozas), 
a  Greek  emporium  on  the  coast  of  the  Indi- 
getae  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  founded  by 
the  Rhodians,  and  subsequently  occupied  by 
the  inhabitants  of  Massilia. 

RHODiNUS  (-i :  JRJume),  one  of  the  chief 
rivers  of  Gaul,  rises  in  Mount  Adulas,  on  the 
Pennine  Alps,  not  far  from  the  sources  of  the 
Rhine,  flows  first  in  a  W.-ly  direction,  and 
after  passing  through  the  Lacus  Lemauus 


ERODE. 


335 


EHOETUS. 


turns  to  the  S.,  passes  by  the  towns  of  Lug- 
dunum,  Vienna,  Aveuio,  and  Arelate,  receives 
several  tributaries,  and  finally  falls  by  several 
mouths  into  the  Sinus  Gallicas  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. The  Rhone  is  a  very  rapid  river, 
and  its  upward  navigation  is  therefore  diffi- 
cult, though  it  is  navigable  for  large  vessels 
as  high  as  Lugduuum  (Lyon),  and  by  means 
of  the  Arar  still  farther  north. 
RHODE.  [RHODOS.I 

RHODtUS  (-i :  prob.  the  brook  of  the  Dar- 
danelles), a  small  river  of  the  Troad,  mention- 
ed both  by  Homer  and  Hesiod.  It  rose  on 
the  lower  slopes  of  Mount  Ida,  and  flowed 
N.W.  into  the  Hellespont,  between  Abydus 
and  Dardanus,  after  receiving  the  SelleTs  from 
the  W. 

RHOD5PI  (-es),  one  of  the  highest  ranges 
of  mountains  in  Thrace,  extending  from 
Mount  Scomius,  E.  of  the  river  Nestus  and 
the  boundaries  of  Macedonia,  in  a  S.E.-ly  di- 
rection almost  down  to  the  coast.  It  is  high- 
est in  its  northern  part,  and  is  thickly  covered 
with  wood.  Rhodope,  like  the  rest  of  Thrace, 
was  sacred  to  Dionysus  (Bacchus). 

RHODOPIS  (-idis),  a  celebrated  Greek 
courtesan,  of  Thracian  origin,  was  a  fellow- 
slave  with  the  poet  Aesop,  both  of  them  be- 
longing to  the  Samian  ladmon.  She  after- 
wards became  the  property  of  Xanthus,  anoth- 
er Samian,  who  carried  her  to  Naucratis  in 
pt,  in  the  reign  of  Amasis,  and  at  this 
\  sea-port  she  carried  on  the  trade  of  an 

3ra  for  the  benefit  of  her  master.    While 

thus  employed,  Charaxus,  the  brother  of  the 
poetess  Sappho,  who  had  come  to  Naucratis 
as  a  merchant,  fell  iu  love  with  her,  and  ran- 
somed her  from  slavery  for  a  large  sum  of 
money.  She  was  in  consequence  attacked  by 
Sappho  in  a  poem.  She  continued  to  live  at 
Naucratis,  and  with  the  tenth  part  of  her  gains 
she  dedicated  at  Delphi  10  iron  spits,  which 
were  seen  by  Herodotus.  She  is  called  Rho- 
dopis  by  Herodotus,  but  Sappho  in  her  poem 
spoke  of  her  under  the  name  of  Doricha.  It 
is  therefore  probable  that  Doricha  was  her  real 
name,  and  that  she  received  that  of  Rhodopis, 
which  signifies  the  "  rosy-cheeked,"  on  ac- 
count of  her  beauty. 

RHQDOS,  sometimes  called  RHQDl  (-es), 
daughter  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  and  Helia,  or 
of  Helios  (Sol)  and  Amphitrite,  or  of  Poseidon 
and  Aphrodite  (Venus),  or  lastly  of  Oceanus. 
From  her  the  island  of  Rhodes  is  said  to  have 
derived  its  name ;  and  in  this  island  she  bore 
to  Helios  7  sons. 

RHQDUS  (-i:  Rhodes,  Rhodes),  the  most 
easterly  island  of  the  Aegaean,  or,  more  spe- 
cifically, of  the  Carpathian  sea,  lies  off  the  S. 
coast  of  Caria,  due  S.  of  the  promontory  of 
Cynossema  (C.  Alou.po),  at  the  distance  of 
about  12  geog.  miles.  Its  length,  from  N.B. 
to  S.  W.,  is  about  45  miles ;  its  greatest  breadth 
about  20  to  25.  In  early  times  it  was  called 
Aethraea  and  Ophiussa,  and  several  other 
names.  There  are  various  my  thol  ogical  stories 
about  its  origin  and  peopling.  Its  Hellenic 
colonization  is  ascribed  to  Tlepolemus,  the 
son  of  Hercules,  before  the  Trojan  war,  and 
after  that  war  to  Althaemenes.  Homer  men- 
tions the  S  Dorian  settlements  in  Rhodes, 


namely,  Lindus,  lalysns,  and  Carairus;  and 
these  cities,  with  Cos,  Cnidus,  and  Halicarnas- 
sus,  formed  the  Dorian  Hexapolis,  which  was 
established,  from  a  period  of  unknown  antiq- 
uity, in  the  S.W.  corner  of  Asia  Minor. 
Rhodes  soon  became  a  great  maritime  state, 
or  rather  confederacy,  the  island  being  par- 
celed out  between  the  3  cities  above  men- 
tioned. The  Rhodians  made  distant  voyacres, 
and  founded  numerous  colonies.  At  ^"be- 
ginning of  the  Peloponuesian  war,  Rhodes 
was  one  of  those  Dorian  maritime  states 
which  were  subject  to  Athens ;  but  in  the  20th 
year  of  the  war,  B.C.  412,  it  joined  the  Spartan 
alliance,  and  the  oligarchical  party,  which  had 
been  depressed,  and  their  leaders,  the  Erati- 
dae,  expelled,  recovered  their  former  power, 
under  Dorieus.  In  408  rhe  new  capital,  called 
RHODES,  was  built,  and  peopled  from  the  3 
ancient  cities  of  lalysns,  Lindas,  and  Cami- 
rus.  At  the  Macedonian  conquest  the  Rho- 
dians submitted  to  Alexander,  but  upon  his 
death  expelled  the  Macedonian  garrison.  In 
the  ensuing  wars  they  formed  an  alliance  with 
Ptolemy,  the  son  of  Lagus,  and  their  city, 
Rhodes,  successfully  endured  a  most  famous 
siege  by  the  forces  of  Demetrius  Poliorcetes, 
who  at  length,  in  admiration  of  the  valor  of 
the  besiege^,  presented  them  with  the  engines 
he  had  used  against  the  city,  from  the  sale  of 
which  they  defrayed  the  cost  of  the  celebrated 
Colossus.  At  length  they  came  into  connec- 
tion with  the  Romans,  whose  alliance  they 
joined,  with  Attains,  king  of  Pergamusr  in 
the  war  against  Philip  III.  of  Macedon.  In 
the  ensuing  war  with  Autiochus  the  Rho- 
dians gave  the  Romans  great  aid  \yith  their 
fleet;  and,  in  the  subsequent  partition  of  the 
Syrian  possessions  of  Asia  Minor,  they  were 
rewarded  by  the  supremacy  of  S.  Caria,"where 
they  had  had  settlements*  from  an  early  period. 
A  temporary  interruption  of  their  alliance 
with  Rome  was  causea  by  their  espousing  the 
cause  of  Perseus,  for  which  they  were  severe- 
ly punished,  16S;  but  they  recovered  the  fa- 
vor of  Rome  by  the  important  naval  aid  they 
rendered  in  the  Mithrioatfc  war.  In  the  civil 
wars  they  took  part  with  Caesar,  and  suffered 
in  consequence  from  Cassius,  42,  bat  were 
afterwards  compensated  for  their  losses  by 
the  favor  of  Antonins.  They  were  at  length 
deprived  of  their  independence  by  Claudius ; 
and  their  prosperity  received  its"  final  blovr 
from  an  earthquake,  which  laid  the  city  of 
Rhodes  in  ruins,  in  the  reign  of  Antoninus 
Pius,  A.T>.  155. 

RHOECUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Centaur,  who,  in  con- 
junction with  Hylaeus,  pursued  Atalanta  in 
Arcadia,  but  was  killed  by  her  with  an  arrow. 
The  Roman  poets  call  him  Rhoetus,  and  re- 
late that  he  was  wounded  at  the  nuptials  of 
Pirithous.— (2)  Son  of  Phileas  or  Fhilaeus,  of 
Samos,  an  architect  and  statuary,  flourished 
about  B.O.  640.  He  invented  the  art  of  cast* 
ing  statues  in  bronze  and  iron. 

RHOETlUM  (-i :  C.  Intepeh  or  Barbieri),  a 
promontory,  or  a  strip  of  rocky  coast,  break- 
ing into  several  promontories,  in  Mysia,  on 
the  Hellespont,  near  Aeantium,  with  a  town 
of  the  same  name  (prob.  Paleo  Castro). 
RHOETUS.  (1)  A  Centaur. 


RHOXOLANL 


336 


EOMA. 


—(2)  One  of  the  giants  who  was  slain  by 
Dionysus ;  be  is  usually  called  Eurytus. 

REOXOLlNI  or  ROXOLlNI  (-orum),  a 
warlike  people  iu  European  Sarmatia,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Palus  Maeotis,  and  between  the 
Borysthenes  and  the  Tanals,  usually  supposed 
to  be  the  ancestors  of  the  modern  Russians. 
RHYNDlCUS  (-it  JSdrenoa),  or  LYODS,  a 
considerable  river  of  Asia  Minor.  Rising  in 
Mount  Dindymene,  opposite  to  the  sources 
of  the  Hermus.  it  flows  N.  through  Phrygia, 
then  turns  N.  W.,  then  W.,  and  then  N.  through 
the  lake  Apolloniatis,  into  the  Propontis. 
From  the  point  where  it  left  Phrygia,  it  form- 
ed the  boundary  of  Mysia  and  Bithynia. 

RHYPES,  one  of  the  12  cities  of  Achaia, 
situated  between  Aegium  aud  Patrae.  It  was 
destroyed  by  Augustus,  and  its  inhabitants 
removed  to  Patrae. 

RHYTIUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Crete,  mentioned 
by  Homer. 

R1CIMER  (-eris),  the  Roman  "King-Mak- 
er," was  the  son  of  a  Suevian  chief,  and  was 
brought  up  at  the  court  of  Valentinian  III. 
In  A.D.  472  be  took  Rome  by  storm,  and  died. 
40  days  afterwards. 

R5BIGUS  or  ROBXGO  (-i  or  mis),  is  de- 
scribed by  some  Latin  writers  as  a  divinity 
worshiped  for  the  purpose  of  averting  blight 
or  too  great  heat  from  the  young  corn-fields. 
The  festival  of  the  Robigalia  was  celebrated 
on  the  25th  of  April,  and  was  said  to  have 
been  instituted  by  Numa. 

ROBUS  (-i),  a  fortress  in  the  territory  of 
the  Rauraci,  in  Gallia  Belgica. 

R5MA  (-ae:  Rome),  the  capital  of  Italy  and 
of  the  world,  was  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  river  Tiber,  on  the  N.W.  confines  of  Lati- 
am,  about  16  miles  from  the  sea.  Rome  is 
said  to  have  been  a  colony  from  Alba  Longa, 
and  to  have  been  founded  by  Romulus  about 
B.O.  T63.  [ROMULUS.]  All  traditions  agree 
that  the  original  city  comprised  only  the 
Mons  Palatinus  or  Palatium,  and  some  por- 
tion of  the  ground  immediately  below  it.  It 
was  surrounded  by  walls,  and  was  built  in  a 
square  form,  whence  it  was  called  Roma  Qua- 
drata.  On  the  neighboring  hills  there  also 
existed  from  the  earliest  times  settlements 
of  Sabines  and  Etruscans.  The  Sabine  town, 
probably  called  Quirium,,  and  inhabited  by 
Quirites,  was  situated  on  the  hills  to  the  N. 
of  the  Palatine,  that  is,  the  Quirinalis  and 
Capitolinus,  or  Capitolium,  on  the  latter  of 
which  hills  was  the  Sabine  Arx  or  citadel. 
According  to  traditions,  the  Sabines  were 
united  with  the  Romans,  or  Latins,  in  the 
reign  of  Romulus,  and  thus  was  formed  one 
people,  under  the  name  of  "  Populus  Roma- 
uus  (et)  Quirites."  The  Etruscans  were  settled 
on  Mons  Caelius,  and  extended  over  Mons  Cis- 
pius  and  Mons  Oppius,  which  are  part  of  the 
Esquiline.  These  Etruscans  were  at  an  early 
period  incorporated  in  the  Roman  state,  but 
were  compelled  to  abandon  their  seats  on  the 
hills,  and  to  take  up  their  abode  in  the  plains 
between  the  Caelius  and  the  Esquiline,  whence 
the  Vicus  Tuscus  derived  its  name.  Under  the 
kings  the  city  rapidly  grew  in  population  aud 
in  size.  Ancus  Martins  added  the  Mone  A  ven- 


tinus  to  the  city.  The  same  king  also  built 
a  fortress  on  the  Janiculus,  a  hill  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Tiber,  as  a  protection  against  the 
Etruscans,  and  connected  it  with  the  city  by 
means  of  the  Pons  Sublicius.  Rome  was  still 
further  improved  and  enlarged  by  Tarquinius 
Priscus  and  Servius  Tullius.  The  completion 
of  the  city,  however,  was  ascribed  to  Servius 
Tullius.  This  king  added  the  Mons  Vimina- 
lis  and  Mons  Esquilinw,  and  surrounded  the 
whole  city  with  a  line  of  fortifications,  which 
comprised  all  the  seven  hills  of  Rome  (Palo- 
Units,  Capitolinus,  tyuirinalis,  Caelius,  Aven- 
tinus,  Viminalis,  Esq^lilinuti).  Hence  Rome 
^yas  called  Urbs  Septicollis.  These  fortifica- 
tions were  about  7  miles  in  circumference.  In 
u.o.  390  Rome  was  entirely  destroyed  by  the 
Gauls,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  houses  on 
the  Palatine.  On  the  departure  of  the  bar- 
barians it  was  rebuilt  in  great  haste  and  con- 
fusion, without  any  attention  to  regularity, 
and  with  narrow  aud  crooked  streets.  After 
the  conquest  of  the  Carthaginians  and  of  the 
monarchs  of  Macedonia  and  Syria,  the  city 
began  to  be  adorned  with  many  public  build- 
ings and  handsome  private  houses ;  and  it  was 
still  further  embellished  by  Augustus,  who 
used  to  boast  that  he  had  found  the  city  of 
brick  and  had  left  it  of  marble.  The  great  fire 
at  Rome  in  the  reign  of  Nero  (A.I>.  64)  destroy- 
ed two  thirds  of  the  city.  Nero  availed  him- 
self of  this  opportunity  to  indulge  his  passion 
for  building ;  aud  the  city  now  assumed  a  still 
more  regular  and  stately  appearance.  The 
emperor  Aurelian  surrounded  Rome  with  new 
walls,  which  embraced  the  city  of  Servius 
Tullius  and  all  the  suburbs  which  had  subse- 
quently grown  up  around  it,  such  as  the  M. 
Janiculus  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber,  and 
the  Cottis  Hortulorum,  or  M.  Pincianus,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  river,  to  the  N.  of  the  Quiri- 
nalis.  The  walls  of  Aureliau  were  about  11 
miles  in  circumference.  They  were  restored 
by  Honorms,  and  were,  also  partly  rebuilt  by 
Belisarius.  Rome  was  divided  by  Servius 
Tullius  into  4  Regiones  or  districts,  corre- 
sponding to  the  4  city  tribes.  Their  names 
were:  1,  Suburana,  comprehending  the  space 
from  the  Subura  to  the  Caelius,  both  inclu- 
sive ;  2,  Esquilina,  comprehending  the  Esqui- 
line hill ;  8,  Collina,  extending  over  the  Quiri- 
nal  and  Viminal ;  4,  Palatina,  comprehend- 
ing the  Palatine  hill.  The  Capitoline,  as  the 
seat  of  the  gods,  and  the  Aventine,  were  not 
included  in  these  Regiones.  These  Regionei 
were  again  subdivided  into  27  Sacella  Argae- 
orum,  which  were  probably  erected  where 
two  streets  (compita)  crossed  each  other.  The 
division  of  Servius  Tullins  into  4  Regiones 
remained  unchanged  till  the  time  of  Augus- 
tus,who  made  a  fresh  division  of  the  city  into 
14  Kegiones,  viz. :  1,  Porto.  Capena:  2,  Caeli- 
montium;  3,  Isis  et  Serapis;  4,  Via  Sacra; 
5,  Esquilina  cum  Colle  ViminaM;  6,  Alto,  Se- 
wiita;  7,  Fid  Lota;  B,  Forum  Romanwm;  9, 
Circus  Flaminius;  10,  Palatium;  11,  Circus 
Maximus;  12,  Piscina  Publica ;  13,  Aventinus; 
and,  14,  Trans  Tiberim,  the  only  region 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  river.  Each  of 
these  Regiones  was  subdivided  into  a  certain 
number  of  Vici,  analogous  to  the  Sacella  of 
Servius  Tullius,  The  houses  were  divided 


ROMA. 


ROMA. 


Rome:  Bird'a-eye  View  of  the  Forum  from  the  Capitol. 


into  2  different  classes,  called  respectively 
domus  and  insulae.  The  former  were  the 
dwellings  of  the  Roman  nobles,  correspond- 
ing to  the  modern  palazzi ;  the  latter  were 
the  habitations  of  the  middle  and  lower  class- 
es. Each  insnla  contained  several  apartments 
or  sets  of  apartments,  whick  were  let  to  dif- 
ferent families ;  and  it  was  frequently  sur- 
rounded with  shops.  The  number  of  insulae 
of  course  greatly  exceeded  that  of  the  domt 
It  is  stated  that  there  were  46,602  insulae  at 


Rome,  but  only  1790  domus.  We  learn  from 
the  Monumentam  Ancyranum  that  the  plebs 
urbana,  in  the  time  of  Augustas,  was  320,000. 
This  did  not  include  the  women,  nor  the  sen- 
ators nor  knights ;  so  that  the  free  popula- 
tion could  not  have  been  less  than  650.000. 
To  this  number  we  must  add  the  slaves,  who 
must  have  been  at  least  as  numerous  as  the 
free  population.  Consequently  the  whole 
population  of  Rome  in  the  time  of  Augustas 
must  have  been  at  least  1,300,000,  and  in  alj 


ROMULEA. 


338 


RUBRA  SAXA. 


probability  greatly  exceeded  that  number. 
Moreover,  as  we  know  that  the  city  continued 
to  increase  in  size  and  population  down  to 
the  time  of  Vespasian  and  Trajan,  we  shall 
not  be  far  wrong  in  supposing  that  the  city 
contained  nearly  2  millions  of  inhabitants  in 
the  reigns  of  those  emperors.  The  Aqueducts 
(Aquaeductus)  supplied  Rome  with  an  abun- 
dance of  pure  water  from  the  hills  which  sur- 
round the  Campagna.  The  Komans  at  first 
had  recourse  to  the  Tiber  and  to  wells  sunk 
in  the  city.  It  was  not  till  B.O.  313  that  the 
first  aqueduct  was  constructed,  but  their  num- 
ber was  gradually  increased,  till  they  amount- 
ed to  14  in  the  time  of  Procopius,  that  is,  the 
6th  century  of  the  Christian  era. 

ROMULEA  (-ne),  an  ancient  town  of  the 
Hirpini  in  Samnium,  on  the  road  from  Beue- 
ventum  to  Tarentum. 

ROMtJXUS  (-i),  the  founder  of  the  city  of 
Rome,  must  not  be  regarded  as  a  real  per- 
sonage. The  stories  about  him  are  mythical. 
According  to  the  common  legend,  Romulus 
and  Remus  were  the  sons  of  Rhea  Silvia  by 
Mars.  Silvia  was  the  daughter  of  Numitor 
(a  descendant  of  lulus,  the  son  of  Aeneas), 
who  had  been  excluded  from  the  throne  of 
Alba  Longa  by  his  brother,  Amulius ;  and  as 
Silvia  was  a  vestal  virgin,  she  and  her  twin 
offspring  were  condemned  to  be  drowned  in 
the  Tiber.  The  cradle  in  which  the  children 
were  exposed  having  stranded,  they  were 
suckled  by  a  she-wolf,  which  carried  them  to 
her  den,  where  they  were  discovered  by  Faus- 
tulus,the  king's  shepherd,  who  took  the  chil- 
dren to  his  own  house,  and  gave  them  into 
the  care  of  his  wife,  Acca  Larentia.  When 
they  were  grown  up,  Romulus  and  Remus  left 
Alba  to  found  a  city  on  the  banks  of  the  Tiber. 
A  strife  arose  between  the  brothers  as  to  where 
the  city  should  be  built,  and  after  whose  name 
it  should  be  called,  in  which  Remus  was  slain 
by  his  brother.  As  soon  as  the  city  was  built, 
Romulus  found  his  people  too  few  in  numbers. 
He  therefore  set  apart,  on  the  Capitoline  hill, 
an  asylum,  or  sanctuary,  in  which  homicides 
and  runaway  slaves  might  take  refuge.  The 
city  thus  became  tilled  with  men,  but  they 
wanted  women.  Romulus  therefore  pro- 
claimed that  games  were  to  be  celebrated  in 
honor  of  the  god  Consus,  and  invited  his 
neighbors,  the  Latins  and  Sabines,  to  the  fes- 
tival, during  which  the  Roman  youths  rushed 
upon  their  guests,  and  carried  oft" the  virginp. 
This  produced  a  war  between  the  two  nations ; 
but  during  a  long  and  desperate  battle  the 
Sabine  women  rushed  in  between  the  armies, 
and  prayed  their  husbands  and  fathers  to  be 
reconciled.  Their  prayer  was  heard ;  the  two 
people  not  only  made  peace,  but  agreed  to 
form  only  one  nation.  But  this  union  did 
not  last  long.  Titus  Tatius,  the  Sabine  king, 
who  reigned  conjointly  with  Romulus,  was 
slain  at  a  festival  at  Lavininm  by  some  Lau- 
rentines,  to  whom  he  had  refused  satisfaction 
for  outrages  which  had  been  committed  by 
his  kinsmen.  Henceforward  Roraulus  ruled 
alone  over  both  Romans  and  Sabines.  After 
reigning  37  years,  he  was  at  length  taken  away 
from  the  world  by  his  father,  Mars,  who 
carried  him  up  to  heaven  in  a  fiery  chariot* 


Shortly  afterwards  he  appeared  in  more  than 
mortal  beauty  to  Julius  Proculus,  and  bade 
him  tell  the  Romans  to  worship  him  as  their 
guardian  god,  under  the  name  of  Quirinus. 
Such  was  the  glorified  end  of  Romulus  in  the 
genuine  legend;  but,  according  to  another 
tale,  the  senators,  discontented  with  the  ty- 
rannical rule  of  then*  king,  murdered  him  dur- 
ing the  gloom  of  a  tempest,  cut  up  his  body, 
and  carried  home  the  mangled  pieces  under 
their  robes. 
ROMULUS  AUGUSTtfLUS.  [AUGUSTS 

LTJS.] 

ROMULUS  SILViUS.    [SiLvios.] 

ROSCI5.NUM  (-i:  Rossano),  a  fortress  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Bruttium  between  Thurii  and 
Paternum. 

ROSCIUS.  (1)  L.,  a  Roman  embassador 
sent  to  Fidenae  in  B.O.  438.  —  (2)  SEX.,  of 
Araeria,  a  town  in  Umbria,  accused  of  the 
murder  of  his  father,  and  defended  by  Cicero 
(«.o.  80)  in  an  oration  which  is  still  extant.— 
(3)  Q.,  the  most  celebrated  comic  actor  at 
Rome,  was  a  native  of  Solonium,  a  small  place 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Lanuvium.  His  his- 
trionic powers  procured  him  the  favor  of  many 
of  the  Roman  nobles,  and,  among  others,  of 
the  dictator  Sulla,  who  presentednim  with  a 
gold  ring,  the  symbol  of  equestrian  rani. 
Roscius  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Cicero,  who 
constantly  speaks  of  him  in  terms  both  of  ad* 
miration  and  affection.  Roscius  was  consid- 
ered by  the  Romans  to  have  reached  such  per- 
fection in  his  profession  that  it  became  the 
fashion  to  call  every  one  who  became  partic- 
ularly distinguished  in  the  histrionic  art  by 
the  name  of  Roscius.  He  realized  an  immense 
fortune  by  his  profession,  and  died  in  62. 

ROTOMXGUS.    [RATOMAGITS.] 

ROX&NA,  daughter  of  Oxyartes  the  Bac- 
trian,  fell  into  the  hands  of  Alexander  on  his 
capture  of  the  hill -fort  in  Sogdiana  named 
"  the  Rock,"  B.O.  327.  Alexander  was  so  cap- 
tivated by  her  charms  that  he  married  her. 
Soon  after  Alexander's  death  (233)  she  gave 
birth  to  a  son  (Alexander  Aegus),  who  was 
admitted  to  share  the  nominal  sovereignty 
with  Arrhidaeus,  under  the  regency  of  Perdic- 
cas.  Roxana  afterwards  crossed  over  to  Eu- 
rope with  her  son,  placed  herself  under  the 
protection  of  Olympias,  and  threw  herself 
into  Pydna  along  with  the  latter.  In  316 
Pydna  was  taken  by  Cassander;  Olympias 
was  put  to  death ;  and  Roxana  and  her  son 
were  placed  in  confinement  in  Amphipolis, 
where  they  were  murdered  by  Cassander's 
orders  in  811. 

ROX5L5.NL    [RHOXOLANT.] 

Rt5"BI  (-6rum :  Ruw\  a  town  in  Apulia,  on 
the  road  from  Canusium  to  Brundusium. 

RtJBlCO  (-5nis),  a  small  river  in  Italy,  fall- 
ing into  the  Adriatic  a  little  N.  of  Ariminum, 
formed  the  boundary  in  the  republican  period 
between  the  province  of  Gallia  Cisalpina  and 
Italia  proper.  It  is  celebrated  in  history  on 
account  of  Caesar's  passage  across  it  at  the 
head  of  his  army,  by  which  act  he  declared 
war  against  the  republic. 

RUBRA  SA2A,  called  Rubrae  breves  (sc, 


RUBEESUS  LACUS. 


339 


SABATE. 


petrae)  by  Martial,  a  small  place  in  Etruria, 
only  a  few  miles  from  Rome,  iiear  the  river 
Cremera,  and  on  the  Via  Flaminia. 

RUBRESUS  LACUS.    [NABBO.] 

R0BRUM  MARE.    [EEYTHRAEUM  MAKE.] 

Rt5T>lAE  (-urnm:  Rotigliano  or  Riige),  a 
town  of  the  Peucetii  in  Apulia,  on  the  road 
from  Brundusium  to  Venusia,  was  originally 
a  Greek  colony,  and  afterwards  a  Roman 
municipium.  Rudiae  is  celebrated  as  the 
birthplace  of  Eunius. 

RTTGlI  (-orum),  an  important  people  in 
Germany,  originally  dwelt  on  the  coast  of  the 
Baltic  between  the  Viadtis  (Oder)  and  the 
Vistula,  After  disappearing  a  long  time  from 
history,  they  are  found  at  a  later  time  in  At- 
tila's  army;  and  after  Attila's  death  they 
founded  a  new  kingdom  on  the  N.  bank  of 
the  Danube,  in  Austria  and  Hungary,  the  name 
of  which  is  still  preserved  in  the  modern  Ru- 
giland.  They  have  left  traces  of  their  name 
in  the  country  which  they  originally  inhabit- 
ed, in  the  modern  Rugen,  R&genwalde,  liega, 
Regenwalde. 

RULLUS,  P.  SERVlLlUS  (-i),  tribune  of 
the  plebs  B.C.  63,  proposed  an  agrarian  law, 
which  Cicero  attacked  in  3  orations,  which 
iiave  come  down  to  us. 

RTTPILIUS  (-i),  P.,  consul  B.C.  132,  prose- 
cuted with  the  utmost  veheu.ence  all  the  ad- 
herents of  Tib.  Gracchus,  who  had  been  slain 
in  the  preceding  year.  As  proconsul  in  Sicilv 
in  the  following  year  he  made  various  regu- 
lations for  the  government  of  the  province, 
which  were  known  by  the  name  of  Leges  Ru- 
piliae.  Rnpilius  was  condemned  in  the  tribu- 
nate of  C.  Gracchus,  123,  on  account  of  his 
illegal  and  cruel  acts  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
friends  of  Tib.  Gracchus. 

RTJSCINO  (-onis),  a  town  of  the  Sordones 
or  Sordi,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Gallia  Narbonen- 
sifi,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees. 


RUSELLAE  (-arnrn :  nr.  G-rosseto,  Ru.),  one 
of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  Etruria^  situated 
on  an  eminence  E.  of  the  lake  Prelius  and  011 
the  Via  Aurelia.  The  walls  of  Rusellae  still 
remain,  and  are  some  of  the  most  ancient  in 
Italy. 

RUSTICUS  (-i),  L.  JtftttUS  ABTJLENUS, 
was  a  friend  and  pnpil  of  Paetus  Thrasea,  and 
an  ardent  admirer  of  the  Stoic  philosophy. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Domitian,  because  he 
had  written  a  panegyric  upon  Thrasea. 

Rt/TENI  (-oram),  a  people  in  Gallia  Aqui- 
tanica,  on  the  frontiers  of  Gallia  Narbonen- 
sis,  in  the  modern  Rotergne. 

Rf  TILIUS  LtJPUS.    CLrrcs.] 

R&TILIUS  RtTFUS  (-i),  P.,  a  Roman  states, 
man  and  orator.  He  was  military  tribune 
under  Scipio  in  the  Numantine  war,  praetor 
«.o.  Ill,  consul  in  105,  and  legatus  in  05  under 
Q.MuciusScaevola,  proconsul  of  Asia.  While 
acting  in  this  capacity  he  displayed  so  much 
honesty  and  firmness  in  repressing  the  extor- 
tions of  the  publicani,  that  he  became  an  ob- 
ject of  fear  and  hatred  to  the  whole  body. 
Accordingly,  on  his  return  to  Rome,  he  was 
impeached  of  malversation  (de  repetundis), 
found  guilty,  and  compelled  to  withdraw  into 
banishment,  92. 

RTJTtFBA  (-ae :  JRoya),  a  river  on  the  coast 
of  Liguria,  which  flows  into  the  sea  near  Al- 
bum Intemelium. 

RtiT  0X1  (-orum),  an  ancient  people  in  Italy, 
inhabiting  a  narrow  slip  of  country  on  the 
coast  of  tatium,  a  little  to  the  S.  of  the  Tiber. 
Their  chief  town  was  Ardea,  which  was  the 
residence  of  Turnus.  They  were  subdued  at 
an  early  period  by  the  Romans,  and  disap- 
pear from  history. 

RtJTtfPAE  or  RtTTtJTlAE  (Richborough), 
a  port  of  the  Cantii,  in  the  S.E.  of  Britain, 
where  there  are  still  several  Roman  remains. 


S. 


SlBA  (-ae).  (1)  (O.  T.  Sheba),  the  capital 
of  the  SABAEI,  in  Arabia  Felix,  lay  on  a  high 
woody  mountain,  and  was  pointed  ont  by  an 
Arabian  tradition  as  the  residence  of  the 
"  Queen  of  Sheba," — (2)  There  was  another 
city  of  the  same  name  in  the  interior  of  Ara- 
bia Felix,  where  a  place  Sdbea  is  still  found, 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  El -Yemen.— (3)  A  sea- 
port town  of  Aethiopia,  on  the  Red  Sea,  &  of 
Ptolemais  Theron. 

SABlCON,  a  king  of  Ethiopia,  who  invad- 
ed Egypt  in  the  reign  of  the  blind  king  Anysis, 
whom  he  dethroned  and  drove  into  the  marsh- 
es. The  Ethiopian  conqueror  then  reigned 
over  Egypt  for  50  years,  bnt  at  length  quitted 
the  country  in  consequence  of  a  dream,  where- 
upon Anysis  regained  his  kingdom.  This  is 
the  account  which  Herodotus  received  from 
the  priests  (ii.  137-140) ;  bnt  it  appears  from 
Manetho  that  there  were  3  Ethiopian  kings 
who  reigned  over  Egypt,  named  Sabacon,  Se- 
bicfats,  and  Taracus,  whose  collective  reigns 
amount  to  40  or  50  years,  and  who  form  the 


25th  dynasty  of  that  writer.  The  account  of 
Manetho  is  to  be  preferred  to  that  of  Herod- 
otus. 

SABAEI  or  SABAE  (-orum  or  arum ;  O.T. 

Shebai'fm),  one  of  the  chief  peoples  of  Arabia, 
dwelt  in  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  peninsula,  in 
the  most  beautiful  part  of  Arabia  Felix,  the 
N.  and  centre  of  the  province  of  El -Yemen. 
So  at  least  Ptolemy  places  them ;  but  the  fact 
seems  to  be  that  they  are  the  chief  represent- 
atives of  a  race  which,  at  an  early  period, 
was  widely  spread  on  both  sides  of  the  S. 
part  of  the  "Red  Sea,  where  Arabia  and  Aethio- 
pia all  bat  joined  at  the  narrow  strait  of  Bab- 
el-Mandeb;  and  hence,  probably,  the  confusion 
often  made  between  the  Steba  and  Seba  of 
Scripture,  or  between  the  Shebaiim  of  Arabia 
and  the  Sebafini  of  Aethiopia.  Their  country 
produced  all  the  most  precious  spices  and 
perfumes  of  Arabia. 

SAB&TE,  a  town  of  Etruria,  on  the  road 
from  Cosa  to  Rome,  and  on  the  N.W.  corner 


JSABATINI. 


340 


SABINUS. 


of  a  lake,  which  was  named  after  it  LAOUS 
SABATIKTDS  (Lago  di  Bracdano). 

SABS.TINI  (-oram),  a  people  in  Campania, 
who  derived  their  name  from  the  river  Saba- 
tus  (Sabbato),  a  tributary  of  the  Calor,  which 
flows  into  the  Vulturnus. 

SABAZIUS  (-i),  a  Phrygian  divinity,  com- 
monly described  as  a  son  of  Khea  or  Cybele. 
In  later  times  he  was  identified  with  the  mys- 
tic Dionysus  (Bacchns),  who  hence  is  some- 
times called  Dionysus  Sabazius.  For  the  same 
reason  Sabazius  is  called  a  son  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) by  Persephone,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
reared  by  a  nymph,  Nysa ;  though  others,  by 
philosophical  speculations,  were  led  to  con- 
sider him  a  son  of  Cabirus,  Dionysus,  or 
Cronos.  He  was  torn  by  the  Titans  into  T 
pieces. 

SABELLI.    [SABINI.] 

SIBINA  <-ae),  the  wife  of  the  emperor 
Hadrian,  was  the  grand-niece  of  Trajan,  being 
the  daughter  of  Matidia,  who  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Marciana,  the  sister  of  Trajan.  Sabma 
was  married  to  Hadrian  about  A.D.  100,  but 

bina  at  length  put  an  end  to  her  life,  probably 
in  138,  and  there  was  a  report  that  she  had 
even  been^poisoned  by  her  husband. 


SXBINA,  POPPAEA  (-ae),  a  woman  of  sur- 
passing beauty,  but  licentious  morals, was  the 
daughter  of  T.  Ollius,  but  assumed  the  name 
of  her  maternal  grandfather,  Poppaeus  Sabi- 
nus,who  had  been  consul  A.D.  9.  She  was  first 
married  to  Rufius  Crispinus,  and  afterwards 
to  Otho,  who  was  one  of  the  boon  companions 
of  Nero.  The  latter  soon  became  enamored 
of  her ;  and  in  order  to  get  Otho  out  of  the 
way,  Nero  sent  him,  to  govern  the  province 
of  Lusitania  (58).  Poppaea  now  became  the 
acknowledged  mistress  of  Nero,  over  whom 
she  exercised  absolute  sway.  Anxious  to  be- 
come the  wife  of  the  emperor,  she  persuaded 
Nero  first  to  murder  his  mother  Agrippina 
(59),  who  was  opposed  to  such  a  disgraceful 
union,  and  nest  to  divorce  and  shortly  after- 
wards put  to  death  his  innocent  and  virtuous 
wife  Octavia  (6'2).  She  then  became  the  wife 
of  Nero.  In  65,  Poppaea,  being  pregnant,  was 
killed  by  a  kick  from  her  brutal  husband. 


SABINI  (-orum),  one  of  the  most  ancient 
id  powerful  of  the  peoples  of  Central  Italy. 
[*he  ancients  usually  derived  their  name  from 
Sabinus,  a  son  of  the  native  god  Sancus.  The 
different  tribes  of  the  Sabine  race  were  wide- 
y  spread  over  the  whole  of  Central  Italy,  and 
were  connected  with  the  Opicans,  Umbrians, 
and  those  other  peoples  whose  languages  were 
akin  to  the  Greek.  The  earliest  traces  of  the 
Sabines  are  found  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Amiternum,  at  the  foot  of  the  main  chain  of 
the  Apennines,  whence  they  spread  as  far  S. 
is  the  confines  of  Lucania  and  Apulia.    The 
Sabines  may  be  divided  into  3  great  classes, 
called  by  the  names  of  Sabini,  Sabelli,  and 
iamnites  respectively.     The  SABINI  proper 
inhabited  the  country  between  the  Nar,  the 
Anio,  and  the  Tiber,  between  Latium,  Etruria, 
Umbria,  and  Picenum.  The  SABKLT.I  were  the 
smaller  tribes  who  issued  from  the  Sabines. 
To  these  belong  the  Vestini,  Marsi,  Marruciui, 
Peligni,  Frentani,  and  Hirpini.  The  Picentes, 
the  Picentini,  and  the  Lucani  were  also  of 
Sabine  origin.    The  SAMNITES,  who  were  by 
far  the  most  powerful  of  all  the  Sabine  peo- 
ples, are  treated  of  in  a  separate  article. 
[SAMNITTM.]     There  were  certain  national 
characteristics  which  distinguished  the  whole 
Sabine  race.     They  were  a  people  of  simple 
and  virtuous  habits,  faithful  to  their  word, 
and  imbued  with  deep  religious  feeling. 
Hence  we  find  frequent  mention  of  omens 
and  prodigies  in  their  country.    They  were  a 
migratory  race,  and  adopted  a  peculiar  sys  • 
tern  of  emigration.    With  the  exception  of 
the  Sabines  in  Lucania  and  Campania,  they 
never  attained  any  high  degree  of  civilization 
or  mental  culture ;  but  they  were  always  dis- 
tinguished by  their  love  of  freedom,  which 
they  maintained  with  the  greatest  bravery. 
The  Sabines  formed  one  of  the  elements  of 
which  the  Eoman  people  was  composed.    In 
the  time  of  Romulus,  a  portion  of  the  Sabines, 
after  the  rape  of  their  wives  and  daughters, 
became  incorporated  with  the  Romans,  and 
the  2  peoples  were  united  into  one  under  the 
general  name  of  Quirites.   The  remainder  of 
the  Sabini  proper,  who  were  less  warlike  than 
the  Samnites  and  Sabellians,were  finally  sub- 
dued by  M.  Curius  Dentatus,  B.C.  290,  and  re- 
ceived the  Roman  franchise,  sine  suffragio. 

SABINUS  <-i).  (1)  A  contemporary  poet 
and  a  friend  of  Ovid,  who  informs  us  that 
Sabinus  had  written  answers  to  six  of  his 
JBpistolae  Heroidum.~(2)  FLAVIUS,  brother  of 
the  emperor  Vespasian,  governed  Moesia  for 
7  years  during  the  reign  of  Claudius,  and  held 
the  important  office  of  praefectus  urbis  dur- 
ing the  last  11  years  of  Nero's  reign.  He  was 
removed  from  this  office  by  Galna,  but  was 
replaced  in  it  on  the  accession  9f  Otho,  who 
was  anxious  to  conciliate  Vespasian.  He  con- 
tinued to  retain  the  dignity  under  Vitellius. 
During  the  struggle  for  the  empire  between 
Vespasian  and  Vitellius,  Sabinus  took  refuge 
in  the  Capitol,  where  he  was  attacked  by  the 
Vitellian  troops.  In  the  assault  the  Capitol 
was  burned  to  the  ground,  Sabinus  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  put  to  death  by  the  soldiers  in 
the  presence  of  Vitellius,  who  endeavored  in 
vain  to  save  his  life.  Sabinus  was  a  man  of 
distinguished  reputation,  and  of  unspotted 


SABIS. 


341 


SALAMIS. 


character.—  (3)  MASSUKITJS,  was  a  distinguish- 
ed jurist  iu  the  time  of  Tiberius.  This  is  the 
Sabinus  from  whom  the  school  of  the  Sabiiii- 
ani  took  its  name.  [CAPLTO.]—  (4)  POPPAEUS, 
consul  A.T).  9,  was  appointed  in  the  life-time 
of  Augustus  governor  of  Moesia,  and  was  not 
only  continued  in  this  government  by  Tiberi- 
us, but  received  from  the  latter  the  provinces 
of  Achaia  and  Macedonia  in  addition.  He 
continued  to  hold  these  provinces  till  his 
death  in  35,  having  ruled  over  Moesia  for  24 
years.—  (5)  Q.  TITUHITTS,  one  of  Caesar's  leg- 
ates in  Ganl,  who  perished  along  with  L.  Au- 
ruuculeius  Cotta  in  the  attack  made  upon 
them  by  Ambiorix  in  B.C.  54. 

SABIS  (-is  :  Sanibre).  (1)  A  broad  and  deep 
river  in  Gallia  Belgica  and  in  the  territory  of 
the  Ambiani,  falling  into  the  river  Mosa.—  (2) 
A  small  river  on  the  coast  of  Carmania.—  (3) 

ISAPI8]. 

SABRATA.    [ABROTONUM.] 

SABR1NA  (-ae),  also  called  SABRIANA 
(Severn),  a  river  in  the  W.  of  Britain,  which 
flowed  by  Venta  Silurum  into  the  ocean. 

SACAE  (-arum),  one  of  the  most  numerous 
and  most  powerful  of  the  Scythian  nomad 
tribes,  had  their  abodes  E.  and  N.E.  of  the 
Massagetae,  as  far  as  Serica,  in  the  steppes  of 
Central  Asia,  which  are  now  peopled  by  the 
Kirghiz  Khasaks,  in  whose  name  that  of  their 
ancestors  is  traced  by  some  geographers. 
They  were  very  warlike,  and  excelled  espe- 
cially as  cavalry,  and  as  archers  both  on  horse 
and  foot.  The  name  of  the  Sacae  is  often 
used  loosely  for  other  Scythian  tribes,  and 
sometimes  for  the  Scythians  in  general. 

SACER  MONS.  (1)  An  isolated  hill  in  the 
country  of  the  Sabines,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Anio  and  W.  of  the  Via  Nonientana,  3 
miles  from  Rome,  to  which  the  plebeians  re- 
paired in  their  celebrated  secessions.—  (2)  A 
mountain  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis  near  the 
Minius. 

SACRA  VIA,  the  principal  street  in  Rome, 
ran  from  the  valley  between  the  Caelian  and 
Esquiline  hills,  through  the  arch  of  Titus,  and 
past  the  Forum  Romanum,  to  the  Capitol. 

SACRIPORTUS  (-us),  a  small  place  in  La- 
tium,  of  uncertain  site,  memorable  for  the 
victory  of  Sulla  over  the  younger  Marius, 

'SACRUM  PRSMONTDRITJM.  (i)  (c.  st. 

Vincent),  on  the  W.  coast  of  Spain.—  (2)  (<7. 
Corna),  the  N.E.  point  of  Corsica.—  (3)  (C.  Iria, 
also  M  akri,  Efta  Kam  or  Jedi  Burutn,  i.  e.  the 
1  points),  the  extreme  point  of  the  mountain 
Cragus,  in  Lycia,  between  Xanthns  and  Tel- 
missus.—  (4)  (C.  Khelidont),  another  promon- 
tory in  Lycia,  near  the  confines  of  Pamphylia, 
and  opposite  the  Chelidonian  islands,  whence 
it  is  also  called  PBOM.  CHELIDONIUM. 

SADYATTES  (-is),  a  king  of  Lydia,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Ardys,  and  reigned  B.C.  629 
-61T.  He  carried  on  war  with  the  Milesians 
for  6  years,  and  at  his  death  bequeathed  the 
war  to  his  son  and  successor,  Alyattes.  - 


SAEPINUM  or  SEPINIJM  (-is: 
municipium  in  Samuiuin,  on  the  road  from 
Allifae  to  Beneventnm. 


SAETAB1S  (-is).  (1)  (.42co//?),  a  river  oa 
he  S.  coast  of  Hispauia  TuiTaconeuste,W.  of 
he  Sucro.  —  (2;  Or  SETACIS  (Setabitanus; 
Tativa),  an  important  towu  of  the  Coiitestaui, 
n  Hispania  Tarracouensis,  and  a  Romau 
nunicipiurn,  was  situated  on  a  hill  S.  of  the 
Sucro,  and  was  celebrated  for  its  munnfacture 
f  linen. 

SAGALASSUS  (-i :  A  llahsun,  Ru.),  a  large 
brtitied  city  of  Pisidia,  near  the  Phrygian 
>order,  a  day's  journey  S.E.  of  Apameu  Cibo- 
tus.  It  lay,  as  its  large  ruins  still  show,  in 
he  form  or  an  amphitheatre  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  and  had  a  citadel  on  a  rock  80  feet  high. 

SAGARIS  (-is),  a  river  of  Sarmatia  Euro- 
paea,  falling  into  a  bay  in  the  N.W.  of  the 
Suxiue,  which  was  called  after  it  SAGACIOUS 
SINUS,  and  which  also  received  the  river  Axi- 
aces. 

SAGARTII  (-Orum),  according  to  Herodo- 
;us,  a  nomad  people  of  Persis.  Afterwards 
;hey  are  found,  on  the  authority  of  Ptolemy, 
in  Media  and  the  passes  of  Mount  Zagros. 

SAGRA  (-ae),  a  small  river  in  Magna  Grae- 
cia,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Bruttium,  falling  into 
the  sea  between  Caulonia  and  Locri. 

SAGUNTUM,  more  rarely  SAGUNTUS  (-i : 
Slurviedro),  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the 
Zacynthians,  a  town  of  the  Edetani  or  Sede- 
ttmi,  in  Spain,  S.  of  the  Iberus,  on  the  river 
Pulantuis,  about  3  miles  from  the  coast.  Al- 
though S.  of  the  Iberus,  it  had  formed  an  alli- 
ance with  the  Romans ;  and  its  siege  by  H:iu- 
nibal,  B.O.  219,  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the 
2d  Punic  war.  The  ruins  of  a  theatre  and  a 
temple  of  Bacchus  are  extant  at  Murviedro, 
which  is  a  corruption  of  MuH  veteres. 

SAIS  (-is:  Sa-el-Havar.  Rn.),  a  great  city 
of  Egypt,  in  the  Delta,  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
Canopic  branch  of  the  Nile.  It  was  the  an- 
cient capital  of  Lower  Egypt,  and  contained 
the  palace  and  burial-place  of  the  Pharaohs, 
as  well  as  the  tomb  of  Osiris.  The  city  gave 
its  name  to  the  Saltes  Nomos. 

SAITIS,  a  surname  of  Athena,  under  which 
she  had  a  sanctuary  on  Mount  Pontinus,  near 
Lerna,  in  Argolis.  The  name  was  traced  by 
the  Greeks  to  the  Egyptians,  amona:  whom 
Athena  was  said  to  have  been  called' Sals. 

SALA  (-ae :  Saale).  (1)  A  river  of  Germany, 
between  which  and  the  Rhine  Drusus  died. 
It  was  a  tributary  of  the  Albis.— (2)  (Saale), 
also  a  river  of  Germany,  and  a  tributary  of 
the  Moenus,  which  formed  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  Hermunduri  and  Chatti,  with  great 
salt  springs  in  its  neighborhood. 

SlLAClA  (-ae),  the  female  divinity  of  the 
sea  among  the  Romans,  and  the  wife  of  Nep- 
tune. The  name  is  evidently  connected  with 
sal  (5\c),  and  accordingly  denotes  the  wide, 
open  sea. 

SlLlMIS  (-Inis).  (1)  (JSToiun),  an  island 
off  the  W.  coast  of  Attica,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  forms  the 
S.  boundary  of  the  bay  of  Elensis.  Its  great- 
est length,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  about  10  miles, 
and  its  width,  in  its  broadest  part,  from  E.  to 
W.,  is  a  little  more.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
called  Salamis  from  a  daughter  of  Asopus,  of 
this  name.  It  was  colonized  at  an  earl* 


SALAPIA. 


342 


SALLUSTIUS. 


time  by  the  Aeacidae  of  Aegina.  Telamon, 
the  sou  of  Aeacus,  fled  thither  after  the  mur- 
der of  his  half-brother  Phocns,  and  became 
sovereign  of  the  island.  His  son  Ajax  ac- 
companied the  Greeks  with  12  Salaminian 
ships  to  the  Trojan  war.  Salamis  continued 
an  independent  state  till  about  the  beginning 
of  the  40th  Olympiad  (B.C.  620),  when  a  dis- 
pute arose  for  its  possession  between  the  Me- 
garians  and  the  Athenians.  After  a  long 
struggle  it  first  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Me- 
gariaus,  but  was  finally  taken  possession  of 
by  the  Athenians  through  a  stratagem  of  So- 
lon [SOLON],  and  became  one  of  the  Attic 
demi.  It  continued  to  belong  to  Athens  till 
the  time  of  Cassander,  when  its  inhabitants 
voluntarily  surrendered  it  to  the  Macedonians, 
318.  The  Athenians  recovered  the  island  in 
232  through  Aratus,  and  punished  the  Sala- 
minians  for  their  desertion  to  the  Macedo- 
nians with  great  severity.  The  old  city  of  Sal- 
amis  stood  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island,  oppo- 
site Aegina ;  bat  this  was  afterwards  deserted, 
and  a  new  city  of  the  same  name  built  on  the 
E.  coast  opposite  Attica,  on  a  small  bay  now 
called  Ambelakia.  At  the  extremity  of  the  S. 
promontory  forming  this  bay  was  the  small 
island  of  PSYTTALIA  (Lypsokutali),  which  is 
about  a  mile  longhand  from  200  to  300  yards 
wide.  Salamis  is  chiefly  memorable  on  ac- 
count of  the  great  battle  fought  off  its  coast, 
in  which  the  Persian  fleet  of  Xerxes  was  de- 
feated by  the  Greeks,  B.O.  480.— (2)  An  ancient 
city  of  Cyprus,  situated  in  the  middle  of  the 
E.  coast  a  little  N.  of  the  river  Pediaeus.  Un- 
der Constantine  it  suffered  from  an  earth- 
quake, which  buried  a  large  portion  of  the 
inhabitants  beneath  its  ruins.  It  was,  how- 
ever, rebuilt  by  Constantine,  who  gave  it  the 
name  of  Constantia,  and  made  it  the  capital 
of  the  island.  There  are  still  a  few  ruins  of 
this  town. 

aXT.Xpf  A  (-ae :  Salpty,  an  ancient  town  of 
Apulia,  in  the  district  Daunia,  was  situated 
S.  of  Sipoutum,  on  a  lake  named  after  it  It 
is  not  mentioned  till  the  2d  Punic  war,  when 
it  revolted  to  Hannibal  after  the  battle  of 
Cannae ;  but  it  subsequently  surrendered  to 
the  Romans,  and  delivered  to  the  latter  the 
Carthaginian  garrison  stationed  in  the  town. 

SILA"  PIN1  PlLUS  (Logo  di  Salpf),  a  lake 
of  Apulia,  between  the  mouths  of  the  Cerba- 
1ns  and  Anfidus. 

SALARIA  <-ae),  a  town  of  theBastetani,  in 
Hispania  Tarraconensis,  and  a  Roman  colony. 

S1LX.RIA  VIA,  a  Roman  road  which  ran 
from  the  Porta  Solaria  through  Fidenae, 
Reate,  and  Ascnlum  Picenum,  to  Castrnm 
•Trueutinum,  and  thence  along  the  coast  to 
Ancona. 

SALASSI  (-5rmn),  a  brave  and  warlike  peo- 
ple in  Gallia  Transpadana,  in  the  valley  of 
the  Duria,  at  the  foot  of  the  Graian  and  Pen- 
nine Alps,  whom  some  regarded  as  a  branch 
of  the  Salyes  or  Salluvii,  in  Gaul.  Their  chief 
town  was  Augusta  Praetoria  (Aosta). 

SSJLENTINI  or  SALLENTINI  (-orum),  a 
people  in  the  S.  part  of  Calabria,  who  dwelt 
around  the  promontory  lapygium,  which  is 
hence  called  SALBNTINUM  or  SALENTINA.  They 


were  subdued  by  the  Romans  at  the  conclu- 
sion of  their  war  with  Pyrrhus. 

SlLERNUM  <-i  :  Salerno),  an  ancient  town 
in  Campania,  at  the  innermost  corner  of  the 
Sinus  Paestanus,  situated  on  a  hill  near  the 
coast.  It  was  made  a  Roman  colony  B.O.  194  ; 
but  it  attained  its  greatest  prosperity  in  the 
middle  ages,  after  it  had  been  fortified  by  the 
Lombards. 

SALGANfiUS  or  SALGANEA  <-i  or  ae),  a 
small  town  of  Boeotia,  on  the  Enripus,  and 
on  the  road  from  Anthedon  to  Chalcis. 


(-arum),  salt-works,  the  name  of 
several  towns  which  possessed  salt-works  in 
their  vicinity.—  (1)  A  town  in  Britain,  on  the 
E.  coast,  in  the  S.  part  of  Lincolnshire.—  (2)  A 
town  of  the  Suetrii,  in  the  Maritime  Alps,  in 
Gallia  Narbonensis,  E.  of  Reii.  —  (3)  (Torre 
delle  SaU-ne),  a  place  on  the  coast  of  Apalia, 
near  Salapia.  —  (4)  A  place  in  Picenum,  on  the 
river  Sanims  (Salino).  —  (5)  (Torda),  a  place  in 
Dacia.  —  (6)  SAI.INAE  HSBOULEAE,  near  Herca- 
laneum,  in  Campania. 

SA"  LINITOR  (-oris),  LIVIUS.  <1)  M.,  con- 
sul B.O.  219,  with  L.  Aemilius  Paulus,  carried 
on  war  along  with  his  colleague  against  the 
Illyrians.  On  their  return  to  Rome  both 
consuls  were  brought  to  trial  on  the  charge 
of  having  unfairly  divided  the  booty  among 
the  soldiers.  Livius  was  condemned,but  the 
sentence  seems  to  have  been  an  unjust  one, 
and  Livius  took  his  disgrace  so  much  to 
heart  that  he  retired  to  Ms  estate.  In  210 
the  consuls  compelled  him  to  return  to  the 
city,  and  in  207  he  was  elected  consul  a  2d 
time  with  C.  Claudius  Nero.  He  shared  with 
Ms  colleague  in  the  glory  of  defeating  Has- 
drubal  on  the  Metaurus.  [NEBO,  CLA.UDIUS.] 
Next  year  (206)  Livius  was  stationed  fa  Etru- 
ria,  as  proconsul,  with  an  army,  and  his  im- 
perium  was  prolonged  for  2  successive  years. 
In  204  he  was  censor  with  his  former  colleague 
in  the  consulship,Claudius  Nero,  and  imposed 
a  tax  upon  salt,  in  consequence  of  which 
he  received  the  surname  of  Salinator,  which 
seems  to  have  been  given  him  in  derision,  but 
which  became,  notwithstanding,  hereditary 
in  his  family.—  (2)  C.,  curule  aedile,  203,  and 
praetor  in  202.  in  which  year  he  obtained  Brut- 
tii  as  his  province.—  (3)  C.,  praetor  in  191,  when 
he  had  the  command  of  the  fleet  in  the  war 
against  Antiochus.  He  was  consul  in  188,  and 
obtained  Ganl  as  his  province. 

SALLENTINI.    [SALENTINI.] 

SALLUSTIUS  CRISPUS,  C.,  or  SlLUS- 
TlUS  (-i).  (1)  The  Roman  historian,  belong- 
ed to  a  plebeian  family,  and  was  born  B.C.  86, 
at  Amiteranm,  in  the  country  of  the  Sabines. 
He  was  quaestor  about  59,  and  tribune  of  the 
plebs  in  52,  the  year  in  which  Clodius  was 
killed  by  Milo.  In  his  tribunate  he  joined 
the  popular  party,  and  took  an  active  part  ir 
opposing  Milo.  In  50  Sallnst  was  expelled 
from  the  senate  by  the  censors,  probably  be- 
cause he  belonged  to  Caesar's  party,  though 
some  give  as  the  ground  of  his  ejection  from 
the  senate  his  adultery  with  the  wife  of  Milo. 
In  the  civil  war  he  followed  Caesar's  fortune. 
In  47  we  find  him  praetor  elect,  by  obtaining 
which  dignity  he  was  restored  to  his  rank. 


SALMANTICA. 


343 


SAMARIA. 


He  nearly  lost  his  life  in  a  mutiny  of  some  of 
Caesar's  troops  in  Campania,  who  had  been 
led  thither  to  pass  over  into  Africa.  He  ac- 
companied Caesar  in  his  African  war  (46),  , 
and  was  left  by  Caesar  as  the  governor  of  I 
Numidia,  in  which  capacity  he  is  charged 
with  haying  oppressed  the  people,  and  en- 
riched himself  by  unjust  means.  The  charge 
is  somewhat  confirmed  by  the  fact  of  his  be- 
coming immensely  rich,  as  was  shown  by  the 
expensive  gardens  which  he  formed  (horti 
Sallitstianty  on  the  Quirinalis.  He  retired 
into  privacy  after  he  returned  from  Africa, 
and  passed  quietly  through  the  troublesome 
period  after  Caesar's  death.  He  died  in  34, 
about  4  years  before  the  battle  of  Actium. 
The  story  of  his  marrying  Cicero's  wife,  Te- 
rentia,  ought  to  be  rejected.  It  was  probably 
not  till  after  his  return  from  Africa  that  Sal- 
lust  wrote  his  historical  works,  namely,  the 
Catilina,  or  Bellum  Catilinarium,  a  history  of 
the  conspiracy  of  Catiline  during  the  consul- 
ship of  Cicero  in  63 ;  the  Jugurtka,  or  Bellum 
Jugurthinum^  the  history  of  the  war  of  the 
Romans  against  Jugurtha,  king  of  Numidia; 
and  the  Bistoriarum  Libri  Quinque.  This 
last  work  is  lost,  with  the  exception  of  frag- 
ments which  have  been  collected  and  ar- 
ranged. Besides  these,  there  are  attributed 
to  Sallust  Duae  Epistolae  6e  RepuUica  ordi- 
nanda,  and  a  Declamatio  in  Ciceronem.  Some 
of  the  Roman  writers  considered  that  Sallust 
imitated  the  style  of  Thucydides.  His  lan- 
guage is  generally  concise  and  perspicuous ; 
perhaps  his  love  of  brevity  may  have  caused 
the  ambiguity  that  is  sometimes  found  in  his 
sentences.  He  also  affected  archaic  wo?ds. 
He  has,  however,  probably  the  merit  of  being 
the  first  Roman  who  wrote  what  '>•  usually 
called  history.— (2)  The  grandsos  of  the  sister 
of  the  historian,  was  adopted  by  the  latter, 
and  inherited  his  great  wealth.  On  the  fall 
of  Maecenas  he  became  the  principal  adviser 
of  Augustus.  He  died  in  A.D.  20,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age.  One  of  Horace's  odes  (C&rm. 
ii.  2)  is  addressed  to  him. 

SALMANTICA  (-ae:  Salamanca},  called 
HELMANTICA  or  HERMANDICA  by  Livy, 
and  BLMANTICA  by  Polybius,  an  important 
town  of  the  Yettones  in  Lusitania,  S.  of  the 
Durius,  on  the  road  from  Emerita  to  Caesar- 
augusta. 

SALM5NA  or  SALMDNf  A  (-ae),  a  town 
of  Elis,  in  the  district  Pisatis,  on  the  river 
Enipeus,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Sal- 
moneus. 

SALMONEUS  (^5s  or  el),  son  of  Aeolus  and 
Enarete,  and  brother  of  Sisyphus.  He  origi- 
nally lived  in  Thessaly,  but  emigrated  to  Elis, 
where  he  built  the  town  of  Salmone.  His 
presumption  and  arrogance  were  so  great 
that  he  deemed  himself  equal  to  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter), and  ordered  sacrifices  to  be  offered  to 
himself;  nay,  he  even  imitated  the  thunder 
and  lightning  of  Zeus,  but  the  father  of  the 
gods  killed  mm  with  his  thunderbolt,  de- 
stroyed his  town,  and  punished  him  in  the 
lower  world.  His  daughter  Tyro  bears  the 
patronymic  Salmonis. 

SALMYDESSUS  (-i),  called  HALMYDES- 
SUS  also  in  later  times  (Midja  or  Midjeh),  a 


town  of  Thrace,  on  the  coast  of  the  Enxine,  S. 
of  the  promontory  Thynias.  The  name  was 
originally  applied  to  the  whole  coast  from 
this  promontory  to  the  entrance  of  the  Bos- 
porus ;  and  it  was  from  this  coast  that  the 
Black  Sea  obtained  the  name  of  Pontus  Asce- 
nos,  or  inhospitable. 

SALO  (-onis :  JTaton),  a  tributary  of  the  Ibe- 
rns,  in  Celtiberia,  which  flowed  "by  Bilbiiis, 
the  birthplace  of  Martial,  who  accordingly 
frequently  mentions  it  in  his  poems. 

SlLONA  (-ae),  SAL5NAE  (-arum),  or  SA- 
LON (-Onis :  Salona),  an  important  town  of 
Illyria,  and  the  capital  of  Dalrnatia,  was  sit- 
uated on  a  small  bay  of  the  sea.  The  em- 
peror Diocletian  was  born  at  the  small  village 
of  Dioclea,  near  Salona ;  and  after  his  abdi- 
cation he  retired  to  the  neighborhood  of  this 
town,  and  here  spent  the  rest  of  his  days. 
The  remains  of  his  magnificent  palace  are 
still  to  be  seen  at  the  village  of  Sjxdatro,  the 
ancient  SPOLATUM,  3  miles  S.  of  Salona. 

SALVIUS  OTHO.    [Orao.] 

SlLTJS  (-utis),  a  Roman  goddess,  the  per- 
sonification of  health,  prosperity,  and  tbepnb- 
lie  welfare.  In  the  first  of  these  three  senses 
she  answers  closely  to  the  Greek  Hygiea, 
and  was  accordingly  represented  in  works  of 
art  with  the  same  attributes  as  the  Greek 
goddess.  In  the  second  sense  she  represents 
prosperity  in  general.  In  the  third  sense 
she  is  the  goddess  of  the  public  welfare 
(Salus  publica  or  Romana).  In  this  capacity 
a  temple  was  vowed  to  her  iu  the  year  B.C. 
307  by  the  censor  C.  Junius  Bubulcus,  on  the 
Quirinal  hill,  which  was  afterwards  decorated 
with  paintings  by  C.  Fabius  Pictor.  She  was 
worshiped  publicly  on  the  30th  of  April,  in 
conjunction  with  Pax,  Coucordia,  and  Jauus. 
Salus  was  represented,  like  Fortuna,  with  a 
rudder,  a  globe  at  her  feet,  and  sometimes  in 
a  sitting  posture,  pouring  from  a  patera  a 
libation  upon  an  altar,  round  which  a  ser- 
pent is  winding. 

SALUSTiTJS.    [SALLTJSTITTS.] 

SILOES  (-um)  or  SALLTJVlI  (-drum),  the 
most  powerful  and  most  celebrated  of  all  the 
Liguriau  tribes,  inhabited  the  S.  coast  of  Gaul 
from  the  Rhone  to  the  Maritime  Alps.  They 
were  troublesome  neighbors  toMasbilia,with 
which  city  they  frequently  carried  on  war. 
They  were  subdued  by  the  Romans  in  B.C. 
123,  after  a  long  and  obstinate  straggle,  and 
the  colony  of  Aquae  Sextiae  was  founded  in 
their  territory  by  the  consul  Sextius. 

SAMlRA.    [SAMABOBEIVA.] 

SlMlRlA.  (-ae:  Heb.  Shomron,  Chaldee, 
Shamraln ;  Samarites,  pi.  Samarltae),  aft.  SE- 
BASTE  (Sebustteh,  Ru.),  one  of  the  chief  cities 
of  Palestine, was  built  by  Omri,  king  of  Israel 
(about  B.c.922),  on  a  hill  in  the  midst  of  a 
plain  surrounded  by  mountains,  just  in  the 
centre  of  Palestine  W.  of  the  Jordan.  Its 
name  was  derived  from  Shemer,  the  owner 
of  the  hill  which  Omri  purchased  for  its  site. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel, 
and  the  chief  seat  of  the  idolatrous  worship 
to  which  the  ten  tribes  were  addicted,  until 
it  was  taken  by  Shalmaneser,  king  of  Assyria 
(about  B.C.  720),\T 


SAMAROBRIVA. 


344 


SAMOS. 


ants  of  the  city  and  of  the  surrounding  coun- 
try, which  is  also  known  in  history  as  Sama- 
ria [see  below],  and  replaced  them  by  hea- 
then peoples  from  the  E.  provinces  of  his  em- 
pire, when  the  Jews  returned  from  the 
Babylonish  captivity,  those  of  the  Samaritans 
who  worshiped  Jehovah  offered  to  assist 
them  in  rebuilding  the  Temple  at  Jerusalem ; 
but  their  aid  was  refused,  and  hence  arose 
the  lasting  hatred  between  the  Jews  and  the 
Samaritans.  Under  the  Syrian  kings  and 
the  Maccabaean  princes,  we  find  the  name  of 
SAMATJIA  used  distinctly  as  that  of  a  province, 
which  consisted  of  the  district  between  Gali- 
lee on  the  N.  and  Judaea  on  the  S.  Porapey 
assigned  the  district  to  the  province  of  Syria, 
and  Gabinius  fortified  the  city  anew.  Au- 
gustus gave  the  district  to  Herod,  who  great- 
ly renovated  the  city  of  Samaria,  which  he 
called  Sebaste  in  honor  of  his  patron.  By 
the  4th  century  of  our  era  it  had  become  a 
place  of  no  importance.  Its  beautiful  site  is 
now  occupied  by  a  poor  village,  which  bears 
the  Greek  name  of  the  city,  slightly  altered, 
viz.,  Sebuntieh.  As  a  district  of  Palestine, 
Samaria  extended  from  Ginaea  (Jeniri)  on  the 
N.  to  Bethhoron,  N. W.  of  Gibeou,  on  the  S. ; 
or,  along  the  coast,  from  a  little  S.  of  Caesarea 
on  the  N.  to  a  little  N.  of  Joppa  on  the  S.  It 
was  intersected  by  the  mountains  of  Ephra- 
im,  running  N.  and  S.  through  its  middle, 
and  by  their  lateral  branches,  which  divide 
their  country  into  beautiful  and  fertile  valleys. 
[PALAESTINA.] 

SAMAROBRIVA  (-ae),  afterwards  AM- 
BL5.NI  (Amiens'),  the  chief  town  of  the  Am- 
biani  in  Gallia  Belgica,  on  the  river  Samara ; 
whence  its  name,  which  signifies  Samara- 
Bridge. 

SAME  (-es)  or  SlMOS  (-i),  the  ancient 
name  of  Cephallenia.  [CEPHALLENIA.]  It 
was  also  the  name  of  one  of  the  4  towns  of 
Cephallenia.  The  town  Same  or  Samos  was 
situated  on  the  E.  coast,  opposite  Ithaca,  and 
was  taken  and  destroyed  by  the  Romans, 
B.  0.189. 

SAMNIUM  (-i)  (Samnites,  -um,  more  rare- 
ly Samnltae,  pi.),  a  country  in  the  centre  of 
Italy,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Marsi,  Pelig- 
ni,  and  Marrucini,  on  the  W.  by  Latium  and 
Campania,  on  the  S.  by  Lncania,  and  on  the 
E.  by  the  Frentani  and  Apulia.  The  Samnites 
were  an  offshoot  of  the  Sabines,  who  emigrat- 
ed from  their  country  between  the  Nar,  the 
Tiber,  and  the  Anio,  before  the  foundation 
of  Rome,  and  settled  in  the  country  after- 
wards called  Samnium.  [SABINI.]  This  coun- 
try was  at  the  time  of  their  migration  inhab- 
ited by  Opicans,whom  the  Samnites  conquer- 
ed, and  whose  language  they  adopted ;  for  we 
find  at  a  later  time  that  the  Samnites  spoke 
Opican  or  Oscan.  Samnium  is  a  country 
marked  by  striking  physical  features.  The 
greater  part  of  it  is  occupied  by  a  huge  mass 
of  mountains,  called  at  the  present  day  the 
Matese,  which  stands  out  from  the  central 
line  of  the  Apennines.  The  Samnites  were 
distinguished  for  their  bravery  and  love  of 
freedom.  Issuing  from  their  mountain  fast- 
nesses, they  overran  a  great  part  of  Campania ; 
and  it  was  in  consequence  of  Capua  applying 


to  the  Romans  for  assistance  against  the 
Samnites  that  war  broke  out  between  the  2 
peoples  in  i*.c.  343.  The  Romans  found  the 
Samnites  the  most  warlike  and  formidable 
enemies  whom  they  had  yet  encountered  in 
Italy ;  and  the  war,  which  commenced  in  343 
was  continued  with  few  interruptions  for  the 
space  of  53  years.  The  civil  war  between 
Marius  and  Sulla  gave  them  hopes  of  recov- 
ering their  independence ;  but  they  were  de- 
feated by  Sulla  before  the  gates  of  Rome  (82), 
the  greater  part  of  their  troops  fell  in  battle, 
and  the  remainder  were  put  to  death.  Their 
towns  were  laid  waste,  the  inhabitants  sold 
as  slaves,  and  their  place  supplied  by  Roman 
colonists. 

SAMOS  or  SlMUS  (-i:  Greek  Samo,  Turk- 
ish Susam  Adassty,  one  of  the  principal  islands 
of  the  Aegaean  sea,  lying  in  that  portion  of 
it  called  the  Icarian  sea,  off  the  coast  of  Ionia, 
from  which  it  is  separated  only  by  a  narrow 
strait  formed  by  the  overlapping  of  its  E. 
promontory  Posidium  (C.  Colonna)  with  the 
W.-most  spur  of  Mount  Mycale,  Pr.  Trogilium 
(C.  S.  Maria).  This  strait,  which  is  little  more 
than  three  fourths  of  a  mile  wide,  was  the  scene 
of  the  battle  of  MYCALE.  The  islan  d  is  formed 
by  a  range  of  mountains  extending  from  E. 
to  W.,  whence  it  derived  its  name ;  for  Sn/ioc 
was  an  old  Greek  word  signifying  a  mount- 
ain. The  circumference  of  the  island  is 
about  80  miles.  According  to  the  earliest 
traditions,  it  was  a  chief  seat  of  the  Carians 
and  Leleges,  and  the  residence  of  their  first 
king,  Ancaeus ;  and  was  afterwards  colonized 
by  Aeolians  from  Lesbos,  and  by  lonians 
from  Epidaurus.  The  Samians  early  ac- 
quired such  power  at  sea  that,  besides  ob- 
taining possession  of  parts  of  the  opposite 
coast  of  Asia,  they  founded  many  colonies. 
After  a  transition  from  the  state  of  an  heroic 
monarchy,  through  an  aristocracy,  to  a  de- 
mocracy, the  island  became  subject  to  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  so-called  tyrants, 
POLYORATES  (u.o.  532),  under  whom  its  power 
and  splendor  reached  their  highest  pitch,  and 
Samos  would  probably  have  become  the  mis- 
tress of  the  Aegaean  but  for  the  murder  of 
Polycrates.  At  this  period  the  Samians  had 
extensive  commercial  relations  with  Egypt, 
and  they  obtained  from  Amasis  the  privilege 
of  a  separate  temple  at  Naucratis.  The 
Samians  now  became  subject  to  the  Persian 
empire,  under  which  they  were  governed  by 
tyrants,  with  a  brief  interval  at  the  time  of 
the  Ionic  revolt,  until  the  battle  of  Mycale, 
which  made  them  independent,  B.  o.  479.  They 
now  joined  the  Athenian  confederacy,  of 
which  they  continued  independent  members 
until  B.O.  440,  when  an  opportunity  arose  for 
reducing  them  to  entire  subjection  and  de- 
priving them  of  their  fleet,  which  was  effect- 
ed by  Pericles  after  an  obstinate  resistance 
of  9  months'  duration.  In  the  Peloponnesian 
war,  Samos  held  firm  to  Athens.  Transferred 
to  Sparta  after  the  battle  of  Aegospotami,  405, 
it  was  soon  restored  to  Athens  by  that  of 
Cnidus,394 ;  but  it  went  over  to  Sparta  again 
in  390.  Soon  after  it  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Persians,  being  conquered  by  the  satrap 
Tigranes ;  but  it  was  recovered  by  Timotheus 
for  Athens.  In  the  Social  war,  the  Athenian? 


SAMOSATA. 


345 


SAPPHO. 


successfully  defended  it  against  the  attacks 
of  the  confederated  Chians,  Rhodians,  and 
Byzantines,  and  placed  in  it  a  body  of  2000 
cleruchi,  B.C.  352.  After  Alexander's  death  it 
was  taken  from  the  Athenians  by  Perdiccas, 
323 ;  but  it  was  restored  to  them  by  Polvsper- 
chon,319.  In  the  Macedonian  war  Samoa 
was  taken  by  the  Rhodians,  then  by  Philip, 
and  lastly  by  the  Rhodiaus  again,  B.C.  200. 
It  took  part  with  Mithridates  in  his  first  war 
against  Rome,  on  the  conclusion  of  which  it 
wns  finally  united  to  the  province  of  Asia, 
B.C.  84.  Meanwhile  it  had  greatly  declined, 
and  during  the  war  it  had  been  wasted  by 
the  incursions  of  pirates.  Its  prosperity  was 
partially  restored  under  the  propraetorship 
of  Q.  Cicero,  B.C.  62,  but  still  more  by  the 
residence  in  it  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  32, 
and  afterwards  of  Octavianus,  who  made  Sa- 
moa a  free  state.  It  sank  into  insignificance 
as  early  as  the  2d  century.  Samos  may  be 
regarded  as  almost  the  chief  centre  of  Ionian 
manners,  energies,  luxury,  science,  and  art. 
In  very  early  times  there  was  a  native  school 
of  statuary,  and  Samian  architects  became 
famous  beyond  their  own  island.  In  painting, 
the  island  produced  Calliphon,  Theodorus, 
Agatharchus,  and  Timanthes.  Its  pottery 
was  celebrated  throughout  the  ancient  world. 
In  literature,  Samos  was  made  illustrious  by 
the  poets  Asius,  Choerilus,  and  Aeschrion ; 
by  the  philosophers  Pythagoras  and  Melissus; 
and  by  the  historians  Pagaeus  and  Duris.— 
The  capital  city,  also  called  SAMOS,  stood  on 
the  S.E.  side  of  the  island,  opposite  Pr.  Tro- 
gilium,  partly  on  the  shore,  and  partly  rising 
on  the  hills  behind  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre. It  had  a  magnificent  harbor,  and 
numerous  splendid  buildings,  among  which, 
besides  the  Heraeum  and  other  temples,  the 
chief  were  the  senate-house,  the  theatre,  and 
a  gymnasium  dedicated  to  Bros.  In  the  time 
of  Herodotus,  Samos  was  reckoned  one  of  the 
finest  cities  of  the  world.  Its  ruins  are  so 
considerable  as  to  allow  its  plan  to  be  traced  : 
there  are  remains  of  its  walls  and  towers, 
and  of  the  theatre  and  aqueduct 

SiMOSiTA  (Someisat),  the  capital  of  the 
province,  and  afterwards  kingdom,  of  Com- 
magene,  in  the  N.  of  Syria,  stood  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  N.W.  of  Edessa.  It 
is  celebrated  in  literary  history  as  the  birth- 
place of  Lucian,  and  in  Church  history  as 
that  of  the  heretic  Paul,  bishop  of  Antioch, 
in  the  3d  century.  Nothing  remains  of  it 
but  a  heap  of  ruins. 

SlMOTER&CE  (-es)  and  SlMOTHRlClA 
<-ae :  Samothraki),  a  small  island  in  the  N. 
of  the  Aegaean  sea,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  Hebrns  in  Thrace,  from  which  it  was  38 
miles  distant.  It  is  about  32  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  contains  in  its  centre  a  lofty 
mountain,  called  SAOOE,  from  which  Homei 
says  that  Troy  could  be  seen.  Samothrace 
was  the  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  the  Ca 
biri  [CABIHI],  and  was  celebrated  for  its  re- 
ligious mysteries,  which  were  some  of  th< 
most  famous  in  the  ancient  world.  The  po- 
litical history  of  Samothrace  is  of  little  impor 
tance. 
SAMPSICERAMUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  petty 


irince  of  Emesa  in  Syria ;  a  nickname  given 
)y  Cicero  to  Cn.  Pompeius. 

SANCHUNIATHON  (-onis),  said  to  have 
)een  an  ancient  Phoenician  writer,  whose 
vorks  were  translated  into  Greek  by  Philo 
Byblins,  who  lived  in  the  latter  half  of  the  1st 
entury  of  the  Christian  era.  A  considerable 
ragment  of  the  translation  of  Philo  is  pre- 
erved  by  Eusebins  in  the  first  book  of  his 
Pracparatio  Evangelica;  but  it  is  now  tren- 
erally  agreed  amon?  modern  scholars  that 
he  work  was  a  forgery  of  Philo. 

SANCUS,  S ANGUS,  or  SEMO  SANCUS  (-i), 
i  Roman  divinity,  said  to  have  been  ori^inal- 
y  a  Sabine  £od,  and  identical  with  Hercules 
and  Dins  Fidius.  The  name,  which  is  etymo- 
ogically  the  same  as  San.ctus,  and  connected 
with  Sancire,  seems  to  justify  this  belief,  and 
characterizes  Sancus  as  a  divinity  presiding 
over  oaths.  Sancus  had  a  temple  at  Rome, 
on  the  Qnirinal,  opposite  that  of  Quirmns, 
and  close  by  the  gate  which  derived  from  him 
;he  name  of  Sanqualis  pvrta. 

SANDROCOTTUS  (-i),  an  Indictn  king  in 
the  time  of  Seleucus  Nicator,  ruled  over  the 
powerful  nation  of  the  Gangaridae  and  Prasii 
on  the  banks  of  the  Ganges. 

SANGIRIUS  (-i),  SANGlRIS,  or  Si- 
G5.RIS  (Sakariyeh),  the  largest  river  of  Asia 
Minor  after  the  Halys,  had  its  source  in  a 
mountain  called  Adoreus.  near  the  little  town 
of  Sangia,  on  the  borders  of  Galatia  and 
Phrygia,  whence  it  flowed  first  N.  through 
Galatia,  then  W.  and  ISi.W.  throush  the  N/E. 
of  Phryffia,  and  then  X.  through  Bsthyn- 
i  whichlt  originally  formed  the  eastern 
boundary.  It  fell  at  last  into  the  Eaxine, 
abont  half-way  between  the  Bosporus  and 
Heraclea. 

SANGlA.    [SANGABrcs.] 

SANNIO  (-onis),  a  name  of  the  buffoon  in 
the  mimes,  derived  from  scwina,  whence  comes 
the  Italian  Zanni  (hence  our  Za.ni/). 

SANNYRION  (-onis),  an  Athenian  comic 
poet,  flourished  B.C.  407  and  onwards.  His 
excessive  leanness  was  ridiculed  by  Strattis 
and  Aristophanes. 

SANTONES  (-urn)  or  SANTONI  (-ornm), 
a  powerful  people  in  Gallia  Aquitanica,  dwelt 
on  the  coast  of  the  ocean,  N.  of  the  Garnmna. 
Under  the  Romans  they  were  a  free  people. 
Their  chief  town  was  Mediolanum,  afterwards 
Santones  (Saintes). 

SiPAEI  (-orura),  a  people  in  Thrace,  dwelt 
on  Mount  Pangaeus,  oetween  the  lake  Bis- 
tonis  and  the  coast. 

SlPIS  (-is:  Sauio),  a  small  river  in  Gallia 
Cisalpina,  rising  in  the  Apennines,  and  flow- 
ing into  the  Adriatic  S.  of  Ravenna,  between 
the  Po  and  the  Aternus. 

SlPOR.      [SASSANIBAE.] 

SAPPH<5  (-us),  one  of  the  two  great  leaders 
of  the  Aeolian  school  of  lyric  poetry  (Alcaeos 
being  the  other),  w;is  a  native  of  My  tilene,  or, 
as  some  said,  of  Eresos  in  Lesbos.  Sappho 
was  contemporary  with  Alcaeus,  Stesichorus>, 
and  Pittacus.  That  she  was  not  only  con- 
temporary, but  lived  in.  friendly  intercourse 
with  Alcaeus,  is  shown  by  existing  fragments 


SARANCAE. 


346 


SARDINIA. 


of  the  poetry  of  both.  Of  the  events  of  her 
life  we  have  no  other  information  than  an 
obscure  allusion  in  the  Parian  Marble,  and  in 
Ovid  (Her.  xv.  51),  to  her  flight  from  Mytilene 
to  Sicily,  to  escape  some  unknown  danger, 
between  604  and  592 ;  and  the  common  story 
that,  being  in  love  with  Phaon,  and  finding 
her  love  unrequited,  she  leaped  down  from 
the  Leucadiau  rock.  This  story,  however, 
seems  to  have  been  an  invention  of  later 
times.  At  Mytileue,  Sappho  appears  to  have 
been  the  centre  of  a  female  literary  society, 
most  of  the  members  of  which  were  her  pupils 
in  poetry,  fashion,  and  gallantry.  The  ancient 
writers  agree  in  expressing  the  most  unbound- 
ed admiration  for  her  poetry.  Her  lyric 
poems  formed  9  books,  but  of  these  only 
fragments  have  come  down  to  us.  The  most 
important  is  a  splendid  ode  to  Aphrodite 
(Venus),  of  which  we  perhaps  possess  the 
whole. 


Alcaeos  and  Sappho. 

SARANCAE,  SARANGAE  or  -BS  (-arum), 
a  people  of  Sogdiana. 

SARDINXPS.LTJS  (-i),  the  last  king  of  the 
Assyrian  empire  of  Ninus  or  Nineveh,  noted 
for  his  luxury,  licentiousness,  and  effeminacy. 
He  passed  his  time  in  his  palace  unseen  by 
any  of  his  subjects,  dressed  in  female  apparel, 
and  surrounded  by  concubines.  At  length 
Arbaces,  satrap  of  Media,  and  Belesys,  the 
noblest  of  the  Chaldaean  priests,  resolved  to 
renounce  allegiance  to  such  a  worthless  mon- 
arch, and  advanced  at  the  head  of  a  formida- 
ble army  against  Nineveh.  But  all  of  a  sud- 
den the  effeminate  prince  threw  offhis  luxuri- 
ous habits,  and  appeared  an  nndaunted  war- 
rior. Placing  himself  at  the  head  of  his  troops, 
he  twice  defeated  the  rebels,  but  was  at  length 
worsted  and  obliged  to  shut  himself  up  in 
Nineveh.  Here  he  sustained  a  siege  for  two 
years,  till  at  length,  finding  it  impossible  to 
hold  out  any  longer,  he  collected  all  his  treas- 
ures, wives,  and  concubines,  and  placing  them 
on  an  immense  pile  which  he  had  constructed, 
eet  it  on  fire,  and  thus  destroyed  both  him- 


self and  them,  B.O.  876.  This  is  the  account 
of  Ctesias,  which  has  been  preserved  by  Dio- 
dorus  Siculus,  and  which  has  been  followed 
by  most  subsequent  writers  and  chronologists. 
Modern  writers  however  have  shown  that  the 
whole  narrative  of  Ctesias  is  mythical,  and 
it  is  in  direct  contradiction  to  Herodotus  and 
the  writers  of  the  Old  Testament 
SARDI.  [SARDINIA.] 

SARDINIA  (-ae:  Sardi:  Sardinia),  a  large 
island  in  the  Mediterranean,  is  in  the  shape 
of  a  parallelogram,  upwards  of  140  nautical 
miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  with  an  average 
breadth  of  60.  It  was  regarded  by  the  an- 
cients as  the  largest  of  the  Mediterranean 
islands,  and  this  opinion,  though  usually  con- 
sidered  an  error,  is  now  found  to  be  correct; 
since  it  appears  by  actual  admeasurement 
that  Sardinia  is  a  little  larger  than  Sicily. 
Sardinia  lies  in  almost  a  central  position  be- 
tween Spain,  Gaul,  Italy,  and  Africa. 
A  chain  of  mountains  runs  along  the 
•whole  of  the  E.  side  of  the  island  from 
N.  to  S.,  occupying  about  one  third  of 
its  surface.  These  mountains  were 
called  by  the  ancients  Insani  Monies. 
a  name  which  they  probably  derived 
from  their  wild  and  savage  appear- 
ance, and  from  their  being  the  haunt 
of  numerous  robbers.  Sardinia  was 
very  fertile,  but  was  not  extensively 
cultivated,  in  consequence  of  the  un- 
civilized character  of  its  inhabitants. 
Still  the  plains  in  the  W.  and  S.  parts 
of  the  island  produced  a  great  quan- 
tity of  corn,  of  which  much  was  ex- 
ported to  Rome  every  year.  Among 
the  products  of  the  island  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  was  the  Sardonica 
herba,  a  poisonous  plant,  which  was 
said  to  produce  fatal  convulsions  in 
the  person  who  ate  of  it.  These  con- 
vulsions agitated  and  distorted  the 
mouth  so  that  the  person  appeared  to 
laugh,  though  in  excruciating  pain; 
hence  the  well-known  ri&us  Sardoni- 
cus.  Sardinia  contained  a  large  quan- 
tity of  the  precious  metals,  especially  silver, 
the  mines  of  which  were  worked  in  antiquity 
to  a  great  extent.  There  were  likewise  nu- 
merous mineral  springs ;  and  large  quantities 
of  salt  were  manufactured  on  the  w.  and  S. 
coasts. — The  population  of  Sardinia  was  of  a 
very  mixed  kind.  To  what  race  the  original 
inhabitants  belonged  we  are  not  informed; 
but  it  appears  that  Phoenicians,  Tyrrhenians, 
and  Carthaginians  settled  in  the  island  at 
different  periods.  The  Greeks  are  also  said 
to  have  planted  colonies  in  the  island,  but* 
this  account  is  very  suspicious.  Sardinia  was 
known  to  the  Greeks  as  early  as  B.C.  500, 
since  we  find  that  Histiaeus  of  Miletus  prom- 
ised Darius  that  he  would  render  the  island 
of  Sardo  tributary  to  his  power.  It  was  con- 
quered by  the  Carthaginians  at  an  early  period, 
and  continued  in  their  possession  till  the  end 
of  the  first  Punic  war.  Shortly  after  this 
event  the  Romans  availed  themselves  of  the 
dangerous  war  which  the  Carthaginians  were 
carrying  on  against  their  mercenaries  in 
Africa  to  take  possession  of  Sardinia,  B.O, 


SARDIS. 


347 


SARMATIA. 


23S.  It  was  now  formed  into  a  Roman  I 
province  under  the  government  of  a  praetor; 
but  a  large  portion  of  it  was  only  nominally 
subject  to  the  Romans ;  and  it  was  not  till 
after  many  years  and  numerous  revolts  that 
the  inhabitants  submitted  to  the  Roman  do- 
minion. Sardinia  continued  to  belong  to  the 
Roman  empire  till  the  5th  century,  when  it 
was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Vandals. 

SARDIS  (-is)  or  SARDES  (-inm:  Sardiani: 
Sart,  Ru.),  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  famous 
cities  of  Asia  Minor,  and  the  capital  of  the 
great  Lydian  monarchy,  stood  on  the  S.  edge 
of  the  rich  valley  of  the  Hermus,  at  the  N. 
foot  of  the  Mount  Tmolus,  on  the  little  river 
Pactolus,  30  stadia  (3  geog.  miles)  S.  of  the 
junction  of  that  river  with  the  Hermus.  On 
a  lofty  precipitous  rock,  formiag  an  outpost 
of  the  range  of  Tmolus,  was  the  almost  im- 
pregnable citadel,  which  some  suppose  to  be 
the  Hyde  of  Homer,  who,  though  he  never 
mentions  the  Lydians  or  Sardis  by  name, 
speaks  of  Mount  Tmolus  and  the  lake  of 
Gyges.  The  erection  of  this  citadel  was  as- 
cribed to  Meles,  an  ancient  king  of  Lydia.  It 
was  surrounded  by  a  triple  wall,  and  con- 
tained the  palace  and  treasury  of  the  Lydiau 
kings.  At  the  downfall  of  the  Lydian  empire 
it  resisted  all  the  attacks  of  Cyrus,  and  was 
only  taken  by  surprise.  Under  the  Persian 
and  Greco-Syrian  empires,  Sardis  was  the 
residence  of  the  satrap  of  Lydia,  The  rise 
of  Pergamus  greatly  diminished  its  impor- 
tance ;'  but  under  the  Romans  it  was  still  a 
considerable  city,  and  the  seat  of  a  conventus 


juridicus.  In  the  reign  of  Tiberius  it  was 
almost  entirely  destroyed  by  au  earthquake, 
but  it  was  restored  by  the  emperor's  aid.  It 
was  one  of  the  earliest  seats  of  the  Chrbtian 
religion,  and  one  of  the  T  churches  of  the 
province  of  Asia  to  which  St.  John  addressed 
Lhe  Apocalypse ;  but  the  apostle's  language 
implies  that  the  Church  at  Sardis  had  already 
sunk  into  almost  hopeless  decay  (Rev.  iii.  1, 
foil.).  In  the  wars  of  the  middle  acres  the 
city  was  entirely  destroyed,  and  its  site  no\r 
presents  one  of  the  most  melancholy  scenes 
of  desolation  to  be  found  among  the  ruins  of 
ancient  cities. 

SARMXTAE  or  SAUROMATAE  (-urnm),  a 
people  of  Asia,  dwelling  on  the  N.E.  of  the 
Palus  Maeotis  (Sea  of  Azov},  E.  of  the  river 
Tanais  (Don),  which  separated  them  from  the 
Scythians  of  Europe.  [SAKMA/TLV.] 

SARMATIA  <-ae),  (the  E.  part  of  Poland 
and  S.  part  of  Ruma  in  Europe},  a  name  first 
used  by  Mela  for  the  part  of  N.  Europe  and 
Asia  extending  from  the  Vistnla  (Wida)  and 
the  SAUMATICI  MONTHS  on  the  W.,  which  di- 
vided it  from  Germany,  to  the  Rha  (Volga)  on 
the  E.,  which  divided  it  from  Scythia ;  bound- 
ed on  the  S.W.  and  S.  by  the  rivers  later 
(Danube), Tibiscus  (Thet6»)^ and Tyras (Dnies- 
ter), which  divided  it  from  Pannonia  and  Da- 
cia,  and,  farther,  by  the  Euxiiie,  and  beyond 
it  by  Mount  Caucasus,  which  divided  it  from 
Colchis,  Iberia,  and  Albania ;  and  extending 
on  the  N.  as  far  as  the  Baltic  and  the  unknown 
regions  of  N.  Europe.  The  people  from  whom 
the  name  of  Sannatia  was  derived  inhabited 


Ruins  of  Sardto. 


SABMATICAE. 


348 


SASSANIDAE. 


only  a  small  portion  of  the  country.  The 
greater  part  of  it  was  peopled  by  Scythian 
tribes  ;  but  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  its  W. 
part  seem  to  have  been  of  German  origin,  as 
the  VENEDT  on  the  Baltic,  and  the  IAZYGES, 
RHOXOLANT,  and  HAMAXOBTI  in  fif.  Russia;  the 
chief  of  the  other  tribes  W.  of  the  Tanais  were 
the  Alanni  or  Alani  Scythae,  a  Scythian  peo- 
ple who  came  out  of  Asia  and  settled  in  the 
central  parts  of  Rwsia.  The  whole  country 
was  divided  by  the  river  Tanais  (Don)  into  2 
parts,  called  respectively  Sarmatia  Europaea 
and  Sarmatia  Asiatica;  but  it  should  be  ob- 
served that,  according  to  the  modern  divis- 
ion of  the  continent,  the  whole  of  Sarmatia 
belongs  to  Europe.  It  should  also  be  noticed 
that  the  ChersonesusTaurica  (Cnwea),though 
falling  within  the  specified  limits,  was  not 
considered  as  a  part  of  Sarmatia,  but  as  a 
separate  country. 

SARMATlCAE  PORTAE  (-arum),  (Pass  of 
parid),  the  central  pass  of  the  Caucasus,  lead- 
ing from  Iberia  to  Sarmatia. 

SARMATiCI  MONTES  (part  of  the  Car- 
pathian Mountains)  ,  a  range  of  mountains  in 
Central  Europe,  extending  from  the  sources 
of  the  Vistula  to  the  Danube,  between  Ger- 
many on  the  W.  and  Sarmatia  on  the  E. 

SARMATICUS  OCSANTJS  and  PONTUS, 
SARMATiCUM  MARE  (Baltic),  a  great  sea, 
washing  the  N.  coast  of  European  Sarmatia. 

SARNUS  (-1:  Sarno),  a  river  in  Campania, 
flowing  by  Nuceria,  and  falling  into  the  Sinus 
Puteolanus  near  Pompeii. 

SAR5NICUS  SINUS  (G.  ofAegina),  a  bay 
of  the  Aegaean  sea  lying  between  Attica  and 
Argolis,  and  commencing  between  the  prom- 
ontory of  Sunium  in  Attica  and  that  of  Scyl- 
laeum  in  Argolis. 

SARPEDON  (-5nis).  (1)  Son  of  Zeus 
(Jupiter)  and  Europa,  and  brother  of  Minos 
and  Rhadamanthus.  Being  involved  in  a 
quarrel  with  Minos  about  Miletus,  he  took 
refuge  with  Cilix,  whom  he  assisted  against 
the  Lycians.  [MILETUS.]  He  afterwards  be- 
came king  of  the  Lycians,  and  Zeus  granted 
him  the  privilege  of  living  3  generations.— 
(2)  Son  of  Zeus  and  Laodamla,  or,  according 
to  others,  of  Evander  and  Deidamia,  and  a 
brother  of  Clarus  and  Themon.  He  was  a 
Lycian  prince,  and  a  grandson  of  No.  1.  In 
the  Trojan  war  he  was  an  ally  of  the  Trojans, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  valor,  but 
was  slain  by  Patroclus. 

SARPJSDON  PR5MONT5RIUM  (C.Lissan 
el  Kapeh)t  a  promontory  of  Cilicia,  in  long. 
34°  E.,  SO  stadia  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Caly- 
cadnus. 

SARPEDSNtUM  PROM.  (-i),  a  promon- 
tory of  Thrace,  between  the  mouths  of  the 
rivers  Melas  and  Erginus,  opposite  the  island 
of  Imbros. 

SARRASTES. 


SARUS  (-i :  Seihan),  a  considerable  river  in 
;he  S.E.  of  Asia  Minor.  Rising  in  the  Anti- 
Taurus,  in  the  centre  of  Cappadocw,  it  flows 
S.  past  Comana  to  the  borders  of  Cilicia 
where  it  receives  a  W.  branch  that  has  run 
nearly  parallel  to  it;  and  thence,  flowing 
through  Cilicia  Campestris  in  a  winding 
course,  it  falls  into  the  sea  a  little  E.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Cydnus,  and  S.E.  of  Tarsus. 

S5.SO  or  SASONIS  INSC'LA  (Saseno.  Sas- 
sono,  Sassa),  a  small  rocky  island  off  the  coast 

""     '     N.  <  "  " 


SARSlNA  (-ae  :  Sarsina),  an  ancient  town 
of  Umbria,  on  the  river  Sapis,  S.W.  of  Ari- 
ntinum,  and  subsequently  a  Roman  muni- 
cipium,  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  the 
comic  poet  Plautus. 


tory,  much  frequented  by  pirates. 

SASPIRES  (-um)  or  SASPIRI  (-orum),  a 
Scythian  people  of  Asia,  S.  of  Colchis  and  N. 
of  Media,  in  an  inland  position  (i.  e.  in  Ar- 
menia), according  to  Herodotus,  but  accord- 
ing to  others  on  the  coast  of  the  Euxine. 

SASSANIDAE  (-arum),  the  name  of  a  dy- 
nasty which  reigned  in  Persia  from  A.D.  22C 
to  A.».  651,— (1)  ARTAXEBXES  (the  AEDISHIR 
or  ABDSHIB  of  the  Persians),  the  founder  of 
the  dynasty  of  the  Sassanidae,  reigned  A.D. 
226-240.  He  was  a  son  of  one  Babek,  an  in- 
ferior officer.  Artaxerxes  had  served  with 
distinction  in  the  army  of  Artabanus,  the  king 
of  Parthia,  was  rewarded  with  ingratitude, 
and  took  revenge  in  revolt  He  claimed  the 
throne  on  the  plea  of  being  descended  from 
the  ancient  kings  of  Persia,  the  progeny  of 
the  great  Cyrus.  The  people  warmly  sup- 
ported his  cause,  as  he  declared  himself  the 
champion  of  the  ancient  Persian  religion.  In 
226  Artabanus  was  defeated  in  a  decisive  bat- 
tle ;  and  Artaxerxes  thereupon  assumed  the 
pompous  but  national  title  of  "King  of 
Kings."  One  of  his  first  legislative  acts  was 
the  restoration  of  the  religion  of  Zoroaster 
and  the  worship  of  fire.  Having  succeeded 
in  establishing  his  authority  at  home,  Artax- 
erxes demanded  from  the  emperor  Alexander 
Severus  the  immediate  cession  of  all  those 
portions  of  the  Roman  empire  that  had  be- 
longed to  Persia  in  the  time  of  Cyrus  and 
Xerxes,  that  is,  the  whole  of  the  Roman  pos- 
sessions in  Asia,  as  well  as  Egypt.  An  im- 
mediate war  between  the  two  empires  was 
the  direct  consequence.  After  a  severe  con- 
test, peace  was  restored,  shortly  after  the  mur- 
der of  Alexander  in  237,  each  nation  retaining 
the  possessions  which  they  held  before  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war.— (2)  SAPOR  I.  (SHA- 
PUB),  the  son  and  successor  of  Artaxerxes  L, 
reigned  240-273.  He  carried  on  war  first 
against  Gordian,  and  afterwards  against  Va- 
lerian. The  latter  emperor  was  defeated  by 
Sapor,  taken  prisoner,  and  kept  in  captivity 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  After  the  capt- 
ure of  Valerian,  Sapor  conquered  Syria,  de- 
stroyed Antioch,  and,  having  made  himself 
master  of  the  passes  in  the  Taurus,  laid  Tar- 
sus in  ashes,  and  took  Caesarea.  His  further 
progress  was  stopped  by  Odenathus  and  Ze- 
nobia.— (3)  HoBMispASl.  (HoEMDz),  son  of  the 
preceding,  who  reigned  only  one  year,  and 
died  in  274. — (4)  VARANES  or  VABABANES  L 
(BAHBAM  or  BAHABAM),  son  of  Hormisdas  I., 
reigned  274-277.  He  carried  on  unprofitable 
wars  against  Zenobia,  and,  after  her  captivity, 
was  involved  in  a  contest  with  Aurelian, 
which,  however,  was  not  attended  with  any 


BUST  OF  SATURN  (CRONOS).    (Vatican  Museum.) 


SASSULA. 


319 


SATURNUS. 


serious  results,  on  account  of  the  suddeu 
death  of  Aurelian  in  275.  In  his  reign  the 
celebrated  Manilas  put  to  death. — (5)  VA- 
RANKS  II.  (BAHRAM),  son  of  Varanes  I.,  reign- 
ed 277-294.  Ho  was  defeated  by  Carus,  who 
took  both  Seleucia  and  Ctesiphon,  and  his 
dominions  were  only  saved  from  farther  con- 
quests by  the  sudden  death  of  Carus  (283).— 
(6)  VARANES  HI.  (BAIIRAM),  elder  son  of  Va- 
ranes II.,  died  after  a  reign  of  8  months,  in 
294.— (7)  NARSES  (NABSI),  younger  son  of  Va- 
ranes II.,  reigned  294-303.  He  carried  on  a 
formidable  war  against  the  emperor  Diocle- 
tian ;  but  in  the  second  campaign  Narses  was 
defeated  with  great  loss,  and  was  obliged  to 
conclude  a  disadvantageous  peace  with  the 
Komans.  In  303  Narses  abdicated  in  favor 
of  his  son,  and  died  soon  afterwards. — (S)  HOE- 
MISDAS  II.  (HouMuz),  son  of  Narses,  reigned303 
-310.  During  his  reign  nothing  of  importance 
happened  regarding  Rome. —  (9)  SAPOR  II. 
POSTUMTJS  (SHAPUH),  son  of  Hprmtsdas  II., 
was  born  after  the  death  of  his  father,  and 
was  crowned  in  his  mother's  womb,  the  Magi 
placing  the  diadem  with  great  solemnity  upon 
the  body  of  his  mother.  He  reigned  310-381. 
His  reign  was  signalized  by  a  cruel  persecu- 
tion of  the  Christians.  He  carried  on  a  suc- 
cessful war  for  many  years  against  Constan- 
tius  n,,  and  his  successors.  Sapor  has  been 
surnamed  the  Great,  and  no  Persian  king  had 
ever  caused  such  terror  to  Rome  as  this  mon- 
arch. Sapor  was  succeeded  by  IS  princes  of 
the  same  dynasty ;  but  in  651  Yesdigerd  DJ., 
the  last  king,  was  defeated  and  slain  by  Kaleb, 
general  of  trie  Caliph  Abu-Bekr.  Persia  then 
became  a  Mohammedan  country. 

SASStJXA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Latium,  belong- 
ing to  the  territory  of  Tiber. 

SlTALA  (-Orum),  a  considerable  town  in 
the  N.E.  of  Armenia  Minor,  important  as  the 
key  of  the  mountain  passes  into  Pontus.  It 
stood  at  the  junction  of  4  roads  leading  to 
places  on  the  Euxine,  a  little  N.  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, in  a  valley  surrounded  by  mountains, 
325  Roman  miles  from  Caesarea  in  Cappa- 
docia,  and  135  from  Trapezus. 

SATlCt5XA  (-ae),  a  town  of  Samnium, 
situated  upon  a  mountain  on  the  frontiers  of 
Campania. 

SATRICUM  (-i :  Casale  di  Conea),  a  town  in 
Latium,  near  Antium. 

SiTthlAE  PiLtJS  (Lago  di  Paolo),  a  lake 
or  marsh  in  Latium,  formed  by  the  river  Nym- 
phaeus,  and  near  the  promontory  Circeium. 

SATtTRIUM  or  SATtfREIUM  (-i:  Saturn), 
a  town  in  the  S.  of  Italy,  near  Tarentum,  cel- 
ebrated for  its  horses.  (Hor.,  Sat.  i.  6. 59.) 

SATURNtA  (-ae).    (1)  An  ancient  name  of 

Italy  [ITALIA] (2)  (Saturnfo),  formerly  called 

AUBINIA,  an  ancient  town  of  Etruria,  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  the  Pelasgians,  was 
situated  in  the  territory  of  Caletra,  on  the 
road  from  Rome  to  Cosa,  about  20  miles  from 
the  sea. 


bauchery  of  Gallienus,  he  accepted  from  the 
the  title  of  «mperor,  but  was  put  to 


death  by  the  troops,  who  could  not  endure 
the  sternness  of  his  discipline.— (2)  A  native 
of  Gaul,  and  an  able  officer,  was  appointed  by 
Anrelian  commander  of  the  Eastern  frontier, 
and  was  proclaimed  emperor  at  Alexandria 
during  the  reign  of  Probus,  by  whose  soldiers 
he  was  eventually  slain. 

SATURNINUS  (-i),  L.  APPULEITJS,  tn« 
celebrated  demagogue,  \vas  quaestor  B.C.  104, 
and  tribune  of  the  plebs  for  the  first  time  in 
102.  He  entered  into  a  close  alliance  with 
Marius  and  his  friends,  and  soon  acquired 
great  popularity.  He  became  a  candidate  for 
the  tribunate  for  the  2d  time  in  100,  and  ob- 
tained it  by  the  murder  of  his  rival.  As  soon 
as  he  had  entered  upon  office,  he  brought  for- 
ward an  agrarian  law,  which  led  to  the  ban- 
ishment of  Metellus  Numidicus,  as  is  related 
elsewhere.  [METELLUS.]  Saturninus  proposed 
other  popular  measures,  such  as  a  Lex  Fru- 
mentaria,  and  a  law  for  founding  new  colonies 
in  Sicily,  Achaia,  and  Macedonia.  In  the 
comitia  for  the  election  of  the  magistrates 
for  the  following  year,  Saturninus  obtained 
the  tribunate  for  the  third  time.  At  the  same 
time  there  was  a  struggle  for  the  consulship 
between  Glaucia  and'Slemraius,  and  as  the 
latter  seemed  likely  to  carry  his  election,  Sat- 
urniuus  and  Glaucia  hired  some  ruffians  who 
murdered  him  openly  in  the  comitia.  This 
last  act  produced  a  complete  reaction  against 
Saturninus  and  his  associates.  The  senate 
declared  them  public  enemies,  and  ordered 
the  consuls  to  put  them  down  by  force.  Ma- 
rius was  unwilling  to  act  against  his  friends, 
but  he  had  no  alternative,  and  his  backward- 
ness was  compensated  by  the  zeal  of  others. 
Driven  out  of  the  fornm,  Satoi-ninns,  Glaucia, 
and  the  quaestor  Sanfeius  took  refuge  in  the 
Capitol,  but  the  partisans  of  the  senate  cat 
off  the  pipes  which  supplied  the  Capitol  with 
water,  unable  to  hold  out  any  longer,  they 
surrendered  to  Marius.  The  latter  did  all  he 
could  to  save  their  lives :  as  soon  as  they  de- 
scended from  the  Capitol,  be  nlaced  them  for 
security  in  the  Curia  Hostilia,  but  the  mob 
pulled  off  the  tiles  of  the  senate-house,  and 
pelted  them  with  the  tiles  till  they  died. 

SATURNIUS  (-i),  that  is,  a  son  of  Saturnus, 
and  accordingly  used  as  a  surname  of  Jupiter, 
Neptune,  and  Pluto.  For  the  same  reason 
the  name  of  SATURNIA  is  given  both  to  Juno 
and  Vesta. 

SATURNUS  (-i),  a  mythical  king  of  Italy, 
whom  the  Romans  invariably  identified  with 
the  Greek  Cronos,  and  hence  made  the  for- 
mer the  father  of Jupiter,Neptune,  Pluto,  Jnno, 
etc.  [CRONOS]  ;  but  there  is  in  reality  no  re- 
semblance between  the  attributes  of  the  two 
deities,  except  that  both  were  regarded  as  the 
most  ancient  divinities  in  their  respective 
countries.  The  resemblance  is  much  stronger 
between  Demeter  (Ceres)  and  Saturn,  for  all 
that  the  Greeks  ascribe  to  their  Demeter  is 
ascribed  by  the  Italians  to  Saturn.  Saturnus 
derived  his  name  from  sowing  (sero,  sect, 
satum)t  and  was  reputed  the  introdncer  of 
civilization  and  social  order,  which  are  insep- 
arably connected  with  agriculture.  His  reign 
is  conceived  for  the  same  reason  to  have  been 
the  golden  age  of  Italy.  As  agricultural  in- 


SATYRI. 


350 


SCAEVOLA. 


dustry  is  the  source  of  wealth,  his  wife  was 
Ops,  the  representative  of  plenty.  The  story 
ran  that  the  god  came  to  Italy  iu  the  reign 
of  Janus,  by  whom  he  was  hospitably  re- 
ceived, and  that  he  formed  a  settlement  on 
the  Capitoline  hill,  which  was  hence  called 
the  Saturnian  hill.  At  the  foot  of  that  hill, 
on  the  road  leading  up  to  the  Capitol,  there 
stood  in  after-times  the  temple  of  Saturn. 
Saturn  then  taught  the  people  agriculture, 
suppressed  their  savage  mode  of  life,  and  in- 
troduced among  them  civilization  and  moral- 
ity. The  result  was  that  the  whole  country 
was  called  Saturnia,  or  the  land  of  plenty.  It 
is  further  related  that  Latium  received  its 
name  (from  lateo)  from  the  disappearance  of 
Saturn,  who  was  suddenly  removed  from 
earth,  and  who  for  the  same  reason  was  re- 
garded by  some  as  a  divinity  of  the  nether 
world.  Respecting  the  festival  solemnized 
by  the  Romans  in  honor  of  Saturn,  see  Diet. 
ofAntfy.  s.  v.  Saturnalia.  The  statue  of  Sa- 
turnus  was  hollow  and  filled  with  oil,  proba- 
bly to  denote  the  fertility  of  Latium  in  olives ; 
in  his  hand  he  held  a  crooked  pruning-knife, 
and  his  feet  were  surrounded  with  a  woolen 
ribbon.  The  temple  of  Saturn  was  used  as 
the  treasury  of  the  state,  and  many  laws  were 
also  deposited  in  it 

SiTYRI  (-orum),  the  name  of  a  class  of  be- 
ings in  Greek  mythology,  who  are  insepara- 
bly connected  with  the  worship  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus),  and  represent  the  luxuriant  vital 
powers  of  Nature.  They  are  commonly  said 
to  be  the  sons  of  Hermes  and  Iphthima,  or  of 
the  Naiades.  The  Satyrs  are  represented  with 
bristly  hair,  the  nose  round  And  somewhat 
turned  upward,  the  ears  pointed  at  the  top, 
like  those  of  animals,  with  2  small  horns 


Satyr's  Head. 

growing  out  of  the  top  of  the  forehead,  and 
with  a  tail  like  that  or  a  horse  or  goat.  In 
works  of  art  they  are  represented  at  different 
stages  of  life ;  the  older  ones  were  commonly 
called  Sileni,  and  the  younger  ones  are  termed 


Satyrisci.  The  Satyrs  are  always  described 
as  fond  of  wine  (whence  they  often  appear 
either  with  a  cup  or  a  thyrsus  iu  their  hand) 
and  of  every  kind  of  sensual  pleasure,  whenc? 
they  are  seen  sleeping,  playing  musical  in- 
struments, or  engaged  in  voluptuous  dances 
with  nymphs.  They  are  dressed  with  the 
skins  of  animals,  and  wear  wreaths  of  vine 
ivy,  or  fir.  Like  all  the  gods  dwelling  in  for- 
ests and  fields,  they  were  greatly  dreaded  by 
mortals.  Later  writers,  especially  the  Ro- 
man poets,  confound  the  Satyrs  with  the  Ital- 
ian Fauui,  and  accordingly  represent  them 
with  larger  horns  and  goats'  feet,  although 
originally  they  were  quite  distinct  kinds  of 
beings. 

SXTlfRUS  (-i),  a  distinguished  comic  actor 
at  Athens,  is  said  to  have  given  instructions 
to  Demosthenes  in  the  art  of  giving  full  effect 
to  his  speeches  by  appropriate  action. 

S1.VO  (-onis :  Baone),  a  river  iu  Campania, 
which  flows  into  the  sea  S.  of  Siuuessa. 

SlVTJS  (-i:  Save  or  San),  a  navigable  trib- 
utary of  the  Danube,  which  rises  in  the  Car- 
nic  Alps,  forms  first  the  boundary  between 
Noricum  and  Italy,  and  afterwards  between 
Pannonia  and  Illyria,  and  falls  into  the  Dan- 
ube near  Singiduuum. 

SAXA  (-ae),  DECIDIUS,  a  native  of  Celti- 
beria,  and  originally  one  of  Caesar's  common 
soldiers,  eventually  accompanied  Antony  to 
the  East,  and  was  made  by  him  governor  of 
Syria.  Here  he  was  defeated  by  the  younger 
Labienus  and  the  Parthians,  and  was  slain  in 
the  flight  after  the  battle  (40). 


pie 


SAXARUBRA.    [RUBRA  SAXA.] 

SAXONE8  (-um).  a  powerful  people  in  Ger- 
many, who  originally  dwelt  in  the  S.  part  of 
the  Cimbric  Chersonesus,  between  the  rivers 
Albis  (Elbe)  and  Chalusus(2Vave),  consequent- 
ly in  the  modern  Holstein.  The  Saxones  first 
occur  in  history  in  A.D.  286,  and  afterwards 
appear  at  the  head  of  a  powerful  confederacy 
of  German  peoples,  who  became  united  un- 
der the  general  name  of  Saxons,  and  who 
eventually  occupied  the  country  between  the 
Elbe,  the  Rhine,  the  Lippe,  and  the  German 
Ocean.  A  portion  of  the  Saxons,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Angli,  conquered  Britain  about 
the  middle  of  the  5th  century. 

SCAEVA  (-ae),  CASSlUS,  a  centurion  in 
Caesar's  army,  who  distinguished  himself  by 
his  extraordinary  feats  of  valor  at  the  battle 
of  Dyrrhachium, 

SCAEVOLA  (-ae),  the  name  of  a  distin- 
guished family  of  the  Mucia  gens.— (1)  C.  Mtr- 
orns  SOAEVOLA.  When  King  Porsenna  was 
blockading  Rome,  C.  Mucius  went  out  of  the 
city  with  the  intention  of  killing  him,  but  by 
mistake  stabbed  the  king's  secretary  instead 
of  Porsenna  himself.  The  king  in  his  pas- 
sion and  alarm  ordered  him  to  be  burned 
alive,  upon  which  Mucius  thrust  his  right 
hand  into  a  fire  which  was  already  lighted  for 
a  sacrifice,  and  held  it  there  without  flinch- 
ing. The  king,  amazed  at  his  firmness,  or- 
dered him  to  be  removed  from  the  altar,  and 


SCALBIS. 


351 


SCAUBUS. 


bade  him  go  away  free  and  uninjured.  To 
make  some  return  for  his  generous  behav- 
ior, Mucius  told  him  that  there  were  800  of 
the  first  youths  of  Rome  who  had  agreed 
with  one  another  to  kill  the  king,  that  the 
lot  fell  on  him  to  make  the  first  attempt,  aud 
that  the  rest  would  do  the  same  when  their 
turn  came.  Porsenua  being  alarmed  for  his 
Jife,  which  he  could  not  secure  against  so 
many  desperate  men,  made  proposals  of  peace 
to  the  Romans,  and  evacuated  the  territory. 
Mucius  received  the  name  of  Scaevola,  or 
left-handed,  from  the  circumstance  of  the  loss 
of  his  right  hand.— (2)  P.  Mucius  SCAEVOLA, 
tribune  of  the  plebs  in  141 ;  praetor  in  138 ;  and 
consul  in  133,  the  year  in  which  Tib.  Gracchus 
lost  his  life.  In  131  he  succeeded  his  brother 
Mucianus  as  pontifex  maximus.  Scaevola 
was  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  the 
Jus  Pontifidum.  His  fame  as  a  lawyer  is  re- 
corded by  Cicero  in  several  passages.— (3)  Q. 
MUOITJS  SOAEVOLA,  the  augur,  married  the 
daughter  of  C.  Laelius,  the  friend  of  Scipio 
Africanus  the  younger.  He  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs  in  128,  plebeian  aedile  in  125.  and  as  prae- 


part  of  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  falling  into  the 
tea  near  Segesta.—  (2)  The  celebrated  river 
of  the  Troacl.  [TaoAS.]  As  a  mythological 
lersonage,  the  river-god  was  called  Xanthus 
by  the  gods. 

SCAMANDRIUS  (-i),  son  of  Hector  and 
Andromache,  whom  the  people  of  Troy  call- 
ed Astyanax,  because  his  father  was  the  prc 
lector  of  the  city  of  Troy. 

SCANDEA. 


life.  He  was  prosecuted  after  his  return  from 
his  province  for  the  offense  of  repetundae,  in 
120,  by  T.  Albucius,  but  was  acquitted.  He 
was  consul  in  11T.  He  lived  at  least  to  the  tri- 
bunate of  P.  Sulpicius  Rufas,  88.  Cicero,  who 
was  born  in  100,  informs  us  that  after  he  had 
put  on  the  toga  viriiis,  his  father  took  him  to 
Scaevola,  who  was  then  an  old  man,  and  that 
he  kept  as  close  to  him  as  he  could,  in  order 
to  profit  by  his  remarks.  After  his  death 
Cicero  became  a  hearer  of  Q.  Mucius  Scaev- 
ola, the  pontifex.  The  augur  was  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  the  law ;  but 
none  of  his  writings  are  recorded.  He  is 
one  of  the  speakers  in  the  treatise  De  Ora- 
tore,  in  the  Laelius,  and  in  the  De  Republica 
(i.  12). — (4)  Q.  Mucrus  SOAEVOLA,  pontifex 
maximus,  son  of  No.  2,  was  tribune  of  the 
plebs  in  106,  cnrule  aedile  in  104,  and  consul 
in  95,  with  Licinius  Crassus,  the  orator,  as  his 
colleague.  After  his  consulship  Scaevola  was 
proconsul  of  Asia,  in  which  capacity  he  gain- 
ed the  esteem  of  the  people  under  his  gov- 
ernment. Subsequently  he  was  made  ponti- 
fex maximus.  He  lost  his  life  in  the  consul- 
ship of  C.  Marina  the  younger  and  Cn.  Papi- 
rius  Carbo  (82),  having  been  proscribed  by 
the  Marian  party.  The  virtues  of  Scaevola 
are  recorded  by  Cicero,  who,  after  the  death 
of  the  augur,  became  an  attendant  (auditor) 
of  the  pontifex.  The  purity  of  his  moral 
character,  his  exalted  notions  of  equity  and 
fair  dealing,  his  abilities  as  an  administrator, 
•an  orator,  and  a  jurist,  place  him  among  the 
first  of  the  illustrious  men  of  all  ages  and 
countries.  He  is  the  first  Roman  to  whom 
we  can  attribute  a  scientific  and  systematic 
handling  of  the  Jus  Civile,  which  he  accom- 
plished in  a  work  in  18  books. 

SCALDIS  (-is:  Scheldt),  an  important  river 
in  the  N.  of  Gallia  Belgica,  flowing  into  the 
ocean,  but  which  Caesar  erroneously  makes 
a  tributary  of  the  Mosa. 

SCAMANDBR  (-dri)»   (1)  A  river  in  the  W. 


SCANDIA  or  SCANDINAVIA  (-ae),  the 
name  given  by  the  ancients  to  Norway,  Swe- 
den, and  the  surrounding  islands. 

SCANDILA  (-ae:  Scandole).  a  small  island 
in  the  N.E.  of  the  Aegaean  sea,  between  Pep- 
arethos  and  Scyros. 

SCANTIA  SILVA  (-ae),  a  wood  in  Cam- 
pania. 

SCAPTE  HTLE  (-es),  also  called,  but  less 
correctly,  SCAPTESYLE,  a  sm.all  town  on  the 
coast  of  Thrace,  opposite  the  island  of  Thasos. 
It  contained  celebrated  jrold  mines,  which 
were  originally  worked  by  the  Thrasians. 
Thticydides  here  arranged  the  materials  for 
his  history. 

SCAPTlA  (-ae),  an  ancient  town  in  Latiam, 
which  gave  its  name  to  a  Roman  tribe,  bat 
which  disappeared  at  .'in  early  period. 

SCIPTDXA  (-ae),'P.  OSTORIUS,  governor 
of  Britain  about  A.TJ.  50,  defeated  the  power- 
ful tribe  of  the  Silures,  took  prisoner  their 
king  Caractacus,  and  sent  him  in  chains  to 
Rome. 

SC  ARDTJS  or  SCORDTJS  MONS  (-i),  a  range 
of  lofty  mountains,  forming  the  boundary  be- 
tween Moesia  and  Macedonia. 

SCARPHE"  (-es),  SCARPEEA,  or  SCAR- 
PHlA  (-ae),  a  town  of  the  Epicnemidii  Locri, 
at  which  the  roads  leading  tnrough  Thermop- 
ylae united. 

SCAURUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  family  of 
the  Aemilia  gens.—  (1)  M.  AEMILIUS  SOACEUR, 
raised  his  family  from  obscurity  to  the  high- 
est rank  among  the  Roman  nobles.  He  was 
born  in  B.  c.  163.  Notwithstanding  his  patri- 
cian descent,  he  at  first  thonght  of  carrying 
on  some  mean  trade,  like  his  father,  but  final- 
ly resolved  to  devote  himself  to  the  study 
of  eloquence,  with  the  hope  of  rising  to  the 
honors  of  the  state.  He  likewise  served  in 
the  army,  where  he  appears  to  have  sained. 
some  distinction.  He  was  curule  aedile  in 
123.  He  obtained  the  consulship  in  115,  when 
he  carried  on  war  with  success  against  sev- 
eral of  the  Alpine  tribes.  In  112  he  was  sent 
at  the  head  of  an  embassy  to  Jugurtha;  and 
in  111  he  accompanied  the  consul  L.  Calpur- 
nius  Bestia,  as  one  of  his  letrates,  in  the  war 
against  Jugurtha.  Both  he  and  the  consul 
took  large  Bribes  from  the  Numidian  king  to 
obtain  for  him  a  favorable  peace,  for  which 
offense  an  indictment  was  brought  forward 
by  C.  Mamilius,  the  tribune  of  the  plebs  ;  but 
though  Scaurns  had  been  one  of  the  most 
guilty,  such  was  his  influence  in  the  state 
that  he  contrived  to  be  appointed  one  of  the 
i  three  quaesitores,  who  were  elected  under  the 
bill,  for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  the  crim- 
i  inals.  He  thus  secured  himself,  but  was  uu- 


SCELERATUS. 


352 


SCIPIO. 


able  to  save  any  of  his  accomplices.  In  109 
Scaurus  was  censor  with  M.  Livius  Drusus. 
ID  his  consulship  he  restored  the  Milvian 
bridge,  and  constructed  the  Aemilian  road. 
In  107  he  was  elected  consul  a  2d  time,  in 
place  of  L.  Cassius  Longinus.  In  the  strag- 
gles between  the  aristocratical  and  popular 
parties,  Scaurus  was  always  a  warm  support- 
er of  the  former.  He  died  about  89.— (2)  M. 
AEMILICS  SOATTBUS,  eldest  son  of  the  preced- 
iog,  and  stepson  of  the  dictator  Sulla,  served 
under  Pompey  as  quaestor  in  the  3d  Mith- 
ridatic  war.  After  this  he  commanded  an 
army  in  the  East  He  was  curule  aedile  in 
58,  when  he  celebrated  the  public  games  with 
extraordinary  splendor.  In  56  he  was  prae- 
tor, and  in  the  following  year  governed  the 
province  of  Sardinia,  which  he  plundered 
without  mercy.  On  his  return  to  Rome  he 
was  accused  of  the  crime  of  repetundae.  He 
was  defended  by  Cicero,  Hortensius,  and  oth- 
ers, and  was  acquitted,  notwithstanding  his 
guilt  He  was  accused  again  in  52,  under 
Pompey's  new  law  against  ambitus,  and  was 
condemned.— (3)  M.  AEMILITJS  SOAUBUS,  son  of 
No.  2  and  Mucia,  the  former  wife  of  Pompey 
the  triumvir,  and  consequently  the  half-broth- 
er of  Sex.  Pompey.  He  accompanied  the  lat- 
ter into  Asia,  after  the  defeat  of  his  fleet  in 
Sicily,  but  betrayed  him  into  the  hands  of  the 
generals  of  M.  ABtonius  in  35.— (4)  MAMEECUS 
AEMILIUB  SOATJBUS,  son  of  No.  3,  was  a  dis- 
tinguished orator  and  poet,  but  of  a  dissolute 
character.  Being  accused  of  majestas  under 
Tiberius,  A.D.  34,  he  put  an  end  to  his  own 
life. 

SCELERiTUS  CAMPUS  (-i),  a  place  in 
Rome,  close  to  the  Porta  Collma,  where  ves- 
tals who  had  broken  their  vows  were  en- 
tombed alive. 

SCBNITAE  (-arum)  (i.e.  dwellers  in  tents), 
the  general  name  used  by  the  Greeks  for  the 
Bedawee  (Bedouin)  tribes  of  Arabia  Deserta. 

SCEPSIS  (prob.  Eski-UpsM,  or  ExkirShtip- 
»he.,  Ru.),  an  ancient  city  in  the  interior  of  the 
Troad,  S.E.  of  Alexandria,  in  the  mountains 
of  Ida. 

SCHfiRlA.    CPHAEAOES.] 

SCIX.THUS  (-i:  Skiatko),  a  small  island  in 
the  Aegaean  sea,  N.  of  Euboea  and  E.  of  the 
Magnesian  coast  of  Thessaly,  with  a  town  of 
the  same  name  upon  it 

SCILLtJ'S  (-untis),  a  town  of  Elis  in  the  dis- 
trict Triphylia,  on  the  river  Selinus,  20  stadia 
S.ofOlympia, 

SCiONE  <[-Ss),  the  chief  town  in  the  Mace- 
donian peninsula  of  Pallene,  on  the  W.  coast 

SClPlO  <-6nis),  the  name  of  an  illustrious 
patrician  family  of  the  Cornelia  gens,  said  to 
(have  been  given  to  the  founder  of  the  family 
because  he  served  as  a  staff  in  directing  his 
blind  father.  This  family  produced  some  of 
the  greatest  men  in  Rome,  and  to  them  she 
was  more  indebted  than  to  any  others  for  the 
empire  of  the  world.  The  family  tomb  of 
the  Scipios  was  discovered  in  1780,  and  the 
inscriptions  and  other  curiosities  are  now 
deposited  in  the  Mnseo  Pio-Clementino,  at 
Rome.  —  (1)  P.  COBNEUUS  SOIPIO,  magister 
equitum,  B.C.  396,  and  consular  tribune  m  395 


and  394. — (2)  L.  Cora.  Soirio,  consul  in  350.—. 
(3)  P.COKN.  SoiPToBAiiBATus,consulin328,and 
dictator  hi  306.  He  was  also  pontifex  maxi- 
mus.— (4)  L.  COBN.  SOIPIO  BABBATUS,  the  great- 
great-grandfather  of  the  conqueror  of  Han- 
nibal, consul  in  298,  when  he  carried  on  war 
against  the  Etruscans,  and  defeated  them 
nearVolaterrae.— (5)  CN.  COBN.  SOIPIO  ASINA, 
son  of  No.  4,  was  consul  in  260,  in  the  1st  Punic 
war,  and  a  2d  time  in  254.— (6)  L.  COBN.  SOIP- 
IO, also  son  of  No.  4,  was  consul  in  259.  He 
drove  the  Carthaginians  out  of  Sardinia  and 
Corsica,  defeating  Hanno,  the  Carthaginian 
commander.  He  was  censor  in  258.— (7)  P. 
COKN.  SOIPIO  ASINA,  son  of  No.  5,  was  consul 
in  221,  and  carried  on  war,  with  his  colleague 
M.  Minucius  Rnfus,  against  the  Istri,  who 
were  subdued  by  the  consuls.— (8)  P.  COBN. 
SOIPIO,  son  of  No.  6,  was  consul,  with  Ti. 
Sempronius  Longus,  in  218,  the  1st  year  of 
the  2d  Punic  war.  He  encountered  Han- 
nibal, on  his  march  into  Italy,  in  Cisalpine 
Gaul ;  but  the  Romans  were  defeated,  the 
consul  himself  received  a  severe  wound,  and 
was  only  saved  from  death  by  the  courage  of 
his  young  son  Publius,  the  future  conqueror 
of  Hannibal.  Scipio  now  retreated  across  the 
Ticiuus,  crossed  the  Po  also;  first  took  up  his 
quarters  at  Placentia,  and  subsequently  with- 
drew to  the  hills  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tre- 
bia,  where  he  was  joined  by  the  other  consul, 
Sempronius  Longus.  The  latter  resolved  upon 
a  battle,  in  opposition  to  the  advice  of  his  col- 
league. The  result  was  the  complete  defeat 
of  the  Roman  army,  which  was  obliged  to 
take  refuge  within  the  walls  of  Placentia.  In 
the  following  year,  217,  Scipio,  whose  imps- 
rium  had  been  prolonged,  crossed  over  into 
Spain,  where,  with  his  brother  Cneius,  he 
made  head  against  the  Carthaginians  till  211, 
when  they  were  defeated  and  slain.— (9)  CN. 
COBN.  SOIPIO  CALVUS,  son  of  No.  6,  and  broth- 
er of  No.  8,  was  consul  in  222,  with  M.  Claudius 
Marcellus.— (10)  P.  COBN.  SOIPIO  APRIOANUS 
MAJOB,  son  of  No.  8,  was  born  in  234.  He 
was  unquestionably  one  of  the  greatest  men 
of  Rome,  and  he  acquired  at  an  early  age  the 
confidence  and  admiration  of  his  countrymen. 
His  enthusiastic  mind  led  him  to  believe  that 
he  was  a  special  favorite  of  the  gods ;  and  he 
never  engaged  in  any  public  or  private  busi- 
ness without  first  going  to  the  Capitol,  where 
he  sat  some  time  alone,  enjoying  communica- 
tion from  the  gods.  He  is  first  "mentioned  in 
218  at  the  battle  of  the  Ticintis,when  he  saved 
the  life  of  his  father,  as  has  been  already  re- 
lated. He  fought  at  Cannae  two  years  after- 
wards (216), when  he  was  already  a  tribune  of 
the  soldiers,  and  was  one  of  the  few  Roman 
ofiicers  who  survived  that  fatal  day.  He  was 
chosen  along  with  Appius  Claudius  to  com- 
mand the  remains  of  the  army,  which  had 
taken  refuge  at  Canusium ;  and  it  was  owing 
to  his  youthful  heroism  and  presence  of  mind 
that  the  Roman  nobles,  who  had  thought  of 
leaving  Italy  in  despair,  were  prevented  from 
carrying  their  rash  project  into  effect  He 
had  already  gained  the  favor  of  the  people  to 
such  an  extent  that  he  was  elected  aedile  in 
212,  although  he  had  not  yet  reached  the  le- 
gal age.  In  210,  after  the  death  of  his  fathei 
and  uncle  in  Spain,  Scipio,  then  barely  24, 


SCIPIO. 


353 


SCIPIO. 


•was  chosen  with  enthusiasm  to  take  the  com- 
mand in  that  country.  His  success  was  strik- 
ing and  rapid.  Iii  the  first  campaign  (210)  he 
took  the  important  city  of  Carthago  "Nova, 
and  in  the  course  of  the  nest  3  years*he  drove 
the  Carthaginians  entirely  out  of  Spain.  He 
returned  to  Rome  in  206,  and  was  elected  con- 
sul for  the  following  year  (205),  although  he 
had  not  yet  filled  the  office  of  praetor,  and 
was  only  30  years  of  age.  He  was  anxious  to 
cross  over  at  once  to  Africa,  and  bring  the 
contest  to  an  end  at  the  gates  of  Carthage ; 
and,  after  much  opposition,  obtained  a  fleet 
and  army  for  that  purpose.  After  spending 
the  winter  in  Sicily,  and  completing  all  his 
preparations  for  the  invasion  of  Africa,  he 
crossed  over  to  the  latter  country  in  the  conrbe 
of  the  following  year.  Success  again  attend- 
ed his  arms.  The  Carthaginians  and  their 
ally  Syphax  were  defeated  with  great  slaugh- 
ter ;  and  the  former  were  compelled  to  recall 
Hannibal  from.  Italy  as  the  only  hope  of  sav- 
ing their  country.  The  long  struggle  be- 
tween the  two  peoples  was  at  length  Drought 
to  a  close  by  the  battle  fought  near  the  city  of 
Zama  on  the  19th  of  October,  202,  in  which 
Scipio  gained  a  decisive  and  brilliant  victory 
over  Hannibal.  Carthage  had  no  alternative 
but  submission ;  but  the  final  treaty  was  not 
concluded  till  the  following  year  (201).  Scip- 
io returned  to  Italy  in  201,  and  entered  Rome 


Scipio  Africanus. 

in  triumph.  He  was  received  with  universal 
enthusiasm,  and  the  surname  of  Africauus 
was  conferred  upon  him.  He  took  no  prom- 
inent part  inpublic  affairs  during  the  next 
few  years.  He  was  censor  in  199  with  P. 
Aelius  Paetns,  and  consul  a  second  time  in 
194  with  Ti.  Sempronius  Longus.  In  193  he 
was  one  of  the  3  commissioners  who  were 
sent  to  Africa  to  mediate  between  Masimssa 
and  the  Carthaginians  ;  and  in  the  same  year 
he  was  one  of  the  embassadors  sent  to  Anti- 
ochus  at  Ephesus,  at  whose  court  Hannibal 
In  190  Africanus  served 
brother  Lucius  in  the  war 


turn,  Lucius  and,  subsequently,  Africanus 
himself  were  accused  of  having  received  bribes 
from  Antiochus  to  let  the  monarch  off  too 
leniently,  and  of  having  appropriated  to  their 
own  use  part  of  the  money  which  had  been 
paid  by  Antiochus  to  the  Roman  state.  The 
successful  issue  of  the  prosecution  of  Lucius 
emboldened  his  enemies  to  bring  the  great 
Africanus  himself  before  the  people.  His  ac- 
cuser was  21.  Naevius,  the  tribune  of  the  peo. 
pie,  and  the  accusation  was  brought  in  1S5. 
When  the  trial  came  on,  and  Africanus  was 
summoned,  he  proudly  reminded  the  people 
that  this  was  the  anniversary  of  the  day  on 
which  he  had  defeated  Hannibal  at  Zama, 
and  called  upon  them  to  follow  him  to  the 
Capitol,  in  order  there  to  return  thanks  to 
the  immortal  gods,  and  to  pray  that  they 
would  grant  the  Roman  state  other  citizens 
like  himself.  Scipio  struck  a  chord  which  vi- 
brated ou  every  heart,  and  -vyas  followed  by 
crowds  to  the  Capitol.  Having  thus  set  all 
the  laws  at  defiance,  Scipio  immediately  quit- 
ted Rome,  and  retired  to  his  couutry-seat  at 
Liturnum.  The  tribunes  wished  to  renew 
the  prosecution,  but  Gracchus  wisely  per- 
suaded them  to  let  it  drop.  Scipio  never  re- 
turned to  Rome.  The  year  of  h  is  death  is  un- 
certaiu ;  but  he  probably  died  in  183.—  (11)  L. 
CORN.  SCIPIO  Asi  vnors,  also  called  ASIAGBNES 
or  ASIAGEXCS,  was  the  son  of  No.  S,  and  the 
brother  of  the  great  Africanus.  He  served 
under  his  brother  in  Spain ;  was  praetor  in 
193,  when  he  obtained  the  province  of  Sicily; 
and  consul  in  190,  with  C.  Laelius.  He  de- 
feated Antiochus  at  Mount  Sipylus  in  190,  en- 
tered  Rome  in  triumph  in  the  following  year, 
and  assumed  the  surname  of  Asiaticus.  His 
accusation  and  condemnation  have  been  al- 
ready related  in  the  life  of  his  brother.— (12) 
P.  CORN.  SCIPIO  AFRICANCS,  elder  son  of  the 
great  Africanus,  was  prevented  by  his  weak 
health  from  taking  any  part  in  public  affairs. 
—(13)  L.  or  CN.  COBN.  Scmo  AFBICA^TS, 
younger  son  of  the  great  Africanus.  He  ac- 
companied his  father  into  Asia  in  190,  and 
was  taken  prisoner  by  Antiochus.  This  Scip- 
io was  a  degenerate  son  of  an  illustrious 
sire.— (14)  L.  COBN.  SCIPIO  ASIATICCS,  a  de- 
scendant of  No.  11,  belonged  to  the  Marian 
party,  and  was" consul  in  S3  with  C.  Norbanus. 
—(15)  P.  COKN.  SCIPIO  AEMILIASTCS  AFEIC^XUS 
MINOE,  was  the  younger  son  of  L.  Aemilius 
Paulus,  the  conqueror  of  Macedonia,  and  was 
adopted  by  P.  Scipio  [No.  12],  the  son  of  the 
conqueror  of  Hannibal.  He  was  born  about 
185.  In  his  17th  year  he  accompanied  his  fa- 
ther Paulus  to  Greece,  and  fought  under  him 
at  the  battle  of  Pydna,  IdS.  Scipio  devoted 
himself  with  ardor  to  the  study  of  literature, 
and  formed  an  intimate  friendship  with  Po- 
lybius  and  Panaetius.  He  likewise  admitted 
the  poets  Lucilius  and  Terence  to  his  inti- 
macy, and  is  said  to  have  assisted  the  latter 
in  the  composition  of  his  comedies.  His 
friendship  with  Laelins,whose  tastes  and  pur- 
suits were  so  congenial  to  his  own,  has  been 


was  then  residing. 
as  legate  under  his 


against  Antiochus  the  Great.   After  their  re- 


immortalized by  Cicero's  celebrated  treatise 
entitled  "Laelins,  sive  de  Amieina."  Al- 
thou^h  thus  devoted  to  the  study  of  polite 
literature,  Scipio  is  said  to  have  cultivated 
the  virtues  which  distinguished  the  older 


SCIPIO. 


354 


SCODBUS. 


Romans,  and  to  haye  made  Cato  the  model 
of  his  conduct.  Scipio  first  served  in  Spain 
with  great  distinction  as  military  tribune  un- 
der  the  consul  L.  Lucullus  in  151.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  3d  Punic  war  in  149  he  ac- 
companied the  Roman  army  to  Africa,  again 
with  the  rank  of  military  tribune.  Here  he 
gained  still  more  renown.  By  his  personal 
Bravery  and  military  skill  he  repaired,  to  a 
great  extent,  the  mistakes  of  the  consul  Ma- 
nilius,  whose  army  on  one  occasion  he  saved 
from  destruction.  He  returned  to  Rome  in 
148,  and  had  already  gained  such  popularity 
that  when  he  became  a  candidate  for  the 
aedileship  for  the  following  year  (147)  he  was 
elected  consul,  although  he  was  only  37,  and 
had  not  therefore  attained  the  legal  age.  The 
senate  assigned  to  him  Africa  as  his  prov- 
ince, to  which  he  forthwith  sailed.  He  pros- 
ecuted the  siege  of  Carthage  with  the  ntmost 
vigor ;  and,  in  spite  of  a  desperate  resistance, 
captured  it  in  the  spring  of  146.  After  re- 
ducing Africa  to  the  form  of  a  Roman  prov- 
ince, Scipio  returned  to  Rome  in  the  same 
year,  and  celebrated  a  splendid  triumph  on 
account  of  his  victory.  The  surname  of  Afri- 
canus,  which  he  had  inherited  by  adoption 
from  the  conqueror  of  Hannibal,  had  been 
now  acquired*  by  him  by  his  own  exploits. 
In  142  Scipio  was  censor,  and  in  the  admin- 
istration of  the  duties  of  his  office  he  attempt- 
ed to  repress  the  growing  luxury  and  im- 
morality of  his  contemporaries.  In  130  Scip- 
io was  accused  by  Ti.  Claudius  Asellns  of 
majestas,  but  acquitted.  The  speeches  which 
he  delivered  on  the  occasion  obtained  great 
celebrity,  and  were  held  in  high  esteem  in  a 
later  age.  It  appears  to  have  oeen  after  this 
event  that  Scipio  was  sent  on  an  embassy  to 
Egypt  and  Asia,  to  attend  to  the  Roman  in- 
terests in  those  countries.  The  long  contin- 
uance of  the  war  in  Spain  again  called  Scipio 
to  the  consulship.  He  was  appointed  consul 
in  his  absence,  and  had  the  province  of  Spain 
assigned  to  him  in  134.  His  operations  were 
attended  with  success ;  and  in  133  he  brought 
the  war  to  a  conclusion  by  the  capture  of  the 
city  of  Numantia  after  a  loner  siege.  He  n o w 
received  the  surname  of  Numantiuus  in  ad- 
dition to  that  of  Africanus.  During  his  ab- 
sence in  Spain,Tib.  Gracchus  had  been  put  to 
death.  Scipio  was  married  to  Semproma,  the 
sister  of  the  fallen  tribune,  but  he  had  no 
sympathy  with  his  reforms,  and  no  sorrow 
for  his  fate.  Upon  his  return  to  Rome  in  132 
he  tock  the  lead  in  opposing  the  popular 
party,  and  endeavored  to  prevent  the  agra- 
rian law  of  Tib.  Gracchus  from  being  carried 
into  effect.  In  the  disputes  that  arose  in  con- 
sequence he  was  accused  by  Carbo  with  the 
bitterest  invectives  as  the  enemy  of  the  peo- 
ple; and  upon  his  again  expressing  his  ap- 
proval of  the  death  of  Tib.  Gracchus,  the  peo- 
ple shouted  out,  "Down  with  the  tyrant!" 
In  the  evening  he  went  home  with  the  inten- 
tion of  composing  a  speech  for  the  following 
day ;  bat  next  day  he  was  found  dead  in  his 
room.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  murder- 
ed, and  Cicero  mentions  Carbo  as  his  assas- 
sin. —  (16)  P.  CORN.  SOIPIO  NASIOA,  that  is, 
"Scipio  with  the  pointed  nose,"  was  the  son 
of  Cn.  Scipio  Calvus,who  fell  in  Spam  in  211 


[No.  9].  He  is  first  mentioned  in  204  as  a 
nng  man  who  was  judged  by  the  senate  to 
_  _  the  best  citizen  in  the  state,  and  was  there- 
fore sent  to  Ostia  along  with  the  Roman  ma- 
trons to  receive  the  statue  of  the  Idaean 
Mother,  which  had  been  brought  from  Pessi- 
nus.  He  was  curule  aedile  in  196 ;  praetor  in 
194,  when  he  fought  with  success  in  Farther 
Spain ;  and  consul  in  191,when  he  defeated  the 
Boii,  and  triumphed  over  them  on  his  return 
to  Rome.  Scipio  Nasica  was  a  celebrated 
jurist,  and  a  house  was  given  him  by  the' 
state  in  the  Via  Sacra,  in  order  that  he  might 
be  more  easily  consulted.  —-(17)  P.  CORN.  Sotr- 
10  NASIOA  CORODLUM,  son  of  No.  16,  inher- 
ited from  his  father  a  love  of  jurisprudence, 
and  became  so  celebrated  for  his  discernment^ 
and  for  his  knowledge  of  the  pontifical  and 
civil  law,  that  he  received  the  surname  of 
Cor&ulum.  He  was  elected  pontifex  maxi- 
mus  in  150.— (18)  P.  CORN.  SOIPIO  NASIOA  SK- 
RAPIO,  son  of  No.  17,  is  chiefly  known  as  the 
leader  of  the  senate  in  the  murder  of  Tib. 
Gracchus.  In  consequence  of  his  conduct  on 
this  occasion,  Nasica  became  an  object  of  such 
detestation  to  the  people  that  the  senate 
found  it  advisable  to  send  him  on  a  pretend- 
ed mission  to  Asia,  although  he  was  pontifex 
maximus,  and  ought  not,  therefore,  to  have 
quitted  Italy.  He  did  not  venture  to  return 
to  Rome,  and,  after  wandering  about  from 
place  to  place,  died  soon  afterwards  at  Perga- 
mum. — (19)  P.  CORN.  SOIPIO  NASIOA,  son  of 
No.  18,  was  consul  in  111,  and  died  during  his 
consulship.— (20)  P.  CORN-.  SOIPIO  NASIOA,  son 
of  No.  19,  praetor  in  94.  This  Scipio  became  the 
father-in-law  of  Cn.Pompey  the  triumvir,  and 
fell  in  Africa  in  46.  His  life  is  given  under 
METELLTTS. — (21)  CN.  CORN.  SOIPIO  HISPALLUS, 
son  of  L.  Scipio,  who  is  only  known  as  a  broth* 
er  of  the  2  Scipips  who  fell  in  Spain.  Hispal- 
lus  was  praetor  in  179,  and  consul  in  171.— (22) 
CN.  CORN.  SOIPIO  HISPALLUS,  son  of  No.  21, 
was  praetor  in  189,  when  he  published  an  edict 
that  all  Chaldaeans  (i.  e.  astrologers)  should 
leave  Rome  and  Italy  within  10  days. 

SCIRITIS,  a  wild  and  mountainous  district 
in  the  N.  of  Laconia,  on  the  borders  of  Ar- 
cadia, with  a  town  called  SOIRTJS. 

SCIR5N  (-onis),  a  famous  robber  who  in- 
fested the  frontier  between  Attica  and  MP- 
garis.  He  not  only  robbed  the  travelers  who 
passed  through  the  country,  but  compelled 
them  on  the  Scironian  rock  to  wash  his  feet, 
and  kicked  them  into  the  sea  while  they  were 
thus  employed.  At  the  foot  of  the  rock  there 
was  a  tortoise,  which,  devoured  the  bodies  of 
the  robber's  victims.  He  was  slain  by  The- 


SCIRONtA  SAXA(-orum:  Derveni  Bouno), 
large  rocks  on  the  E.  coast  of  Megaris,  be- 
tween which  and  the  sea  there  was  only  a 
narrow,  dangerous  pass,  called  the  Scironiau 
road.  The  name  of  the  rocks  was  derived 
from  the  celebrated  robber  Sciron. 

SCODRA  (-ae :  Scodar  or  Scutari),  one  of 
the  most  important  towns  in  Illyricum,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  river  Barbana,  at  the  JS.EL 
corner  of  the  Lacus  Labeatis,  and  about  It 
miles  from  the  coast. 

SCODRUS. 


SCOMIUS. 


355 


SCYLLA. 


SU6MIUS  (-i)  MONS,  a  mountain  in  Mace- 
donia, winch  runs  E.  of  Mount  Scardus,  in  the 
direction  of  N.  to  S.  towards  Mount  Haemus. 
SCOPAS  (-ae).    (1)  An  Aetolian,  who  held 
a  leading  position  among  his  countrymen  at 
the  period  of  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with 
Philip  and  the  Achaeans,  B.C.  220,  in  the  nrst 
year  of  which  he  commanded  the  Aetolian 
army.    After  the  close  of  the  war  with  Philip 
he  withdrew  to  Alexandria.    Here  he  was 
received  with  the  utmost  favor  by  the  minis- 
ters of  the  young  king,  Ptolemy  V.,  and  was 
appointed  to  the  chief  command  of  the  army 
against  Antiochus  the  Great,  but  was  ulti- 
mately unsuccessful.   Notwithstanding  this, 
he  continued  in  high  favor  at  the  Egyptian 
court ;  but  having  formed  a  plot  in  196  to  ob- 
tain by  force  the  chief  administration  of  the 
kingdom,  he  was  arrested  and  put  to  death. 
— (2)  A  distinguished  sculptor  and  architect, 
was  a  native  of  Paros,  and  appears  to  have 
belonged  to  a  family  of  artists  in  that  island. 
He  flourished  from  w.o.  395  to  350.    He  was 
the  architect  of  the  temple  of  Athena  Alea,  at 
Tegea,  in  Arcadia,  which  was  commenced 
soon  after  B.O.  394.   He  was  one  of  the  artists 
employed  in  executing  the  bass-reliefs  which 
decorated  the  frieze  of  the  mausoleum  at 
Halicarnassus  in  Caria.  a  portion  of  which  is 
now  deposited  in  the  British  Museum.  Among 
the  single  statues  and  groups  of  Scopas,  the 
best  known  in  modern  times  is  his  group  of 
figures  representing  the  destruction  of  the 
sons  and  daughters  of  Niobe.    But  the  most 
esteemed  of  all  the  works  of  Seopas,  in  an- 
tiquity, was  his  group  representing  Achilles 
conducted  to  the  island  of  Leuce  by  the  divin- 
ities of  the  sea. 

SCORDISCI  (-ornm),  a  people  in  Pannonla 
Superior,  are  sometimes  classed  among  the 
Dlyrians,  but  were  the  remains  of  an  ancien 
and  powerful  Celtic  tribe.  They  dwelt  be 
tween  the  Savus  and  Dravus. 

SCOTI  (-5rum),  a  people  mentioned,  togeth 
er  with  the  PIOTI,  by  the  later  Boman  writer 
as  one  of  the  chief  tribes  of  the  ancient  Gale 
donians.  They  dwelt  in  the  S.  of  Scotlauc 
and  in  Ireland ;  and  from  them  the  forme 
country  has  derived  its  name. 

SCOTUSSA  (-ae),  a  very  ancient  town  o 
Thessaly,  in  the  district  Pelasgiotis,  near  th 
source  of  the  Ouchestus. 

SCKIBONlA  (-ae),wife  of  Octavianus,  aft 
erwards  the  emperor  Augustus,  had  been 
married  twice  before.  By  one  of  her  forme 
husbands,  P.  Scipio,  she  had  two  children,  P 


ocipio,  wno  was  consul  in  JB.U.  AO,  a,uu  « 
ter,  Cornelia,  who  was  married  to  JTUUIU 
Aemilius  Lepidus,  censor  in  B.O.  22.  Scribo 
nia  was  the  sister  of  L.  Scribonius  Libo,  wh 
was  the  father-in-law  of  Sex.Pompey.t  An 
gustns  married  her  in  40,  on  the  advice  o 
Maecenas,  because  he  was  then  afraid  tha 
Sex.  Pompey  would  form  an  alliance  witt 
Antony  to  crush  him;  but  having  renewec 
his  alliance  with  Antony,  Octavian  divorce 
her  in  the  following  year  (39),  on  the  ver 
day  on  which  she  had  borne  him  a  daughte 
Julia,  in  order  to  marry  Livia.  Scribom 
long  survived  her  separation  from  Octaviai 
In  A.D.  2  she  accompanied,  of  her  own  accord 


er  daughter  Julia  into  exile  to  the  island  of 
auduturia. 

SCRIBONIUS  CtlllO.    [Ctrtiio.] 

SCEIBOKIUS  LIBO.    [Lino.] 

SCEIBO^IUS  PROCtjLUS.     [PaoouLrs.] 

SCULTENNA  (-ae:   Panaro\  a  river  in 

Pallia  Cispadana,  rising  in  the  Apennines, 

nd  flowing  to  the  E.  of  Hntiiia  into  the  Po. 

SCYLlClUM,     also     SCtLXcEUM     or 

CYLLETIUM  (-i:  JtyuftZace),  a  Greek  town 

n  the  E.  coast  of  Bmttium,  was  situated  on 

adjoining  hills  at  a  short  distance  from  the 

oast,  between  the  rivers  Caeciuus  and  Car- 

ines.     From  this  town  the  SOYLACIUS  or 

CYIXETICTJS  SINUS  derived  its  name. 

SCtXAX  (-acis).   (1)  Of  Caryanda,  in  Car  a, 

vas  sent  by  Darius  Hystuspis  on  a  voyage  of 

iscovery  down  the  Indus.    Setting  out  from 

he  city  of  Caspatyrus  and  the  Pactyican  dis- 

rict,  Seylax  reached  the  sea,  and  th>'.n  sailed 

W.  through  the  Indian  Ocean  to  the  jfted  Sea, 

)erforming  the  whole  voyage  in  So  months. 

There  is  still  extant  a  Periplw  bearing  the 

name  of  Scylax,  but  which  cauld  not  have 

been  written  by  the  subject  either  of  this  or 

of  the  following  article.— (?)  Of  Halicarnassus, 

a  friend  of  Panaetius,  d'stinsruithed  for  his 

cuowledge  of  the  stars,  and  for  his  political 

influence  in  his  own  st^te. 


.;hich  dwelt  Scylla,  a  daughter  of  Crataeis, 
a  fearful  monster,  barking  like  a  dog,  wiih  IS 
feet,  and  6  long  necks  and  heads,  each  of 
which  contained  3  rows  of  sharp  teeth.  The 
opposite  rock,  which  was  much  lower,  con- 
tained an  immense  fis-tree,  under  which 
dwelt  Charybdis,  who  thrice  every  day  swal- 
lowed down  the  waters  of  the  sea,  and  thrice 
threw  them  up  again.  This  is  the  Homeric 
account;  but  later  traditions  give  different 
accounts  of  Scylla's  parentage.  Hercnles  is 
said  to  have  killed  her,  because  she  stole 
some  of  the  oxen  of  Geryon ;  but  Phorcys  is 
said  to  have  restored  her  to  life,  \irgil 
(Aen.t  vi.  2SG)  speaks  of  several  Scvllae,  and 
places  them  in  the  lower  world.  Charybdis 
is  described  as  a  daughter  of  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) and  Gaea  (Tellus),  and  as  a  voracious 
woman,  who  stole  oxen  from  Hercules,  and 
was  hurled  by  the  thunderbolt  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) into  the  sea. 


S«ylla.    (From  a  coin  of  Agrigentonu) 


SCYLLA. 


356 


SEBETHUS. 


SCYLLA  <-ae),  daughter  of  king  Nisus  of 
Megara,who  fell  in  love  with  Minos.  [Nisus, 
and  MINOS.] 

SCYLLAEUM  (-i).  (1)  (Scigilo),  a  promon- 
tory on  the  coast  of  Bruttium,  at  the  N.  en- 
trance to  the  Sicilian  strait,  where  the  mon- 
ster Scylla  was  supposed  to  live.  [SOYLLA.] 
—(2)  (Scilla  or  Sciglio),  a  town  in  Bruttium, 
on  the  above-named  promontory.  There  are 
still  remains  of  the  ancient  citadel. — (3)  A 
promontory  in  Argolis,  on  the  coast  of  Troe- 
zen,  forming, with  the  promontory  of  Sunium 
In  Attica,  the  entrance  to  the  Saronic  gull'. 

SCYLLETICUS  SfNUS.     [SCYLAOIUM.] 

SCYLL1TIUM.    [SoYLAOiuM.] 

SCYMNUS  (-i),  of  Chios, wrote  a  Periegesis, 
or  description  of  the  earth,  in  prose,  and 
which  is  consequently  different  from  the 
Periegesis  in  Iambic  metre  which  has  come 
down  to  us. 

SCTROS  <-i:  Scyro),  an  island  in  the  Ae- 
gaean  sea,  E.  of  Euboea,  and  one  of  the  Spor- 
ades.  Here  Thetis  concealed  her  son  Achilles 
in  woman's  attire  among  the  daughters  of 
Lycomedes,  and  here  also  Pyrrhus,  the  son  of 
Achilles  by  Deidarala,  was  brought  up.  Ac- 
cording to  another  tradition,  the  island  was 
conquered  by  Achilles,  in  order  to  revenge 
the  death  of  Theseus,  who  is  said  to  have 
been  treachero*^  destroyed  in  Scyros  by 
Lycomedes.  1-ne  bones  of  Theseus  were 
discovered  by  Cimon  in  Scyros,  after  his  con- 
quest of  the  island,  B.  o.  476,  and  were  conveyed 
to  Athens,  where  they  were  preserved  in  the 
Theseum.  From  this  time  Scyros  continued 
subject  to  Athens  till  the  period  of  the  Mace- 
donian supremacy;  but  the  Romans  com- 
pelled the  last  Philip  to  restore  it  to  Athens, 
B.O.  196. 

SCtTHEA  (-ae :  Scythes,  Scytha,  -ae,  pi. 
Scythae,  -arum ;  fern.  Scythis,  -Idis,  Scythissa), 
a  name  applied  to  very  different  countries  at 
different  tunes.  The  Scythia  of  Herodotus 
comprises,  to  speak  generally,  the  S.E.  parts 
of  Europe,  between  the  Carpathian  mount- 
ains and  the  river  Tanais  (Don).  The  people 
who  inhabited  this  region  were  called  by  the 
Greeks  ZKtf0cw,  a  word  of  doubtful  origin, 
which  first  occurs  in  Hesiod;  but,  in  their 
own  language,  SKOXOTOI,  i.  e.  Slavonians.  They 
were  believed  by  Herodotus  to  be  of  Asiatic 
origin ,  and  his  account  of  them,  taken  in 
connection  with  the  description  given  by  Hip- 
pocrates of  their  physical  peculiarities,  leaves 
no  doubt  that  they  were  a  part  of  the  great 
Mongol  race,  who  have  wandered,  from  un- 
known antiquity,  over  the  steppes  of  Central 
Asia.  Herodotus  says  further  that  they  were 
driven  out  of  their  abodes  in  Asia,  N.  of  the 
Araxes,  by  the  Massagetae ;  and  that,  migrat- 
ing into  Europe,  they  drove  out  the  Cim- 
merians. The  Scythians  were  a  nomad  peo- 
ple, that  is,  shepherds  or  herdsmen,  who  had 
no  fixed  habitations,  but  roamed  over  a  vast 
tract  of  country  at  their  pleasure,  and  accord- 
ing to  the  wants  of  their  cattle.  They  lived 
in  a  kind  of  covered  wagons,  which  Aeschy- 
lus describes  as  ''lofty  bouses  of  wicker-work, 
on  well-wheeled  chariots."  They  kept  large 
troops  of  horses,  and  were  most  expert  in 


cavalry  exercises  and  archery ;  and  hence,  as 
the  Persian  king  Darius  found,  when  he  in- 
vaded their  country  (B.O.  507),  it  was  almost 
impossible  for  an  invading  army  to  act  against 
them.  They  simply  retreated,  wagons  and  all, 
before  the  enemy,  harassing  him  with  their 
light  cavalry,  and  leaving  famine  and  ex^ 
posure,  in  their  bare  steppes,  to  do  the  rest. 
An  important  modification  of  their  habita 
had,  however,  taken  place,  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent, before  Herodotus  described  them.  The 
fertility  of  the  plains  on  the  N.  of  the  Euxiue, 
and  the  influence  of  the  Greek  settlements  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Borysthenes,  and  along  the 
coast,  had  led  the  inhabitants  of  this  part  of 
Scythia  to  settle  down  as  cultivators  of  the 
soil,  and  had  brought  them  into  commercial 
and  other  relations  with  the  Greeks.  Accord- 
ingly, Herodotus  mentions  2  classes  or  hordes 
of  Scythians  who  had  thus  abandoned  their 
nomad  life  and  turned  husbandmen.  In  later 
times  the  Scythians  were  gradually  overpow- 
ered by  the  neighboring  people,  especially 
the  Sannatians,  who  gave  their  name  to  the 
whole  country.  [SAKMATIA.]  In  writers  of 
the  time  of  the  Roman  empire  the  name  of 
Scythia  denotes  the  whole  of  N.  Asia,  from 
the  river  Rlia  (Volga)  on  the  W.,  which  di- 
vided it  from  Asiatic  Sarmatia,  to  Serica  on 
the  E.,  extending  to  India  on  the  S.  It  was 
divided,  by  Mount  Imaus,  into  2  parts,  called 
respectively  Scythia  iutra  Imaum,  i.  e.  on  the 
N.W.  side  of  the  range,  and  Scythia  extra 
Imaum,  on  its  S.E.  side.  Of  the  people  of 
this  region  nothing  was  known  except  some 
names ;  but  the  aosence  of  knowledge  was 
supplied  by  some  marvelbus  and  not  unin- 
teresting fables. 

SCYTHINI  (-orurn),  a  people  on  the  W. 
border  of  Armenia,  through  whose  country 
the  Greeks  under  Xenophon  marched  4  days' 
journey. 

SCYTHO'POLIS  (-is:  O. T.  Bethshan :  Be^ 
san,  Ru.),  an  important  city  of  Palestine,  in 
the  S.E.  of  Galilee,  according  to  the  usual 
division,  but  sometimes  also  reckoned  to 
Samaria,  sometimes  to  Decapolis,  and  some* 
times  to  Coele-Syria.  It  is  often  mentioned 
in  O.  T.  history,  in  the  time  of  the  Macca- 
bees, and  under  the  Romans.  It  had  a  mixed 
population  of  Canaanites,  Philistines,  and 
Assyrian  settlers.  Under  the  late  Roman 
empire  it  became  the  seat  of  the  archbishop 
of  Palestina  Secunda,  and  it  continued  a 
flourishing  city  to  the  time  of  the  first  Cru- 
sade. 

SSBASTE  (-es:=:  Augusta).  (1)  (Ayash, 
Ru.),  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Cilicia  Aspera.— 
(2)  (Segikl&r),  a  city  of  Phrygia,  N.W.  of 
Eumenia.— (3)  A  city  in  Pontus,  also  called 
Cabira.  [CABIEA.]— (4)  [SAMARIA]. 

SEBENNYTUS  (-i:  Semennout,  Ru.),  a  con* 
siderable  city  of  Lower  Egypt,  in  the  Delta, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  branch  of  the  Nile, 
called  after  it  the  Sebennytic  Mouth.  It  was 
the  capital  of  the  Nomos  Sebenuytes  or  Se* 
bennyticus. 

SEBBTHUS  (-i:  Maddalena),  a  small  river 
in  Campania,  flowing  around  Vesuvius,  and 
falling  into  the  Sinus  Puteolanus  at  the  E 
side  of  Neapolie. 


SBDETANL 


357 


SELEUCIA. 


SEDETANL    [EDETANL] 

SEDttNI  (-drum),  au  Alpine  people  in  Gal- 
lia  Belgica,  E.  of  the  lake  of  Geneva,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Rhone,  in  the  modem  Fallaia. 

SEDUSII  (-orum),  a  German  people,  form- 
ing part  of  the  army  of  Arioviatns,  when  he 
invaded  Ganl  in  B.C.  58.  Their  site  can  not 
be  determined. 

SEGESTA  (-ae:  nr.  Alcamo,  Ru.),  the  later 
Roman  form  of  the  town  called  by  the  Greeks 
EGESTA  or  AKGESTA,  in  Virgil  AOEBTA  ;  sit- 
uated in  the  N.W.  of  Sicily,  near  the  coast 
between  Pauormus  and  Drepauum.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  founded  by  the  Trojans  on  2 
small  rivers,  to  which  they  gave  the  names 
of  Simois  and  Scamander  ;  hence  the  Romans 
made  it  a  colony  of  Aeneas. 

SEGESTES  (-is),  a  Cherascan  chieftain,  the 
opponent  of  Arminius. 

SEGNI  (-orum),  a  German  people  in  Gallia 
Belgica,  between  the  Treveri  and  Eburoues, 
the  name  of  whom  is  still  preserved  in  the 
town  of  Sin&i  or  Signei. 

SEGOBR1GA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  of  the 
Celtiberi,  in  Hispania  Tarracouensis,  S.  W.  of 
Caesaraugusta. 

SEGONTlA  or  SEGUNTlA  (-ae),  a  town 
of  the  Celtiberi,  in  Hispania  Tarraconensis, 
16  miles  from  Caesaraugasta. 

SEGOVfA  (-ae).  (1)  (Segooia),  a  town  of 
the  Arevaci,  on  the  road  from  Emerita  to 
Caesaraugnsta.  A  magnificent  Roman  aque- 
duct is  still  extant  at  Segovia.—  (2)  A  town 
in  Hispania  Baetica  on  the  Flumen  Silicense, 
near  Sacili. 

SEGUSllNI  (-5rnm),  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant peoples  in  Gallia  Lugdnnensis,  bound- 
ed by  the  Allobroges  on  the  S.,by  the  Sequani 
on  the  E.,  by  the  Aedui  on  the  N.,  and  by  the 
Arverni  on  the  W.  In  their  territory  was  the 
town  of  Lagdununa,  the  capital  of  the  modem 
province. 

SEGTJSlO  (-onis:  Sfasa),  the  capital  of  the 
Seo-usiui  and  the  residence  of  king  Cottius, 
was  situated  in  Gallia  Transpadana,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Cottian  Alps.  The  triumphal  arch 
erected  at  this  place  oy  Cottius  in  honor  of 
Augustus  is  still  extant. 

S1JANUS  (-i),  AELlUS,  was  born  at  Vul- 
sinii,  in  Etruria,  and  was  the  son  of  Seius 
Strabo,who  was  commander  of  the  praetorian 
troops  at  the  close  of  the  reign  of  Augustus, 
A.D.  14  He  succeeded  his  father  in  the  com- 
mand of  these  bands,  and  ultimately  gained 
such  influence  over  Tiberius  that  he  made 
him  his  confidant  For  many  years  he  gov- 
erned Tiberius  ;  but,  not  content  with  this 
high  position,  he  formed  the  design  of  obtain 


diers,  and  procu 
the  son  of  Tiberius  by  his  wife  Livia,  whom 
he  had  seduced.  After  Tiberius  hud  shu 
himself  up  in  the  island  of  Capreae,  Sejanus 
had  full  scope  for  his  machinations  ;  and  the 
death  of  Livia,  the  mother  of  Tiberius  (29) 
was  followed  by  the  banishment  of  Agrippma 
and  her  sons  Nero  and  Drusus.  Tiberius  at 


ast  begaii  to  suspect  the  designs  of  Sejanus, 
ind  sent  Sertorias  Macro  to  Rome,  with  a 
ommission  to  take  the  command  of  the  prae* 
orian  cohorts.  Macro,  after  assuring  him- 
elf  of  the  troops,  and  depriving  Sejanas  of 
lis  usual  guard,  produced  a  letter  from  Tibe- 
ius  to  the  senate,  in  which  the  emperor  ex- 
>ressed  his  apprehensions  of  Sejanus.  The 
enate  decreed  his  death,  and  he  was  imme- 
diately executed.  His  body  \vas  dracrgedf 
about  the  streets,  and  finally  thrown  into  the 
Tiber.  Many  of  the  friends  of  Sejanus  per- 
shed  at  the  same  time;  and  his  son  and 
daughter  shared  his  fate. 
SELEUCIA  (-ae),  and  rarely  SELEUCEA, 
he  name  of  several  cities  in  different  parts 
>f  Asia,  built  by  Seleucus  L,  king  of  Syria, 
1)  S.  AD  TIGEIN,  also  called  S.  BABYLONIA,  S. 
ASSYEIAB,  and  S.  PAETHOEITM,  a  great  city  on 
the  confines  of  Assyria  and  Babylonia,  and 
for  a  long  time  the  capital  of  W.  Asia,  until 
t  was  eclipsed  by  CTESIPUO??.  Its  exact  site 
has  been  disputed;  but  the  most  probable 
opinion  is  that  it  stood  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  Tigris,  N.  of  its  junction  with  the  Royal 
Danal,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Delas  or  Silla  (Diala),  and  to  the  spot  where 
Ctesiphou  was  afterwards  built  by  the  Par- 
thians.  It  was  a  little  to  the  S.  of  t  he  modern 
city  of  Bagdad.  It  was  built  in  the  form  of 
an  eagle  with  expanded  wings,  and  was  peo- 
pled by  settlers  from  Assyria,  Mesopotamia, 
Babylonia,  Syria,  and  Judaea.  It  rapidly 
rose,  and  eclipsed  Babylon  in  wealth  and 
splendor.  Even  after  the  Parthian  kings  had 
become  masters  of  the  banks  of  the  Tigris, 
and  had  fixed  their  residence  at  Ctesiphon, 
Seleucia,  though  deprived  of  ranch  of  its  im- 
portance, remained  a  very  considerable  city. 
In  the  reign  of  Titns  it  had,  according  Pliny, 
600,000  inhabitants.  It  declined  after  its  capt- 
ure by  Severus,  and  in  Julian's  expedition  it 
was  found  entirely  deserted.— (2)  S.  PIEEIA 
(called  Seleukeh  or  Keptse,  near  Suadeiah,  Hu.), 
Teat  city  and  fortress  of  Syria,  founded  by 
_Jeucus  in  April,  B.C.  300.  It  stood  on  the 
site  of  an  ancient  fortress,  on  the  rocks  over- 
hanging the  sea,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Pieria, 
about  4  miles  N.  of  the  Orontes,  and  12  miles 
W.  of  Antioch.  Its  natural  strength  was  im- 
proved by  every  known  art  of  fortification. 
In  the  war  with  Egypt  which  ensued  upon 
the  murder  of  Antioctms  II.,  Seleucia  surren- 
dered to  Ptolemy  HL  Euergetes  (B.C.  240). 
It  was  afterwards  recovered  by  Autiochue 
the  Great  (219).  In  the  war  between  Antio- 
chus  VIII.  and  IX.  the  people  of  Selencia  made 
themselves  independent  (109  or  10S).  The 
city  had  fallen  entirely  into  decay  by  the  6th 
century  of  our  era.  There  are  considerable 
ruins  of  the  harbor  and  mole,  of  the  walls  of 
the  city,  and  of  its  necropolis.  The  surround- 
ing district  was  called  Sr.LECcis.-(3)  S.  AD 
B!L*M,  a  city  of  Syria,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Orontes,  near  Apamea.  Its  site  is  doubtful. 
-(4)  S.  TEAOHKOTIS  (Selefkeh,  Ru.),  an  impor- 
tant city  of  Cilicia  Aspera,  was.  built  by  Se- 
leucus I.  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  river  Calycad- 
nus,  about  4  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  peopled 
with  the  inhabitants  of  several  neighboring 
cities.  It  had  an  oracle  of  Apollo,  and  annu£ 
o-am.es  in  honor  of  Zeus  Olympics  (the  Olyn* 


SELEUCIS. 


358 


SELEUCUS. 


pian  Jupiter).  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the 
philosophers  Athenaeus  and  Xenarchus,  and 
of  other  learned  men.— -(5)  S.  IN  MESOPOTAMIA. 
(Bir\  ou  the  left  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  op- 
posite to  the  ford  of  Zeugma,  was  a  fortress  of 
considerable  importance  in  ancient  military 
history — (6)  A  considerable  city  of  Margiana, 
built  by  Alexander  the  Great,  in  a  beautiful 
situation,  and  called  Alexandria;  destroyed 
by  the  barbarians,  and  rebuilt  by  Antiochus 
I.,  who  named  it  Seleucia  after  his  father.— 
(7)  S.  IN  CABIA  [TBALLE8].--There  were  other 
cities  of  the  name,  of  less  importance,  in  Pisi- 
dia,  Pamphylia,  Palestine,  and  Elymai's. 

SELETTCIS,  the  most  beautiful  and  fertile 
district  of  Syria,  containing  the  N.W.  part  of 
the  country,  between  Mount  Amanus  on  the 
N.,  the  Mediterranean  on  the  W.,  the  districts 
of  Cyrrhestice  and  Chalybonitis  on  the  N.B., 
the  desert  on  the  E.,  and  Coele-Syria  and  the 
mountains  of  Lebanon  on  the  S. 

SfiLEUCTJS  (-i),  the  name  of  several  kings 
of  Syria.  I.  Surnamed  NIOATOB,  the  founder 
of  the  Syrian  monarchy,  reigned  B.O.  312-280. 
He  was  the  son  of  Antiochus,  a  Macedonian 
of  distinction  among  the  officers  of  Philip  II., 
and  was  born  about  858.  He  accompanied 
Alexander  on  his  expedition  to  Asia,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  particularly  in  the  Indian 
campaigns.  After  the  death  of  Alexander 
(323)  he  espoused  the  side  of  Perdiccas,whom 
he  accompanied  on  his  expedition  against 
Egypt;  but  he  took  a  leading  part  in  the 
mutiny  of  the  soldiers,  which  ended  in  the 
death  of  Perdiccas  (321).  In  the  2d  partition 
of  the  provinces  which  followed,  Seleucus  ob- 
tained the  wealthy  and  important  satrapy  of 
Babylonia ;  but  it  is  not  till  his  recovery  of 
Babylon  from  Antigonus,  in  812,  that  the 
Syrian  monarchy  is  commonly  reckoned  to 
commence.  He  afterwards  conquered  Susiana 
and  Media,  and  gradually  extended  his  power 
over  all  the  eastern  provinces  which  had  form- 
ed part  of  the  empire  of  Alexander,  from  the 
Euphrates  to  the  banks  of  the  Oxus  and  the 
Indus.  In  306  Seleucus  formally  assumed  the 
regal  title  and  diadem.  Having  leagued  him- 
self with  Ptolemy,  Lysimachus,  and  Cassan- 
der  against  Antigonus,  he  obtained,  by  the 
defeat  and  death  of  that  monarch  at  Insus 
$01),  a  great  part  of  Asia  Minor,  as  well  as 
the  whole  of  Syria,  from  the  Euphrates  to  the 
Mediterranean.  Seleucus  appears  to  have  felt 
the  difficulty  of  exercising  a  vigilant  control 
over  so  extensive  an  empire,  ana  accordingly, 
in  293,  he  consigned  the"government  of  all  the 
provinces  beyond  the  Euphrates  to  his  son 
Antiochus,  upon  whom  he  bestowed  the  title 

ful  wife,  Stratonice,  for  whom  the  prince  had 
conceived  a  violent  attachment  In  2S6,  with 
the  assistance  of  Ptolemy  and  Lysimachus, 
he  defeated  and  captured  Demetrius,  king  of 
Macedonia,  who  had  invaded  Asia  Minor. 
For  some  time  jealousies  had  existed  between 
Selencus  and  Lysimachus ;  but  the  immediate 
cause  of  the  war  between  the  2  monarchs, 
which  terminated  in  the  defeat  and  death  of 
Lysimachus  (281),  is  related  in  the  life  of  the 
latter.  Seleucus  now  crossed  the  Hellespont 
in  order  to  take  possession  of  the  throne  of 


Macedonia,  which  had  been  left  vacant  by  the 
death  of  Lysimachus ;  but  he  had  advanced 
no  farther  than  Lysimachia  when  he  was  as- 
sassinated by  Ptolemy  Ceraunus,  to  whom,  as 
the  son  of  his  old  friend  and  ally,  he  had  ex» 
tended  a  friendly  protection.  His  death  took 
place  in  the  beginning  of  280,  only  7  mouths 
after  that  of  Lysimachus,  and  in  the  32d  year 
of  his  reign.  He  was  in  his  7Sth  year.  Seleu-, 
cus  appears  to  have  carried  out,  with  great 
energy  and  perseverance,  the  projects  origi- 
nally formed  by  Alexander  himself  for  the 
ffellenization  of  his  Asiatic  empire;  and  we 
find  him  founding  in  almost  every  province 
Greek  or  Macedonian  colonies,  which  became 
BO  many  centres  of  civilization  and  refine- 
ment.— II.  Surnamed  CALLINIOUS  (246-226), 
was  the  eldest  son -of  Antiochus  II.  by  his 
first  wife  Laodice.  The  first  measure  of  his 
administration,  or  rather  that  of  his  mother, 
was  to  put  to  death  his  stepmother,  Berenice, 
together  with  her  infant  son.  To  avenge  his 
sister,  Ptolemy  Euergetes,  king  of  Egypt,  in- 
vaded the  dominions  of  Seleucus,  and  not 
only  made  himself  master  of  Autioch  and  the 
whole  of  Syria,  but  carried  his  arms  unop- 
posed beyond  the  Euphrates  and  the  Tigris. 
During  these  operations  Seleucus  kept  wholly 
aloof;  but  when  Ptolemy  had  been  recalled 
to  his  own  dominions  by  domestic  disturb- 
ances, he  recovered  possession  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  provinces  which  he  had  lost.  Se- 
leucus  next  became  involved  in  a  dangerous 
war  with  his  brother,  Antiochus  Hierax,  and 
afterwards  undertook  an  expedition  to  the 
East,  with  the  view  of  reducing  the  revolted 
provinces  of  Parthia  and  Bactria.  He  was, 
however,  defeated  by  Arsaces,  king  of  Parthia, 
in  a  great  battle,  which  was  long  after  cele- 
brated by  the  Parthians  as  the  foundation  of 
their  independence.  Seleucus  appears  to  have 
been  engaged  in  an  expedition  for  the  recovery 
of  his  provinces  in  Asia  Minor,  which  had 
been  seized  by  Attains, when  he  was  accident- 
ally killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  in  the  21st 
year  of  his  reign,  22C. — III.  Surnamed  CEBAW- 
•vus  (226-223),  eldest  son  and  successor  of  Se- 
lencus II., was  assassinated  by  2  of  his  officers, 
after  a  reign  of  only  3  years,  and  was  succeed- 
ed by  his  brother,  Antiochus  the  Great.— IV. 
Surnamed  PHILOPATOE  (187-175),  was  the  son 
and  successor  of  Antiochus  the  Great.  The 
reign  of  Seleucus  was  feeble  and  inglorious. 
He  was  assassinated  in  175  by  one  of  his  own 
ministers.— V.  Eldest  son  of  Demetrius  H., 
assumed  the  royal  diadem  on  learning  of  the 
death  of  his  father,  125;  but  his  mother, 
Cleopatra,  who  had  herself  put  Demetrius  to 
death,  was  indignant  at  hearing  that  her  son 
had  ventured  to  take  such  a  step  without  her 
authority,  and  caused  Seleucns  also  to  be 
assassinated.— VI.  Surnamed  EPIPUANEB,  and 
also  NIOATOR  (95-93),  was  the  eldest  of  the  5 
sons  of  Antiochus  VIII.  Grypus.  On  the  death 
of  his  father,  in  95,  he  ascended  the  throne, 
and  defeated  and  slew  in  battle  his  uncle, 
Antiochus  Cyzicenus,  who  had  laid  claim  to 
the  kingdom.  But  shortly  after  Seleucus  was 
in  his  turn  defeated  by  Antiochus  Eusebes, 
the  son  of  Cyzicenus,  and  expelled  from 
Syria.  He  took  refuge  in  the  city  of  Mop- 
suestia,  in  Cilicia ;  but,  in  consequence  of  his 


SELGE. 


350 


SENECA. 


tyranny,  was  burned  to  death  by.  the  in- 
habitants. 

SELGE  (-es:  SurJet  Ru.),  one  of  the  chief 
of  the  independent  mountain  cities  of  Pisidia, 
stood  on  the  S.  side  of  Mount  Taurus,  on  the 
Eurymedon,  just  where  the  river  breaks 
through  the  mountain  chain. 

SSLIN'D'S  (-untis).  (1)  A  small  river  on 
the  S.W.  coast  of  Sicily,  flowing  by  the  town 
of  the  same  name.— (2)  (Crestena),  a  river  of 
TSlis,  in  the  district  Triphylia,  near  Scillus, 
flowing  into  the  Alpheus  west  of  Olympia. — 
(3)  (Vostitzct),  a  river  of  Achaia,  rising  in 
Mount  Eryrnanthns.— (4)  A  tributary  of  the 
Caicus,  in  Mysia,  flowing  by  the  town  of  Per- 
gamum. — (5)  (Castel  vetrano,  Ru.),  one  of  the 
most  important  towns  in  Sicily,  situated  upon 
a  hill  on  the  S.W.  coast,  and  upon  a  river  of 
the  same  name.  It  was  founded  by  the  Do- 
rians from  Mei?ara  Hyblaea,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Sicily,  B.C.  628.  It  soon  attained  great 
prosperity ;  but  it  was  taken  by  the  Cartha- 
ginians in  409,  when  most  of  its  inhabitants 
were  slain  or  sold  as  slaves,  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  city  destroyed.— (6)  (Selenfy,  a 
town  in  Cilicia,  situated  on  the  coast. 

SELLASJA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Laconia,  1ST.  of 
Sparta,  near  the  river  Oenus. 

SELLSIS.    (1)  A  river  in  Elis,  on  which  the 
Homeric  Ephyra  stood,  rising  in  Mount  Pho- 
loS,  and  falling  into  the  sea  S.  of  the  Peneus. 
—(2)  A  river  near  Sicyon.— (3)  A  river  in  Troas, 
near  Arisbe,  and  a  tributary  of  the  Rhodius. 
SELLI  or  HELLL    [DODONA.] 
SELYMBRIAorSELYBRIA(-ae:  fifeMwta) 
an  important  town  in  Thrace,  situated  on  th 
Propontis.   It  was  a  colony  of  the  Megarians, 
and  was  founded  earlier  than  Byzantium. 

SEMSLB  <-es),  daughter  of  Cadmus  and 
Harmonia,  at  Thebes,  and  accordingly  sister 
of  Ino,  Agave,  Autonoe,  and  Polydorus.  She 
was  beloved  by  Zeus  (Jupiter).  Hera  (Juno), 
stimulated  by  jealousy,  appeared  to  her  in 
the  form  of  her  aged  nurse  Berpe,  and  in- 
duced her  to  ask  Zens  to  visit  her  in  the  same 
splendor  and  majesty  with  which  he  appeared 
to  Hera.  Zeus  warned  her  of  the  danger  of 
her  request :  but  as  he  had  sworn  to  grant 
whatever  she  desired,  he  was  obliged  to  com- 
ply with  her  prayer.  He  accordingly  appeared 
before  her  as  the  god  of  thunder,  and  Semel< 
was  consumed  by  the  lightning;  but  Zeus 
saved  her  child  Dionysus  (Bacchus),  with 
whom  she  was  pregnant.  Her  son  afterwards 
carried  her  out  of  the  lower  world,  and  con- 
ducted her  to  Olympus,  where  she  became  im 
mortal  under  the  name  of  Thyone. 

SEMIRAMIS  (-idis)  and  NXNUS  (-i),  the 
mythical  founders  of  the  Assyrian  empire  of 
Ninus  or  Nineveh.  Ninus  was  a  great  war 
rior,  who  built  the  town  of  Ninus  or  Nineveh 
about  B.O.  21S2,  and  subdued  the  greater  par 
of  Asia.  Semiramis  was  the  daughter  of  the 
fish-goddess  DercSto,  of  Ascalonin  Syria,  by  a 
Syrian  youth.  Derceto,  being  ashamed  of  he 
frailty,  made  away  with  the  youth,  and  ex 
posed  her  infant  daughter ;  but  the  child  wa 
miraculously  preserved  by  doves,  who  fed  he 
till  she  was  discovered  by  the  shepherds  oi 
the  neighborhood.  She  was  then  brought  uj 


y  the  chief  shepherd  of  the  royal  herds, 
yhose  name  was  Simraas,  from  whom  she 
erived  the  name  of  Semiramis.  Her  sur- 
assiug  beauty  attracted  tbe  notice  of  Onues, 
ne  of  the  king's  friends  and  generals,  who 
married  her.  At  the  siege  of  Bactra,  Semirx- 
nis  planned  an  attack  upon  the  citadel  of  the 
own,  mounted  the  walls  with  a  few  brave  i'ol- 
owers,  and  obtained  possession  of  the  place. 

inus  was  so  charmed  by  her  bravery  and 
eauty  that  he  resolved  to  make  her  his  wife, 
vhereupon  her  unfortunate  husband  put  an 
nd  to  his  life.  By  Ninus  Semirumis  bad  a 
on,  Ninyas,  and  on  the  death  of  Ninus  she 
ucceedeo1  him  on  the  throne.  Her  fame 
hrew  into  the  shade  that  of  Ninus ;  and  later 
iges  loved  to  tell  of  her  marvelous  deeds  and 
ler  heroic  achievements.  She  built  numer- 
als cities  and  erected  many  wonderful  build- 

igs.  In  Nineveh  she  erected  a  tomb  for 
her  husband  9  stadia  high  and  10  wide ;  she 
built  the  city  of  Babylon,  with  all  its  wonders ; 
and  she  constructed  the  hanging  gardens  in 
Media,  of  which  later  writers  give  us  such 
strange  accounts.  Besides  conquering  many 
nations  of  Asia,  she  subdued  Egypt  and  a 
great  part  of  Ethiopia,  but  was  unsuccessful 
n  an  attack  which  she  made  upon  India. 
After  a  rei«n  of  42  years,  she  resigned  the 
sovereigntyto  her  son  Ninyas,  and  disappear- 
ed from  the  earth,  taking  her  flight  to  heaven 
in  the  form  of  a  dove.  The  fabulous  nature 
of  this  narrative  is  apparent.  It  is  probable 
that  Semiramis  was  originally  a  Syrian  god- 
dess, perhaps  the  same  who  was  worshiped 
at  Ascalon  under  the  name  of  Astarte,  or  the 
heavenly  Aphrodite,  to  whom  the  dove  was 
sacred.  Hence  the  stories  of  her  voluptuous- 
ness, which  were  current  even  in  the  time  of 
Augustus. 
SEMN5NES,  more  rarely  SENNONES 


Albis  (Elbe),  from  the  Riesengebirge  in  the 
S.  as  far  as  the  country  around  Frankfort  on 
the  Oder  and  Potsdam  in  the  N. 

SEMO  SANCUS.    [SASors.] 

SEMPRONIA  (-ae).  (l)  Daughter  of  Tib. 
Gracchus,  censor  in  1^0. 169,  and  sister  of  the 
2  celebrated  tribunes,  married  Scipio  Afri- 
canus  minor.— (2)  Wife  of  D.  Jnnius  Brutus, 
consul  hi  7T,  was  a  woman  of  great  personal 
attractions  and  literary  accomplishments,  but 
of  a  profligate  character.  She  took  part  in 
Catiline's  conspiracy,  though  her  husband 
was  not  privy  to  it. 

SEMPR<3NIUS  GRACCHUS.  [GsAccurs-j 

SENA  (-ae).  (1)  (Senigwlia),  sumamed 
GALLUUL,  and  sometimes  called  SESOGALLIA, 
a  town  on  the  coast  of  Umbria,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  small  river  Sena,  founded  by  the  beno- 
nes.  — (2)  (Siena),  a  town  in  Etruna,  and  a 
Roman  colony,  on  the  road  from  Clusium  to 
Floreutia. 

SENECA  (-ae).  (1)  M.  AraurcB,  the  rhet- 
orician, was  bora  at  CoMuba  (Cordova)  in 
Spain,  about  B.C.  01.  Seneca  was  at  Rome  m 
the  early  period  of  the  power  of  Augustus. 
He  afterwards  returned  to  Spain,  and  married 


SENECA. 


360 


SEPTEMPEDA. 


Helvia,  by  whom  he  had  3  sons,  L.  Annaeus 
Seneca,  L.  Annaeus  Mela  or  Mella,  the  father 
of  the  poet  Lucan,  and  M.  Novatus.    Seneca 
was  rich,  and  beloaged  to  the  equestrian  class. 
At  a  later  period  he  returned  to  Rome, where 
he  resided  till  his  death,  which  probably  oc- 
curred near  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Tiberius. 
Two  of  Seneca's  works  have  come  down  to  us. 
1.  Controversiarum,  Libri  decem,  of  which  the 
1st,  2d,  7th,  8th,  and  10th  books  only  are  ex- 
tant, and  these  are  somewhat  mutilated.    2. 
Suaaoriarum  Liter,  which  is  probably  not 
complete.    Seneca's  works  are  for  the  most 
part  commonplace  and  puerile,  though  now 
and  then  interspersed  with  some  good  ideas 
and  apt  expressions. — (2)  L.  ANNA^US,  the 
philosopher,  the  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Corduba,  probably  a  few  years  B.O., 
and  brought  to  Rome  by  his  parents  when  he 
was  a  child.    Though  he  was  naturally  of  a 
weak  body,  he  was  a  hard  student  from  his 
youth,  and  devoted  himself  with  great  ardor 
to  rhetoric  and  philosophy.    He  also  soon 
gained  distinction  as  a  pleader  of  causes,  and 
excited  the  jealousy  and  hatred  of  Caligula 
by  the  ability  with  which  he  conducted  a  case 
in  the  senate  before  the  emperor.  In  the  first 
year  of  the  reign  of  Claudius  (A.D.  41),  Seneca 
was  banished  to  Corsica,  on  account  of  his  in- 
timacy with  Julia,  the  niece  of  Claudius,  of 
whom  Messalina  was  jealous.    After  8  years' 
residence  in  Corsica,  Seneca  was  recalled  (49) 
by  the  influence  of  Agrippina,  who  had  just 
married  her  uncle  the  emperor  Claudius.   He 
now  obtained  a  praetorship,  and  was  made 
the  tutor  of  the  young  Domitius,  afterwards 
the  emperor  Nero,  who  was  the  son  of  Agrip- 
pina by  a  former  husband.   On  the  accession 
of  his  pupil  to  the  imperial  throne  (54)  after 
the  death  of  Claudius,  Seneca  became  one  of 
the  chief  advisers  of  the  young  emperor.   He 
exerted  his  influence  to  check  Nero's  vicious 
propensities,  but  at  the  same  time  he  profited 
from  his  position  to  amass  an  immense  for- 
tune.    He  supported  Nero  in  his  contests 
with  his  mother  Agrippina,  and  was  not  only 
a  party  to  the  death  of  the  latter  (60),  but  he 
wrote  the  letter  which  Nero  addressed  to  the 
senate  in  justification  of  the  murder.    After 
the  death  of  his  mother,  Nero  abandoned 
himself  without  any  restraint  to  his  vicious 
propensities ;  and  the  presence  of  Seneca  soon 
oecame  irksome  to  him,  while  the  wealth  of 
the  philosopher  excited  the  emperor's  cupid- 
ity.   Seneca  saw  his  danger,  asked  the  em- 
peror for  permission  to  retire,  and  offered  to 
surrender  all  that  he  had.    Nero  affected  to 
be  grateful  for  his  past  services,  refused  the 
proffered  gift,  and  sent  him  away  with  per- 
fidious assurances  of  his  respect  and  affection. 
Seneca  now  altered  his  mode  of  life,  saw  little 
company,  and  seldom  visited  the  city,  on  the 
ground  of  feeble  health,  or  being  occupied 
with  his  philosophical  studies.    But  this  did 
not  save  him.     After  the  conspiracy  of  Piso 
(65),  Nero  sent  a  tribune  to  him  with  the  order 
of  death.  Without  showing  any  sign  of  alarm, 
Seneca  cheered  his  weeping  friends  by  re- 
minding them  of  the  lessons  of  philosopr~ 
Embracing  his  wife,  Pompeia  Paulina, 
prayed  her  to  moderate  her  grief,  and  to  con- 
sole herself  for  the  loss  of  her  husband  by  the 


reflection  that  he  had  lived  an  honorable  life. 
But  as  Paulina  protested  that  she  would  die 
with  him,  Seneca  consented,  and  the  same 
blow  opened  the  veins  in  the  arms  of  both 
Seneca's  body  was  attenuated  by  age  and 
meagre  diet ;  the  blo9d  would  not  flow  easily 
and  he  opened  the  veins  in  his  legs.  But  even 
this  did  not  suffice ;  and  after  enduring  much 
torture  he  was  taken  into  a  vapor  stove, where 
he  was  quickly  suffocated.  Seneca  died,  as 
was  the  fashion  among  the  Romans,  with  the 
courage  of  a  stoic,  but  with  somewhat  of  a 
theatrical  affectation  which  detracts  from  the 
dignity  of  the  scene.  Seneca's  fame  rests  on 
his  numerous  writings,  which  are  chiefly  on 
moral  and  philosophical  subjects.  The  most 
important  is  tbs  De  JBeneficiis,  in  7  books.  He 
was  also  the  aathor  of  ten  tragedies ;  which, 
however,  seem  more  adapted  for  recitation 
than  for  the  stage.  Yet  they  contain  many 
striking  passages,  and  have  some  merit  as 
poems.  That  Seneca  possessed  great  mental 
powers  can  not  be  doubted,  lie  had  seen 
much  of  human  life,  and  he  knew  well  what 
man  was.  His  philosophy,  so  far  as  he 
adopted  a  system,  was  the  stoical,  but  it  was 
rather  an  eclecticism  of  stoicism  than  pure 
stoicism.  His  style  is  antithetical,  and  ap- 
parently labored ;  and  where  there  is  much 
labor  there  is  generally  affectation.  Yet  his 
language  is  clear  and  forcible ;  it  is  not  mere 
words :  there  is  thought  always. 

SSN5NES  (-um),  a  powerful  people  in 
Gallia  Lugduueusis,  dwelt  along  the  upper 
course  of  the  Sequana  (Seine).  Their  chief 
town  was  Agendicum,  afterwards  called  Se- 
nones  (Stews).  A  portion  of  this  people  crossed 
the  Alps  about  B.O.  400,  in  order  to  settle  in 
Italy,  and  took  up  their  abode  on  the  Adriatic 
Sea  between  the  rivers  Utis  and  Aesis  (between. 
Ravenna  and  Ancona),  after  expelling  the 
Umbrians.  In  this  country  they  founded  the 
town  of  Sena.  They  not  only  extended  their 
ravages  into  Etruria,  but  marched  against 
Rome  and  took  the  city,  B.O.  390.  TFrom 
this  time  we  find  them  engaged  in  constant 
hostilities  with  the  Romans,  till  they  were  at 
length  completely  subdued,  and  the  greater 
part  of  them  destroyed  by  the  consul  Dola- 
bella  in  283. 

SENTINUM  (-i:  nr.  Sassoferrato,  Ru.),  a 
fortified  town  in  Umbria,  not  far  from  the 
river  Aesis. 

SUPiAS  (-Mis :  flic.  George),  a  promontory 
in  the  S.E.  of  Thessaly,  in  the  district  Mag- 
nesia, on  which  a  great  part  of  the  fleet  of 
Xerxes  was  wrecked. 

SBPLSSIA  (-orum),  one  of  the  principal 
streets  in  Capua, where  perfumes  and  luxuries 
of  a  similar  kind  were  sold. 

SEPPE5RIS  (Sefurieh),  a  city  of  Palestine, 
in  the  middle  of  Galilee,  was  an  insignificant 
place  until  Herod  Antipas  fortified  it,  and 
made  it  the  capital  of  Galilee,  under  the  name 

Of  DlOOAESAKEA. 

SEPTEM  AQUAE,  a  place  in  the  territory 
of  the  Sabiui,  near  Reate. 

SEPTEMPfiDA  (San  Severino),  a  municipi- 
um  in  the  interior  of  Picenum,  on  the  road 
from  Auximum  to  Urbs  Salvia. 


SEPTIMLUS  GETA. 


361 


SERVILIA. 


SEPTlMTUS  GETA.    [GETA.] 
SBPTlMlUS  SfiVERUS.    [SEVERUS.] 
SEPTIMIUS  TITIUS  (4),  a  Roman  poet, 
spoken  of  by  Horace. 

SEQUANA  (-ae :  Seine),  one  of  the  princi- 
pal rivers  of  Gaul,  rising  in  the  central  parts 
of  that  country,  and  nowing  through  the 
orovince  of  Gallia  Lugdunensis  into  the  ocean 
opposite  Britain.  It  is  346  miles  in  length. 
Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Matrona  (ITctrne), 
JSsia  (Otee),  with  its  tributary  the  Axona 
(Aiane),  and  Incaunus  (Yonne).  This  river 
has  a  slow  current,  and  is  navigable  beyond 
Lutetia  Parislornm  (Paris). 

SEQUANI  (-drum),  a  powerful  Celtic  people 
in  Gallia  Belgica,  inhabiting  the  country  since 
called  Franehe  Gmnpt&  and  Burgundy.  In  the 
later  division  of  the  provinces  of  the  empire 
the  country  of  the  Sequani  formed  a  special 
province  under  the  name  of  Maxima  Seqna- 
norum.  They  derived  their  name  from  the 
river  Sequana,  which  had  its  source  in  the 
N.W.  frontiers  of  their  territory.  Their  chief 
town  was  Vesontio  (Besaneon). 

SEQUESTER  (-tri  or  tris)  VIBIUS,  the 
name  attached  to  a  glossary  which  professes 
to  give  an  account  ot  the  geographical  names 
contained  in  the  Roman  poets. 
SERA.    [SEBIOA.] 

SERAPlON  (-onis),  a  physician  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  lived  in  the  3d  century  B.O. 

SERlPIS  or  SARAPIS  (-is  or  idis),  an 
Egyptian  divinity,  whose  worship  was  intro- 
duced into  Greece  in  the  time  of  the  Ptole- 
mies. His  worship  was  introduced  into  Rome 
together  with  that  of  Isis.  [Isis.] 

SERDlCA  or  SARDfCA  (-ae),  an  impor- 
tant town  in  Upper  Moesia,  and  the  capital 
of  Dacia  Interior,  derived  its  name  from  the 
Thracian  people  SEKDI.  It  bore  in  the  Middle 
Ages  the  name  of  Triaditza.  Its  extensive 
ruins  are  to  be  seen  S.  of  Sophia. 

SERENUS  (-i),  Q.,  SAMMONlCUS  (or  Sa- 
nionicus),  a  man  or  high  reputation  at  Rome 
for  taste  and  learning,  murdered  by  command 
of  Caracalla  in  A.D.  212.  He  left  behind  him 
many  works. 
SERES. 

SERGlUS.  [CATILTNA.] 
SERlCA  (-ae.  Seres;  also  rarely  in  the 
sing.  Ser),  a  country  in  the  extreme  E.  of  Asia, 
famous  as  the  native  region  of  the  silkworm, 
which  was  also  calleds^p ;  and  hence  the  ad- 
jective "  sericus  "  for  silken.  The  name  was 
known  to  the  W.nations  at  av«#ry  early  period, 
through  the  use  of  silk,  first  in  W.  Asia,  and 
afterwards  in  Greece.  It  is  clear,  however, 
that  until  some  time  after  the  commencement 
of  our  era  the  name  .had  ncv  distinct  geograph- 
ical signification.  The  Serica  of  Ptolemy 
corresponds  to  the  N.W.  part  of  China  and 
the  adjacent  portions  of  Thibet  and  Chinese 
Tartary.  The  capital,  SEBA,  is  supposed  by 
most  to  be  Sinqan,  on  the  Hoang-ho,  but  by 
some  Peking.  The  Great  Wall  of  China  is 
mentioned  by  Ammianus  Marcellinus  under 
the  name  of  Aggeres  Serium. 
SERIPHUS  (-I:  Serpho),  an  island  in  the 


Aegaean  Sea,  and  one  of  the  Cycltides.  It  is 
celebrated  in  mythology  as  the  island  where 
)anac  and  Perseus  landed  after  they  had 
>een  exposed  by  Acri  sins,  where  Perseus  was 
>rou<t(ht  up,  and  where  he  afterwards  turned 
;he  inhabitants  into  stone  with  the  Gorgon's 
lead.  Seripuus  was  eoloni'/ed  by  Ipuians 
from  Athens,  and  it  was  one  of  the  few  islands 
which  refused  submission  to  Xerxes.  The 
sland  was  employed  by  The  Roman  emperors 
\s  a  place  of  banishment  for  state  criminals. 
SERRANUS.  [REGULtrs.] 
SERTORIUS  (-i),  Q.,  one  of  the  most  ex- 
raordinary  men  in  the  later  times  of  the 
^epublic,  was  a  native  of  Nnrsia,  a  Sabine 
tillage,  and  was  born  of  obscure  but  respect- 
able parents.  He  served  under  Marius  in  the 
war  against  the  Teutones;  and  before  the 
battle  of  Aquae  Sextiae  (Aix),  P.C.  10-2,  he 
entered  the  camp  of  the  Teutones  in  disguise 
is  a  spy,  for  which  hazardous  undertaking 
his  intrepid  character  and  some  knowledse 
of  the  Gallic  language  well  qualified  him.  He 
also  served  as  tnbuhus  militum  iu  Spain  un- 
der T.  Didius  (yt).  He  was  quaestor  iu  91, 
and  had  before  this  time  lost  an  eve  in  battle. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  in  SS  he  de- 
clared himself  against  the  party  of  the  nobles, 
and  commanded  oue  of  me  4  armies  which 
besieged  Rome  under  Marius  and  Cinna.  He 
was,  however,  opposed  to  the  bloody  massacre 
which  ensued  alter  Marius  and  Cinna  entered 
Rome.  In  S3  Sertorius  was  praetor,  and  either 
in  this  vear  or  the  following  he  went  into 
Spain;  whence  he  crossed  over  to  Manre- 
tania,  and  gained  a  victory  over  Paccianust 
one  of  Sulla's  generals.  After  this,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  Xusitanians,  he  became  their 
leader;  and  for  some  years  successfully  re- 
sisted all  the  power  of  Rome.  He  availed 
himself  of  the  superstitious  character  of  that 
people  to  strengthen  his  authority  over  them. 
A  fawn  was  brought  to  him  by  one  of  the 
natives  as  a  present,  which  soon  became  so 
tame  as  to  accompany  him  in  his  Falks  and 
attend  him  on  all  occasions.  After  Sulla  had 
become  master  of  Italy,  Sertorius  was  joined 
by  many  Romans,  and  among  the  rest  by  M. 
Perperua,  with  53  cohorts.  [PEEPERXA].  To 
give  some  show  of  form  to  his  formidable 
power,  Sertorius  established  a  senate  of  300, 
into  which  no  provincial  was  admitted.  The 
continued  want  of  success  on  the  part  of  Me* 
tellus,  who  had  been  sent  against  Sertorius 
in  79,  induced  the  Romans  to  send  Pompey  to 
his  assistance,  but  with  an  independent  com- 
mand. Pompey  arrived  in  Spam  in  70,  with 
a  large  force,  but  was  unable  to  gain  any  de- 
cisive advantages.  For  the  next  5  years  Ser- 
torins  kept  both  Metellns  and  Pompey  at  bay, 
and  cut  to  pieces  a  large  number  of  their 
forces.  Sertorius  was  at  length  assassinated 
in  72  by  Perperna  and  some  other  Roman 
officers,  who  had  long  been  jealous  of  his 
authority. 

SERVILIA  (-ae).  (1)  Daughter  of  9.  Ser- 
vilius  Caepio  and  the  daughter  of  lavia,  the 
sister  of  the  celebrated  &.  Livius  Drusus, 
tribune  of  the  plebs  in  B.O.  91.  Servilia  was 
married  twice:  first  to  M.  JTunins  Brutus,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  the  murder** 


SERVILIUS  AHALA. 


362 


SEVERUS. 


of  Caesar,  and  secondly  to  D.  Junius  Silanus, 
consul  in  62.— (2)  Sister  of  the  preceding,  was 
the  2d  wife  of  L.  Lucnllus,  consul  in  74. 
SERVILIUS  AHALA.     [AHALA.] 
SERVILIUS  CAEPlO.    [CAEPIO.] 
SERVILIUS  CASCA.     [CASOA.] 
SERVILIUS  RULLUS.    [RULLTJS.] 
SERVtUS  MAURUS   HONORlTUS   (-1), 
or  SERVIUS  MARiUS  HONORATUS,  a  cele- 
brated Latin  grammarian,  contemporary  with 
Macrobius,  who  introduces  him  among  the 
dramatis  personae  of  the  Saturnalia.     His 
most  celebrated  production  was  an  elaborate 
Commentary  upon  Virgil. 
SERVlTJS  TULLlUS.    [ToLLitrs.] 
SESOSTRIS  (-is  or  Idis),  the  name  given 
by  the  Greeks  to  the  great  king  of  Egypt,  who 
is  called  in  Manetho  and  on  the  monuments 
Ramses  or  Harnesses.     Ramses  is  a  name 
common  to  several  kings  of  the  18th,  19th, 
and  20th  dynasties;  but  Sesostris  must  be 
identified  with  Ramses,  the  3d  king  of  the 
19th  dynasty,  the  son  of  Seti,  and  the  father 
of  Meuephthah.    Sesostris  was  a  great  con- 
queror. He  is  said  to  have  subdued  Ethiopia, 
the  greater  part  of  Asia,  and  the  Thracians 
in  Europe.    He  returned  to  Egypt  after  an 
absence  of  9  years,  and  the  countless  captives 
whom  he  brought  back  with  him  were  em- 
ployed in  the  erection  of  numerous  public 
works.    Memorials  of  Ramses-Sesostris  still 
exist  throughout  the  whole  of  Egypt,  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Nile  to  the  south  of  Nubia. 
SESTINUM  (-i :  Sestino),  a  town  in  Umbria 
on  the  Apennines,  near  the  sources  of  the 
Pisaurus. 

SESTIUS.  [SEXTITIS.] 
SESTUS  (-i:  lalova),  a  town  in  Thrace, 
situated  at  the  narrowest  part  of  the  Helles- 
pont, opposite  Abydos  in  Asia,  from  which  it 
was  only  7  stadia  distant.  It  was  founded 
by  the  Aeolians.  It  was  celebrated  in  Grecian 
poetry  on  account  of  the  loves  of  Leauder  and 
Hero  [LEANDER],  and  in  history  on  account 
of  the  bridge  of  boats  which  Xerxes  here 
.built  across  the  Hellespont. 

SETlBIS.      [SAETABIS.] 

SfiTHON,  a  priest  of  Hephaestus,  made 
Aimself  master  of  Egypt  after  the  expulsion 
of  Sabacon,  king  of  the  Ethiopians,  and  was 
succeeded  by  the  Dodecarchia.  or  government 
of  the  12  chiefs,  which  ended  m  the  sole  sov- 
ereignty of  Psammitichus. 

SETlA  (-ae:  Sezza  or  Sess«),  an  ancient 
town  of  Latium  in  the  E.  of  the  Pontine 
Marshes.  It  was  celebrated  for  the  excellent 
wine  grown  in  its  neighborhood,  which  was 
reckoned  in  the  time  of  Augustus  the  finest 
Nine  in  Italy. 

SEV1RUS  (-i),  M.  AURSL1US  ALEXAN- 
DERi  usually  called  ALEXANDER  SEVE- 
RUS, Roman  emperor  A.I>.  222-235,  the  son 
of  Gessius  Marcianus  and  Julia  Mamaea,  and 
first  cousin  of  Elagabalus,  was  born  at  Arce, 
in  Phoenicia,  the  1st  of  October,  A.-D.  205.  In 
221  he  was  adopted  by  Elagabalus,  and  created 
Caesar;  and  on  the  death  of  that  emperor,  on 
the  llth  of  March,  A.D.  222,  Alexander  as- 


ceuded  the  throne.  After  reigning  in  peace 
some  years,  during  which  he  reformed  many 
abuses  in  the  state,  he  was  involved  in  a  war 
with  Artaxerxes,  king  of  Persia,  and  gained 
a  great  victory  over 
him  in  232;  but  was 
unable  to  prosecute 
his  advantage  in 
consequence  of  in- 
telligence having 
reached  him  of  a 
great  movement 
among  the  German 
tribes.  He  celebra- 
ted a  triumph  at 
Rome  in  233,  and  in 
the  following  year. 
234,  set  out  for  Gaul, 
which  the  Germans 


were    devastatin 
but  was  waylaid  by 


Alexander  S*verus. 


ng  ; 
by 

a  small  baud  of  mu- 
tinous soldiers,  in- 
stigated, it  is  said, 
by"  Maximinus,  and 
tJain,  in  the  30th 
year  of  his  age  and 

the  14th  of  his  reign.  Alexander  Sever  us  was 
distinguished  by  justice,  wisdom,  and  clemen- 
cy in  all  public  transactions,  and  by  the  sim- 
plicity and  purity  of  hits  private  life. 
SE  VIRUS,  A.  CAECINA.  [CAKOINA.] 
SEVERUS  (-i),  FLAVIUS  VALERIUS,  Ro- 
man  emperor  A.D.  30(5-307.  He  was  pro- 
claimed Caesar  by  Galerius  in  306,  and  was 
soon  afterwards  sent  against  Maxentius,  who 
had  assumed  the  imperial  title  at  Rome.  The 
expedition,  however,  was  unsuccessful  ;  and 
Severus,  having  surrendered  at  Ravenna,  was 
taken  as  a  prisoner  to  Rome,  and  compelled 
to  put  an  end  to  his  life. 

SEVERUS  (-i),  LIBlUS,  Roman  emperor 
A.D.  461-465,  was  a  Lucanian  by  birth,  and 
owed  his  accession  to  Ricimer,  who  placed 
him  on  the  throne  after  the  assassination  of 
Majoriaii.  During  his  reign  the  real  govern- 
ment  was  in  the  hands  of  Ricimer.  Severus 
died  a  natural  death. 

SEVERUS  (-i),  L.  SEPTlMlUS,  Roman 
emperor  A.D.  193-211,  was  born  in  146,  near 
Leptis  in  Africa.  After  holding  various  im- 
portant military  commands  under  M.  Aurelius 
and  Coinmodns,  he  was  at  length  appointed 
commandor-in-chief  of  the  army  in  Pannonia 
and  Illyria.  By  this  army  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  after  the  death  of  Pertinax  (193).  He 
forthwith  marched  upon  Rome,  where  Jnlia- 
nus  had  been  made  emperor  by  the  praetorian 
troops.  Julianus  was  put  to  death  upon  Ms 
arrival  before  the  city.  [JULTANTJS.]  Severus 
then  turned  his  arms  against  Pescennius 
Niger,  who  had  been  saluted  emperor  by  the 
Eastern  legions,  defeated  him  in  a  battle  near 
Issus,  and  shortly  afterwards  put  him  to  death 
(194).  Severus  next  laid  siege  to  Byzantium, 
which  refused  to  submit  to  him  even  after  the 
death  of  Niger,  and  which  was  not  taken  till 
196.  During  the  continuance  of  this  siege 
Severus  had  crossed  the  Euphrates  (195)  and 
subdued  the  Mesopotamian  Arabians.  He 
returned  to  Italy  in  196,  and  in  the  same  year 


SEVERUS. 


363 


SICILIA. 


Septtaius  Severus. 


proceeded  to  Gaul  to  oppose  Albinus,  who 
had  been  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  troops 
in  that  country.  Albinus  was  defeated  and 
slain  in  a  terrible  battle  fought  near  Lyons 
on  the  19th  of  February,  197.  Severus  re- 
turned to  Rome  in  the  same  year ;  but  after 
remaining  a  short  time  in  the  capital  he  set 
out  for  the  Bast  in  order  to  repel  the  invasion 
of  the  Parthians,  who  were  ravaging  Meso- 
potamia. After  spending  3  years  in  the  East, 
where  he  met  with  the  most  brilliant  success, 
Severus  returned  to  Rome  in  202.  For  the 
next  7  years  he  remained  tranquilly  at  Rome ; 
but  in  208  he  went  to  Britain  with  his  sons 
Caracalla  and  Geta.  Here  he  carried  on  war 
against  the  Caledonians,  and  erected  the  cel- 
ebrated wall,  which  bore  his  name,  from  the 
Solway  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tyne.  After  re- 
maining 2  years  in  Britain,  he  died  at  Ebora- 
cum  (York)  on  the  4th  of  February,  211,  in 
the  66th  year  of  his  age  and  the  13th  of  his 
teign. 


Arch  of  Septimius  Severus. 


SEXTlAE  AQUAE.    [AQUAE  SEXTIAE.] 

SEXTIUS  or  SESTIUS  (-i),  P.,  quaestor  in 
B.C.  03,  and  tribune  of  the  plebs  in  57.  Like 
Milo,  he  kept  a  band  of  armed  retainers  to 
oppose  P.  Clodius  and  his  partisans;  and  in 
the  following  year  (50)  he  was  accused  of  VI* 
on  account  of  his  violent  acts  daring  his  tri- 
bunate. He  was  defended  by  Cicero  in  an 
oration  still  extant,  and  was  acquitted  on  the 
14th  of  March,  chiefty  in  consequence  of  the 
powerful  influence  of  Pompey.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war  in  40,  Sex  tins  first 
espoused  Pompey's  party,  but  he  afterwards 
joined  Caesar. 

SEXTUS  EMPfRtCUS  (-i),  a  physidan,was 
a  contemporary  of  Galen,  and  lived  in  the  first 
half  of  the  3d  century  of  the  Christian  erfa. 
Two  of  his  works  are  extant. 

SEXTUS  RtFUS  (-i).  <1)  The  name  pre- 
fixed to  a  work  entitled  De  Regi&nibus  ETrbis 
Romae.—(2)  SEXTUS  RUFCS  is  also  the  name 
prefixed  to  an  abridgment  of  Roman  history 
in  23  short  chapters,  entitled  tireciarium  de 
Victoriis  et  Pravindis  Populi  Romani,  and 
executed  by  command  of  the  emperor  Valens. 
to  whom  it  is  dedicated. 

SiBYLLAE  (-iirnm),  the  name  by  which 
several  prophetic  women  are  designated.  The 
first  Sibyl,  from  whom  all  the  rest  are  said  to 
have  derived  their  name,  is  called  a  daughter 
of  Dardanus  and  Neso.  Some  authors  men- 
tion only  4  Sibyls,  but  it  was  more  commonly 
believed  that  there  were  10.  The  most  cele- 
brated of  them  is  the  Cumaean,  who  is  men- 
tioned under  the  names  of  Eerophite,  Demo, 
Phemonoe,  Deiphobc,  Demophile,  and  Amal- 
thea.  She  was  consulted  by  Aeneas  before 
he  descended  into  t&e  lower  world.  She  is 
said  to  have  come  to  Italy  from  the  East  and 
she  is  the  one  who,  according  to  tradition, 
appeared  before  king  Tarqnmins,  offering 
him  the  Sibylline  books  for  sale.  Respecting 
the  Sibylline  books,  see  Diet,  of  Antiq.,  art. 
Sibyllini  Libri. 

SJCAMBRL    [STGAitBEt.] 

SlCANI,    SICELI,    SICEUDTAE.     (Si- 

CILIA.] 

SICCA  VENfiRlA  (prob.  Al-Kaff)>  a  con- 

siderable  city  of  N.  Africa,  on  the 

frontier  of  Numidia  and  Zengitana, 
built  on  a  hill  near  the  river  Bagra- 
das. 
SICHAEUS,  also  called  Acerbas. 

[AOEEBAS.] 

SIC1L5EA  (-ae:  Sicily),  one  of  the 
largest  islands  in  the  Mediterranean 
Sea.  It  was  supposed  by  the  ancients 
to  be  the  same  as  the  island  named 
Thriiiaeia  by  Homer,  and  it  was  there 
fore  frequently  called  THBINACIA 
THIN  AOIA,  or  TBIN  ACEIS,  a  name  which 
was  believed  to  be  derived  from  the 
triangular  figure  of  the  island.  For 
the  same  reason  the  Roman  poets 
called  it  TIHQUETBA.  Its  more  usual 
name  came  from  Us  later  inhabitants, 
the  Siceli,  whence  it  was  called  Si- 
OELIA,  which  the  Romans  changed 
into  SICILIA.  As  the  Siceli  also  bore 
the  name  of  Sicani,  the  island  was 


SIC1LIA. 


364 


SICYONIA. 


also  called  SIOANIA.   Sicily  is  separated  from 
the  S.  coast  of  Italy  by  a  narrow  channel 
called  FEETUM  SIOULUM,  sometimes  simply 
FBETuai,  and  also  SOYLLAJSUM  FRETUM,  of 
which  the  modern  name  is  Faro  di  Messitw. 
The  sea  on  the  B.  and  S.  of  the  island  was 
also  called  MARE  SIOULUM.  A  range  of  mount- 
ains, which  are  a  continuation  of  the  Apen- 
nines, extends  throughout  the  island  from  E. 
to  W.    Of  these  the  most  important  were 
the  celebrated  volcano  Aetna  on  the  JS.  side 
of  the  island,  Eryx  (St.  Oiulano)  in  the  ex- 
treme W.  near  Drepanum,  and  the  Heraei 
Montes  (Monti  Sort)  in  the  S.,  running  down 
to  the  promontory  Pachynus.    A  large  num- 
ber of  rivers  flow  down  from  the  mountains, 
but  most  of  them  are  dry,  or  nearly  so,  in  the 
summer.    The  soil  of  Sicily  was  very  fertile, 
and  produced  in  antiquity  an  immense  quan- 
tity of  wheat,  on  which  the  population  of 
Home  relied  to  a  great  extent  for  their  sub- 
sistence.   So  celebrated  was  it,  even  in  early 
times,  on  account  of  its  corn,  that  it  was  rep- 
resented as  sacred  to  Demeter  (Ceres),  and  as 
the  favorite  abode  of  this  goddess.    Hence  it 
was  from  this  island  that  her  daughter  Per- 
sephone (Proserpina)  was  carried  away  by 
Pluto.    Besides  corn,  the  island  produced  ex- 
cellent wine,  saffron,  honey,  almonds,  and  the 
other  Southern  fruits.    The  earliest  inhabit- 
ants of  Sicily  are  said  to  have  been  the  sav- 
age Cyclopes  and  LaestrygSnes ;  but  these  are 
fabulous  beings,  and  the  first  inhabitants  men- 
tioned in  history  are  the  SIOANI,  or  SICULI, 
who  crossed  over  into  the  island  from  Italy. 
The  next  immigrants  into  the  island  were 
Cretans ;  but  these,  if,  indeed,  they  ever  visit- 
ed Sicily,  soon  became  incorporated  with  the 
Siculi.  The  Phoenicians,  likewise,  at  an  early 
period  formed  settlements,  for  the  purposes 
of  commerce,  on  all  the  coasts  of  Sicily,  but 
more  especially  on  the  N.  and  N.W.  parts. 
But  the  most  important  of  all  the  immigrants 
into  Sicily  were  the  Greeks,  who  founded  a 
number  of  very  flourishing  cities,  such  as 
Naxos  in  B.O.  T35,  Syracuse  in  T34,  Leontini 
and  Catana  in  730,  Megara  Hyblaea  in  726, 
Gela  in  690,  Selinus  in  626,  Agrigentum  in  579, 
etc.    The  Greeks  soon  became  the  ruling  race 
in  the  island,  and  received  the  name  of  SIOELI- 
OTAE,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  earlier  in- 
habitants. At  a  later  time  the  Carthaginians 
obtained  a  firm  footing  in  Sicily.    After  tak- 
ing Agrigentum  in  405,  the  Carthaginians  be- 
came the  permanent  masters  of  the  W.  part 
of  the  island,  and  were  engaged  in  frequent 
wars  with  Syracuse  and  the  other  Greek  cities. 
The  struggle  between  the  Carthaginians  and 
Greeks  continued,  with  a  few  interruptions, 
down  to  the  1st  Punic  war;  at  the  close  of 
which  (241)  the  Carthaginians  were  obliged 
to  evacuate  the  island,  the  W.  part  of  which 
now  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Romans, 
and  was  made  a  Roman  province.    The  B. 
part  still  continued  under  the  rule  of  Hieron 
of  Syracuse  as  an  ally  of  Rome ;  but  after  the 
revolt  of  Syracuse  in  the  2d  Punic  war,  and 
the  conquest  of  that  city  by  Marcellus,  the 
whole  island  was  made  a  Roman  province, 
and  was  administered  by  a  praetor.    On  the 
downfall  of  the  Roman  empire,  Sicily  formed 
part  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Ostrogoths;  but  if 


was  taken  from  them  by  Belisarins  in  A.D 
530,  and  annexed  to  the  Byzantine  empire. 
[t  continued  a  province  of  this  empire  til] 
828,  when  it  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens. 

SICINIUS  (-i).  (1)  L.  SipiNius  BELLTJTUS, 
;he  leader  of  the  plebeians  in  their  secession 
to  the  Sacred  Mount  in  B.O.  494.  He  was 
chosen  one  of  the  first  tribunes.— (2)  L.  SIOIN- 
itrs  DENTATUB,  called  by  some  writers  the 
Roman  Achilles,  from  his  personal  prowessc 
He  was  tribune  of  the  plebs  in  ',54.  He  was 
put  to  death  by  the  decemvirs  \n  450,  because 
le  endeavored  to  persuade  the  plebeians  to 
secede  to  the  Sacred  Mount.  The  persons 
sent  to  assassinate  him  fell  upon  him  in  a 
lonely  spot,  but  he  killed  most  of  them  be- 
fore they  succeeded  in  di&patchiug  him. 

SICINUS  (-i:  Sikino\  a  small  island  in  the 
Aegaean  sea,  one  of  the  Sporades,  betweea 
Pholegandrus  and  los,  with  a  town  of  the 
same  name. 

SiCORIS  Ms:  Segre),  a  river  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensis,  which  had  its  source  iu  the 
territory  of  the  Cerretani,  and  fell  into  the 
Iberus  near  Octogesa. 

SlCtfLL    [SioiLiA.] 

SlCtLUM  FRETUM,  SICtLUM  MABB. 

[SlOILlA,.] 

SlCtTLUS  FLACCUS.  [FLACOUS.] 
SlCWNlA.  (-ae),  a  small  district  in  the 
N.B.  of  Peloponnesus,  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  territory  of  Corinth,  on  the  W.  by  Achaia, 
on  the  S.  by  the  territory  of  Phlius  and  Cleo- 
nae,  and  on  the  N.  by  the  Corinthian  gulf.  Its 
area  was  about  100  square  miles.  The  land 
was  fertile,  and  produced  excellent  oil.  Its 
almonds  and  its.  fish  were  also  much  prized. 
Its  chief  town  was  SIOYON,  which  was  situ- 
ated a  little  to  the  W.  of  the  river  Asopus, 
and  at  the  distance  of  20,  or,  according  to 
others,  12  stadia  from,  the  sea.  Sicyon  was 
one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  Greece.  It 
is  said  to  have  been  originally  called  Aegi- 
alea  or  Aegiali,  after  an  ancient  king,  Aegi- 
aleus ;  to  have  been  subsequently  named  Me- 
cone,  and  finally  Sicyou,  from  an  Athenian 
of  this  name.  Sicyon  is  represented  by  Ho- 
mer as  forming  part  of  the  empire  of  Aga- 
memnon; but  on  the  invasion  of  Peloponne- 
sus it  became  subject  to  Phalces,  the  son  of 
Temenus,  and  was  henceforward  a  Dorian 
state.  Sicyon,  on  account  of  the  small  ex- 
tent of  its  territory,  never  attained  much  po- 
litical importance,  and  was  generally  depend- 
ent either  on  Argos  or  Sparta.  At  the  time 
of  the  2d  Messenian  war  it  became  subject 
to  a  succession  of  tyrants,  who  administered 
their  power  with  moderation  and  justice  for 
100  years.  On  the  death  of  Clisthenes,  the 
last  of  these,  about  576,  a  republican  form  of 
government  was  established.  Sicyon  was 
for  a  long  time  the  chief  seat  of  Grecian  art. 
It  gave  its  name  to  one  of  the  great  schools 
of  painting,  which  was  founded  by  Eupom- 
pus,  and  which  produced  Pamphilus  and 
Apelles.  It  is  also  said  to  have  been  the  ear- 
liest school  of  statuary  in  Greece ;  but  its  ear- 
liest native  artist  of  celebrity  was  Canachus. 
Lysippus  was  also  a  native  of  Sicyon.  The 
town  was  likewise  celebrated  for  the  taste 


SIDA. 


365 


SILA  SILVA. 


aud  skill  displayed  in  the  various  articles  of  ! 
dress  made  by  its  inhabitants,  among  which 
we  find  mention  of  a  particular  kind  of  shoe, 
wnich  was  much  prized  in  all  parts  of  Greece. 

SIDA,  SIDE  (-ae  or  es).  (1)  (EsM  Adalia,  I 
ftu.),  a  city  of  Pamphylia,  on  the  coast,  a  lit- 
tle W.  of  the  river  Melas.  It  was  an  Aeolian 
colony  from  Cyme  in  Aeolis,  and  was  a  chief 
seat  of  the  worship  of  Athena  (Minerva),  who 
is  represented  on  its  coins  holding  a  pome- 
granate (ffi&n)  as  the  emblem  of  the  city.— (2) 
The  old  name  of  POLEMONIUM. 

SlDlClNI  (-5rum),  an  Ausonian  people  in 
the  N.W.  of  Campania  and  on  the  borders 
of  Samnium,  who,  being  hard  pressed  by  the 
Samnites,  united  themselves  to  the  Campa- 
nians.  Their  chief  town  was  Teauum. 

SIDON  (-onis  and  oiiis)  (O.  T.  Tsidon,  or, 
in  the  English  form,  Zidon :  Saida,  En.),  for 
a  long  time  the  most  powerful,  and  probably 
ihe  most  ancient  of  the  cities  of  Phoenice. 
It  stood  in  a  plain  about  a  mile  wide,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  200  stadia  (20 
geog.  miles)  N.  of  Tyre,  400  stadia  (40  geog. 
miles)  S.  of  JBerytus,  66  miles  W.  of  Damascus, 
and  a  day's  journey  N.W.  of  the  source  of  the 
Jordan  at  Paneas.  It  had  a  fine  double  har- 
bor, now  almost  filled  with  sand,  and  was 
strongly  fortified.  It  was  the  chief  seat  of  the 
maritime  power  of  Phoenice,  until  eclipsed 
by  its  own  colony,  Tyre  [Trims];  and  its 
power  on  the  land  side  seems  to  have  extend- 
ed over  all  Phoenice,  and  at  one  period  (in 
the  time  of  the  Judges)  over  at  least  a  part 
of  Palestine.  In  the  time  of  David  and  Sol- 
omon, Sidou  appears  to  have  been  subject  to 
the  king  of  Tyre.  It  probably  regained  its 
former  rank,  as  the  first  of  the  Phoenician 
cities,  by  its  submission  to  Shalmauezer  at 
the  time  of  the  Assyrian  conquest  of  Syria, 
for  we  find  it  governed  by  its  own  king  un- 
der the  Babylonians  and  the  Persians.  In 
the  expedition  of  Xerxes  against  Greece  the 


Sidonians  furnished  the  best  ships  in  the 
whole  fleet,  and  their  king  obtained  the  high- 
est place,  next  to  Xerxes,  in  the  council,  aud 
above  the  king  of  Tyre.  Si  Jon  received  th« 
great  blow  to  her  prosperity  in  the  reign  of 
Artaxerxes  IIL  Ochus,  when  the  Sidoiiians, 
having  takeu  part  in  the  revolt  of  Phoenice 
and  Cyprus,  and  being  betrayed  to  Ochus  by 
their  own  kins?,  Teunes,  burned  themselves 
with  their  city,  H.C.  351.  In  addition  to  its 
commerce,  Sidon  was  famed  for  its  manufact- 
ures of  glass. 

StDONlUS  <-i)  APOLLINARIS  (-is),  was 
born  at  Lugdunum  (Lyons)  about  A.I>.  431. 
He  was  raided  to  the  senatorial  dignity  by 
the  emperor  Avitus,  whose  daughter  he  had 
married.  After  the  downfall  of  Avitns  he  lived 
some  time  in  retirement,  but  in  467  appeared 
again  in  Rome  as  embassador  from  the  Ar- 
verni  to  Anthemius.  He  gained  the  favor  of 
that  prince  by  a  panegyric ;  was  made  a  pa- 
irician.  and  prefect  of^he  city;  and  soon  aft- 
erwards, though  not  a  priest,  bishop  of  Cler- 
mont  in  Auvergne.  His  extant  works  are 
some  poems  aud  9  books  of  letters. 

SIGA,  a  considerable  sea-port  town  of  Man- 
retauia  Caesarieusis. 

SXGEUM  (-i :  Yetiisheri),  the  N.W.  prom- 
outory  of  the  Troad,  and  the  S.  headland  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Hellespont.  It  is  here 
that  Homer  places  the  Grecian  fleet  and  camp 
during  the  Trojan  war.  Near  it  was  a  sea- 
port town  of  the  same  name. 

SIGNIA  (-ae :  Segnf),  a  town  in  Latinm  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  Volscian  mountains,  found- 
ed by  Tarqninius  Prisons.  It  was  celebrated 
for  its  temple  of  Jupiter  Urius,  for  its  astrin- 
gent wine,  for  its  pears,  and  for  a  particular 
kind  of  pavement  for  the  floors  of  houses, 
called  opus  Signinnm. 

SILA  SILVA  (-ae:  Stta),  a  large  forest  in 
Bruttium  on  the  Apennines,  extending  S.  of 
Consentia  to  the  Sicilian  struir. 


SILANION. 


SIMMIAS. 


SILANION,  an  Athenian,  a  distinguished 
statuary  in  bronze,  was  a  contemporary  of 
Lysippus,  and  flourished  B.C.  324  His  statue 
of  Sappho,  which  stood  in  the  yrytaneum  at 
Syracuse  in  the  time  of  Verres,  is  alluded  to 
by  Cicero  in  terms  of  the  highest  praise. 

S1L1NUS  (-i),  JtTNlUS.  (1)  M.,  was  praetor 
in  B.O.  212.  In  210  he  accompanied  P.  Scipio 
to  Spain,  and  served  under  him  with  great  dis- 
tinction'during  the  whole  of  the  war  in  that 
country.  He  fell  in  battle  against  the  Boii 
SJQ  196.— (2)  M.,  consul  in  109,  fought  in  this 
year  against  the  Cimbri  in  Transalpine  Gaul, 
*md  was  defeated.  He  was  accused  in  con- 
sequence, in  104,  by  the  tribune  Cn.Domitius 
Ahenobarbus,  but  acquitted. — (3)  D.,  stepfa- 
ther of  M.  Brutus,  the  murderer  of  Caesar, 
having  married  his  mother  Servilia.  He  was 
consul  in  02,  with  L.  Licinius  Murena,  along 
with  whom  he  proposed  the  Lex  Licinia  Julia. 
—(4)  M.,  son  of  No.  3  and  of  Servilia,  served 
in  Gaul  as  Caesar's  legatus  in  53.  After  Cae- 
sar's murder  iu  44  he  accompanied  M.  Lepi- 
dus  over  the  Alps ;  and  in  the  following  year 
Lepidus  sent  him  with  a  detachment  of  troops 
into  Cisalpine  Gaul,  where  he  fought  on  the 
side  of  Antony.  He  was  consul  in  25. 

SlLlRUS  (-i :  Sitoro),  a  river  in  lower  It- 
aly, forming  the  boundary  between  Lucania 
and  Campania,  rises  in  the  Apennines,  and 
falls  into  the  Sinus  Paestauus  a  little  to  the 
N.  of  Paestum. 

SlLBNUS  (-i).  It  is  remarked  in  the  article 
SATYBI  that  the  older  Satyrs  were  generally 
termed  Sileni ;  but  one  of  these  Sileni  is  com- 
monly the  Silenus,  who  always  accompanies 
Dionysus  (Bacchus),  whom  he  is  said  to  have 
brought  up  and  instructed.  Like  the  other 


SUenus  astride  upon  a  Wine-skin. 


Satyrs,  he  is  called  a  son  of  Hermes  (Mer- 
cury) ;  but  some  make  him  a  son  of  Pan  by 
a  nymph,  or  of  Gaea  (Tellus).  Being  the  con- 
stant companion  of  Dionysus,  he  is  said,  like 
the  god,  to  have  been  bom  at  Nysa.  More- 
over, he  took  part  in  the  contest  with  the  Gi- 
gantes,  and  slew  Enceladus.  He  is  described 
as  a  jovial  old  man,  with  a  bald  head,  a  puck 
nose,  fat  and  round  like  his  wine-bag,  which 
he  always  carried  with  him,  and  generally  in- 
toxicated. As  he  could  not  trust  his  own 
legs,  he  is  generally  represented  riding  on  an 
ass,  or  supported  by  other  Satyrs.  In  every 
other  respect  he  is  described  as  resembling 
his  brethren  in  their  love  of  sleep,  wine,  and 
music.  He  is  mentioned  along  with  Marsyus 
and  Olympus  as  the  inventor  of  the  flute, 
which  he  is  often  seen  playing  •  and  a  spe- 
cial kind  of  dance  was  called  after  him  Sue- 
nus,  while  he  himself  is  designated  as  the 
dancer.  But  it  is  a  peculiar  feature  in  his 
character  that  he  was  an  inspired  prophet ; 
and  when  he  was  drunk  and  asleep  he  was  in 
the  power  of  mortals,  who  might  compel  him 
to  prophesy  and  sing  by  surrounding  him 
with  chains  of  flowers. 

SlLtUS  ITiLlCUS  (-i),  C.,  a  Eoman  poet, 
was  born  about  A.I>.  25.  He  acquired  great 
reputation  as  an  advocate,  and  was  after- 
wards one  of  the  centumviri.  He  was  consul 
in  68,  the  year  in  which  Nero  perished;  he 
was  admitted  to  familiar  intercourse  with 
Vitellius,  and  was  subsequently  proconsul  of 
Asia.  In  his  75th  year,  in  consequence  of 
the  pain  caused  by  an  incurable  disease,  he 
starved  himself  to  death  in  the  house  once 
occupied  by  Vi  rgil.  The  great  work  of  Silius 
Italicus  was  a  heroic  poem  in  17  books,  en- 
titled Punica,  which  has  descended  to  us  en- 
tire. 

SIL&KES  (-urn),  a  powerful  people  in  Brit- 
ain, inhabiting  South  Wales,  long  offered  a 
formidable  resistance  to  the  Romans,  and  aft- 
erwards to  the  Saxons. 

SILVlNUS  <-i),  a  Latin  divinity  of  the 
fields  and  forests.  He  is  also  called  the  pro- 
tector of  the  boundaries  of  fields.  In  con- 
nection with  woods  (sylvestris  deus\  he  es- 
pecially presided  over  plantations,  and  de- 
lighted in  trees  growing  wild,  whence  he  is 
represented  as  carrying  the  trunk  of  a  cy- 

Sress.  Sylvanus  is  farther  described  as  the 
ivinity  protecting  herds  of  cattle,  promoting 
their  fertility  and  driving  away  wolves.  Later 
writers  identified  Sylvanus  with  Pan,  Fau- 
nus,  Innus,  and  Aegipnn.  In  the  Latin  poets, 
as  well  as  in  works  of  art,  he  always  appears 
as  an  old  man,  but  cheerful  and  in  love  with 
Pomona.  The  sacrifices  offered  to  him  con- 
sisted of  grapes,  ears  of  corn,  milk,  meat, 
wine,  and  pigs. 

SILVitTM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Peucetii  in 
Apulia,  on  the  borders  of  Lucania,  20  miles 
S.B.  ofVenusia. 

SILVltTS  (-i),  the  son  of  Ascanius,  is  said 
to  have  been  so  called  because  he  was  born 
in  a  wood.  All  the  succeeding  kings  of  Alba 
bore  the  cognomen  Silvius. 

SIMMIAS  <-ae).  (1)  Of  Thebes,  first  the  dis- 
ciple of  the  Pythagorean  philosopher  Philo« 


SIMOIS. 


367 


SINOPE. 


laus,  and  afterwards  the  friend  and  disciple 
of  Socrates,  at  whose  death  he  was  present. 
Simmias  wrote  28  dialogues  on  philosophical 
subjects,  all  of  which  are  lost. 

SIMOIS  (-entis).  [TBOAS.]  As  a  mytho- 
logical personage,  the  river-god  Simois  is  the 
son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  and  the  father  of 
Astyochus  and  Hieromueme. 

SIMON  (-onis),  one  of  the  disciples  of  Soc- 
rates, and  by  trade  a  leather-cutter. 

SfMONlDES  (-is).  (1)  Of  Amorgos,  was 
the  2d,  both  in  time  and  in  reputation,  of  the 
S  principal  iambic  poets  of  the  early  period 
of  Greek  literature— namely,  Archiloehus,  Si- 
monides,  and  Hipponax,  He  was  a  native  of 
Samos,  whence  he  led  a  colony  to  the  neigh- 
boring island  of  Amorgos.  He  flourished 
about  B.O.  664. — (2)  Of  Ceos,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  lyric  poets  of  Greece,  was  born  at 
lulis,  in  Ceos,  B.O.  556,  and  was  the  son  of 
Leoprepes.  He  appears  to  have  been  brought 
np  to  music  and  poetry  as  aprofession.  From 
his  native  island  he  proceeded  to  Athens,  and 
thence  into  Thessaly,  where  he  lived  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Aleuads  and  Scopads. 
He  afterwards  returned  to  Athens,  and  in 
489  conquered  Aeschylus  in  the  contest  for 
the  prize  which  the  Athenians  offered  for  an 
elegy  on  those  who  fell  at  Marathon.  He 
composed  several  other  works  of  the  same 
description ;  and  in  his  80th  year  his  long  po- 
etical career  at  Athens  was  crowned  by  the 
victory  which  he  gained  with  the  dithyram- 
bic  chorus  (477),  being  the  56th  prise  which 
he  had  carried  off.  Shortly  after  this  he  was 
invited  to  Syracuse  by  Hiero,  at  whose  court 
he  lived  till  his  death  in  467.  He  still  con- 
tinued, when  at  Syracuse,  to  employ  his  muse 
occasionally  in  the  service  of  other  Grecian 
states.  He  made  literature  a  profession,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  who  took  money 
for  his  poems.  The  chief  characteristics  of 
the  poetry  of  Simonides  were  sweetness 
(whence  his  surname  of  Melicertes)  and  elab- 
orate finish,  combined  with  the  truest  poetic 
conc 
thou 
infer, 

such  as  Sappho  and  Alcaeus,  but  also  to  his 
contemporary  Pindar. 

SIMPLICIUS  (-i),  one  of  the  last  philoso- 
phers of  the  Neo-Platonic  school,  was  a  native 
of  Cilicia  and  a  disciple  of  Ammonius  and 
Damascius.  In  consequence  of  the  persecu- 
tions to  which  the  pagan  philosophers  were 
exposed  in  the  reign  of  Justinian,  Simplicius 
was  one  of  the  7  philosophers  who  took  - 
at  the  court  of  the  Persian  king  Ch 
He  returned  home  about  543.  Simplicius 
wrote  commentaries  on  several  of  Aristotle  s 
works,  which  are  marked  by  sound  sense  and 
real  learning.  He  also  wrote  a  commentary 
on  the  Enchiridion  of  Epictetus,  which  is  like- 
wise extant. 

SXNAE  (-arum),  the  E.-most  people >  of  Asia. 
Ptolemy  describes  their  country  as  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Serica,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by 
India  extra  Gangem.  It  corresponded  to  the 
S.  part  of  China  and  the  E.  part  of  the  Bur- 
mese  peninsula. 


SINAI  or  SINA  (Jebel-e&Tur),  a  cluster  of 
dark,  lofty,  rocky  mountains  in  the  S.  angle 
of  the  triangular  peninsnla  inclosed  between 
;he  2  heads  of  the  Red  Sea,  and  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  deserts  on  the  borders  of  Egypt 
and  Palestine.  The  name,  which  signifies  a 
region  of  broken  and  deft  rocks,  is  used  in  a 
wider  sense  for  the  whole  peninsula,  which 
formed  a  part  of  Arabia  Petraea,  and  was  peo* 
pled,  at  the  time  of  the  Exodus,  by  the  Amal* 
jkites  and  Midianites,  and  afterwards  by  th« 
ftabathaean  Arabs.  Sinai  and  Horeb  in  the 
O.  T.  are  both  general  name?  for  the  whole 
group,  the  former  being  used  in  the  first  4 
Dooks  of  Moses,  and  the  latter  in  Denteron- 
omy.  The  summit  on  which  the  law  was 
given  was  probably  that  on  the  X,  or  the 
one  usually  called  Horeb. 

SINDI  (-cram).  (1)  A  people  of  Asiatic 
Sarmatia,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  Enxine,  and 
at  the  foot  of  the  Caucasus.  They  are  also 
mentioned  by  the  names  of  SISIXKNKS  and 
SIKDXANA.— (2)  A  people  on  the  E.  coast  of 
India  extra  Gangem  (in  CocMn  China),  also 
called  SINDAE,  and  with  a  capital  city,  SINDA. 

SINDlCE.    tSiNDi.] 

SINGlRA  (-oram:  Sinjart),  a  strongly 
fortified  city  and  Eoman  colony  in  the  in- 
terior of  Mesopotamia,  84  Roman  miles  S.  of 
Nisibis. 

SINGPTICUS  SINUS.    CSwsrs.] 

SINGUS  (-i),  a  town  in  Macedonia  on  the 
E.  coast  of  the  peninsula  Sithonia,  which  gave 
its  name  to  the  Sinus  Singiticus. 

SlNIS  or  SINNIS  (-is),  son  of  Polypemon, 
Pemon,  or  Poseidon  (Neptune),  by  Sylea,  the 
daughter  of  Corinthus.  He  was  a  robber, 
who  frequented  the  isthmus  of  Corinth,  and 
killed  the  travelers  whom  he  captured  by 
fastening  them  to  the  top  of  a  fir-tree,  which 
he  bent,  and  then  let  spring  up  again.  He 
himself  was  killed  in  this  manner  by  Theseus. 

SINON  (-onis),  son  of  Aesimns,  or,  accord- 
ing to  Virgil  (Aen.  ii.  79),  of  Sisyphus,  and 
grandson  of  Aut&lycus,  was  a  relation  of 
Ulysses,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Troy.  He 
allowed  himself  to  be  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Trojans,  and  then  persuaded  them  to  admii 
into  their  city  a  wooden  horse  filled  with 
armed  men, which  the  Greeks  had  constrncted 
as  a  pretended  atonement  for  the  Palladium. 
The  Trojans  believed  the  deceiver,  and  drag- 
ged the  horse  into  the  city ;  whereupon  Sinon 
m  the  dead  of  night  let  the  Greeks  out  of  the 
horse,  who  thus  took  Troy. 

SlNOPl  (-es :  Sinope,  Sfaoub,  Ba.),  ttie 
most  important  of  all  the  Greek  colonies  on 
the  shores  of  the  Euxine,  stood  on  the  N.  coast 
of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  W.  headland  of  the  great 
bay  of  which  the  delta  of  the  river  Halys  forms 
the  E.  headland,  and  a  little  E.  of  the  N.-most 

tory  as  &  very  early  colony  of  the  Milesians. 
Having  been  destroyed  in  the  invasion  of 
Asia  by  the  Cimmerians,  it  was  restored  by  a 
new  colony  from  Miletus  in  B,C.  632,  and  soon 
became  the  greatest  commercial  city  on  the 
Euxine.  Its  territory,  called  SINOPIS,  extend- 
ed to  the  banks  of  the  Halys.  It  was  tne 
birthplace  and  residence  of  Mithridates  the 


SINTICA. 


368 


SISENNA. 


Great,  who  enlarged  and  beautified  it  Shortly 
before  the  murder  of  Julius  Caesar  it  was 
colonized  by  the  name  of  Julia  Caesarea  Fe- 
lix Sinope,  and  remained  a  flourishing  city, 
though  it  never  recovered  its  former  impor- 
tance. At  the  time  of  Constantine  it  had  de- 
clined so  much  as  to  be  ranked  second  to 
Amasia.  It  was  the  native  city  of  the  re- 
nowned cynic  philosopher  Diogenes,  of  the 
comic  poet  Diphilus,  and  of  the  historian 
Baton. 

SINTICA,  a  district  in  Macedonia,  inhabit- 
ed by  the  Thracian  people  SINTI,  extended  E. 
of  Creatouia  and  N.  of  Bisaltia  as  far  as  the 
Strymon  and  the  lake  Prasias.  Its  chief  town 
was  Heraclea  Sintica. 

SINLESS  A  (-ae:  RoccadiMandrxgone^fhe 
last  city  of  Latium  on  the  confines  of  Cam- 
pania, to  which  it  originally  belonged,  was 
situated  on  the  sea-coast  and  on  the  Via  Ap- 
pia.  It  was  colonized  by  the  Romans,  to- 
gether with  the  neighboring  town  of  Mintur- 
nae,  in  B.O.  296.  It  possessed  a  good  harbor, 
and  was  a  place  of  considerable  commercial 
Importance.  In  its  neighborhood  were  cele- 
brated warm  baths,  called  AQUAE  SINUESSA- 

KAT5. 

SIGN.      [JERUSALEM.] 

SIPHNUS  (-i :  Siphno),  an  island  in  the 
Aegaean  sea,  forming  one  of  the  Cyclades, 
S.E.  of  Seriphus.  It  is  of  an  oblong  form, 
and  about  40  miles  in  circumference.  Its 
original  name  was  Merope,  and  it  was  colo- 
nized by  loniaus  from  Athens.  In  conse- 
quence of  their  gold  and  silver  mines,  of 
which  the  remains  are  still  visible,  the  Siph- 
nians  attained  great  prosperity,  and  were  re- 
garded in  the  time  of  Herodotus  as  the  wealth- 
iest of  the  islanders.  Siphnus  was  one  of  the 
few  islands  which  refused  tribute  to  Xerxes ; 
and  one  of  its  ships  fought  on  the  side  of  the 
Greeks  at  Salamis.  The  moral  character  of 
the  Siphnians  stood  low,  and  hence  to  act 
like  a  Siphnian  (ZtQvtateiv)  became  a  term  of 
reproach. 

SiPONTUM  or  SIPUNTUM  (-i:  Siponto), 
called  by  the  Greeks  SIPUS  (-untis),  an  ancient 
•town  in  Apulia,  in  the  district  of  Daunia,  on 
the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Garganus,  and  on  the 
coast.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Diomede,  and  was  of  Greek  origin.  It  was 
colonized  by  the  Komaus,  under  whom  it  be- 
came a  place  of  some  commercial  importance. 

SlP"FLUS  (-i:  Sipuli-DagK),  a  mountain  of 
Lydia,  in  Asia  Minor.  It  is  a  branch  of  the 
Tmolus,  from  the  main  chain  of  which  it  pro- 
ceeds N.W.  along  the  course  of  the  river  Her- 
mus  as  far  as  Magnesia  and  Sipylum.  It  is 
mentioned  by  Homer.  The  ancient  capital 
of  Maeonia  was  said  to  have  been  situated  in 
the  heart  of  the  mountain  chain,  and  to  have 
been  called  by  the  same  name ;  but  it  was 
early  swallowed  up  by  an  earthquake,  and  its 
site  became  a  little  lake  called  Sale  or  Saloe, 
near  which  was  a  tumulus,  supposed  to  be 
the  grave  of  Tantalus.  The  mountain  was 
rich  iu  metals,  and  many  mines  were  worked 

SIRB5NIS  LlCUS  (Sabakat  Bardvwal),  a 
large  and  deep  lake  on  the  coast  of  Lower 


Egypt,  E.  of  Mount  Casius.  Its  circuit  was 
1000  stadia.  It  was  strongly  impregnated 
with  asphaltus. 

SIRKNES  (-um),  sea-nymphs  who  had  the 
power  of  charming  by  their  songs  all  who 
heard  them.  When  Ulysses  came  near  the 
island,  on  the  beach  of  which  the  Sirens  were 
sitting,  and  endeavoring  to  allure  him  and 
his  companions,  he  stuffed  the  ears  of  his 
companions  with  wax,  and  tied  himself  to 
the  mast  of  his  vessel,  until  he  was  so  far  off 
that  he  could  no  longer  hear  the  Sirens'  song. 
According  to  Homer,  the  island  of  the  Sirens 
was  situated  between  Aeaea  and  the  rock  of 
Scylla,  near  the  S.W.  coast  of  Italy ;  but  the 
Roman  poets  place  them  on  the  Campanian 
coast.  Some  state  that  they  were  2  in  num- 
ber, Aglaopheme  and  Thelxiepia ;  and  others 
that  there  were  3,  Pisinoe,  Aglaope,  and  Thel- 
xiepia, or  Parthenope,  Ligia,  and  Leucosia^ 
They  are  called  daughters  of  Phorcus,  of 
Achclous  and  Ster6pe,  of  Terpsich&re,  ofMel- 
pom&ie,  of  Calliftpe,  or  of  Gaea.  The  Sirens 
are  also  connected  with  the  legends  of  the 
Argonauts  and  the  rape  of  Perseph5ne.  When 
the  Argonauts  sailed  by  the  Sirens,  the  latter 
began  to  sing,  but  in  vain,  for  Orpheus  sur- 
passed them ;  and  as  it  had  been  decreed  that 
they  should  live  only  till  some  one  hearing 
their  song  should  pass  by  unmoyed,  they 
threw  themselves  into  the  sea,  and  were 
metamorphosed  into  rocks. 

SIRENUSAE  (-urum),  called  by  Virgil  (Aen. 
v.  864)  SIRENTJM  SOOPUI,!,  3  small  uninhabited 
and  rocky  islands  near  the  S.  side  of  the  Prom. 
Misenum,  off  the  coast  of  Campania,  which 
were,  according  to  tradition,  the  abode  of  the 


S1RIS  (-is).  (1)  (Sinno\  a  river  in  Lucania 
flowing  into  the  Tarentine  gulf. — (2)  (Torre 
di  Senna),  an  ancient  Greek  town  in  Lucauia 
at  the  month  of  the  preceding  river. 

SIRMlO  (-ouis:  Sirmione),  a  beautiful 
promontory  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Lacue 
Benacus  (Lago  di  Garda),  on  which  Catullus 
had  an  estate. 

SIRMJUM  (-i :  Mitrovite),  an  important  city 
in  Pannonia  Inferior,  was  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Savus.  It  was  founded  by  the 
Taurisci,  and  under  the  Romans  became  the 
capital  of  Pannonia,  and  the  head-quarters 
of  all  their  operations  in  their  wars  against 
the  Daciaus  and  the  neighboring  barbarians. 

S1S&PON  (-«nis:  Almaden  in  the  Sierra 
Morena),  an  important  town  in  Hispania 
Baetica  N.  of  Corduba. 

SISCJA  (-ae :  Sissek),  called  SEGKSTA  by  Ap- 
pian,  an  important  town  in  Pannonia  Superior, 
situated  upon  an  island  formed  by  the  rivers 
Savus,  Colapis,  and  Odra,  and  on  the  road 
from  Aemona  to  Sirmium. 

SISENNA  (-ae),  L.  CORNELIUS,  a  Roman 
annalist,  was  praetor  in  the  year  when  Sulla 
died  (n.o.  78),  and  probably  obtained  Sicily 
for  his  province  in  77.  During:  the  piratical 
war  (6T)  he  acted  as  the  legate  of  Pompey,  and 
having  been  dispatched  to  Crete  in  command 
of  an  army,  died  in  that  island  at  the  age  of 
about  52.  His  great  work  was  a  history  of 
his  own  time,  but  he  a^so  translated  the  Mi- 


SISYGAMBIS. 


369 


SMYRNA. 


lesian  fables  qf  Aristides,  and  composed  a 
commentary  upon  Plautus. 

SISYGAMBIS  (-is),  mother  of  Darius  Co- 
domannus,  the  last  king  of  Persia,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  Alexander  after  the  battle  of  Issus, 
B.O.  333,  together  with  the  wife  and  daugh- 
ters of  Darius.  Alexander  treated  these  cap- 
tives with  the  greatest  generosity  and  kind- 
ness, and  displayed  towards  Sisygambis,  in 
particular,  a  reverence  and  delicacy  of  con- 
duct which  is  one  of  the  brightest  ornaments 
Df  his  character.  After  his  death  she  put  an 
3nd  to  her  life  by  voluntary  starvation. 

SISYPHUS  (-i),  sou  of  Aeolus  andEuarete, 
whence  he  is  called  Aeortdes.  He  was  mar- 
ried to  Merftpe,  a  daughter  of  Atlas  or  a  Pleiad, 
and  became  by  her  the  father  of  Glaucus, 
Ornytion  (or  Porphyrion),  Thersander,  and 
Halmus.  In  later  accounts  he  is  also  called 
a  son  of  Autolycus,  and  the  father  of  Ulysses 
by  Anticlea  [ANTICIJSA.]  ;  whence  we  lindUlys- 
ses  sometimes  called  SfeypMdes.  He  is  said 
to  have  built  the  town  of  Ephyra,  afterwards 
Corinth.  As  king  of  Corinth  he  promoted 
navigation  and  commerce,  but  he  was  fraudu- 
lent, avaricious,  and  deceitful.  His  wicked- 
ness during  life  was  severely  punished  in  the 
lower  world,  where  he  had  to  roll  up  hill  a 
huge  marble  block, which  as  soon  as  it  reach- 
ed the  top  always  rolled  down  again. 


fir 


SITONES  (-urn),  a  German  tribe  in  Scandi- 
navia, belonging  to  the  race  of  the  Siievi. 

S1TTIUS  or  SITIUS  (-i),  P.,  of  Xuceria  m 
Campania,  was  connected  with  Catiline,  and 
went  to  Spain  in  B.C.  64,  from  which  country 
he  crossed  over  into  Mauretaiiia  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  He  joined  Caesar  when  the  lat- 
ter came  to  Africa,  in  4G,  to  prosecute  the  wai 
aga  inst  the  Porapeian  part  v.  He  was  of  "real 
service  to  Caesar  in  this  war,  and  tit  its'  con- 
clusion was  rewarded  by  him  with  the  west- 
ern part  of  Numidia,  where  he  settled,  dis- 
tributing the  land  among  his  soldiers.  After 
the  death  of  Caesar,  Anibio,  the  son  of  Musi- 
nissa,  returned  to  Africa,  and  killed  Siitins 
by  stratagem. 

SMlRAGDUS  MONS  (Jehel  Zaburah),  a 
mountain  of  Upper  Egypt,  near  the  coast  of 
the  Red  Sea,  N.  of  Berenice.  It  obtained  its 
name  from  its  extensive  emerald  mine*. 

SMERDIS,  the  son  of  Cyrus,  was  mnrdered 
by  order  of  his  brother  Cambyses.  A  Masiian, 
named  PatizTthes,  who  had  been  left  by  Cam- 
byses in  charge  of  his  palace  and  treasures, 
availed  himself  of  the  likeness  of  his  brother 
to  the  deceased  Smerdis  to  proclaim  this 
brother  as  king,  representing  him  as  the 
younger  son  of  Cyrus.  Cambyses  heard  of 
the  revolt  in  Syria,  but  he  died  of  an  accident- 
al wound  in  the  thigh  as  he  was 
mounting  his  horse  to  march  against 
the  usurper.  The  false  Smerdis  was 
acknowledged  as  king  by  the  Per* 
sians,  and  reigned  for  7  months  with- 
out opposition.  The  fraud  was  dis- 
covered by  Phaedima,  who  had  been 
one  of  the  wives  of  Cambyses,  and 
had  been  transferred  to  his  succes- 
sor. She  communicated  it  to  her 
father,  Otaues,  who  thereupon  form- 
ed a  conspiracy,  and,  in  conjunction 
with  6  other  noble  Persians,  suc- 
ceeded in  forcing  his  way  into  the 
palace,  where  they  slew*  the  false 
Smerdis  and  his  brother  Patizlthes 
in  the  Sth  month  of  their  reign,  Wl. 
SMINTHEUS  (-cos.  C-I,  or  eft,  a  sur- 
name of  Apollo,  which  is  derived  by 
some  from  <r/na<2w,  a  mou^e,  and  by 


SITACE  or  SITTACE  (-§s:  EsM-Bagdad, 
Rn.),  a  great  and  populous  city  of  Babylonia, 
near  but  not  on  the  Tigris,  and  S  parasangs 
within  the  Median  wall.  Its  probable  site  is 
marked  by  a  ruin  called  the  Tower  of  Nimrqd. 
It  gave  the  name  of  Sittacene  to  the  district 
on  the  lower  course  of  the  Tigris,  E.  of  Baby- 
*onia  and  N.W.  of  Susiana. 

SITH5N1A.  (-ae),  the  central  one  of  the.  3 
peninsulas  running  out  from  Chalcidice  in 
Macedonia,  between  the  Toronaic  and  Singitic 
gulfs.  The  Thracians  were  originally  spread 
over  the  greater  part  of  Macedonia ;  and  the 
ancients  derived  the  name  of  Sithonia  from 
a  Thracian  king,  Sithon.  We  also  find  men- 
tion of  a  Thracian  people,  Sithonii,  on  the 
shores  of  the  Pontus  Euxiims ;  and  the  poets 
frequently  use  Sithonis  and  Sithonius  in  the 
general  sense  of  Thracian. 


'      Troas.   a  ...  _   . 

the  ancients  as  inspired  by  the  vapors  arising 
from  the  earth,  and  as  the  s>  mbol  of  prophet- 
ic power. 

SMYRNA,  or  MYRRHA.  CADOXI&] 
SMYRNA,  and  in  many  MSS.  ZMYRNA 
(-ae:  Smyrna,  Turk.  Izmir),  one  of  the  most 
ancient  and  nourishing  cities  of  Asia  Minor, 
and  the  only  one  of  the  great  cities  on  its  W. 
coast  which  has  survived  to  this  day,  stood 
in  a  position  alike  remarkable  for  its  beauty 
and  For  other  natural  advantages.  Lying  just 
about  the  centre  of  the  W.  coast  of  Asia 
Minor;  on  the  banks  of  the  little  river  Meles. 
at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  bay,  the  Sinus  Her- 
maeus  or  Smyrnaeus  (G.  of  Smyrna),  which 
formed  a  safe  and  immense  harbor  for  the 
largest  ships  up  to  the  very  walls  of  the  city; 
at  the  foot  of  the  rich  slopes  of  Traolns,  and 
at  the  entrance  to  the  great  and  fertile  vallej 


SMYRNAEUS  SINUS. 


370 


SOCRATES. 


of  the  Hermns,  in  which  lay  the  great  and 
wealthy  city  of  Sardis ;  and  in  the  midst  of 
the  Greek  colonies  on  the  E.  shore  of  the 
Aegaean— it  was  marked  out  hy  nature  as  one 
of  the  greatest  emporiums  for  the  trade  be- 
tween Europe  and  Asia,  and  has  preserved 
that  character  to  the  present  day.  There  are 
Tarious  accounts  of  its  origin.  The  most 
probable  is  that  which  represents  it  as  an 
Aeolian  colony  from  Cyme.  At  an  early  pe- 
riod it  fell  by  a  stratagem  into  the  hands  of 
the  lonians  of  Colophon,  and  remained  an 
Ionian  city  from  that  time  forth :  this  appears 
to  have  happened  before  Ol.  23  (B.C.  688).  Its 
early  history  is  very  obscure.  This  much  is 
clear,  however,  that  at  some  period  the  old 
city  of  Smyrna,  which  stood  on  the  N.E.  side 
of  the  Hermaean  gulf,  was  abandoned ;  and 
that  it  was  succeeded  by  a  new  city  on  the 
S.E.  side  of  the  same  gulf  (the  present  site), 
which  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Antigonus, 
and  which  was  enlarged  and  beautified  by  Ly- 
simachus.  This  new  city  stood  partly  on  the 
sea-shore  and  partly  on  a  hill  called  Mastusia. 
The  city  soon  became  one  of  the  greatest  and 
most  prosperous  in  the  world.  It  was  es- 
pecially favored  by  the  Romans  on  account 
of  the  aid  it  rendered  them  in  the  Syrian  and 
Mithridatic  wars.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  con- 
yentus  juridicus.  In  the  civil  wars  it  was 
taken  and  partly  destroyed  by  Dolabella,  but 
it  soon  recovered.  It  occupies  a  distinguish- 
ed place  in  the  early  history  of  Christianity, 
as  one  of  the  only  two  among  the  7  church- 
es of  Asia  which  St.  John  addresses,  in  the 
Apocalypse,  without  any  admixture  of  re- 
buke, and  as  the  scene  of  the  labors  and  mar- 
tyrdom of  Polycarp.  There  are  but  few  ruins 
of  the  ancient  city.  In  addition  to  all  her 
other  sources  of  renown,  Smyrna  stood  at  the 
head  of  the  cities  which  claimed  the  birth  of 
Homer.  The  poet  was  worshiped  as  a  hero 
in  a  magnificent  building  called  the  Home- 
reum. 

SMYRNAEUS  SINUS  (<?.  of  ImAr  or 
Smyrna),  the  great  gulf  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  at  the  bottom  of  which  Smyrna 
stands. 

S5CRITES  (-is).  (1)  The  celebrated  Athe- 
nian philosopher,  was  born  in  the  demus 
Alopece,  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of 
Athens,  B.O.  469.  His  father,  Sophroniscus, 
was  a  statuary ;  his  mother,  PhaenarSte,  was 
a  midwife.  In  his  youth  Socrates  followed  the 
profession  of  his  father,  and  attained  sufllcient 
proficiency  to  execute  the  group  of  clothed 
Graces  which  was  preserved  in  the  Acropolis, 
and  was  shown  as  his  work  down  to  the  time 
of  Pausairias.  The  personal  Qualities  of  Soc- 
rates were  marked  and  striking.  His  phys- 
ical constitution  was  healthy,  robust,  and  en- 
during to  an  extraordinary  degree.  He  was 
capable  of  bearing  fatigue  or  hardship,  and 
indifferent  to  heat  or  cold,  in  a  measure  which 
astonished  all  his  companions.  He  went  bare- 
foot in  all  seasons  of  the  year,  even  during 
the  winter  campaign  at  Potidaea,  under  the 
severe  frosts  of  Thrace ;  and  the  same  home- 
ly clothing  sufficed  for  him  in  winter  as  well 
as  in  summer.  His  ugly  physiognomy  ex- 
cited the  jests  both  of  his  friends  and  enemies, 


who  inform  us  that  he  had  a  flat  nose,  thick 
lips,  and  prominent  eyes,  like  a  satyi  or  Si- 
leiius.  Of  the  circumstances  of  his  life  we 
are  almost  wholly 
ignorant;  he  serv- 
ed as  a  hoplite  at 
Potidaea,  Delium, 
and  Amphipolis 
with  great,  credit 
to  himself.  He 
seems  never  to 
have  filled  any  po- 
litical office  until 
406,  in  which  year 
he  was  a  member 
of  the  senate  of 
Five  Hundred,  and 
one  of  the  Prytii- 
nes  when,  on  the 
occasion  of  the 
trial  of  the  6  gen- 
erals, he  refused, 
in  spite  of  all  per- 
sonal hazard,  to 
Socrates.  put  an  unconsti- 

tutional question 

to  the  vote.  He  displayed  the  same  moral 
courage  in  refusing  to  obey  the  order  of  the 
Thirty  Tyrants  for  the  apprehension  of  Leon 
the  Salaminian.— At  what  time  Socrates  re- 
linquished his  profession  as  a  statuary  we  do 
not  know ;  but  it  is  certain  that  at  least  all 
the  middle  and  later  part  of  his  life  was  de- 
voted to  the  self-imposed  task  of  teaching,  to 
the  exclusion  of  all  other  business,  public  or 
private,  and  to  the  neglect  of  all  means  of 
fortune.  But  he  never  opened  a  school,  nor 
did  he,  like  the  Sophists  of  his  time,  deliver 
public  lectures.  He  was  persuaded  that  he 
had  a  special  religious  mission,  and  that  he 
constantly  heard  the  monitions  of  a  divine  or 
supernatural  voice.  Every  where,  in  the  mar- 
ket-place, in  the  gymnasia,  and  in  the  work- 
shops, he  sought  and  found  opportunities  for 
awakening  and  guiding,  in  boys,  youths,  and 
men,  moral  consciousness,  and  the  impulse 
after  knowledge  respecting  the  end  and  value 
of  our  actions.  His  object,  however,  was 
only  to  aid  them  in  developing  the  germs  of 
knowledge— to  practice  a  kind  of  mental  mid- 
wifery, just  as  his  mother  Phaenarete  exer- 
cised the  corresponding  corporeal  art ;  and  he 
therefore  fought  unweariedly  against  all  false 
appearance  and  conceit  of  knowledge.  This 
was  probably  the  reason  why  he  was  selected 
for  attack  by  Aristophanes  and  the  other 
comic  writers.  Attached  to  none  of  the  pre- 
vailing parties,  Socrates  found  in  each  of 
them  his  friends  and  his  enemies.  Hated  and 
persecuted  by  Critias,  Charicles.  and  others 
among  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  who  had  him 
specially  in  view  in  the  decree  which  they 
issued  forbidding  the  teaching  of  the  art  of 
oratory,  he  wa»  impeached  after  their  banish- 
ment and  by  -their  opponents.  An  orator 
named  Lycon,  and  a  poet  (a  friend  of  Thrasy- 
bulus)  named  Melctus,  united  in  the  impeach- 
ment with  the  powerful  demagogue  Anytus, 
an  embittered  antagonist  of  the  Sophists  and 
their  system,  and  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
band  which,  setting  out  from  Phyle,  forced 
their  way  into  the  Piraeus,  and  drove  out 


SODOMA. 


371 


SOLON. 


the  Thirty  Tyrants.    The  judges  also  are  de-  ' 
scribed  as  persons  who  had  been  banished, 
and  who  had  returned  with  Thrasybulus. 
The  chief  articles  of  impeachment  were  that 
Socrates  was  guilty  of  corrupting  the  youth, 
and  of  despising  the  tutelary  deities  of  the 
state,  putting  in  their  place  other  new  divini- 
ties ;  but  the  accusation  was  doubtless  also 
dictated  by  political  animosity.     The  sub- 
stance of  the  speech  which  Socrates  delivered 
in  his  defense  is  probably  preserved  by  Plato 
in  the  piece  entitled  the  "Apology  of  Socra- 
tes." Being  condemned  by  a  majority  of  only 
6  votes,  he  refused  to  acquiesce  in  any  greater 
punishment  than  a  fine  of  60  minae,  on  the  se- 
curity of  Plato,  Crito,  and  other  friends.    In- 
censed by  this  speech,  the  judges  condemned 
him  to  death  by  a  majority  of  80  votes.    The 
sentence  could  not  be  carried  into  execution 
until  after  the  return  of  the  vessel  which  had 
been  sent  to  Delos  on  the  periodical  Theoric 
mission.     The  30  days  which  intervened  be- 
tween its  return  and  the  execution  of  Socra- 
tes were  devoted  by  him  to  poetic  attempts 
(the  first  he  had  made  in  his  life),  and  to  his 
usual  conversation  with  his  Mends.    One  of 
these  conversations,  on  the  duty  of  obedience 
to  the  laws,  Plato  has  reported  in  the  Cn'to, 
so  called  after  the  faithful  follower  of  Socra- 
tes, who  had  endeavored  without  success  to 
persuade  him  to  make  his  escape.    In  an- 
other, imitated  or  worked  up  by  Plato  in  the 
Phcwo,  Socrates,  immediately  before  he  drank 
the  cup  of  hemlock,  developed  the  grounds 
of  his  immovable  conviction  of  the  immor- 
tality of  the  soul.    He  died  with  composure 
and  cheerfulness  in  his  70th  year,  B.C.  399. 
He  must  be  considered  as  having  laid  the 
foundation  of  formal  logic.— (2)  The  ecclesi- 
astical historian.was  born  at  Constantinople 
about  A.D.  879.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Ammomus 
and  Helladius,  and  followed  the  profession  of 
an  advocate  in  his  native  city,  whence  he  is 
surnamed  Scholasticus.     The  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  Socrates  extends  from  the  reign  of 
Constantine  the  Great  (306)  to  that  of  the 
yonnger  Theodosius  (439). 

SCJD6MA  (-orum  and  ae ;  also  -urn,  gen.  -i; 
and  -i,  gen.  -orum),  a  very  ancient  city  of  Ca- 
naan, in  the  beautiful  valley  of  Siddim,  close- 
ly connected  with  Gomorrha,  over  which  anc 
the  other  3  '« cities  of  the  plain  "  the  king  of 
Sodom  seems  to  have  had  a  sort  of  suprem- 
acy. In  the  book  of  Genesis  we  find  these 
cities  as  subject,  in  the  time  of  Abraham,  to 
the  king  of  Elam  and  his  allies  (an  indication 
of  the  early  supremacy  in  W.  Asia  of  the  mas- 
ters of  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  valley),  and 
their  attempt  to  cast  off  the  yoke  was  the 
occasion  of  the  first  war  on  record.  (Gen 
xiv.)  Soon  afterwards  the  abominable  sins 
of  these  cities  called  down  the  divine  venge- 
ance, and  they  were  all  destroyed  by  fire  from 
heaven,  except  Zoar,  which  was  spared  at  the 
intercession  of  Lot. 

SOEMIS  or  SOAEMlAS,  JtTLlA,  daushte 
of  Julia  Maesa,  and  mother  of  Elagabalus, 
became  the  chosen  counselor  of  her  son,  and 
encouraged  and  shared  bis  follies  and  enor 
mities.  She  was  slain  by  the  praetorians  OH 
the  llth  of  March,  A.P.  222. 


SOGDllNA  (.ae)  (Old  Persian,  Snghda: 
:>arts  of  Turkestan  and  Bokhara,  including 
he  district  still  called  tiogci),  the  N.E.  prov- 
nce  of  the  ancient  Persian  empire,  separated 
on  the  S.  from  Bactriana  and  Margiana  by 
he  upper  conrse  of  the  Osus  (Jihonn) ;  on 
he  E.  and  N.  from  Scythia  bv  the  Sogdii 
Comedarum  andOscii  M.  (Kara-Jbatih,  Alatan, 
and  Ak  Tagli)  and  by  the  upper  course  of  th« 
Jaxartes  (Mhoun),  and  bounded  on  the  N.\V» 
>y  the  great  deserts  E.  of  the  Sea  of  Aral. 

SOGDIANUS  (-i),  one  of  the  illegitimate 
sons  of  Artaxerxes  I.  Longimanus,  acquired 
;he  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father,  u.o.  425, 
by  the  murder  of  his  legitimate  brother  Xerx- 
es II.  Sogdiauus,  however,  was  murdered 
n  his  turn,  after  a  reign  of  7  months,  by  his 
brother  Ochus. 

SOGDII  MOOTES.    [SOGDIASA.] 

SOL.    [HEUOS.] 

SpLI  (-orum)  or  SOLOE.  (1)  (Mezetlu,  Ru. ), 
a  city  on  the  coast  of  Cilicia,  between  the 
rivers  Lamus  and  Cydnus,  said  to  have  been 
colonized  by  Argives  and  Lydiaus  from 
Rhodes.  Pompey  restored  the  city,  which 
aad  been  destroyed  by  Tigranes,  and  peopled 
it  with  the  survivors  of  the  defeated  bands 
of  pirates ;  and  from  this  time  forth  it  was 
called  POMPEIOPOL.IS.  It  was  celebrated  in 
literary  history  as  the  birthplace  of  the  Stoic 
philosopher  Chrysippus,  of  the  comic  poet 
Philemon,  and  of  the  astronomer  and  poet 
Aratus.— (2)  (Alicjora,  in  the  valley  of  Solea, 
Ru.),  a  considerable  sec-port  town  in  the  W. 
part  of  the  N.  coast  of  Cyprus. 

SOLTNTJS  (-i),  C.  JtfLIUS,  the  author  of  a 
geographical  compendium,  divided  into  57 
chapters,  containing  a  brief  sketch  of  the 
world  as  known  to  the  ancients,  diversified 
by  historical  notices,  remarks  on  the  origin, 
habits,  religious  rites,  and  social  condition  of 
various  nations  enumerated.  It  displays  but 
little  knowledge  or  judgment.  Solmus  may 
perhaps  be  placed  about  A.P.  23S. 

S5LISPONS.    [OASIS,  No.  3.] 

S5LOK.    [Sou.} 

SOLOIS  (C.  Cantin,  Arab.lfc*  el  ffottdik),  a 
promontory  running  far  out  into  the  sea,  in 
the  S.  part  of  the  W7  coast  of  Mauretania. 

S5L5N  (-onis),  the  celebrated  AtheniaD 
legislator,  was  born  about  B.O.  638.  His  fa- 
ther, Execestides,was  a  descendant  of  Codrus, 
and  his  mother  was  a  cousin  of  the  mother 
of  Pisistratus.  Execestides  had  seriously  crip- 
pled his  resources  by  a  too  prodigal  expend 
iture ;  and  Solon  consequently  found  it  eithe/ 
necessary  or  convenient  in  his  yonth  to  be- 
take himself  to  the  life  of  a  foreign  trader 
It  is  likely  enough  that  while  necessity  com- 
pelled him  to  seek  a  livelihood  in  some  mode 
or  other,  his  active  and  inquiring  spirit  led 
him  to  select  that  pursuit  which  would  fur- 
nish the  amplest  means  for  its  gratification. 
Solon  early  distinguished  himself  by  his  po- 
etical abilities.  His  first  effusions  were  in  a 
somewhat  light  and  amatory  strain,  which 
afterwards  gave  way  to  the  more  dignified 
and  earnest  purpose  of  indicating  profound 
reflections  or  sage  advice.  So  widely  indeed 


SOLON. 


372 


SOPHOCLES. 


did  his  reputation  spread  that  he  was  rank- 
ed as  one  of  the  famous  seven  sages.    The 
occasion  which  first  brought  Solon  promi- 
nently forward  as  nn  actor  on  the  political 
stage  was  the  contest  between  Athens  and 
Megara  respecting  the  possession  of  Salamis. 
Indignant  at  the  dishonorable  renunciation 
of  their  claims  by  the  Athenians,  he  feigned 
madness,  rushed  into  the  agora,  and  there  re- 
cited a  short  elegiac  poem  oi  100  lines,  in 
which  he  called  npon  the  Athenians  to  re- 
trieve their  disgrace  and  reconquer  the  lovely 
island.    The  pusillanimous  law  was  rescind- 
ed; war  was  declared,  and  Solon  himself  ap- 
pointed to  conduct  it.    The  Megarians  were 
driven  out  of  the  island,  but  a  tedious  war  en- 
sued, which  was  finally  settled  by  the  arbi- 
tration of  Sparta.    Both  parties  appealed,  in 
support  of  their  claim,  to  the  authority  of 
Homer ;  and  it  was  currently  believed  in  an- 
tiquity that  Solon  had  surreptitiously  insert- 
ed the  line  (II.  ii.  568)  which  speaks  of  Ajax 
as  ranging  his  ships  with  the  Athenians.  The 
Spartans  decided  iu  favor  of  the  Athenians, 
about  u.o.  590.    Solon  himself,  probably, was 
one  of  those  who  received  grants  of  laud  in 
Salamis,  and  this  may  account  for  his  being 
termed  a  Salamiuian.  Soon  after  these  events 
(about  595)  Solon  took  a  leading  part  in  pro- 
moting hostilities  iu  behalf  of  Delphi  against 
Cirrha,  and  was  the  mover  of  the  decree  of 
the  Amphictyons  by  which  war  was  declared. 
It  was  about  the  time  of  the  outbreak  of  this 
war  that,  in  consequence  of  the  distracted 
state  of  Attica,  which  was  rent  by  civil  com- 
motions, Solon  was  called  upon  by  all  par- 
ties to  mediate  between  them,  and  alleviate 
the  miseries  that  prevailed.    He  was  chosen 
archon  in  594,  and  under  that  legal  title  was 
invested  with  unlimited  power  for  adopting 
such  measures  as  the  exigencies  of  the  state 
demanded.   In  fulfillment  of  the  task  intrust- 
ed to  him,  Solon  addressed  himself  to  the  re- 
lief of  the  existing  distress,  which  he  effect- 
ed by  his  celebrated  disburdening  ordinance 
(crciffccxtaa).    This  measure  was  framed  to 
relieve  the  debtors  with  as  little  infringement 
as  possible  on  the  claims  of  the  wealthy  cred- 
itors; and  seems  principally  to  have  consist- 
ed of  a  depreciation  of  the  coinage.    The  suc- 
cess of  the  Seisachtheia  procured  for  Solon 
such  confidence  and  popularity  that  he  was 
further  charged  with  the  task  of  entirely  re- 
modeling the  constitution.     He  repealed  all 
the  laws  of  Draco  except  those  relating  to 
bloodshed,  and  introduced  a  great  many  re- 
forms by  a  new  distribution  of  the  different 
classes  of  citizens,  by  enlarging  the  functions 
of  the  Ecclesia,  or  popular  assembly,  and  by 
instituting  the  Boule,  or  senate  of  400.    Be- 
sides the  arrangement  of  the  general  political 
relations  of  the  people,  Solon  was  the  author 
of  a  great  variety  of  special  laws,  which  do 
not  seem  to  have  been  arranged  in  any  sys- 
tematic manner.    The  laws  of  Solon  were  in- 
scribed on  wooden  rollers  (Sfoi/e?)  and  trian- 
gular tablets  (Ki'p/3<-t?)i  and  were  set  up  at  first 
m  the  Acropolis,  afterwards  in  the  Pryta- 
neum.    The  Athenians  were  also  indebted  to 
Solon  for  some  rectification  of  the  calendar. 
It  is  said  that  Solon  exacted  from  the  people 
a  solemn  oath  that  they  would  observe  his 


laws  without  alteration  for  a  certain  space, 
and  then  absented  himself  from  Athens  for 
LO  years.  He  first  visited  Egypt ;  and  from 
thence  proceeded  to  Cyprus,  where  he  was 
received  with  great  distinction  by  Philocy- 
prus,  king  of  the  little  town  of  Aepea.  Solon 
persuaded  the  king  to  remove  from  the  old 
site,  and  build  a  new  town  on  the  plain.  The 
new  settlement  was  called  Soli,  in  honor  of 
the  illustrious  visitor.  He  is  further  said  to 
have  visited  Lydia ;  and  his  interview  with 
Croesus  was  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
stories  in  antiquity.  [CKOESUS.]  During  the 
absence  of  Solon  the  olcl  dissensions  were  re- 
newed, and  shortly  after  his  arrival  at  Ath- 
ens the  supreme  power  was  seized  by  Pisis- 
tratus.  The  tyrant,  after  his  usurpation,  is 
said  to  have  paid  considerable  court  to  Solon, 
and  on  various  occasions  to  have  solicited  his 
advice, which  Solon  did  not  withhold.  Solou 
probably  died  about  558,  two  years  after  the 
overthrow  of  the  constitution,  at  the  age  of 
SO.  Of  the  poems  of  Solon  several  fragments 
remain.  They  do  not  indicate  any  great  de- 
gree of  imaginative  power,  but  their  style  is 
vigorous  and  simple. 

SOLtMA  (-orum).  (1)  (Taktalu-Dagk),  the 
mountain  range  which  runs  parallel  to  the  E. 
coast  of  Lycia,  and  is  a  S.  continuation  of 
Mount  Climax.— (2)  Another  name  for  JEKU- 

SALEM. 

SOLf  MI.    [LYOiA.3 

SOMNUS  (-i),  the  personification  and  god 
of  sleep,  is  described  as  a  brother  of  Death, 
and  as  a  son  of  Night.  In  works  of  art, 
Sleep  and  Death  are  represented  alike  as  two 
youths,  sleeping  or  holding  inverted  torches 
in  their  hands.  [Mo us.] 

SONTlUS  <-i:  /sonzo),  a  river  in  Venetia, 
in  the  N.  of  Italy,  rising  in  the  Carnic  Alps, 
and  falling  into  the  Sinus  Tergestinus,  E.  of 
Aquileia. 

S5PHENE  (-6s),  a  district  of  Armenia 
Major,  lying  between  the  ranges  of  Antitau- 
rus  and  Masius ;  separated  from  Melitene,  iu 
Armenia  Minor,  by  the  Euphrates,  from  Meso- 
potamia by  the  Antitaurus,  and  from  the  E. 
part  of  Armenia  Major  by  the  river  Nyinphius. 
S5PH5CLES  (-is).  (1)  The  celebrated 
tragic  poet,  was  born  at  Colonus,  a  village 
little  more  than  a 
mile  to  the  N.W. 
of  Athens,  w.  0.495. 
He  was  30  years 
younger  than 
Aeschylus,  and  15 
years  older  than 
Euripides.  His 
father's  name  was 
SophiluSjOrSoph- 
illus,  of  whose 
condition  in  life 
we  know  nothing 
for  certain ;  but  it 
is  clear  that  Soph- 
ocles received  an 
Sophocles.  education  not  in' 

ferior  to  that  of 

the  sons  of  the  most  distinguished  citizens 
of  Athens.    Iu  both  of  the  leading  branches 


SOPHOCLES. 


373 


SORANUS. 


of  Greek  education,  music  and  gymnastics,  he 
was  carefully  trained,  and  in  both  he  gained 
the  prize  of  a  garland.    Of  the  skill  which  he 
had  attained  in  music  and  dancing  in  his  16th 
year,  and  of  the  perfection  of  his  bodily  form, 
we  have  conclusive  evidence  in  the  fact  that, 
when  the  Athenians   were   assembled  in 
solemn  festival  around  the  trophy  which 
they  had  set  up  in  Salamis  to  celebrate  their 
victory  over  the  fleet  of  Xerxes,  Sophocles 
was  chosen  to  lead,  naked,  and  with  lyre  in 
hand,  the  chorus  which  danced  about  the 
trophy,  and  sang  the  songs  of  triumph,  4SO. 
His  first  appearance  as  a  dramatist  took  place 
in  408,  under  peculiarly  interesting  circum- 
stances ;  not  only  from  the  fact  that  Soph- 
ocles, at  the  age  of  27,  came  forward  as  the 
rival  of  the  veteran  Aeschylus,  whose  suprem- 
acy had  been  maintained  during  an  entire 
generation,  but  also  from  the  character  of  the 
judges.  The  solemnities  of  the  Great  Diony- 
sia  were  rendered  more  imposing  by  the  oc- 
casion of  the  return  of  Ciinon  from  his  expe- 
dition to  Scyros,  bringing  with  him  the  bones 
of  Theseus.    Public  expectation  was  so  ex- 
cited respecting  the  approaching  dramatic 
contest,  and  party  feeling  ran  so  high,  that 
Apsephion,  the  archon   Eponymus,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  appoint  the  judges,  had  noi 
yet  ventured  to  proceed  to  the  final  act  of 
drawing  the  lots  for  their  election,  when 
Cimon,  with  his  9  colleagues  in  the  command, 
having  entered  the  theatre,  the  archon  de- 
tained them  at  the  altar,  and  administered 
to  them  the  oath  appointed  for  the  judges  in 
the  dramatic  contests.     Their  decision  was 
in  favor  of  Sophocles,  who  received  the  firs 
prize;  the  second  only  being  awarded  to 
Aeschylus,  who  was  so  mortified  at  his  defea 
that  he  left  Athens,  and  retired  to  Sicily 
From  this  epoch  Sophocles  held  the  snprem 
acy  of  the  Athenian  stage  until  a  formidabl 
rival  arose  in  Euripides,  who  gained  the  firs 
prize  for  the  first  time  in  441.    In  the  spring 
of  440  Sophocles  brought  out  the  Antigone, 
play  which  gave  the  Athenians  such  satisfac 
tion  that  they  appointed  him  one  of  the  ter 
strategi.  of  whom  Pericles  was  the  chief,  i 
the  war  against  Samos.    In  his  last  years  hi 
son  lophon,  jealous  of  his  father's  love  for  hi 
grandson  Sophocles,  and  apprehending  tha 
he  purposed  to  bestow  upon  this  grandson 
large  proportion  of  his  property,  is  said  t 
have  summoned  his  father  before  the  Phrs 
tores,  on, the chargejfcat  his  mind  ^affe^ 

am  not  b 


, 

ed  by  old  age.    As  his  only  reply, 
exclaimed,  f'  If  I  am  Sophocles,  I 
side  myself;  and  if  I  am  beside  myself,  la 
not  Sophocles ;"  and  then  read  from  his  Oea 
pus  at  Colmus,  which  was  lately  written,  bi 
not  yet  brought  out,  the  magnificent  yaroco 
beginning— 

EwtWou,  feve,  -ruff&e  xwp 


the  Greek  drama.  The  number  of  plays 
cribed  to  him  was  130 ;  and  it  is  remarka- 
e,  as  proving  his  growing  activity  and  snc- 
ss,  that  of  these  81  were  brought  ont  after 
s  54ih  year.  Only  7  are  extantl— (2)  Son  of 
riston  and  grandson  of  the  elder  Sophocles, 
as  also  an  Athenian  tragic  poet.  In  401  he 
•ought  out  the  Oedipus  at  Colonm  of  his 
•andfather;  but  he  did  not  begin  to  exhibit 
s  own  dramas  till  390. 
SOPHONISBA  (-ae),  daughter  of  the  Car- 
jagiuian  general  Hasdrubal,the  sou  of  Gisco. 
he  had  been  betrothed  by  her  father,  at  a 
ery  early  age,  to  the  Numfdlan  prince  Mtisi- 
issa,  but  at  a  subsequent  period  Easdrnbal. 
eing  desirous  to  gain  over  Svphax,  the  rival 
monarch  of  Numidia,  to  the  Carthaginian  al 
ance,  gave  her  in  marriage  to  that  prince, 
ifter  the  defeat  of  Sypbax,  and  the  capture 
f  his  capital  city  of  Cirta  by  Masinissa, 
ophonisba  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  con- 
leror,  upon  whom  her  beauty  exercised  so 
f  jwerful  an  influence  that  he  determined  to 
marry  her  himself.  Their  nuptials  were  ac- 
ordingly  celebrated  without  delay;  but  Scipio 
who  was  apprehensive  lest  she  should  exer- 
ise  the  same  influence  over  Masinissa  which 
he  had  previously  done  over  Syphax)  refused 
o  ratify  this  arrangement,  and,  upbraiding 
tlasinissa  with  his  weakness,  insisted  ou  the 
mmediate  surrender  of  the  princess.  Unable 
o  resist  this  command,  the  Numidian  king 
spared  her  the  humiliation  of  captivity  by 
sending  her  a  bowl  of  poison, which  she  drank 
without  hesitation,  and  thus  put  an  end  to 
ler  own  life. 

wv*  „* ,  (-5uis),  of  Syracuse,  was  the 

principal  writer  of  that  species  of  composition 
sailed  the  Mime  GUU/AOS),  which  was  one  of  the 
numerous  varieties  of  the  Dorian  Comedy. 
He  flourished  about  B.C.  460-420.  When  So- 
phron is  called  the  inventor  of  Mimes,  the 
meaning  is  that  he  reduced  to  the  form  of  a 
literary  composition  a  species  of  amusement 
which  the  Greeks  of  Sicily,  who  were  pre- 
eminent for  broad  humor  aud  merriment,  nact 
practiced  from  time  immemorial  at  their  pub- 
lic festivals.  Plato  was  a  great  admirer  of 
Sophron ;  aud  the  philosopher  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  who  made  the  Mimes  known  at 
Athens.  The  serious  purpose  which  was 
aimed  at  in  the  works  of  Sophron  was  always, 
as  in  the  Attic  Comedy,  clothed  under  a  sport- 
ive form. 

SOPHRONISCUS.    [Socp.ATra.1 
"SSRA  (-ae).    (1)  (&>>«>,  a  town  to t  Latium, 


rhereupon.  the  judges  at  once  dismissed  the 
ase,  and  rebuked  lophon  for  his  undutiful 


wl 
case. 


Less  heroic  than  those  of  Aeschylus,  jess 
homely  and  familiar  than  those  of  Euripides, 
the  tragedies  of  Sophocles  are  the  perfection 


-.  , . 

on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Lms  and  N. .of 
Arpinum,  with  a  strongly  fortified  citadel.- 
(2)  A  town  in  Paphlagoma. 

SORACTE  (-is:  Monte  di  S,  0mfe),  a  cele- 
brated mountain  in  Etruria,  in  the  territory 
of  the  Falisci,  near  the  Tiber,  about  24  miles 
from  Rome,  but  the  summit  of  which,  fre- 
quently covered  with  snow, was  clearly  visib  e 
?romtLcity.  (Hor,  Carm  i.  9  )  The  whole 
mountain  was  sacred  to  Apollo,  and  on  its 
summit  was  a  temple  of  this  god. 

SORlNUS  (-i).  (1)  A  Sabine  divinity, 
usually  identified  with  Apollo,  worshiped  on 
Mount f  Soracte,-(2)  A  physician,  a  Batws  of 


SOSIGENES. 


374 


SPAKTA. 


.Ephesus,  practiced  his  profession  first  at  Alex- 
andria, and  afterwards  at  Rome,  in  the  reigns 
of  Trajan  and  Hadrian,  A.I>.  OS-IBS.  There 
are  several  medical  works  still  extant  under 
the  name  of  Soranus,  but  whether  they  were 
written  by  the  native  of  Ephesus  can  not  be 
determined. 
SOSIGENES  (-is),  the  peripatetic  philoso- 

eher,  was  the  astronomer  employed  by  Julius 
aesar  to  superintend  the  correction  of  the 
calendar  (13.0. 46). 

SOSlUS  <-i).  (1)  C.,  quaestor  B.C.  CO,  and 
praetor  in  49.  He  was  afterwards  one  of  An- 
tony's principal  lieutenants  in  the  East,  and 
in  37  placed  Herod  upon  the  throne  of  Jeru- 
salem.—(2)  The  name  of  two  brothers  (Sosii), 
booksellers  at  Kome  in  the  time  of  Horace. 

SOSPITA  (-ae),  that  is,  the  "saving  god- 
dess," was  a  surname  of  Juno  at  Lanuvium 
and  at  Rome,  in  both  of  which  places  she  had 
a  temple. 

SOSTRATUS  (-i),  the  son  of  Dexiphanes, 
of  Cnidus,was  one  of  the  great  architects  who 
flourished  during  and  after  the  life  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great 

SOTER  (-eris),  i.e.  "the  Saviour"  (Lat.  S&r- 
vator  or  Sospes),  occurs  as  the  surname  of  sev- 
eral divinities,  especially  of  Zeus  (Jupiter). 
It  was  also  a  surname  of  Ptolemaeus  L,  king 
of  Egypt,  as  well  as  of  several  of  the  other 
later  Greek  kings. 

SOTTIATES  or  SOTI3.TES  (-urn),  a  power- 
ful and  warlike  people  in  Gallia  Aquitanica, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Gallia  Narbonensis,  were 
subdued  by  P.  Crassus,  Caesar's  legate. 

SPARTA  (-ae :  Spartiates,  Spartanus),  also 
called  LACEDAEMON  (Lacedaemonius),  the 
capital  of  Laconia  and  the  chief  city  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, was  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Eurotas  ( Iri).  about  20  miles  from  the  sea. 
It  stood  on  a  plain  which  contained  within 
it  several  rising  grounds  and  hills.  It  was 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Eurotas,  on  the 
N.W.  by  the  small  river  Oenus  (Kdesina),  and 
on  the  S.E.  by  the  small  river  Tisia  (Kagula), 
both,  of  which  streams  fell  into  the  Eurotas. 
The  plain  in  which  Sparta  stood  was  shut  in 
on  the  E.  by  Mount  Menelaium,  and  on  the 
W,  by  Mount  Tayg<5tus;  whence  the  city  is 
called  by  Homer  "the  hollow  Lacedaemon." 
It  was  of  a  circular  form,  about  6  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  consisted  of  several  distinct 
quarters,  which  were  originally  separate  vil- 
lages, and  which  were  never  united  into  one 
regular  town.  Its  site  is  occupied  by  the 
modern  villages  of  Magula  and  Pxykhiko ;  and 
the  principal  modern  town  in  the  neighbor- 
hood is  Mistra,  which  lies  about  2  miles  to 
the  W.  on  the  slopes  of  Mount  TaygStus. 
During  the  flourishing  times  of  Greek  inde- 
pendence, Sparta  was  never  surrounded  by 
walls,  since  the  bravery  of  its  citizens,  and  the 
difficulty  of  access  to  it,  were  supposed  to  ren- 
der such  defenses  needless.  It  was  first  forti- 
fied by  the  tyrant  Nabis ,  but  it  did  not  pos- 
sess regular  walls  till  the  time  of  the  Romans. 
Sparta,  unlike  most  Greek  cities,  had  no  prop- 
er Acropolis,  but  this  name  was  only  given 
to  one  of  the  steepest  hills  of  the  town,  on  the 
summit  of  which  stood  the  temple  of  Athena 


(Minerva)  Poliuchos,  or  Chalcioecus.  Wp:ir(.a 
is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Lacedaemou, 
a  sou  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Taygete,who  mar- 
ried Sparta,  the  daughter  of  Eurotas.  and  call 
ed  the  city  after  the  name  of  his  wile.  In  the 
mythical  period,  Argos  was  the  chief  city  in 
Peloponnesus,  and  Sparta  is  represented  as 
subject  to  it.  Here  reigned  Meuelaus,  the 
younger  brother  of  Agamemnon  ;  and  by  the 
marriage  of  Orestes,  the  son  of  Agamemnon, 
with  Hermione,  the  daughter  of  Menelaus, 
the  two  kingdoms  of  Argos  and  Sparta  be- 
came united.  The  Dorian  conquest  of  Pelo- 
ponnesus, which,  according  to  tradition,  took 
place  SO  years  after  the  Trojan  war,  made 
Sparta  the  capital  of  the  country.  Laconia 
fell  to  the  share  of  Eurysthenes  and  Procles, 
the  2  sous  of  Aristodemus,  who  took  up  their 
residence  at  Sparta,  and  ruled  over  the  king- 
dom conjointly.  After  the  complete  subju- 
gation of  the  country,  we  find  three  distinct 
classes  in  the  population:  the  Dorian  con- 
querors, who  resided  in  the  capital,  and  who 
were  called  Spartiatae  or  Spartans ;  the  Pe- 
rioeci,  or  old  Achaean  inhabitants,  who  be- 
came tributary  to  the  Spartans,  and  possessed 
no  political  rights;  and  the  Helots,  who  were 
also  a  portion  of  the  old  Achaean  inhabitants, 
but  were  reduced  to  a  state  of  slavery.  From 
various  causes  the  Spartans  became  distracted 
by  intestine  quarrels,  till  at  length  Lycurgus, 
who  belonged  to  the  royal  family, was  selected 
by  all  parties  to  give  a  new  constitution  to  the 
state.  The  constitution  of  Lycurgus,  which  is 
described  in  a  separate  article  [LYOUEGUS], 
laid  the  foundation  of  Sparta's  greatness.  In 
K.O.  743  the  Spartans  attacked  Messenia,  and 
after  two  wars  conquered  it,  and  made  it  an 
integral  portion  of  Laconia.  [MESSENIA.] 
After  the  close  of  the  2d  Messenian  war  the 
Spartans  continued  their  conquests  in  Pelo- 
ponnesus. At  the  time  of  the  Persian  inva- 
sion they  obtained  by  unanimous  consent 
the  chief  command  in  the  war.  But  after  the 
final  defeat  of  the  Persians  the  haughtiness 
of  Pausanias  disgusted  most  of  the  Greek 
states,  particularly  the  lonians,  and  led  them 
to  transfer  the  supremacy  to  Athens  (477).  The 
Spartans,  however,  regained  it  by  the  over- 
throw of  Athens  in  the  Peloponnesian  war 
(404).  But  the  Spartans  did  not  retain  this 
supremacy  more  than  30  years.  Their  deci- 
sive defeat  by  the  Thebaus  under  Epaminon- 
das  at  the  battle  of  Leuctra  (371)  gave  the 
Spartan  power  a  shock  from  which  it  never 
recovered ;  and  the  restoration  of  the  Mes- 
seniaus  to  their  country  2  years  afterwards 
completed  the  humiliation,  of  Sparta.  About 
30  years  afterwards  the  greater  part  of  Greece 
was  obliged  to  yield  to  Philip  of  Macedon. 
The  Spartans,  however,  kept  haughtily  aloof 
from  the  Macedonian  conqueror,  and  refused 
to  take  part  in  the  Asiatic  expedition  of  his 
son  Alexander  the  Great.  Under  the  later 
Macedonian  monarchs  the  power  of  Sparta 
still  further  declined.  Agis  endeavored  to- 
restore  the  ancient  institutions  of  Lycurgus: 
but  he  perished  in  the  attempt  (240).  Cleo- 
menes  III.,  who  began  to  reign  in  236,  was 
more  successful.  His  reforms  infused  new 
blood  into  the  state;  and  for  a  short  time 
he  carried  on  war  with  success  against  the 


SPARTACUS. 


375 


STATILIUS  TAURUS. 


Achaeans.  But  his  defeat  in  221  was  followed 
by  the  capture  of  Sparta,  which  now  sank  into 
insignificance,  ana  was  at  length  compelled 
to  join  the  Achaean  League.  Shortly  after- 
wards it  fell,  with  the  rest  of  Greece,  under 
the  Roman  power. 

SPARTACUS  <-i),  by  birth  a  Thracian,  ^vas 
successively  a  shepherd,  a  soldier,  and  a  chief 
of  banditti.  On  one  of  his  predatory  expe- 
ditions he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  sold  to  a 
trainer  of  gladiators.  In  T3  he  was  a  member 
of  the  company  ofLeutulus,  and  was  detained 
in  his  school  at  Capua,  in  readiness  for  the 
games  at  Rome.  He  persuaded  his  fellow- 
prisoners  to  make  an  attempt  to  gain  their 
freedom.  About  70  of  them  broke  out  of  the 
school  of  Leutulus,  and  took  refuge  in  the 
crater  of  Vesuvius.  Spartacus  was  chosen 
leader,  and  was  soon  joined  by  a  number  of 
runaway  slaves.  They  were  blockaded  by 
C.  Claudius  Pulcher  at  the  head  of  3000  men, 
but  Spartacus  attacked  the  besiegers  and  put 
them  to  flight.  His  numbers  rapidly  increased, 
and  for  2  years  (B.O.  73-71)  he  defeated  one 
Roman  army  after  auqther,  and  laid  waste 
Italy  from  the  foot  of  the  Alps  to  the  south- 
ernmost corner  of  the  peninsula.  After  both 
the  consuls  of  72  had  been  defeated  by  Spar- 
tacus, M.  Licinius  Crassus,  the  praetor,  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  war,  which 
he  terminated  by  a  decisive  battle  near  the 
river  Silarus,  in  which  Spartacus  was  defeated 
and  slain. 

SPARTI  (-orum),  the  Sown-Men,  is  the 
name  given  to  the  armed  men  who  sprang 
from  the  dragon's  teeth  sown  by  Cadmus. 

SPARTIINUS  (-i),  AELIUS,  one  of  the 
Scriptures  Historiae  Augustcut,^  lived  m  the 
time  of  Diocletian  and  Coustantme,  and  wrote 
the  biographies  of  several  emperors.  . 

SPERCHlUS  (-i :  ElladTia),  a  river  in  the  S. 
of  Thessaly,  which  rises  in  Mount  Tyrnphres- 
tus,  runs  in  an  E.-ly  direction  through  the 
territory  of  the  Aenianes  and  through  the 
district  Malis,  and  falls  into  the  innermost 
corner  of  the  Sinus  Maliacus.  As  a  river-god. 


corner  of  the  Sinus  maiiacus.  AS  a  rivcr-g^u, 
Spercheus  is  a  son  of  Oceanus  and  Ge,  and 
the  father  of  Menesthius  by  Polydora,  the 
daughter  of  Peleus. 

SPSS  (-ei),  the  personification  of  Hope,  was 
worshiped  at  Rome,  where  she  had  several 
templet*  the  most  ancient  of  which  had  beep 
built  in  B.O.  354,  by  the  consul  Atilms  Calati- 
nus,  near  the  Porta  Carmentalis.  The  Greeks 
also  worshiped  the  personification  of  Hope, 
Mpis;  and  they  relate  the  beautiful  allegory 
that  when  Epimetheus  opened  the  vessel 
brouo-ht  to  him  by  Pandora,  from  which  all 
kinds  of  evils  were  scattered  over  the  earth, 
Hope  alone  remained  behind.  Hope  was  rep- 
resented in  works  of  art  as  a  youthiul  figure, 
lio-htlv  walking  in  full  attire,  holding  in  her 
right  hand  a  flower,  and  with  the  left  lifting 
up  her  garment 

SPEUSIPPUS  (-i),  the  philosopher,  was  a 
native  of  Athens,  and  the  son  of  Eurymedon 
SSd  Potone,  a  sister  of  Plato.  He  succeeded 
Plato  as  president  of  the  Academy,  but  was 
at  the  head  of  the  school  for  only  8  years 
(B.O.  347-339). 


SPHACTERIA.    [Pvi.os.3 
SPHAERIA  (-ae :  Poros),  an  island  off  the 
coast  of  Troezen  in  Argolis,  and  between  it 
and  the  island  of  Calatiria. 

SPHINX  (-gis),  a  she-monster,  born  in  the 
country  of  the  Arimi,  daughter  of  Orthus  and 
Chimaera,  or  of  Typhon  and  Echidna,  or  last- 
ly of  Typhon  and  Chimaera.  She  is  said  to 
have  proposed  a  riddle  to  the  Thebans,  and 
to  have  murdered  all  who  were  unable  to 
?>uess  it.  Oedipus  solved  it,  whereupon  the 
Sphinx  slew  herself.  [OKDIPCS.]  The  legend 
appears  to  have  come  from  Egypt,  but  the 
figure  of  the  Sphinx  is  represented  somewhat 
differently  in  Greek  mythology  and  art.  The 
Egyptian  Sphinx  is  the  figure  of  a  lion  with- 
out wings,  in  a  lying  attitude,  the  upper  part 
of  the  body  being  that  of  a  human  being. 
The  common  idea  of  a  Greek  Sphinx,  on  the 
other  hand,  is  that  of  a  winged  body  of  a  lion, 
the  breast  and  upper  part  being  the  figure  of 
a  woman. 

SPINA  (-ae).  (1)  (Spinazzino),  a  town  in 
Gallia  Cispadaua,  in  the  territory  of  the  Lin- 
gones,  on  the  most  S.-ly  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Po,  which  was  called  after  it  Ostium  Spineti- 
cum.— (2)  (Spino),  a  town  in  Gallia  Transpa- 
dana,  on  the  river  Addua. 
SPOLATUM.  [SALONA.] 
SP5LETIUM  or  SPOLETIJM  <-i:  Spoleto), 
a  town  in  Umbria,  on  the  ViaFIaminia,  colo- 
nized by  the  Romans  B.O.  242.  It  suffered  se- 
verely in  the  wars  between  Marins  and  Sulla. 
SP5RADES  (-urn),  a  group  of  scattered 
islands  in  the  Aegaean  sea,  off  the  island  of 
Crete  and  the  W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor»  so 
called  in  opposition  to  the  Cyckides,  which 
lay  in  a  circle  around  Delos. 

SPUEINNA  (-ae)  VESTRITlUS,  the  harns- 
pex  who  warned  Caesar  to  beware  of  the  Ides 
of  March. 

STlBtAE  (-arum :  Cdstell  a  Mare  di  Stabm)* 
in  ancient  town  in  Campania,  between  Pom- 
)eii  and  Surrentum,  which  was  destroyed  by 
Julia  in  the  Social  war,  but  which  continued 
to  exist  down  to  the  great  eruption  of  Vesu- 
vius hi  A.I>.  79,  when  it  was  overwhelmed 
alon<*  with  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum.  It 
was  at  Stabiae  that  the  elder  Pliny  perished. 
STAGIRUS  (-i),  subsequently  STAG1RA 
(-ae:  Stavro),  a  town  of  Macedonia,  in  Chal- 
cidice,  on  the  Strymonic  gulf,  and  a  little  X 
of  the  isthmus  which  unites  the  promontorv 
of  Athos  to  Chalcidice.  It  was  a  colony  of 
Andros,  was  founded  B.O.  656,  and  was  ongi- 
iially  called  Orthagqria.^  It  is  celebrated  as 

an  epic  poet,  to 


illy 
«W 


the  birthplace  of  Aristotle. 


STASIOTS  (-i),  of  Cyprus,  an  epic  poet,  to 
whom  some  of  the  ancient  writers  attributed 
the  poem  of  the  Epic  Cycle,  entitled  Cypna, 
and  embracing  the  period  antecedent  to  the 
Iliad. 

STATtELLI  (-5rura),  STlTlELLATES,  or 
STlTlELLENSES  (-inm),  a  small  trihe  in 
Liguria,  S.  of  the  Po,  whose  chief  town  was 
Statiellae  Aquae  (Acqui),  on  the  road  from 
Genoa  to  Placentia. 
*STATILIA  MESSALINA.  [MESSAi.iNA.3 

STlTlLlUS  TAURUS. 


STATIRA. 


376 


STOECHADES. 


STATIRA  (-ae).  (1)  Wife  of  Artaxerxes 
JL,  king  of  Persia,  was  poisoned  by  Pary- 
satis,  the  mother  of  the  king.— (2)  Sister  and 
wife  of  Darius  III.,  celebrated  as  the  most 
beautiful  woman  of  her  time.  She  was  taken 
prisoner  by  Alexander,  together  with  her 
mother-in-law  Sisygambis,audher  daughters, 
after  the  battle  of  Issus,  B.C.  333.  They  were 
all  treated  with  the  utmost  respect  by  the 
conqueror ;  but  Statira  died  shortly  before  the 
battle  of  Arbela,  331.— (3)  Also  called  BABBINE, 
elder  daughter  of  Darius  III.  [B  ARSINE.] 

STJLTIUS  (-i),  P.  PAPINlUS,  was  born  at 
Neapolis  about  A.D.  61,  and  was  the  son  of  a 
distinguished  grammarian.  He  accompanied 
his  father  to  Rome,  where  the  latter  acted  as 
the  preceptor  of  Domitian,  who  held  him  in 
high  honor.  Under  the  skillful  tuition  of  his 
father,  the  young  Statius  speedily  rose  to 
fame,  and  became  peculiarly  renowned  for 
thebrilliancy  of  his  extemporaneous  effusions, 
so  that  he  gained  the  prize  three  times  in  the 
Alban  contests ;  but  having,  after  a  long  ca- 
reer of  popularity,  been  vanquished  iu  the 
quinquennial  games,  he  retired  to  Neapolis, 
the  place  of  his  nativity,  along  with  his  wife 
Claudia,  whose  virtues  he  frequently  com- 
memorates. He  died  about  A.I).  96.  His  chief 
work  is  the  Tkebals,  a  heroic  poem,  in  12 
books,  on  the  expedition  of  the  Seven  against 
Thebes.  There  is  also  extant  a  collection  of 
his  miscellaneous  poems,  in  5  books,  under 
the  title  of  Silvae;  and  an  unfinished  poem 
called  the  Achilleis.  Statius  may  justly  claim 
the  praise  of  standing  in  the  foremost  rank 
among  the  heroic  poets  of  the  Silver  Age. 

STATONlA  (-ae),  a  town  in  Etruria,  and  a 
Roman  praefectura,  on  the  river  Albiuia,  and 
on  the  Lacus  Statoniensis. 

STX.TOR  (-Sris),  a  Roman  surname  of  Ju- 
piter, describing  him  as  staying  the  Romans 
in  their  flight  from  an  enemy,  and  generally 
as  preserving  the  existing  order  of  things. 

STBNTOR  (-5ris),  a  herald  of  the  Greeks 
in  the  Trojan  war,  whose  voice  was  as  loud 
as  that  of  50  other  men  together. 
STENTORIS  LlCTJS.    [HEBBUS.] 
STENYCLSRUS  <-i),  a  town  in  the  N.  of 
Messenia,  which  was  the  residence  of  the  Do- 
rian kings  of  the  country. 

STEPEANUS  (-i),  of  Byzantium,the  author 
of  the  geographical  lexicon,  entitled  Ethnica 
(of  which,  unfortunately,  we  possess  only  an 
epitome).  Stephanus  was  a  grammarian  at 
Constantinople,  and  lived  after  the  time  of 
Arcadius  and  Honorius,  and  before  that  of 
Justinian  II.  His  work  was  reduced  to  an 
epitome  by  a  certain  Hermolaus,  who  dedi- 
cated his  abridgment  to  the  emperor  Justin- 
ian II. 

STEROPB  (-Ss),  one  of  the  Pleiads,  wife  of 
Qenomaus  and  daughter  of  Hippodanua. 
STERQPES.    [CYCLOPES.] 
STESICHORUS  (-i),  of  Himera,  in  Sicily,  a 
celebrated  Greek  poet,  contemporary  with 
Sappho,  Alcaeus,  Pittucus,  and  Phaluris,  is 
said  to  have  been  born  B.C.  G32,  to  have  flour- 
ished about  608,  and  to  have  died  in  552,  at 
the  age  of  SO.     Stesichorns  was  one  of  the  9 
chiefs  of  lyric  poetry  recognized  by  the  an- 


cients. He  stands,  with  Alcman,  at  the  head 
of  one  branch  of  the  lyric  art,  the  choral  po« 
etry  of  the  Dorians. 

STESIMBROTUS  (-i),  of  Thasos.  a  rhapso, 
dist  and  historian  in  the  time  of  Cimon  and 
Pericles,  who  is  mentioned  with  praise  by 
Plato  and  Xeuophon. 

STHENEBOEA  (-ae),  called  ANTEA  by 
many  writers,  was  a  daughter  of  the  Lycian 
king  lo bates,  and  the  wife  of  Proetus.  [BKL- 

LEBOP1IONTJSS.J  ( 

STHSNELUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Perseus  and! 
Andromeda,  king  of  Mycenae,  and  husband 
of  Nicippe,  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of 
Alciuoe',  Medusa,  and  Eurystheus.— (2)  Son 
of  Androgeos,  and  grandson  of  Minos.  He 
accompanied  Hercules  from  Paros  on  his  ex* 
pedition  against  the  Amazons,  and,  together 
with  his  brother  Alcaeus,  he  was  appointed 
by  Hercules  ruler  of  Thasos.  —  (3)  Son  of 
Actor,  likewise  a  companion  of  Hercules  in 
his  expedition  against  the  Amazons.— (4)  Son 
of  Capaneus  and  Evadne,was  one  of  the  Epig- 
6ni,  by  whom  Thebes  was  taken,  and  com. 
maiided  the  Argives  under  Diomedes  in  the 
Trojan  war,  being  the  faithful  friend  and  com- 
panion of  Diomedes.— (5)  Father  of  Cycnus, 
who  was  metamorphosed  into  a  swan.  Hence 
we  find  the  swan  called  by  Ovid  Sthendete 
volucris  and  Stheneleia  proles.— (6)  A  tragic 
poet,  contemporary  with  Aristophanes,  who 
attacked  him  in  the  Wasps. 

STHENO.    [GOBGONES.J 

STlLlCHO  (-onis),  son  of  a  Vandal  captain* 
became  one  of  the  most  distinguished  gen- 
erals of  Theodosins  L,  on  whose  death  he  be- 
came the  real  ruler  of  the  West  under  the 
emperor  Houorius.  He  was  put  to  death  at 
Raveima  in  408. 

STILO  (-Onis),L.AEl3US  PRAECONlNUS, 
a  celebrated  Roman  grammarian,  one  of  the 
teachers  of  Varro  and  Cicero. 

STILPO  <-6nis),  a  celebrated  philosopher, 
was  a  native  of  Megara,  and  taught  philoso- 
phy in  his  native  town.  He  is  said  to  have 
surpassed  his  contemporaries  in  inventive 
power  and  dialectic  art,  and  to  have  inspired 
almost  all  Greece  with  a  devotion  to  the  Me- 
garian  philosophy. 

STlMttLA  (-ae),  the  name  of  Semele,  ac- 
cording to  the  pronunciation  of  the  Ro- 
mans. 

STOBAEUS  (-i),  JOANNES,  derived  his 
surname  apparently  from  being  a  native  of 
Stobi  in  Macedonia.  Of  his  personal  history 
we  know  nothing.  Stobaeus  was  a  man  of 
extensive  reading,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
noted  down  the  most  interesting  passages ; 
and  to  him  we  are  indebted  for  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  fragments  that  remain  of  the 
lost  works  of  poets. 

STGBI  (-Orum),  a  town  of  Macedonia,  and 
the  most  important  place  in  the  district  Paeo- 
nia,  was  probably  situated  on  the  river  Erigon, 
N.  of  Thessalonica,  and  N.E.  .of  Heraclea.  It 
was  made  a  Roman  colony  and  a  mnnicipinm. 
and  under  the  later  emperors  was  the  capital 
of  the  province  Macedonia  II.  or  Salutans. 

STOECHlDES  (-urn)  INStJXAE  (Istea 
a  group  of  5  small  islands  in  thi 


STOENI. 


377 


SUADA. 


Mediterranean,  off  the  coast  of  Gallia  Nar- 
bojiensis,  and  E.  of  Massilia. 

STOBNi  ^  oruin),  a  Liguriaa  people,  in  the 
Maritime  Ajps,  conquered  by  Q.  Marcius  Res 
B.O.  118. 

STRABO  (-onis),  a  cognomen  in  many  Ro- 
man gentes,  signified  a  person  who  squinted, 
and  is  accordingly  classed  with  Paetus,  though 
the  latter  word  did  not  indicate  such  a  com- 
plete distortion  of  vision  as  Strabo. 

STRABO,  the  geographer,  was  a  native  of 
Amasia,  in  Pontus.    The  date  of  his  birth  is 
unknown,  but  may  perhaps  be  placed  about 
B.O.  54    He  lived  during  the  whole  of  the 
reign  of  Augustus,  and  during  the  early  part, 
at  least,  of  the  reign  of  Tiberius.    He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  died  about  A.D.  24    He  lived 
some  years  at  Rome,  and  also  traveled  much 
in  various  countries.  We  learn  from  his  own 
work  that  he  was  with  his  friend  Aelius  Gal- 
lus  in  Egypt  in  B.C.  24.    He  wrote  an  histor- 
ical work  in  43  books,  which  is  lost  It  began 
where  the  history  of  Polybius  ended,  and  was 
probably  continued  to  the  battle  of  Actium. 
He  also  wrote  a  work  on  Geography  (reu>- 
•ypatfuica),  in  IT  books,  which  has  come  down 
to  us  entire,  with  the  exception  of  the  <tn, 
of  which  we  have  only  a  meagre  epitome. 
Strabo's  work,  according  to  his  own  expres- 
sion, was  not  intended  for  the  use  of  all  per- 
sons :  it  was  designed  for  all  who  had  had  a 
good  education,  and  particularly  for  those 
who  were  engaged  in  the  higher  departments 
of  administration.  His  work  forms  a  stri 
contrast  with  the  geography  of  Ptolemy, 
the  dry  list  of  names,  occasionally  relieved  by 
something  added  to  them,  in  the  geographic- 
al portion  of  the  Natural  History  of  Puny. 
STRABO  SEIUS.    [SBJANTJS.] 
STRlTON  (-<5nis),  son  of  Arcesilans,  of 
Lampsacus,  was  a  distinguished  peripatetic 
philosopher,  and  the  tutor  of  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus.     He  succeeded  Theophrastus as 
head  of  the  school  in  B.O.  288,  and,  after 
presidingover  it  18  years,  was  succeeded  by 
Lvcon.    Hie  devoted  himself  especially  to  the 
study  of  natural  science,  whence  he  obtained 
the  appellation  of  Physicus. 

STRATONXCS  (-es),  daug . 

PollorcStes  and  Phila,  the  daughter  of  An 
tipater.  In  B.O.  300,  at  which  tune  she  coulc1 
not  have  been  more  than  17  years  of  age,  sh 
was  married  to  Seleucus,  king  of  Syria.  Not 
withstanding  the  disparity  of  their  ages,  sh 
the  old  kin 


son  Antiocnus  was  ueejt»jr  c"»^vi^  ~:f ~J- 
and  Seleucus,  in  order  to  save  the  life i  of  hi 
son,  which  was  endangered  by  the  violenc 
of  his  passion,  gave  up  Stratomce  in  marnag 
to  the  young  prince. 

STRAT5NICSA  (-ae:  EsM-Htear,  Ru. 
one  of  the  chief  inland  cities  of ^aria,  bm 
by  Antiochus  I.  Soter,  who  fortified  it  strong 
ly  and  named  it  in  honor  of  his  wife  Straton 
ce  Ifrstood  B.  of  Mylasa  and  S.  of  Alaband 
near  the  nver  Marsyas,  a  S.  tributary  of  th 
Slaeander.  Under  the  Romans  it  was  a  fre 
wty 

STRATUS  C-i:  Nr.  Lepenu  or  Lebanon, 


i.;,  the  chief  town  in  Acarnauia,  10  fa,.nu«, 
.  of  the  Achelous.  Its  territory  was  called 

TUATIOE. 

STR5PHADES  (-um)  INStJLAE,  former- 

called  PLOTAE  (Strofadia  and  Strivalf),  2 

lands  in  the  Ionian  sea,  off  the  coast  of 

esseuia  and  S.  of  Zacynthus.    The  Harpies 

ere  pursued  to  these  islands  by  the  sons  of 

oreas :  and  it  was  from  the  circumstance  of 

e  latter  returning  from  these  islands  aftei 

e  pursuit  that  they  are  supposed  to  have 

btained  the  name  of  Strophatles. 

STROPHIUS  (-i),  king  of  Phocis,  son  of 

rissus  and  Antiphatia,  and  husband  of  Cy- 

ragora,  Anaxibia,  or  Astyochia,  by  whom  he 

>ecarae  the  father  of  Astydamia  aud  Pylades. 

OEESTES.] 

STRTMON  (-5nis:  Struma,  called  by  the 
'urks  JZarasu),  an  important  river  in  Mace- 
onia,  forming  the  boundary  between  that 
mntry  and  Thrace  down  to  the  time  of  Philip, 
u  rose  in  Mount  Sconiius,  flowed  first  S.  and 
hen  S.E.,  passed  through  the  lake  Prasias, 
nd,  immediately  S.  of  Amphipolis,  fell  into 
bay  of  the  Aegaean  sea,  called  after  it  STEY- 
ONICUS  SINUS. 

STYMPHALIDES.  [STTaipUALtrs.3 
STYMPHALTJS  (-i),  a  town  in  the  N.E.  of 
Arcadia,  the  territory  of  which  was  bounded 
n  the  N.  by  Achaia,  on  the  E.  by  Sicyonia 
nd  Phliasia,  on  the  S.  by  the  territory  of 
lantinea,  and  on  the  W.  by  that  of  Oreho- 
menus  and  Pheneus.  The  town  itself  was 
ituated  on  a  mountain  of  the  same  name, 
and  on  the  N.  side  of  the  lake  STYMPHALIB 
Zaraka),  on  which  dwelt,  according  to  tradi* 
ion,  the  celebrated  birds,  called  STTMPUALI- 
DES,  destroyed  by  Hercules. 

STYRA  (-orum :  Siura),  a  town  in  Euboea 
on  the  S.W.  coast,  not  far  from  Carystus,  and 
nearly  opposite  Marathon  in  Attica. 

STYX  (-ygis),  connected  with  the  verb 
o-Twyea),  to  hate  or  abhor,  is  the  name  of  the 
principal  river  in  the  nether  world,  around 
which  it  flows  T  times.  Styx  is  described  as 
a  daughter  of  Oceanns  and  Tethys.  As  a 
nvmpfi  she  dwelt  at  the  entrance  of  Hades, 
ji  a  lofty  grotto  which  was  supported  by 
silver  columns.  As  a  river,  Styx  is  described 
as  a  branch  of  Oceanus,  flowing  from  its  10th 
source:  and  the  river  Cocytus  again  is  a 
branch  of  the  Styx.  By  Pallas,  Styx  became 
the  mother  of  Zelus  (zeal),  Sice  (victory),  Bia 
(strength),  and  Cratos  (power).  She  was  the 
nrstoFalUheimmortalswhotookher  children 
to  Zeus  (Jupiter),  to  assist him  against .the 
Titans:  and;  in  return  for  this,  her  children 
were  allowed  forever  to  live  with  Zeus,  and 
Stre  herself  became  the  divinity  by  whom 
the  most  solemn  oaths  were  sworn.  When 

^$$ttf^^&£^ 

?nd  the  god,  while  taking  the  oath,  poured 
out  the- water.*  . 

STYX  (Mavra-neria),  a  river  m  the  .N.  of 
Arcadia,  near  Nonacris,  descending  from  a 
Sgh  rock,  and  falling  into  the  Crathis. 

STTADA  (-ae)  the  Roman  personification 
of  pVs?fsion,  the  Greek  FU&  (n—  -** 
called  by  the  diminutive  Swxfala* 


SUBLAQUEUM. 


378 


SULLA. 


SUBLlQUSUM  (-i  :  Subiaco),  a  small  town 
of  the  Aequi  in  Latium,  on  the  Anio,  near  its 
source. 

SUBLICIUS  PONS,  the  oldest  of  the 
bridges  at  Rome,  said  to  have  been  built  by 
Ancus  Martins.  It  was  of  wood  (SuUfaae  : 
piles)  ;  and  being  often  carried  away  by  the 
floods,  was  always  to  the  latest  period  rebuilt 
of  that  material,  from  a  feeling  of  religious 
respect 

StTBtTRA  or  SUBURRA  (-ae),  a  populous 
district  of  Rome,  comprehending  the  valley 
•between  the  Esquiline,  QnirinaJ,  and  Viminal. 


StTCRO  (-onis).  (1)  (Jftaar),  a  river  in  His- 
pairia  Tarraconensis,  rising  iu  a  S.  branch  of 
Mount  Idubeda  in  the  territory  of  the  Celti- 
beri,  and  falling  S.  of  Valeutia  into  a  gulf  of 
the  Mediterranean  called  after  it  Sinus  Sncro- 
nensis  (Gulf  of  Valencia).—  (2)  (CfuZZera),  a 
town  of  the  Edetani  in  Hispania  Tarraco- 
nensis,  on  the  preceding  river,  and  between 
the  Iberus  and  Carthago  Nova. 

SttESSA  ATJRUNCA  (-ae  :  Sessa],  a  town 
of  the  Anrunci  in  Latinm,  E.  of  the  Via  Appia, 
between  Minturnae  and  Teanum,  on  the  W. 
slope  of  Mount  Massicus.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  the  poet  Lucilius. 

StfESSA  P5METIA  (-ae),  also  called 
PDMETIA  simply,  an  ancient  and  important 
town  of  the  Volsci  in  Latium,  S.  of  Forum 
Appii,  taken  by  Tarquinius  Prisons.  It  was 
one  of  the  23  cities  situated  in  the  plain  after- 
wards covered  by  the  Pomptine  Marshes, 
which  are  said  indeed  to  have  derived  tneir 
name  from  this  town. 

SUESSET^NI  (-orum),  a  people  in  Hispania 
Tarraconensis,  mentioned  in  connection  with 
the  Edetaui. 

SUESSIONES  or  SUESS5NES  (-urn),  a 
powerful  people  in  Gallia  Belgica,  who  were 
reckoned  the  bravest  of  all  the  Belgic  Gauls 
after  the  Bellovaci,  and  who  could  bring  50,000 
men  into  the  field  in  Caesar's  time.  The 
Suessiones  dwelt  in  an  extensive  and  fertile 
country  E.  of  the  Bellovaci,  S.  of  the  Veroman- 
dui,  and  W.  of  the  Remi.  They  possessed  12 
towns,  of  which  the  capital  was  Noviodimum, 
subsequently  Augusta  Suessonum  or  Suesso- 
nes  (Soimns). 

SfJESStJ'LA  (-ae  :  Tvrrz  di  Sessola),  a  town 
in  Samnium,  on  the  southern  slope  of  Mount 
Tifatiu 

SUETONIUS  PAUL1NUS.    [PATJLINTTS.] 

SUETONIUS  t-i),  TRANQUILLUS,  C.,  the 
Roman  historian,  was  born  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  reign  of  Vespasian,  and  practiced 
as  an  advocate  at  Rome  in  the  reign  of  Trajan. 
He  lived  on  intimate  terms  with  the  younger 
Pliny,  many  of  whose  letters  are  addressed  to 
him.  At  the  request  of  Pliny,  Trajan  granted 
to  Suetonius  the  jus  triivm.  liberorum^  for, 
though  he  was  married,  he  had  not  3  children, 
which  number  was  necessary  to  relieve  him 
from  various  legal  disabilities.  Suetonius 
was  afterwards  appointed  private  secretary 
(Magister  Epistolarum)  to  Hadrian,  but  was 
deprived  of  this  office  by  the  emperor,  along 
with  Septicius  Claras,  the  praefect  of  the 
Praetorians,  on  the  ground  of  associating 


with  Sabiua,  the  emperor's  wife,  without  his 
permission.  His  chief  work  is  his  Lives  of 
the  Caesars.  Suetonius  does  not  follow  the 
chronological  order  in  his  Lives,  but  groups 
together  many  things  of  the  same  kind.  His 
language  is  very  brief  and  precise,  sometimes 
obscure,  without  any  affectation  of  ornament 
The  treatise  De  ilhistribus  Grammatic-in  and 
that  of  De  Claris  Rlietoribm  are  probably  only 
parts  of  a  larger  work.  The  only  other  pro- 
ductions of  Suetonius  still  extant  are  a  few 
lives  of  Roman  authors. 

SUlVI  (-onun),  one  of  the  greatest  and 
most  powerful  peoples  of  Germany,  or,  more 
properly  speaking,  the  collective  name  of  a 
great  number  of  German  tribes,  who  were 
grouped  together  on  account  of  their  migra- 
tory mode  of  life,  and  spoken  of  in  opposition 
to  the  more  settled  tribes,  who  went  undw 
the  general  name  of  Ingaevones.  The  Suevi 
are  described  by  all  the  ancient  writers  as  oc- 
cupying the  greater  half  of  all  Germany ;  but 
the  accounts  vary  respecting  the  part  of  the 
country  which  they  inhabited. 

SUIDAS  (-ae),  a  Greek  lexicographer,  of 
whom  nothing  is  known.  The  Lexicon  of 
Suidas,  though  without  merit  as  to  its  execu- 
tion, is  valuable  both  for  the  literary  history 
of  antiquity,  for  the  explanation  of  words,  ana 
for  the  citations  from  many  ancient  writers. 

SUIONES  (-um),  the  general  name  of  all 
the  German  tribes  inhabiting  Scandinavia. 

SULLA  (-ae),  the  name  of  a  patrician  family 
of  the  Cornelia  gens. — (1)  P.,  great-grand- 
father of  the  dictator  Sulla,  and  grandson  of 
P.  Cornelius  Rufinus,  who  was  twice  consul 
in  the  Samnitewars.  [RUFINUS,  CORNELIUS.] 
His  father  is  not  mentioned.  He  was  flamen 
dialis,  and  likewise  praetor  urbanus  and  pere- 
grinus  in  B.C.  212,  when  he  presided  over  the 
first  celebration  of  the  Ludi  Apollinares — (2) 
L.,  surnamed  FELIX,  the  dictator,  was  born  in 
B.O.  138.  Although  his  father  left  him  only  a 
small  property,  his  means  were  sufficient  to 
secure  for  him  a  good  education.  He  studied 
the  Greek  and  Roman  literature  with  dili- 
gence and  success,  and  appears  early  to  have 
imbibed  that  love  for  literature  and  art  by 
which  he  was  distinguished  throughout  life. 
At  the  same  time  he  prosecuted  pleasure  with 
equal  ardor,  and  Ms  youth,  as  well  as  his  man- 
hood, was  disgraced  by  the  most  sensual  vices. 
He  was  quaestor  in  10T,when  he  served  under 
Marius  in  Africa,  and  displayed  both  zeal  and 
ability  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  Sulla 
continued  to  serve  under  Marius  with  great 
distinction  in  the  campaigns  against  the  Cim- 
bri  and  Tentones ;  but  Marius  oecoming  jeal- 
ous of  the  rising  fame  of  his  officer,  Sulla  left 
Marius  in  102,  and  took  a  command  under  the 
colleague  of  Marius,  Q.  Catulns,who  intrusted 
the  chief  management  of  the  war  to  Sulla. 
Sulla  now  returned  to  Rome,  where  he  ap- 
pears to  have  lived  quietly  for  some  years. 
He  was  praetor  in  93,  and  in  the  following 
year  (92)  was  sent  as  propraetor  into  Oilicia, 
with  special  orders  from  the  senate  to  restori 
Ariobarzanes  to  his  kingdom  of  Cappadocia, 
from  which  he  had  been  expelled  by  Mithri- 
dates.  Snlla  met  with  complete  success.  H« 
defeated  Gordius,  the  general  of  Mithrid&tes, 


SULLA. 


379 


SULPICIA. 


in  Cappadocia,  and  placed  Ariobarzanes  on 
the  throne.   The  enmity  between  Marius  and 
Sulla  now  assumed  a  more  deadly  form.  Sulla's 
ability  and  increasing  reputation  had  already 
led  the  aristocratical  party  to  look  up  to  him 
as  one  of  their  leaders,  and  thus  political  ani- 
mosity was  added  to  private  hatred ;  but  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Social  war  hushed  all  pri- 
vate quarrels  for  the  time.    Marius  and  Sulla 
both  took  an  active  part  in  the  war  against 
the  common  foe.     But  Marius  was  now  ad- 
vanced in  years ;  and  he  had  the  deep  morti- 
fication of  finding  thai  his  achievements  were 
thrown  into  the  shade  by  the  superior  energy 
of  his  rival.    Sulla  gained  some  brilliant  vic- 
tories over  the  enemy,  and  took  Bovianum, 
the  chief  town  of  the  Samnites.    He  was 
elected  consul  for  88,  and  received  from  the 
senate  the  command  of  the  Mithridatic  war. 
The  events  which  followed— his  expulsion 
from  Borne  by  Marius,  his  return  to  the  city 
at  the  head  of  his  legions,  and  the  proscrip- 
tion of  Marius  and  his  leading  adherents — 
are  related  in  the  life  of  Marius.    Sulla  re- 
mained at  Borne  till  the  end  of  the  year,  and 
set  out  for  Greece  at  the  beginning  of  8T,  in 
order  to  carry  on  the  war  against  Mithridates. 
After  driving  the  generals  of  Mithridates  out 
of  Greece,  Sulla  crossed  the  Hellespont,  and 
early  in  84  concluded  a  peace  with  the  king 
of  Pontus.    Sulla  now  prepared  to  return  to 
Italy,  where  during  his  absence  the  Marian 
party  had  obtained  the  ascendency.    After 
leaving  his  legate,  L.  Licinius  Mnrena,  in 
command  of  the  province  of  Asia,  with  two 
legions,  he  set  sail  with  his  own  army  to 
Athens.     While  preparing  for  his  deadly 
struggle  in  Italy,  he  did  not  lose  his  interest 
in  literature.    He  carried  with  him  from 
Athens  to  Rome  the  valuable  library  of  Apel- 
licon  of  Teos,  which  contained  most  of  the 
works  of  Aristotle  and  Theophrastus.  [APEL- 
LIOON.]    He  landed  at  Brundusinm  in  the 
spring  of  88.    The  Marian  party  far  outnum- 
bered^him  in  troops,  and  had  every  prospect 
of  victory.    By  bribery  and  promises,  how- 
ever, Sulla  gained  over  a  large  number  of  the 
Marian  soldiers,  and  he  persuaded  many  of 
the  Italian  towns  to  espouse  his  cause.    In 
the  field  his  efforts  were  crowned  by  equal 
success ;  and  he  was  ably  supported  by  several 
of  the  Boman  nobles.    In  the  following  year 
(82)  the  struggle  was  brought  to  a  close  by 
the  decisive  battle  gained  by  Sulla  over  the 
Samnites  and  Lucamans  under  Pontius  Tele- 
sinus  before  the  Colline  gate  of  Borne.   This 
victory  was  followed  by  the  surrender  of 
Praeneste  and  the  death  of  the  younger  Ma- 
rius, who  had  taken  refuge  in  this  town.  Sulla 
was  now  master  of  Borne  and  Italy;  and  he 
resolved  to  take  the  most  ample  vengeance 
upon  bis  enemies,  and  to  extirpate  the  popu- 
lar party.    One  of  his  first  acts  was  to  draw 
up  a  list  of  his  enemies  who  were  to  be  put 
to  death,  called  a  ProBcriptw.    Terror  now 
reigned,  not  only-  at  Borne,  but  throughout 
Italy.  Fresh  lists  of  the  proscribed  constant- 
ly appeared.    No  one  was  safe;  for  Sulla 
gratified  his  friends  by  placing  in  the  fatal 
fists  their  personal  enemies,  or  persons  whose 
property  was  coveted  by  his  adherents.    A 
the  commencement  of  these  horrors  Sulla  had 


)een  appointed  dictator  for  as  long  a  time  as 
he  judged  to  be  necessary,  during  which  pe- 
riod he  endeavored  to  restore  the  power  of 
;he  aristocracy  and  senate,  and  to  diminish 
hat  of  the  people,  At  the  beginning  of  81 
he  celebrated  a  splendid  triumph  on  account 
of  Mr.  victory  over  Mithridr.t,  -.  In  order  to 
strengthen  his  power,  Sulla  established  mili- 
rjy  colonies  throughout  Italy:  23  legions,  or, 
according  to  another  statement,  4!T  legions,  re» 
ceive;:  grants  of  land  in  various  r>?'ti-  of  Italy, 
Sulla  likewise  created  at  Bomea.tShd  of  body- 
guard for  lite  protection,  by  giving  7>e  citizen- 
ship to  a  great  number  of  slaves,  who  had  be- 
onged  to  persons  proscribed  by  Mm.  The 
slaves  thus  rewarded  are  said  to  have  been 
is  many  as  10,000,  and  were  called  Cornelii 
after  him  as  their  patron.  After  holding  the 
dictatorship  till  the  beginning  of  19,  Sulla  re- 
signed this  office,  to  the  surprise  of  all  classes. 
Ho  retired  to  his  estate  at  Pnteoli,  and  there, 
surrounded  by  the  beauties  of  nature  and  art, 
le  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  those 
iterary  and  sensual  enjoyments  in  which  he 
had  always  taken  so  much  pleasure.  His  dis- 
solute mode  of  life  hastened  his  death.  The 
mmediate  cause  of  his  death  was  the  rupture 
of  a  blood-vessel;  but  some  time  before  he 
had  been  suffering  from  the  disgusting  dis- 
ease which  is  known  in  modern  times  by  the 
name  of  Morbus  Pediculosus,  or  Phthiriasis. 
He  died  in  78,  in  the  60th  year  of  his  age.— (3) 
FATTSTUS,  son  of  the  dictator  by  his  fourth 
wife,  Caecilia  Metella,  and  a  twin  brother  of 
Pausta,  was  born  not  long  before  88,  the  year 
in  which  his  father  obtained  his  first  consul- 
ship. Faustns  accompanied  Pompey  into 
Asia,  and  was  the  first  who  mounted  the 
walls  of  the  Temple  of  Jerusalem  in  63.  In 
50  he  exhibited  the  gladiatorial  games  which 
ais  father  in  his  last  will  had  enjoined  upon 
him.  In  54  he  was  quaestor.  He  married 
Pompey's  daughter,  and  sided  with  his  father- 
in-law  in  the  civil  war.  He  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  and  subsequently 
joined  the  leaders  of  his  party  in  Africa. 
After  the  battle  of  Thapsus,  in  46,  he  at- 
tempted to  escape  into  Mauretania,  but  was 
taken  prisoner  by  P.  Sittius,  and  carried  to 
Caesar.  Upon  his  arrival  in  Caesar's  camp 
he  was  murdered  by  the  soldiers  in  a  tumult. 
—(4)  P.,  nephew  of  the  dictator,  was  elected 
consul  along  with  P.  Autronius  Paetus  for  the 
year  65,  but  neither  he  nor  his  colleague  en- 
tered upon  the  ofilce,  as  they  were  accused  of 
bribery  by  L.  Torquatns  the  younger,  and  con- 
demned. It  was  currently  believed  that  Sulla 
was  privy  to  both  of  Catiline's  conspiracies. 
In  the  civil  war  Sulla  espoused  Caesar's  cause. 
He  served  under  him  as  legate  in  Greece,  and 
commanded  along  with  Caesar  himself  the 
rightwing  at  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  (48).  He 
died  in  45.— (5)  SBBv.,brothe  of  No.  4,  took 
part  in  both  of  Catiline's  conspiracies. 

SULMO  (-onis).  (1)  (SuZmona),  a  town  of 
thePeligni  in  the  country  of  the  Sabiues,  cele- 
brated as  the  birthplace  of  Ovid.-(2)  (Smwo- 
7Wta),  an  ancient  town  of  the  Volsci  in  La- 
tium,  on  the  Ufens. 

SULPf  ClA.  (-ae),  a  Roman  poetess  wha 
flourished  towards  the  cloae  of  the  1st  cent 


SULPICIUS  GALBA. 


380 


SYGAMBRI. 


ary,  celebrated  for  sundry  amatory  effusions, 
addressed  to  her  husband  Calenus. 
SULPiCtUS  GALBA,  [GALBA.] 
SULPIGlUS  RtfFUS  (-i).  (I)  P.,  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  orators  of  his  time1 
was  born  B.O.  124.  In  93  he  was  quaestor, 
and  in  89  he  served  as  legate  f  the  consul 
Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo  iu  the  Marsic  war.  In 
88  he  was  elected  to  the  tribunate ;  Tout  he 
deserted  the  aristocratical  party,  and  joined 
Marina.  When  Sulla  marched  upon  Eome  at. 
the  head  of  his  army,  Marius  aiid  Sulpicius 
took  to  flight.  Marius  succeeded  in  making 
bis  escape  to  Africa,  but  Sulpicius  was  dis- 
covered iu  a  villa,  and  put  to  death. — (2)  P., 
probably  son  or  grandson  of  the  last,  was  one 
of  Caesar's  legates  in  Gaul  and  in  the  civil 
war.  He  was  praetor  in  4S.—(3)  SERV.,  with 
the  surname  LEMONIA,  indicating  the  tribe  to 
which  he  belonged,  was  a  contemporary  and 
friend  of  Cicero,  and  of  about  the  same  age. 
He  became  one  of  the  best  jurists  as  well  as 
most  eloquent  orators  of  his  age.  He  was 
quaestor  of  the  district  of  Ostia  in  74 ;  curule 
aedile  in  69;  praetor  in  65;  and  consul  in 
51  with  M.  Claudius  Marcellus.  He  appears 
to  have  espoused  Caesar's  side  in  the  civil 
war,  and  was  appointed  by  Caesar  proconsul 
of  Achaia  (46  or  45).  He  died  in  43  in  the 
camp  of  M.  Antony,  having  been  sent  by  the 
senate  on  a  mission  to  Antony,  who  was  be- 
aieging  Dec.  Brutus  in  Mntina.  Sulpicius 
wrote  a  great  number  of  legal  works. 

SUMM-lNUS  (-i),  a  derivative  form  from 
summits,  the  highest,  an  ancient  Roman  or 
Etruscan  divinity,  who  was  of  equal  or  even 
of  higher  rank  than  Jupiter.  As  Jupiter  was 
the  god  of  heaven  in  the  bright  day.  so  Sum- 
manus  was  the  god  of  the  nocturnal  heaven, 
and  hurled  his  thunderbolts  during  the  night. 
Summanus  had  a  temple  at  Home  near  the 
Circus  Maximus. 

StTNlUM:  (-i:  C.  Colonni),  a  celebrated 
promontory  forming  the  S.  extremity  of  At- 
tica, with  a  town  of  the  same  name  upon  it. 
Here  was  a  splendid  temple  of  Athena,  ele- 
vated 300  feet  above  the  sea,  the  columns  of 
which  are  still  extant,  and  have  given  the 
modern  name  to  the  promontory. 

SURENAS,  the  general  of  the  Parthians, 
who  defeated  Crassns  in  B.C.  54.  [CRASSUS.] 

StJPSRUM  MlRE.    [ADRiA.] 

STJRRENTTJM  (-i:  Sorrmfo),  an  ancient 
town  of  Campania,  opposite  Capreae,  and 
situated  on  the  promontory  (Prom.  Mineryae) 
separating  the  Sinus  Paestanus  from  the 
Sinus  Puteolanus. 

StTSA  (-orum:  O.  T.  Shusan:  Sfoes.Ru.), 
the  winter  residence  of  the  Persian  kings, 
stood  in  tho  district  Cissia  of  the  province 
Busiana,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river 
Cnoaspes. 

StTSiRiSN  (-onis),  to  whom  the  origin  of 
che  Attic  Comedy  is  ascribed,  was  a  native  of 
Megara,  whence  he  removed  into  Attica,  to  the 
village  of  Icaria,  a  place  celebrated  as  a  seat 
of  the  worship  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus).  The 
Megaric  Comedy  appears  to  have  flourished, 
to,  its  full  development,  about  B.O.  600  and  on- 


wards; and  it  was  introduced  by  Susarion 
into_ Attica  between  580-564. 

SUStlxNAE  (-ae  or  es)  or  SttSIS  (-Idis: 
nearly  correspond!!"  to  Khuzistari),  one  of 
tho  'lief  provinces  v. .  the  ancient  Persian  em- 
-ire,  lay  Between  Babylonia  and  Persis,  and 
•^tween  Mount  Parachoatras  and  the  head 
of  the  Persian  gulf.  In  this  last  direction 
its  coast  extended  from  the  junction  of  the 
Euphrates  with  the  Tigris  to  about  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Oroatis  (Tab).  It  was-  divided 
from  Persis  on  the  S.E.  and  E.  by  a  mountain- 
ous tract,  inhabited  by  independent  tribes, 
who  made  even  the  kings  of  Persia  pay  them 
for  a  safe  passage.  On  the  N.  it  was  separa- 
ted from  Great  Media  by  Mouut  Charbanus, 
on  the  W.  from  Assyria  by  an  imaginary  line 
drawn  S.  from  near  the  Median  puss  in  Mount 
25agros  to  the  Tigris ;  and  from  Babylonia  by 
the  Tigris  itself, 

SUTRIUM  (-i :  Sutrf).  an  ancient  town  of 
Etruria  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Saltus  Ciminius, 
and  on  the  road  from  Vulsinii  to  Rome,  made 
a  Roman  colony  in  u.o.  383. 

STBXRIS  (-is).  (1)  (Costile  or  Sibarfy  a 
river  in  Lucania,  flowing  by  the  city  of  the 
same  name,  and  falling  into  the  Crathis. — (2) 
A  celebrated  Greek  town  in  Lucania,  was  sit- 
uated between  the  rivers  Sybaris  and  Crathis, 
at  a  short  distance  from  the  Tareutine  gul£ 
and  near  the  confines  of  Bruttium.  It  was 
founded  B.O.  720  by  Achaeans  and  Troezen* 
ians,  and  soon  attained  an  extraordinary  de- 
gree of  prosperity  and  wealth.  Its  inhabitants 
became  so  notorious  for  their  love  of  luxury 
and  pleasure  that  their  name  was  employed 
to  indicate  any  voluptuary. 

SYBOTA  (-orum:  Syvota),  a  number  of 
small  islands  off  the  coast  of  Epirus,  and  op- 
posite the  promontory  Leucimne  in  Corcyra, 
with  a  harbor  of  the  same  name  on  the  main* 
land. 

SYCHAETTS  or  SICHAETJS  (-i),  also  called 
ACERBAS.  [AoBBBAB.3 

SYSOT  (Ǥs:  Assoiian,  Ru.),  a  city  of  Upper 
Egypt  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Nile,  just  below 
the  First  Cataract.  It  was  an  important  point 
in  the  astronomy  and  geography  of  the  an- 
cients, as  it  lay  just  under  the  tropic  of  Can- 
cer, and  was  therefore  chosen  as  the  place 
through  which  they  drew  their  chief  parallel 
of  latitude. 

SYENNESIS,  a  common  name  of  the  kings 
of  Cilicia.  Of  these  the  most  important  are : 
(1)  A  king  of  Cilicia,  who  joined  with  Labyne- 
tus  (Nebuchadnezzar)  in  mediating  between 
Cyaxares  and  Alyattes,  the  kings  respective- 


tributary.  His  daugfitef 
was  married  to  Pixodorus — (3)  Contempora- 
ry with  Artaxerxes  H.  (Mnemon),  ruled  over 
Cilicia  when  the  younger  Cyrus  marched 
through  his  country  in  his  expedition  against 
his  brother  Artaserxes. 

SYGAMBRI,  SttGAMBRI,  SlGAMBRI, 
SYCAMBRI,or  SJCAMBRI  (-Qrum),one  of  the 
most  powerful  peoples  of  Germany  at  an  early 
time,  belonged  to  the  Istaevones,  and  dwelt 
originally  N.  of  the  TJbii  on  the  Rhine,  tc 


SYLLA. 


381 


SYRACUSAE. 


whence  they  spread  towards  the  N.  as  far  as 
the  Lippe.  They  were  conquered  by  Tiberius 
in  the  reign  of  Augustn  s.  Shortly  afterwards 
flics  disappear  from  history,  and  are  not  men- 
loncO.  again  till  the  time  of  Ptolemy,  who 
places  them  much  farther  N.,  close  to  the 
'."nicteri  and  the  Langobarr",  somewhere  be- 
tw^en  the  Vecht  and  the  jissel.  At  a  still 
*ater  period  \  find  them  forming  an  impor- 
tant part  of  the  confederacy  known  under  the 
name  of  Franci. 

SYLLA.    [SULLA.] 

SYLVANUS.    [SiLVANUS.] 

SYLVIUS.    [SiLvrus.] 

SYMAETHUS  (-i :  Gwretta),  a  river  on  the 
;  of  Sicily  and  at  the  foot  of  Mount 


had  2  harbors.  The  Great  Harbor,  still  called 
Porto  Maggiore,  is  a  splendid  bay,  about  5  miles 
in  circumference,  formed  by  the  island  Orty- 
gia  and  the  promontory  Plemmyrium.  The 
Small  Harbor,  also  called  Laccius,  lying  be- 
tween Ortygia  and  Achradina,  was  capacious 
enough  to  receive  a  large  fleet  of  ships  of  war. 
—There  were  several  stone  quarries  (lautu- 
mim)  in  Syracuse,  which  are  frequently  men- 
tioned by  ancient  writers,  and  in  which  the 
unfortunate  Athenian  prisoners  were  con- 
fined. On  one  side  of  these  quarries  is  the 
remarkable  excavation  called  the  Ear  of 
Dionysius,  in  which  it  is  said  that  this  tyrant 
confined  the  persons  whom  he  suspected,  and 
that  he  was  able  from  a  little  apartment  above 
at  tne  rooi  01  mourn  i to  overhear  the  conversation  of  his  captives. 
Story  between  Leon-  This  tale,  however,  is  clearly  an  invention.- 
tini  and  Catana. 

SYMl  (-es),  a  small  island  off  the  S.W.  I 
coast  of  Caria,  lay  in  the  mouth  of  the  Sinus 
Doridis  to  the  W.  of  the  promontory  of  Cynos- 
sema. 

SYMMACHUS  (-i),  Q.  AURSLtUS,  a  dis- 
tinguished scholar,  statesman,  and  orator  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  4th  century  of  the  Chris- 
tian aera,  remarkable  for  his  zeal  in  upholding 
the  ancient  pagan  religion  of  Rome.  He  was 
proconsul  of  Africa  in  373;  and  in  391  Theo- 
dosius  raised  him  to  the  consulship.  Of  his 
works  there  are  still  extant  10  books  of  epis- 
tles and  some  fragments  of  orations. 

SYNNADA  <-ae),  also  SYNNAS  (4dis:| 
prob.  Afiour-KarorHisar,  Ru.),  a  city  in  the 
N.  of  Phrysia  Salutaris,  at  first  inconsiderable, 
but  afterwards  a  place  of  much  importance, 
and  from  the  time  of  Constantine  the  capital 
ofPhrygiaSalutaris. 

SYPHAX  (-acis),  king  of  theMassaesylians, 
the  W.-most  tribe  of  the  Numidians.  His 
history  is  related  in  the  life  of  his  contempo- 
rary and  rival,  MASINISSA.  Syphax  was  taken 
prisoner  by  Masinissa,  ao.  203,  and  was  sent 
gy  MteJ^&J^jtfrin*,  »l 

SYRACUSAJfi  (-arum  s  Sivcuswa,  in  Italian, 
Syracuse  in  English),  the  wealthiest  and  most 
populous  town  in  Sictty,  was  situated  on  the 
&.  part  of  the  E.  coast,  400  stadia  N.  of  the 
promontory  Plemmyrium,  and  10  stadia  1OU 
of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Anapus,  near  the 
lake  or  marsh  called  Syrato,  from  which  it 
derived  its  name.  It  was  founded  B.O.  734, 
one  year  after  the  foundation  of  Naxos,  by  a 
colony  of  Corinthians  and  other  Dorians,  led 
bv  Archias  the  Corinthian.  The  town  was 
orlrfnallyconfinedto  the  island Ortygia,lying 
?mmedialely  off  the  coast;,  but  it.af  erwards 
spread  over  the  neighboring  mainland,  and 
at  the  time  of  its  greatest  .extension,  under 
the  elder  Dionysius,  it  consisted  of  i  >  distinct 
''"vns,  namely,  ORTYGIA,  often  called  simply 
T  ISLAND,  in  which  was  the^  fountain  of 


Coin  of  Syracuse. 


ISLAND,  in  wc  was 
Arethusa,  JLCHBADINA,  TTOHB,  NKAPOLIS,  and 
EPIPOLAB.  After  Epipolae  had  been  added 
fo  the  city,  the  circumference  of  S  yracuse  was 
180  stadia,  or  upwards  of  22  English  miles, 
and  th^  Tentire  population  of  the  city  is  sup- 
-—  oOOO 


The  modem  city  of  Syracuse  is  confined  to 
the  island.  The  remaining  quarters  of  the 
ancS  city  are  now  uninhabited,  and  their 
positfin  marked  only  by  a  few  ruins.  Of 
?hese  the  most  important  are  the  remaps  of 
the  great  theatre,  and  of  an  amphitheatre  of 
the  Roman  period.-The  government  of  Svr- 
acose  waToriginally  an  aristocracy,  and  aft- 
Imards  a  democracy,  till  !  Gelon  made  hin> 
self  tvrant  or  sovere  gn  of  Syracnse,  B.C.  485. 
UndS  rSle  and  that  of  his  brother  Hieron, 
Svracuse  was  raised  to  an  unexampled  degwi 
SfweaUhaudprosnerity.  ®e^ehdr^ 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  ^°tter  ThHig^ 
las  :  bat  the  rapacity  and  cruelty  of  the  .Utter 
soon  provoked  a  revolt  among  bis  ^Jfgg 
whichPled  to  his  deposition  and  the  e^blish- 
ment  of  a  democratical  form  of  government 


SYRIA  DEA. 


382 


SYRIAE  PORTAE. 


The  next  most  important  event  in  the  history 
of  Syracuse  was  the  siege  of  the  city  by  the 
Athenians,  which  ended  in  the  total  destruc- 
tion of  the  great  Athenian  armament  in  41B. 
The  democracy  continued  to  exist  in  Syracuse 
till  406,  when  the  elder  Dionysius  made  him- 
self tyrant  of  the  city.  After  a  long  and  pros- 
perous reign  he  was  succeeded  in  307  by  his 
son,  the  younger  Dionysius,  who  was  finally 
expelled  by  Timoleon  in  343.  A  republican 
form  of  government  was  again  established ; 
but  it  did  not  last  long ;  and  in  317  Syracuse 
fell  under  the  sway  of  Agathocles.  This  ty- 
rant died  in  289 ;  and  the  city  being  distracted 
by  factions,  the  Syracusans  voluntarily  con- 
ferred the  supreme  power  upon  Hieron  II. , 
with  the  title  of  king,  in  270.  Hieron  cultiva- 
ted friendly  relations  with  the  Romans ;  but 
on  his  death  in  216,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
92,  his  grandson  Hieronymus,  who  succeeded 
him,  espoused  the  side  of  the  Carthaginians. 
A  Roman  army  under  Marcellus  was  sent 
against  Syracuse ;  and  after  a  siege  of  2  years, 
daring  which  Archimedes  assisted  his/ellow- 
citizens  by  the  construction  of  various  engines 
of  war  [ARCHIMEDES],  the  city  was  taken  by 
Marcellus  in  212.  From  this  time  Syracuse 
became  a  town  of  the  Roman  province  of 
Sicily. 

SYRIA.  DBA  (-ae),  "the  Syrian  goddees," 
a  name  by  which  the  Syrian  Aslarte  or  Aphro- 
dite (Venus)  is  sometimes  designated.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  worship  of  Aphrodite 
came  from  the  East  to  Cyprus,  and  thence 
was  carried  into  the  south  of  Greece. 

SYRIA  (-ae:  in  Aramaean  Surja:  Soristan, 
Arab.  Esh-Sham,  i.  e.  the  land  on  the  left, 
Syria),  a  country  of  W.  Asia,  lying  along  the 
E.  end  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  between  Asia 
Minor  and  Egypt.  In  a  wider  sense  the  word 
was  used  for  the  whole  tract  of  country  bound- 
ed by  the  Tigris  on  the  E.,  the  mountains  of 
Armenia  and  Cilicia  on  the  N.,  the  Mediter- 
ranean on  the  W.,  and  the  Arabian  Desert  on 
the  S. ;  the  whole  of  which  was  peopled  by 
the  Aramaean  branch  of  the  great  Semitic  (or 
Syro-Arabian)  race,  and  is  included  in  the 
O.  T.  under  the  name  of  Aram.  The  people 
were  of  the  same  races,  and  those  of  the  N. 
of  the  Taurus  in  Cappadocia  and  Pontus  are 
called  White  Syrians  LLEUCOSYRI],  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  people  of  darker  complexion 
in  SyriaProper,wno  are  sometimes  even  called 
Black  Syrians  (sfyoi  /ueXave?).  Even  when 
the  name  of  Syria  is  used  in  its  ordinary  nar- 
rower sense,  it  is  often  confounded  with  As- 
syria, which  only  differs  from  Syria  by  having 
the  definite  article  prefixed.  Again,  in  the 
narrower  sense  of  the  name,  Syria  still  in- 
cludes two  districts  which  are  often  considered 
as  not  belonging  to  it,  namely,  PHOBNIOE  and 
PALESTINE,  and  a  third  which  is  likewise  oft- 
en considered  separate,  namely,  COELESYRIA  ; 
but  this  last  is  generally  reckoned  a  part  of 
Syna.  In  this  narrower  sense,  then,  Syria 
was  bounded  on  the  W.  (beginning  from  the 
S.)  by  Mount  Hermon,  at  the  S.  end  of  Anti- 
Libauus,  which  separated  it  from  Palestine, 
by  the  range  of  Libanus,  dividing  it  from  Phoe- 
nice,  by  the  Mediterranean,  'and  by  Mount 
Amann8,which  divided  it  from  Cilicia ;  on  the 


N.  (where  it  bordered  on  Cappadocia)  by  the 
main  chain  of  Mount  Taurus,  almost  exactly 
along  the  parallel  of  38°  N.  lat.,  and  striking 
the  Euphrates  just  below  Juliopolis,  and  con- 
siderably above  Samosata :  hence  the  Euphra- 
tes forms  the  E.  boundary,  dividing  Syria,  first 
from  a  very  small  portion  of  Armenia,  and 
then  from  Mesopotamia,  to  about  or  beyond 
the  36th  parallel  of  N.  lat.,  whence  the  S.E. 
and  S.  boundaries,  towards  Babylonia  and 
Arabia,  in  the  Great  Desert,  are  exceedingly 
indefinite.  [Com.  ARABIA.]  The  W.  part  of 
the  S.  boundary  ran  just  below  Damascus, 
being  formed  by  the  highlands  of  Trachonitis. 
The  W.  part  of  the  country  was  intersected 
by  a  series  of  mountains,  running  S.  from  the 
Taurus,  under  the  names  of  AMANUS,  FIERIA, 
CASITTS,  BARGVLUS,  and  LIBANUS  and  ANTI- 
LIBANUS  ;  and  the  N.  part,  between  the  Ama- 
nus  and  the  Euphrates,  was  also  mountainous. 
The  chief  river  of  Syria  was  the  ORONTES,  and 
the  smaller  rivers  CHALUS  and  CHRYSORRHOAS 
were  also  of  importance.  In  the  earliest  his- 
torical period,  Syria  contained  a  number  of 
independent  kingdoms,  of  which  DAMASCUS 
was  the  most  powerful.  These  were  subdued 
by  David)  but  became  again  independent  at 
the  end  of  Solomon's  reign ;  till  Tiglath-Pile- 
ser,  king  of  Assyria,  took ^Damascus  and  prob- 
ably conquered  all  Syria,  about  B.O.  740.  Hav- 
ing been  a  part  successively  of  the  Assyr* 
ian,  Babylonian,  Persian,  and  Macedonian  em- 
pires, it  fell,  after  the  battle  of  Ipsus  (B.o.301), 
to  tho  share  of  Seleucus  Nicator,  and  formed 
part  of  the  great  kingdom  of  the  Seleucidae. 


tition,  however,  Coelesyria  and  Palestine 
went,  not  to  Syria,  but  to  Egypt,  and  the  pos- 
session of  those  provinces  became  the  great 
source  of  contention  between  the  Ptolemies 
and  the  Seleucids.  By  the  irruptions  of  the 
Parthians  on  the  EM  and  the  unsuccessful  war 
of  Antiochus  the  Great  with  the  Romans  on 
the  W.,  the  Greek  Syrian  kingdom  was  re- 
duced to  the  limits  of  Syria  itself,  and  became 
weaker  and  weaker,  until  it  was  overthrown 
by  TIGRANES,  king  of  Armenia,  B.  o.  79.  Soon 
afterwards, when  the  Romans  had  conquered 
Tigranes  as  well  as  Mithridates,  Syria  was 
quietly  -added  by  Pompey  to  the  empire  of 
the  republic,  and  was  constituted  a  province, 
B.o.64;  but  its  N.  district,  CoMMAGENE,was  not 
included  in  this  arrangement.  The  attempt 
of  Zenobia  to  make  Syria  the  seat  of  empire  is 
noticed  under  PALMYRA  and  ZENOBIA.  while 
the  Roman  emperors  defended  this  precious 
possession  against  the  attacks  of  the  Persian 
kings  with  varied  success,  a  new  danger 
arose,  as  early  as  the  4th  century,  from  the 
Arabians  of  the  Desert,  who  began  to  be 
known  under  the  name  of  Saracens;  and 
when  the  rise  of  Mohammed  had  given  to 
the  Arabs  that  great  religious  impulse  which 
revolutionized  the  E.  world,  Syria  was  the 
first  great  conquest  that  they  made  from  the 
E.  empire,  A.B.  632-G3S. 

SttlAJE  PORTAE  (-arum:  Pass  ofBe&ari), 
a  most  important  pass  between  Cilicia  and 
Syria,  lying  between  the  shore  of  the  Gulf 
of  Issus  on  the  W.  and  Mount  Amanue  on 
tueE. 


SYRINX. 


383 


TACITUS. 


SYRINX  (-ingis),  an  Arcadian  nymph, who 
being  pursued  by  Pan  fled  into  the  river  La- 
don,  and  at  her  own  prayer  was  metamor- 
phosed into  a  reed,  of  which  Pan  then  made 
his  flute. 

SYROS  or  SfRUS  (-i:  Syra),  an  island 
In  the  Aegaean  sea,  and  one  of  the  Cyclades, 
lying  between  Rhenea  and  Cythnus. 

SYRT3ECA  REGlO  (W.  part  of  Fripoli),  the 
special  name  of  that  part  of  the  N.  coast  of 
Africa  which  lay  between  the  2  Syrtes,  from 
the  river  Triton,  at  the  bottom  of  the  Syrtis 
Minor,  on  the  W.,  to  the  Philaenornm  Arae, 
at  the  bottom  of  the  Syrtis  Major,  on  the  E. 
It  was  for  the  most  part  a  -very  narrow  strip 
of  sand,  interspersed  with  salt  marshes,  be- 
tween the  sea  and  a  range  of  mountains  form- 
ing the  edge  of  the  Great  Desert  (Sahara), 
with  only  here  and  there  a  few  spots  capable 
of  cultivation,  especially  about  tae  river  Ci- 
nyps.  It  was  peopled  by  Libyan  tribes. 
Under  the  Romans  it  formed  a  part  of  the 
province  of  Africa.  It  was  often  called  TBIP- 
OLITANA,  from  its  8  chief  cities,  ABROTO.NTTM, 
OEA,  and  LEPTIS  MAGNA;  and  this  became  its 
usual  name  under  the  later  empire,  and  has 
been  handed  down  to  our  own  time  in  the 
modem  name  of  the  regency  of  Tripoli. 

SYRTIS  (-is  and  Idis)  and  SYRTES  (-ram), 
the  2  gr  eat  gulf  sin  the  E.  half  of  the  N.  coast 


of  Africa.  Both  were  proverbially  dangerous, 
the  Greater  Syrtis  from  its  sand-batiks  and 
quicksands,  and  its  unbroken  exposure  to  the 
N.  winds,  the  Lesser  from  its  shelving  rocky 
shores,  its  exposure  to  theK.E.  winds,  and  the 
consequent  variableness  of  the  tides  in  it.— 
(1)  SYRTIS  MAJOE  (Gulf  of  SiAra^  the  E.  of  the 
two,  is  a  wide  and  deep  gulf  on  the  shores  of 
Tripolitana  and  Cyrenaica,  exactly  opposite 
to  the  Ionic  sea,  or  mouth  of  the  Adriatic,  be- 
tween Sicily  and  Peloponnesus.  The  Great 
Desert  comes  down  close  to  its  shores,  form- 
ing a  sandy  coast  [SYBTEOA  RCGIO].  The  ter- 
ror of  being  driven  on  shore  in  it  is  referred 
to  in  the  narrative  of  St  Paul's  voyage  to  Italy 
(Acts  xxvii  IT).— (2)  SYETIS  MINOB  (Gulf  of 
Khdbs}  lies  in  the  S.W.  angle  of  the  great 
bend  formed  by  the  IT.  coast  of  Africa  MS  it 
drops  down  to  the  S.  from  the  neighborhood 
of  Carthage,  and  then  bears  again  to  the  E. : 
in  other  words,  in  the  angle  between  the  E. 
coast  of  Zeugitana  and  Byzacena  (Tunis)  and 
the  N.  coast  of  Tripolitaua  (Tripoli). 

StRUS  (-i),  PtfBLIIJS,  a  slave  brought  to 
Rome  some  years  before  the  downfall  of  the 
republic,  who  soon  became  highly  celebrated 
as  a  mimographer.  He  may  be  said  to  have 
flourished  B.O.  45.  A  compilation  containing 
probably  many  lines  from  Ms  mimes  is  still 
extant  under  the  title  POM  Sgri  Sentential 


T. 


T&BERNAE.      IM.JUBB  J.AJ>AAMA£..J 

TiBURNUS  (-i:  Tdburno),  a  mountain  be- 
longing half  to  Campania  and  half  to  Sam- 
niuin.  It  shut  in  the  Caudine  pass  on  its  S. 
side. 

TlClPS  (-6s:  Khcibs,  large  Ru.),  a  city  of 
N.  Africa,  in  the  Regio  Syrtica,  at  the  inner- 
most angle  of  the  Syrtis  Minor,  to  which  the 
modern  town  gives  its  name. 

TACFARINAS,  a  Numidian,  and  Roman 
auxiliary,  who  deserted,  and  became  the  lead- 
er of  the  Musulamii,  a  people  bordering  on 
Mauretania.  He  was  at  length  defeated  and 
slain  in  battle  by  Dolabella,  A.D.  24. 

TACHOMPSO,  also  TACOMPSOS,  aft. 
CONTRAPSELCIS,  a  city  ^  the.Dodeca. 
schoenus— that  is,  the  part  of  Aethiopia  im- 
mediately above  Egypt. 

TACHSS,  king  of  Egypt,  succeeded  Acoris, 
and  maintained  the  independence  of  his  coun- 
try for  a  short  time  during  the  latter  end  of 
the  reign  of  Artaxerxes  IL 

TXClTUS  (-i).  (1)  C.  COBNELTUS,  the  his- 
torian. The  tune  and  place  of  his  birth  are 
unknown.  He  was  a  little  older  than  the 
vounser  Pliny,  who  was  born  A.D.  61.  Tac- 
itus was  first  promoted  by  the  emperor  Ves- 
pasian; and  he  received  other  favors  from  his 
sons  Titus  and  Domitian.  In  78  he  married 
the  daughter  of  a  Julius  Agricola,  to  whom 
he  had  feen  betrothed  in  the  preceding rear, 
while  Agricola  was  consul.  In  the  reign  ol 
Domitian,  and  in  88,  Tacitus  was  praetor, ^and 
he  assisted  as  one  of  the  qumdecemvin  at  the 
solemnity  of  the  Ludi  Seculares  which  were 


celebrated  in  that  year.  Agricola  died  at 
Rome  in  93,but  neither  Tacitus  nor  the  daugh- 
ter of  Agricola  was  then  with  him.  It  is  not 
known  where  Tacitus  was  during  the  last  ill- 


ness of  Agricola.  In  the  reign  of  Nerva,  97, 
Tacitus  was  appointed  consul  suffectus,  in  the 
place  of  T.  Yirginius  Rnfus,  who  had  died  in 


pace  o     .  , 

that  year,  and  whose  funeral  oration  he  de^ 
livered.  Tacitus  and  Pliny  were  most  inti- 
mate friends.  In  the  collection  of  the  letters 
of  Pliny  there  are  11  letters  addressed  to  Tac- 
itus. The  time  of  the  death  of  Tacitus  is  un- 

- 


. 

Tactus  are  a      e  of  Agricola,  his  -- 

law:  the  Historian  which  comprehended  .the 
period  from  the  second  consulship  of  Gal 
ba,  6S,  to  the  death  of  Domitian,  96,  the 
author  designing  to  add  the  reigns  of  2serva 
and  Trajan--  the  first  4  books  alone  are  ex- 
tant in  a  complete  form  ;  the  5th  book  isin£ 
"  ';:  the  Annalest  which  commence  with 


pSciodto  th 
the 


,  of 

t  of  the  5th  book  is 

saso  7th,lth,«th,10th,  ,  theberfn- 
ning  of  the  llth,  and  the  end  of  the  16th,  which 
is  tie  last  book:  the  treatise  £>e  Iforibns  et 
Pwvlis  Germanize,  describing  the  Germanic 
nations:  and  lastly  the  IXalogus  tie  Oratonfewj, 

_    _  .  __  -I  __  l.AMA  njtnnfviAnaac  Vl«C  hpPfl  mSTHlL&CL 


nity  or  Tacitus  is  impresseu  UPU"  "M  "^7"' 
the  consciousness  ofalove  of  truth,  of  the  to- 
tegrity  of  his  purpose.  His  great  power ^isto 
thekiiowledgeofthehumanmind,his  rnsi 


TAENARUM. 


384 


TANTALUS. 


into  the  motives  of  human  conduct ;  and  he 
found  materials  for  this  study  in  the  history 
of  the  emperors,  and  particularly  Tiberius, 
the  arch-hypocrite,  and  perhaps  half  madman. 
The  style  of  Tacitus  is  peculiar,  though  it  bears 
some  resemblance  to  that  of  Sallust.  In  the 
Annals  it  is  concise,  vigorous,  and  pregnant 
with  meaning;  labored,  but  elaborated  with 
art,  and  stripped  of  every  superfluity.  A  single 
word  sometimes  gives  effect  to  a  sentence, 
and  if  the  meaning  of  the  word  is  missed, 
the  sense  of  the  writer  is  not  reached.— (2) 
M.  CLAUDIUS,  Roman  emperor  from  the  25th 
of  September,  A.I>.  275,  until  April,  A.IX  276. 
Tacitus  was  at  the  time  of  his  election  70  years 
of  age,  and  was  with  difficulty  persuaded  to 
accept  the  purple.  The  high  character  which 
he  had  borne  before  his  elevation  to  the  throne 
he  amply  sustained  during  his  brief  reign. 
He  died  either  at  Tarsus  or  at  Tyana,  about 
the  9th  of  April,  276. 

TAENARUM  <-i:  C.  Matapan),  a  promon- 
tory in  Lacouia,  forming  the  S.-ly  point  of 
th  e  Peloponnesus,  on  which  stood  a  celebrated 
temple  of  Poseidon  (Neptune),  possessing  an 
inviolable  asylum.  A  little  to  the  N.  of  the 
temple  and  the  harbor  of  Achilleus  was  a 
town  also  called  TAENABUM  or  TAENABUS,  and 
at  a  later  time  CAENBPOLIS.  On  the  promon- 
tory was  a  cave,  through  which  Hercules  is 
said  to  have  dragged  Cerberus  to  the  tipper 
world.  Here  also  was  a  statue  of  Arion  seat- 
ed on  a  dolphin,  since  he  is  said  to  have  landed 
at  this  spot  after  his  miraculous  preservation 
by  a  dolphin.  In  the  time  of  the  Romans 
there  were  celebrated  marble  quarries  on  the 
promontory. 

TAGSS  (-Stia),  a  mysterious  Etruscan  being, 
who  is  described  as  a  boy  with  the  wisdom 
of  an  old  man.  Tages,  the  son  of  a  Genius 
Jovialis,  and  grandson  of  Jupiter,  rose  sud- 
denly out  of  .the  ground,  and  instructed  Tar- 
chpn  and  the  Etruscans  in  the  art  of  the  harn- 
spices.  The  Etruscan  s  afterwards  wrote  down 
all  he  had  said,  and  thus  arose  the  books  of 
Tages,  which,  according  to  some,  were  18  in 
number. 

TlGUS  (-i:  Spanish  Tajo,  Portuguese  Tt 
English  Tagus),  one  of  the  chief  rivers  in 
Spain,  rising  in  the  land  of  the  Celtibevians, 
between  the  mountains  Orospeda  and  Idu- 
beda,  and,  after  flowing  in  a  W.-ly  direction, 
falling  into  the  Atlantic. 

TALAUS  (-i),  son  of  Bias  and  Pero,  and 
king  of  Argos.  He  was  married  to  Lysim- 
ache  (Eurynorne,  or  Lysianassa),  and  was 
father  of  Adrastns,  Parthenopaeus,  Pronax, 
Mecisteus.  Aristomachus,  and  Eriphyle.  The 
patronymic  TdlM&riides  is  given  to  his  sons 
Adrastus  and  Mecisteus. 
TALOS.  CPEBDIX.] 
TALTH5BIUS  (-i),  the  herald  of  Agamem- 
non at  Troy.  He  was  worshiped  as  a  hero  at 
Sparta  and  Argos,  where  sacrifices  also  were 
offered  to  him. 

TAMASSUS  or  TlMlSUS  (-i),  probably 

the  same  as  the  Homeric  TfiMfiSE,  a  town 

in  the  middle  of  Cyprus,  N.W.  of  Olympus, 

*nd29rnilesS.E.ofSoloe. 

TiMfiSIS  (-is)  or  TiMfiSA  (-ae:  Thames), 


a  river  in  Britain,  on  which  stood  Londinium, 
flowing  into  the  sea  on  the  E.  coast.  Caesai 
crossed  the  Thames  at  the  distance  of  8fl 
Roman  miles  from  the  sea.  probably  at  Cowey 
Stakes,  near  Oatlands  and  the  confluence  of 
the  Wey. 

TAMOS,  a  native  of  Memphis  in  Egypt,  was 
lieutenant-governor  of  Ionia  under  Tissapher- 
n«s,  and  afterwards  attached  himself  to  the 
service  of  the  younger  Gyms. 

TANAGER  (-gri :  Negro),  a  river  of  Luca- 
nia,  rising  in  the  Apennines,  which,  after  flow- 
ing in  a  KE.-ly  direction,  loses  itself  under 
the  earth  near  Polla  for  a  space  of  about  2 
miles,  and  finally  falls  into  the  Silarus  near 
Forum  Popilii. 

TANAGRA  (-ae:  Grimadha  or  Grimala), 
a  celebrated  town  of  Boeotia,  situated  on  a 
steep  ascent  on  the  left  bank:  of  the  Asupus, 
13  stadia  from  Oropus,  and  200  stadia  from 
Plataeae,  in  the  district  Tanagraea, which  was 
also  called  Poemaudris.  Tanagra  was  SUD- 
posed  to  be  the  same  town  as  the  Homeric 
Graea.  Being  near  the  frontiers  of  Attica,  it 
was  frequently  exposed  to  the  attacks  of  the 
Athenians;  and  near  it  the  Athenians  sus- 
tained a  celebrated  defeat,  B.C.  457. 

TANAIS  (-is  or  Idis).  (1)  (Don,  i.  e.  Water), 
a  great  river,  which  rises  in  the  N.  of  Sarma- 
tia  Europaea  (about  the  centre  of  .Auwia),  and 
flows  to  the  S.E.  till  it  comes  near  the  Volga, 
when  it  turns  to  the  S.W.,  and  falls  into  the 
N.E.  angle  of  the  Pains  Maeotis  (Sea  of  Azov). 
It  was  usually  considered  the  boundary  be- 
tween Europe  and  Asia.— (2)  (Ru.,  near  Kas- 
satchel),  a  city  of  Sarmatia  Asiatics,  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  S.  mouth  of  the  Tanais,  at  a  little 
distance  from  the  sea. 
TlNiQUIL.  [TAUQUINIUS.] 
TANETUM  (-i :  Taiwto),  a  town  of  the  Boii, 
in  Gallia  Cispadana,  between  Mutina  and 
Parma. 

TANIS  <0.  T.  Zoan:  San,  Ru.),  a  very  an 
cient  city  of  Lower  Egypt,  in  the  US.  part  of 
the  Delta,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  arm  of 
the  Nile,  which  was  called  after  it  the  Ta- 
nitic,  and  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the  great  lake 
between  this  and  the  Pelusiac  branch  of  the 
Nile, which  was  also  called,  after  the  city,Ta- 
nis  (Lake  of  Menzaleh).  It  was  one  of  the  cap- 
itals of  Lower  Egypt  under  the  early  kings, 
and  the  chief  city  of  the  Tanites  Nomos. 

TANTALUS  M).  (1)  Son  of  Zeus  (Jupiter) 
and  the  nymph  Pluto.  His  wife  is  called  by 
some  Euryanassa,  by  others  Taygete  or  Dione, 
and  by  others  Clytia  or  Eupryto.  He  was 
the  father  of  Pelops,  Broteas,  and  Niobe.  All 
traditions  agree  in  stating  that  he  was  a 
wealthy  king ;  but  while  some  call  him  king 
of  Lydia,  others  describe  him  as  king  of 
Argos  or  Corinth.  Tantalus  is  particularly 
celebrated  in  ancient  storj  for  the  terrible 
punishment  inflicted  upon  him  After  his  death. 
According  to  the  common  account,  Tantalus 
divulged  the  secrets  intrusted  to  him  by  Zens, 
and  was  punished  in  the  lower  world  by  being 
afflicted  with  a  raging  thirst,  and  at  the  same 
time  placed  in  the  midst  of  a  lake,  the  waters 
of  which  always  receded  from  him  as  goon  as 
he  attempted  to  drink  them.  Over  his  head, 


TAOCHI. 


385 


TABPEIA. 


Tantalus.    (From  au  ancient  Gotn.) 


moreover,  hung  branches  of  fruit,  which  re- 
ceded in  like  manner  when  he  stretched  out 
his  hand  to  reach  them.  In  addition  to  all 
this  there  was  suspended  over  his  head  a  huge 
rock,  ever  threatening  to  crush  him.  Another 
tradition  relates  that, wishing  to  test  the  gods, 
he  cut  his  son  Pelops  in  pieces,  boiled  them, 
and  set  them  before  the  gods  at  a  repast ; 
while  a  third  account  states  that  he  stole 
nectar  and  ambrosia  from  the  table  of  the 
gods.  According  to  a  fourth  story,  Tantalus 
incurred  his  punishment  by  receiving  a  gold- 
en dog,  which  Rhea  had  appointed  to  watch 
Zeus  and  his  nurse,  and  which  was  stolen  by 
Paudareus.  The  punishment  of  Tantalus  was 
proverbial  in  ancient  times,  and  from  it  the 
English  language  has  borrowed  the  verb  "to 
tantalize,"  that  is,  to  hold  out  hopes  or  pros- 
pects which  can  not  be  realized. — (2)  Son  of 
Thyestes,  who  was  killed  by  Atreus.— (3)  Son 
of  Amphiou  and  Niobe. 

TAOCHI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Pontus,  on 
the  borders  of  Armenia. 

TlPHIAE  INStfLAE  (-iiram),  a  number 
of  small  islands  in  the  Ionian  sea,  lying  be- 
tween the  coasts  of  Leucadia  and  Acarnania. 
They  were  also  called  the  islands  of  the  Tel- 
eboae,  and  their  inhabitants  were  in  like 
manner  named  TAPHII,  or  TELEBOAE.  The 
largest  of  these  islands  is  called  TAPHUS  by 
Homer,  but  TAPUIUS  or  TAPUIUSA  by  later 
writers. 

TlPHUS.     [TAPHIAE.] 

TAPROBlNE  (-es :  Ceylon},  a  great  island 
of  the  Indian  Ocean,  opposite  to  the  S.  extrem- 
ity of  India  intra  Gangem. 

TlRAS.      [TABENTUM.] 

TARBELLI  (-orum),  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant people  in  Gallia  Aquitanica,  between 
the  ocean  and  the  Pyrenees.  Their  chief  town 
was  AQUAE  TABBELLIOAE  or  AUQUSTAE,  on  the 
Aturus  (Dacqa,  on  the  Adonr). 

TARCHON  (-fmis  or  ontis),  son  of  Tyr- 
rhenus,who  is  said  to  have  built  the  town  of 
Tarquinii.  [TAEQUINII.]  Virgil  represents 
him  as  coming  to  the  assistance  of  Aeneas 
against  Turnus. 

TiRENTINUS  SlENUS  (6?.  of  Tarentum}, 
a  great  gulf  in  the  S.  of  Italy,  between  Brut- 
tium,  Lucania,  and  Calabria,  beginning  W. 
near  the  Prom.  Lacinium,  and  ending E.  near 
the  Prom.  lapygium,  and  named  after  the 
town  of  Tarentum. 

TlRENTUM  (-i),  called  TlRAS  (-antis)by 
the  Greeks  (Taranto),  an  important  Greek  city 
in  Italy,  situated  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Calabria,  and  on  a  bay  of  the  sea,  about 


100  stadia  in  circuit,  forming  an  excellent  har- 
bor, and  being  a  portion  of  the  great  gulf  of 
Tarentum.  The  city  stood  in  the  midst  of  a 
beautiful  and  fertile  country,  S.  of  Mount  Au- 
lon  and  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Galaesus.  It 
was  originally  built  by  the  Iapygians,who  are 
said  to  have  been  joined  by  some  Cretan  colo- 
nists from  the  neighboring  town  of  Uria,  and 
it  derived  its  name  from  the  mythical  Taras,  a 
son  of  Poseidon.  The  greatness  of  Tarentnm, 
however,  dates  from  B.C.  70S,  when  the  original 
inhabitants  were  expelled,  and  the  town  was 
taken  possession  of  by  a  strong  body  of  Lace- 
daemonian Partheniae  under  the  guidance  of 
Phalanthus.  [PHALANTHTJS.]  It  soon  became 
the  most  powerful  and  flourishing  city  in  the 
whole  of  Magna  Graecia,  and  exercised  a  kind 
of  supremacy  over  the  other  Greek  cities  in 
Italy.  With  the  increase  of  wealth  the  citizens 
became  luxurious  and  effeminate,  and  being 
hard  pressed  by  the  Lucanians  and  other  bar- 
barians in  the  neighborhood,  they  were  obliged 
to  apply  for  aid  to  the  mother-country.  Archi- 
damns,  son  of  Agesilaus,  was  the  first  who 
came  to  their  assistance,  in  B.O.  338 ;  and  he 
fell  in  battle  fighting  on  their  behalf.  The 
next  prince  whom  they  invited  to  succor  them 
was  Alexander,  king  of  Bpirus,  and  uncle  to 
Alexander  the  Great.  At  first  he  met  with 
considerable  success,  but  was  eventually  de- 
feated and  slain  by  the  Bruttii  in  326,  near 
Panclosia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Acheron.  Short- 
ly afterwards  the  Tarentines  had  to  encounter 
a  still  more  formidable  enemy.  Having  at- 
tacked some  Roman  ships,  and  then  grossly 
insulted  the  Roman  ambassadors  who  had 
been  sent  to  demand  reparation,  war  was  de- 
clared against  the  city  by  the  powerful  repub- 
lic. The  Tarentines  were  saved  for  a  time  by 
Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  who  came  to  their 
help  in  281 ;  but  two  years  after  the  defeat 
of  this  monarch  and  his  withdrawal  from 
Italy,  the  city  was  taken  by  the  Romans 
(272).  In  the  2d  Punic  war  Tarentum  re- 
volted from  Rome  to  Hannibal  (212) ;  but  it 
was  retaken  by  the  Romans  in  207,  and  was 
treated  by  them  with  great  severity.  From 
this  time  Tarentum  declined  in  prosperity 
and  wealth.  It  was  subsequently  made  a 
Roman  colony,  and  it  still  continued  to  be 
a  place  of  considerable  importance  in  the 
time  of  Augustus.  Its  inhabitants  retained 
their  love  of  luxury  and  ease ;  and  it  is  de- 
scribed by  Horace  as  molte  Tarentum  and  tfw- 
belle  Tarentum. 

TARICHEA  (-ae),  or  -EAE  (-arum:  El- 
Kereh,  Ru.),  a  town  of  Galilee,  at  the  S.  end 
of  the  lake  of  Tiberias. 

TARNE  (-cs),  a  city  of  Lydia,  on  Mount 
Tmolus,  mentioned  by  Homer. 

TARPEIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Sp.  Tarpeius, 
the  governor  of  the  Roman  citadel  on  the 
Saturnian  hill,  afterwards  called  the  Capito- 
line,  was  tempted  by  the  gold  on  the  Sabine 
bracelets  and  collars  to  open  a  gate  of  the 
fortress  to  T.Tatius  and  his  Sabines.  As 
they  entered,  they  threw  upon  her  their 
shields,  and  thns  crushed  her  to  death.  The 
Tarpeiau  rock,  a  part  of  the  Capitoline,  was 
named  after  her.  (See  illustration  on  p. 
386.) 


TARPHE. 


386 


TAKQUINIUS. 


Tarpeian  Rock. 


TARPHE  (-es),  a  town  in  Locris.  on  Mount 
Oeta,  mentioned  by  Homer,  and  subsequently 
called  Pharygae. 

TARQUINIA.    [TABQUINIUS.] 

TARQUlNtI  (-orum:  Turchiw,  nr.  Cor- 
neto\  a  city  of  Etruria,  situated  on  a  hill  and 
on  the  river  Marta,  S.E.  of  Cosa,  and  on  a  road 
leading  from  the  latter  town  to  Rome.  It 
was  one  of  the  12  Etruscan  cities,  and  was 
probably  regarded  as  the  metropolis  of  the 
confederation.  It  is  said  to  have  been  found- 
ed by  Tarchon,  the  son  or  brother  of  Tyrrhe- 
nus,  who  was  the  leader  of  the  Lydian  colony 
from  Asia  to  Italy.  It  was  at  Tarquinii  that 
Demaratus,  the  father  of  Tarquinius  Priscus, 
settled ;  and  it  was  from  this  city  that  the 
Tarquinian  family  came  to  Rome.  Tarquinii 
was  subsequently  made  a  Roman  colony  and 
a  municipinm;  but  it  gradually  declined  in 
importance;  and  in  the  Sth  or  9th  century  of 
the  Christian  aera  it  was  deserted  by  its  in- 
habitants, who  founded  Corneto  on  the  op- 
posite hill.  Some  of  the  most  interesting  re- 
mains of  Etruscan  art  have  been  discovered 
at  Tarquinii. 

TARQUINIUS  (4),  the  name  of  a  family  in 
early  Roman  history,  to  which  the  5th  and 
7th  kings  of  Rome  belonged.  The  legend  of 
the  Tarquins  ran  as  follows :  Demaratus,  their 
ancestor,  who  belonged  to  the  noble  family 
of  the  Bacchiadae  at  Corinth,  settled  at  Tar- 
quinii in  Etruria,  where  he  married  an  Etrus- 
can wife,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons,  Lucnmo 
and  'Aruns.  Demaratus  bequeathed  all  his 
property  to  Lucumo,  and  died  himself  shortly 
afterwards.  But  although  Lucumo  was  thus 
one  of  the  most  wealthy  persons  at  Tarquinii, 
and  had  married  Tanaquil,  who  belonged  to 
a  family  of  the  highest  rank,  he  was  excluded, 
as  a  stranger,  from  all  power  and  influence  in 
the  state.  Discontented  with  this  inferior 


position,  he  set  out  for  Rome,  riding  in  a 
chariot  with  his  wife,  and  accompanied  by 
a  large  train  of  followers.  When  they  had 
reached  the  Janiculus,  an  eagle  seized  his 
cap,  and,  after  carrying  it  away  -to  a  great 
height,  placed  it  again  upon  his  head.  Tana- 
quil, who  was  skilled  in  the  Etruscan  science 
of  augury,  bade  her  husband  hope  for  the 
highest  honor  from  this  omen.  Her  predic- 
tions were  soon  verified.  The  stranger  was 
received  with  welcome,  and  he  and  his  fol- 
lowers were  admitted  to  the  rights  of  Roman 
citizens.  He  took  the  name  of  L.  TARQUINIUS, 
to  which  Livy  adds  PKISOUS.  His  wealth,  his 
courage,  and  his  wisdom  gained  him  the  love 
both  of  Ancus  Marcius  and  of  the  people. 
The  former  appointed  him  guardian  of  his 
children ;  and,  when  he  died,  the  senate  and 
the  people  unanimously  elected  Tarquinius 
to  the  vacant  throne.  The  reign  of  Tarquin- 
ius was  distinguished  by  great  exploits  in 
war,  and  by  great  works  in  peace.  He  de- 
feated the  Latins  and  Sabines ;  and  the  lat- 
ter people  ceded  to  him  the  town  of  Collatia, 
where  he  placed  a  garrison  under  the  com- 
mand of  Egerius,  the  son  of  his  deceased 
brother  Aruns,  who  took  the  surname  of  Col- 
latinas.  Some  traditions  relate  that  Tarquin- 
ius defeated  the  Etruscans  likewise.  He  erect- 
ed many  public  buildings,  and  other  works, 
at  Rome,  the  most  celebrated  of  which  are 
the  vast  sewers  which  still  remain.  Tarquin- 
ins  also  made  some  important  changes  in  the 
constitution  of  the  state.  He  was  murdered 
after  a  reign  of  38  years,  at  the  instigation  of 
the  sons  of  Ancus  Marcius.  But  the  latter 
did  not  secure  the  reward  of  their  crime,  for 
Servius  Tullius,  with  the  assistance  of  Tana- 
q  nil,  succeeded  to  the  vacant  throne.  Servius 
Tullius,  whose  life  is  given  under  TCLLIUS, 
was  murdered,  after  a  reign  of  44  years,  by 
his  son-in-law,  L.  Tarquinius,  who  ascended 


TARQUINIUS. 


387 


TARSUS. 


the  vacant  throne.— L.  TAKQUINIDS  SUPBKIJUS 
commenced  his  reign  without  any  of  the  forms 
of  election.    One  of  his  first  acts  was  to  abol- 
ish the  rights  which  had  been  conferred  upon 
the  plebeians  by  Servias ;  and  at  the  satne  time 
all  the  senators  and  patricians  whom  he  mis- 
trusted, or  whose  wealth  he  coveted,  were  put 
to  death  or  driven  into  exile.   He  surrounded 
himself  by  a  body-guard,  by  means  of  which 
he  was  enabled  to  do  what  he  liked.     His 
cruelty  and  tyranny  obtained  for  him  the  sur- 
name of  Superbus.   But.  although  a  tyrant  at 
home,  he  raised  Rome  to  great  influence  and 
power  among  the  surrounding  nations.     He 
gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  Octavius 
Mamilius  of  Tusculum,  the  most  powerful  of 
the  Latin  chiefs ;  and  under  his  sway  Rome 
became  the  head  of  the  Latin  confederacy. 
He  defeated  the  Volscians,  and  took  the 
wealthy  town  of  Suessa  Pometia,  with  the 
spoils  of  which  he  commenced  the  erection 
of  the  Capitol,  which  his  father  had  vowed. 
In  the  vaults  of  this  temple  he  deposited  the 
3  Sibylline  books,  which  he  purchased  from 
a  Sibyl,  or  prophetess,  for  300  pieces  of  gold ; 
a  price  which  he  had  at  first  scornfully  refused. 
He  next  engaged  in  war  with  Gabii,  one  of 
the  Latin  cities,  which  refused  to  enter  into 
the  league.    Unable  to  take  the  city  by  force 
of  arms,Tarqninius  had  recourse  to  stratagem. 
His  son  Sextus,  pretending  to  be  ill-treated 
by  his  father,  and  covered  with  the  bloody 
marks  of  stripes,  fled  to  Gabii.  The  infatuated 
inhabitants  intrusted  him  with  the  command 
of  their  troops ;  whereupon,  at  a  hint  of  his 
father,  who  struck  off  the  heads  of  the  tallest 
poppies  in  his  garden  before  the  eyes  of  Sex- 
tus's  messenger,  he  put  to  death  or  banishec 
all  the  leading  men  of  the  place,  and  then  hac 
no  difficulty  in  compelling  it  to  submit  to  his 
father.    In  the  midst  of  his  prosperity,  Tar- 
quinius  fell  through  a  shameful  outrage  com- 
mitted by  his  son  Sextus  on  Lucretia,  the  wife 
of  his  cousin,  Tarquinius  Collatinus.   As  soon 
as  Sextus  had  departed,  Lucretia  sent  for  her 
husband  and  father.  Collatinus  came,  accom- 
panied by  L.  Brutus;  Lucretius  by  P.Valerius 
who  afterwards  gained  the  surname  of  Pub 
licola.    They  found  her  in  an  agony  of  sorrow 
She  told  them  what  had  happened,  enjoined 
them  to  avenge  her  dishonor,  and  then  stab 
bed  herself  to  death.  They  all  swore  to  avenge 
her.   Brutus  threw  off  his  assumed  stupidity 
and  placed  himself  at  their  head.    Brutus 
who  was  Tribunus  Celerum,  summoned  the 
people,  and  related  the  deed  of  shame.    All 
classes  were  inflamed  with  the  same  indigna 
tion.   A  decree  was  passed  deposing  the  king 
and  banishing  him  and  his  family  from  th 
city.      Tarquinius,  with  his  two  sons,  Titu 


and  Aruns,  took  refuge  at  Caere  in  Etruria 
Sextus  repaired  to  Gabii,  his  own  principality 
where  he  was  shortly  after  murdered  by  th 
friends  of  those  whom  he  had  put  to  death 
Tarquinius  reigned  24  years.  He  was  ban 
ished  B.O.  510.  The  people  of  Tarquinii  an 
Veii  espoused  the  cause  of  the  exiled  tyran 
and  marched  against  Rome.  The  two  consul 
advanced  to  meet  them.  A  bloody  battle  wa 
fought,  in  which  Brutus  and  Aruns,  the  nephew 
and  son  of  Tarquinins,  slew  each  other.  Tar 
quininsnextrepairedtoLarsPorsena.thepow 


rful  king  of  Clusium,  who  marched  against 
.ome  at  the  head  of  a  vast  army.    The  his- 
)ry  of  this  memorable  expedition  is  related 
uder  PORSENA.  After  Porsena  quitted  Rome, 
arquinius  took  refuge  with  his  son-iu-law, 
Mamilius  Octavius  of  Tusculum.    Under  the 
uidance  of  the  latter,  the  Latin  states  es- 
oused  the  cause  of  the  exiled  king,  and  de- 
lared  war  against  Rome.     The  contest  was 
ecided  by  the  celebrated  battle  of  the  lake 
Regillus,  in  which  the  Romans  gained  the 
ictory  by  the  help  of  Castor  and  Pollux, 
^arquinius  now  fled  to  Aristobulus  at  Cumae, 
rhere  he  died  a  wretched  and  childless  old 
lan.    Such  is  the  story  of  the  Tarquins  ac- 
ording  to  the  ancient  writers;  but  it  con- 
ains  numerous  inconsistencies,  and  must  not 
e  received  as  a  real  history. 
TARRX.CINA  <-ae:    Terracitia),  more  an- 
iently  called  ANXUR  (-uris),  an   ancient 
own  of  Latium,  situated  58  miles  S.E.  of 
Jlome,  on  the  Via  Appia  and  upon  the  coast, 
with  a  strongly  fortified  citadel  upon  a  high 
hill,  on  which  stood  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Anxurus.    (See  illustration  on  p.  8SS.) 
TARRlCO  (-onis:  Tarragona),  an  ancient 
own  on  the  E.  coast  of  Spain,  situated  on  a 
rock  760  feet  high,  between  the  river  Ibems 
and  the  Pyrenees,  on  the  river  Tnlcis.   It  was 
founded  by  the  Massilians,  and  was  made  the 
lead-quarters  of  the  two  brothers  P.  and  Cn. 
Scipio  in  their  campaigns  against  the  Cartha- 
ginians in  the  2d  Punic  war.    It  subsequent- 
y  became  a  populous  and  flourishing  town ; 
and  Augustus,  who  wintered  here  (B.C.  26) 
after  his  Cantabrian  campaign,  made  it  the 
capital  of  one  of  the  three  Spanish  provinces 
(Hispania  Tarraconensis'),  and  also  a  Roman 
colony. 

TARSlUS  (4:  Tarza  or  Balileesri),  a  river 
of  Mysia,  rising  in  Mount  Temnus,  and  flow- 
ing N.E.,  through  the  Miletopolites  Lacus, 
into  the  Macestus. 

TARSUS,  TARSOS  (-i:  Tersus,  Ru.),  the 
chief  city  of  Cilicia,  stood  near  the  centre  of 
Cilicia  Campestris,  on  the  river  Cydnus,  about 
12  miles  above  its  month.  All  that^can  be  de- 
termined with  certainty  as  to  its  origin  seems 
to  be  that  it  was  a  very  ancient  city  of  the 
Syrians,  who  were  the  earliest  known  inhab- 
itants of  this  part  of  Asia  Minor,  and  that  it 
received  Greek  settlers  at  an  early  period. 
At  the  time  of  the  Macedonian  invasion  it 
was  held  by  the  Persian  troops,  who  were 
about  to  burn  it,  when  they  were  prevented 
by  Alexander's  arrival.  After  playing  an  im- 
portant part  as  a  military  post  in  the  wars  of 
the  successors  of  Alexander,  and  under  the 


Syrian  kings,  it  became,  by  the  peace  between 
the  Romans  and  Antiochus  the  Great,  the 
frontier  city  of  the  Syrian  kingdom  on  the 
N  W.  As  the  power  of  the  Seleucidae  de- 
clined, it  suffered  much  from  the  oppression 
of  its  governors,  and  from  the  wars  between 
the  members  of  the  royal  family.  At  the 
time  of  the  Mithridatic  war,  it  suffered,  on  the 

and,  on  the  other,  irom  the  pirates,  who  had 
their  strongholds  in  the  mountains  of  Cilicia 
Aspera,  and  made  frequent  incursions  into 
the  level  country.  From  both  these  enemies 


TARSUS. 


388 


TARSUS. 


it  was  rescued  by  Pompey,  who  made  it  the 
capital  of  the  new  Roman  province  of  Cilicia, 
B.C.  G6.  Under  Augustus,  the  city  obtained 
immunity  from  taxes,  through  the  influence 
of  the  emperor's  tutor,  the  Stoic  Athenodorus, 


who  was  a  native  of  the  place.  It  enjoyed 
the  favor,  and  was  called  by  the  names,  of 
several  of  the  later  emperors.  It  was  the 
scene  of  important  events  in  the  wars  with 
the  Persians,  the  Arabs,  and  the  Turks,  and 


TABTARUS. 


389 


TECTOSAGES. 


also  in  the  Crusades.  Tarsus  was  the  birth- 
place of  many  distinguished  men,  and,  above 
all,  of  the  Apostle  Paul. 

TARTlRUS  (-i),  son  of  Aether  and  Ge, 
and  by  his  mother  Ge  the  father  of  the  Gi- 
gantes,  Typhoeus,  and  Echidna.  In  the  Iliad 
Tartarus  is  a  place  beneath  the  earth,  as  far 
below  Hades  as  Heaven  is  above  the  earth, 
and  closed  by  iron  gates.  Later  poets  use  the 
name  as  synonymous  with  Hades. 

TARTESSUS  (-i),  an  ancient  town  in  Spain, 
and  one  of  the  chief  settlements  of  the  Phoe- 
nicians, probably  the  same  as  the  Tarshfeh  of 
Scripture.  The  whole  country  W.  of  Gibral- 
tar was  also  called  TABTKSSIB. 

TARUSCON  orTARASCON  (-onis:  Taras- 
cori),  a  town  of  the  Salyes  in  Gaul,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Rhone,  N.  of  Arelate,  and  E.  of 
Nemausus. 

TARVISlUM  (-i:  Treviso),  a  town  of  Vene- 
tia  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  on  the  river  Silis,  which 
became  the  seat  of  a  bishopric,  and  a  place 
of  importance  in  the  middle  ages. 

TlTlUS,  T.,  king  of  the  Sabines.     [RoMtr- 

TATTA  (Tuz-Got),  a  great  salt  lake  in  the 
centre  of  Asia  Minor. 

TAULANTH  (-orum),  a  people  of  Illyria, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Epidamnus. 

TAUNUS  (-i:  Taunus),  a  range  of  mount- 
ains in  Germany,  at  no  great  distance  from 
the  confluence  of  the  Moeuus  (Main)  and  the 
Rhine. 

TAURASlA.    [TAUEINI.] 
TAURENTUM  (-i)  and  TAUROIS  (-entis), 
a  fortress  belonging  to  Massilia,  and  near  the 
latter  city. 

TAURI  (-orum),  a  wild  and  savage  people 
in  European  Sarmatia,  who  sacrificed  all 
strangers  to  a  goddess  whom  the  Greeks 
identified  with  Artemis  (Diana).  The  Tauri 
dwelt  in  the  peninsula  which  was  called  after 
them  Chersonesus  Taurica. 

TAURINI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Liguria 
dwelling  on  the  upper  course  of  the  Po,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Alps.  Their  chief  town  was 
Taurasia,  afterwards  colonized  by  Augustus 
and  called  Augusta  Taurinorum  (Turin). 

TAURISCI  (-orum),  a  Celtic  people  in  Nor 
icum,  and  probably  the  old  Celtic  name  oi 
the  entire  population  of  the  country. 
TAUR5IS.    [TATTBENTUM.] 
TAUROMENIUM  (-i:  Tormina),  a  city  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Sicily,  situated  on  Moun 
Taurus,  from  which  it  derived  its  name,  an( 
founded  B.O.  368  by  Andromachus  with  th 
remains  of  the  inhabitants  of  Naxos. 

TAURUS  (-i:  from  the  Aramaean  Tur, 
Jtfgh  mountain:  Taurus,  Ata-Dagh,  and  pthe 
special  names),  a  great  mountain -chain  o 
Asia.  In  its  widest  extent,  the  name  was  ap 

of  the  great  chain  which  runs  through  Asi 
from  W.  to  E. ;  but  in  its  usual  signmcatio 
it  denotes  the  mountain-chain  in  the  S.  o 
Asia  Minor,  which  begins  at  the  Sacrum  o 
Chelidonium  Prom,  at  the  S.E.  angle  of  Ly 
ffulf  of  Pamphylia,  passm 


irough  the  middle  of  Pisidia;  then  atong 
he  S.  frontier  of  Lycaonia  and  Cappudocia, 
hich  it  divides  from  Cilicia  and  Commagene ; 
lence,  after  being  broken  through  by  the 
iuphrates,  it  proceeds  almost  due  E.  through 
he  S.  of  Armenia,  forming  the  \rater-shed 
etween  the  sources  of  the  Tigris  on  the  S. 
nd  the  streams  which  feed  the  upper  Bu- 
hrates  and  the  Araxes  on  the  N. ;  thus  it 
ontinues  as  far  as  the  S.  margin  of  the  lake 
k.rsissa,  where  it  ceases  to  bear  the  name  of 
aurus,  and  is  continued  in  the  chain  which, 
nder  the  names  of  Niphates,  Zagi-os,  etc., 
arms  the  N.E.  margin  of  the  Tigris  and 
uphrates  valley. 

TAVlUM  (-i :  prob.  Borjhaz  Kieni,  Ru.),  the 
apital  of  the  Trocmi,  in  Galatia,  stood  on  the 
.  side  of  the  Halys,  but  at  some  distance  from 
he  river,  and  formed  the  centre  of  meeting 
>r  roads  leading  to  all  parts  of  Asia  Minor. 
TAXJLA  or  TAXIALA  (-orum),  an  im- 
ortant  city  of  India  intra  Gangem,  stood  in 

large  and  fertile  plain  between  the  Indus 
ud  the  Hydaspes,  and  was  the  capital  of  the 
Indian  king  Taxiles. 

TAXlLES.  (1)  An  Indian  prince  or  king, 
who  reigned  over  the  tract  between  the  Indus 
and  the  Hydaspes  at  the  period  of  the  expe- 
dition of  Alexander,  B.C.  327.  His  real  name 
was  Mophis  or  Omphis,  and  the  Greeks  ap- 
pear to  have  called  him  Taxiles  or  Taxilas, 
rom  the  name  of  his  capital  city  of  Taxila. 
—(2)  A  general  in  the  service  of  Mithridates 
the  Great. 

Tl¥G£TE  (-es),  daughter  of  Atlas  and 
jrleione,  one  of  the  Pleiades,  from  whom 
Mount  Taygetus  in  Laconia  is  said  to  have 
derived  its  name.  By  Zeus  (Jupiter)  she  be- 
came the  mother  of  Lacedaemon  and  of  Euro- 
;as.  

Tit"GSTUS  or  Tl^GETUM  (-i),  or 
TA?GETA  (-5rum),  a  lofty  range  of  mount- 
ains, of  a  wild  and  savage  character,  separat- 
ing Laconia  andMessenia,and  extending  from 
the  frontiers  of  Arcadia  down  to  the  Prom. 
Taenarum.  (See  illustration  on  p.  390.) 

TES.NTTM  (-i).  (1)  APULUM  (nr.  Ponte 
Rotto).  a  town  of  Apulia,  on  the  river  Frento 
and  the  confines  of  the  Frentani,  18  miles 
from  Larinum.  —  (2)  STOIOINTJM  (Teano),  an 
important  town  of  Campania,  and  the  capital 
of  the  Sidicini,  situated  on  the  N.  slope  of 
Mount  Massicus  and  on  the  Via  Praenestma, 
6  miles  W.  of  Gales. 

T3SXRTJS  (-i:  Teara,  Deara,  or  Dare),  a  river 
of  Thrace,  the  waters  of  which  were  useful  in 
curing  cutaneous  diseases. 

T25.TE  (-is:  Chiett), the  capital  oftheMar- 
rucini,  situated  on  a  steep  hill  on  the  river 
Ateraus,  and  on  the  road  from  Ateruum  to 
Corfinium. 

TECMESSA  (-ae),  the  daughter  of  the 
Phrygian  king  Teleutas,  whose  territory  was 
ravaged  by  the  Greeks  during  a  predatory 
excursion  from  Troy.  Tecmessa  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  was  given  to  Ajar,  the  son  o* 
Telaraon,  by  whom  she  had  a  son,  Eurysaces, 
TECTOSAGES  (-urn).  (1)  In  Gallis. 

[VoLOAB.]— (2)  In  Asia  Minor-    [GALATIA.] 


TEGEA. 


390 


TELEGONUS, 


Mount  Taygetus  from  the  site  of  Sparta. 


TSGEA  (-ae).  (1)  (PiaZi),  an  important 
city  of  Arcadia,  and  the  capital  of  the  district 
TEGBATIS,  which  was  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Argolis  and  Laconica,  on  the  S.  by  Laconia, 
on  the  W.  by  Maenalia,  and  on  the  N.  by  the 
territory  of  Mantinea.  It  was  one  of  the  most 
ancient  towns  of  Arcadia,  and  is  .said  to  have 
been  founded  by  Tegeates,  the  son  of  Lycaon. 
The  Tegeatae  sent  3000  men  to  the  battle  of 
Plataea,  in  which  they  were  distinguished  for 
their  bravery.  They  remained  faithful  to 
Sparta  in  the  Peloponnesian  war;  but  aft- 
er the  battle  of  Leuctra  they  joined  the  rest 
of  the  Arcadians  in  establishing  their  inde- 
pendence. During  the  wars  of  the  Achaean 
League,  Tegea  was  taken  both  by  Cleomenes, 
king  of  Sparta,  and  Antigonus  Doson,  king 
of  Macedonia,  and  the  ally  of  the  Achaeans. 
—(2)  A  town  in  Crete,  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Agamemnon. 

TSLAM5N  (-onis),  son  of  Aeacus  and  En- 
deis,  and  brother  of  Peleus.  Having  assisted 
Peleus  in  slaying  their  half-brother  Phocus 
[PELKirs],Telamon  was  expelled  from  Aegina, 
and  came  to  Salamis.  Here  he  was  first  mar- 
ried to  Glauce,  daughter  of  Cychreus,  king  of 
the  island,  on  whose  death  Telamon  became 
king  of  Salamis.  He  afterwards  married  Peri- 
boea  or  Eriboea,  daughter  of  Alcathous,  by 
whom  he  became  the  father  of  Ajax,  who  is 
hence  frequently  called  Telamon&ddes,  and 
Tetemonlus  heros.  Telamon  himself  was  one 
of  the  Calydonian  hunters  and  one  of  the 
Argonauts.  He  was  also  a  great  friend  of 
Hercules,  whom  he  joined  in  his  expedition 
against  Laomedou  of  Troy,  which  city  he  was 
the  first  to  enter.  Hercules,  in  return,  gave 
to  him  Theauira  or  Hesione,  a  daughter  of 
Laomedou,  by  whom  he  became  the  father 
of  Teucer  and  Trambelus. 

TfiL&MSN  (Telavnone),  a  town  and  harbor 
of  Etruria,  a  few  miles  S.  of  the  river  Umbro, 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  Telamon  on  his 
return  from  the  Argonautic  expedition. 


TELCHINES  (-urn),  a  family  or  a  tribe 
said  to  have  been  descended  from  Thalassa 
or  Poseidon  (Neptune) .  They  are  represented 
in  3  different  aspects :  (1.)  As  cultivators  of 
the  soil  and  ministers  of  the  gods.  As  such 
they  came  from  Crete  to  Cyprus,  and  from 
thence  to  Rhodes,  where  they  founded  Cami- 
rns,  lalysus,  and  Lindas.  Rhodes, which  was 
named  after  them  Tekhinis,  was  abandoned 
by  them,  because  they  foresaw  that  the  island 
would  be  inundated.  Poseidon  was  intrusted 
to  them  by  Rhea,  and  they  brought  him  up 
in  conjunction  with  Caphira,  a  daughter  or 
Oceanus.  Rhea,  Apollo,  and  Zeus  (Jupiter), 
however,  are  also  described  as  hostile  to  the 
Telchines.  Apollo  is  said  to  have  assumed 
the  shape  of  a  wolf,  and  to  have  thus  destroyed 
the  Telchines,  and  Zeus  to  have  overwhelm- 
ed them  by  an  inundation.  (2.)  As  sorcerers 
and  envious  daemons.  Their  very  eyes  and 
aspect  are  said  to  have  been  destructive. 
They  had  it  in  their  power  to  bring  on  hail, 
rain,  and  snow,  and  to  assume  any  form  they 
pleased ;  they  further  mixed  Stygian  water 
with  sulphur,  in  order  thereby  to  destroy  ani- 
mals and  plants.  (3.)  As  artists,  for  they  are 
said  to  have  invented  useful  arts  and  institu- 
tions, and  to  have  made  images  of  the  gods. 
They  worked  in  brass  and  iron,  made  the 
sickle  of  Cronos  and  the  trident  of  Poseidon. 

TELEBOAE.    [TAPHIAB.] 

TELEGONUS  (-i),  son  of  Ulysses  and  Circe. 
After  Ulysses  had  returned  to  Ithaca,  Circe 
sent  out  Telegonns  in  search  of  his  father. 
A  storm  cast  his  ship  on  the  coast  of  Ithaca, 
and  being  pressed  by  hunger,  he  began  to 
plunder  the  fields.  Ulysses  and  Telemachus, 
being  informed  of  the  ravages  caused  by  the 
stranger,  went  out  to  fight  against  him ;  but 
Telegonus  ran  Ulysses  through  with  a  spear 
which  he  had  received  from  his  mother.  At 
the  command  of  Athena  (Minerva),  Telego- 
nus, accompanied  by  Telemachus  and  PeneU 
ope,  went  to  Circe  in  Aeaea,  there  buried  the 


TELEMACI-IUS. 


301 


TEMPK. 


body  of  Ulysses,  and  married  Penelope,  by 
whom  he  became  the  father  of  Italus. 

TELEMXCUUS  (-i),  sou  of  Ulysses  and 
Penelope.  He  was  still  an  infant  when  his 
father  went  to  Troy;  and  when  the  latter 
had  been  absent  from  home  nearly  20  years, 
Telcmachus  went  to  Pylos  and  Sparta  to 
gather  information  concerning  him.  lie  was 
hospitably  received  by  Nestor,  who  sent  uib 
own  son  to  conduct  Telemaclm.s  to  Sparta. 
Menclaus  also  received  him  kindly,  and  com- 
municated to  him  the  prophecy  of  Proteus 
concerning  Ulysses.  From  Sparta  Telema- 
chus  returned  home ;  and  on  his  arrival  there 
he  found  his  father, whom  he  assisted  in  slay- 
ing the  traitors. 

TELEMUS  (-i),  son  of  Eurymus,  and  a  cele- 
brated soothsayer. 

TJSLfiPIlUS  (-i),  son  of  Hercules  and  Auge, 
the  daughter  of  king  Aleus  of  Tcgea.  On 
reaching  manhood,  he  consulted  the  Delphic 
oracle  to  learn  his  parentage,  and  was  order- 
ed to  go  to  king  Teuthraj*  in  Mysjn.  lie  there 
found  his  mother,  and  succeeded  Tenthras  on 
the  throne  of  Mysia.  He  married  Laodice  or 


however,  caused  him  to  stumble  over  a  vine, 
whereupon  he  was  wounded  by  Achilles. 
Being  informed  by  an  oracle  that  the  wound 
could  only  be  cured  by  him  who  had  inflicted 
it,  Telephtis  repaired  to  the  Grecian  camp ; 
and  as  the  Greeks  had  likewise  learned  from 
an  oracle  that  without  the  aid  of  Tclephus 
they  could  not  reach  Troy,  Achilles  cured 
Tclephus  by  means  of  the  rust  of  the  spear 
with  which  he  had  been  wounded.  Telephus. 
in  return,  pointed  out  to  the  Greeks  the  road 
which  they  had  to  take. 


TELESIA  <-ae:  Tdcse),  a  town  in  Samnium, 
on  thw  road  from  Allii'ae  to  Beueventum. 

TELBSILLA  (-ae),  of  Argos,  a  celebrated 
lyric  poetess  and  heroine,  ^flourished  about 
ii.o.  !510.  She  led  a  baud  of  her  country- 
women in  the  war  with  the  Spartans. 

TELES1NUS,  PONTIUS.    [PowTios.] 

TELLENAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Latium, 
between  the  later  Via  Ostiensis  and  the  Yia 
Appia. 

TKLLUS.    [GAF.A.] 

TELMESSUS  or  TELMISSUS  <-i).  (I) 
(Jfr  ?,  the  port  of  Maori,  Ru.),  a  city  of  Lycia, 
near  the  borders  of  Caria,  on  a  gulf  called 
TelmisHicus  Sinus,  and  close  to  the  promon- 
tory  Tclmissis.— (2)  A  town  of  Caria,  CO  stadia 
(C  goog.  miles)  from  Halicaraassus. 

TELO  K>nis>,  MARTIUS  (TottUm),  a  port- 
town  of  Gallia  Narbonensis  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

TELOS  (-i :  Telos  or  Piskopt),  a  small  island 
of  the  Carpathian  sea,  one  of  the  Sporades. 

TELPHUSSA.    [TiiELPUSA.] 

TEMENIDAE.    [TBMBNTO.] 

TEMSNUS  (-i),  son  of  Adstomachus,  was 
one  of  tlie  Heraclidae  who  invaded  Pelopou- 
uesns.  After  the  conquest  of  the  peninsula, 
he  received  Argos  as  his  share.  His  descend- 
ants, the  Tcmeiiidae,  being  expelled  from  Ar- 
gos,  are  said  to  have  founded  the  kingdom  of 
Macedonia,  whence  the  kings  of  Macedonia 
called  themselves  Temenidae. 

TJEMfiSAorTEMPSA  (-ae:  Torre  del  Lupfy 
a  town  in  Bruttium  on  the  Sinus  Terinaeus, 
and  one  of  the  most  ancient  Ausonian  towns 
in  the  S.  of  Italy. 

TEMPK  (neuL  pi.  indecl.),  a  beautiful  and 
romantic  valley  in  the  N.  of  Thessaly,  between 


TENCTEBL 


392 


TERENTIUS. 


Mounts  Olympus  and  Ossa,  through  which 
the  Peneus  escapes  into  the  sea.  The  lovely 
scenery  of  this  glen  is  frequently  described 
by  the  ancient  poets  and  declaimers ;  and  it 
was  also  celebrated  as  one  of  the  favorite 
haunts  of  Apollo, who  transplanted  his  laurel 
from  this  spot  to  Delphi.  So  celebrated  was 
the  scenery  of  Tempo  that  its  name  wasgiven 
to  any  beautiful  valley.  Thus  we  find  a  Temp6 
in  the  land  of  the  Sabmes,  near  Reate,  through 
which  the  river  Velinus  flowed;  and  also  a 
Tempe  in  Sicily,  through  which  the  river 
Helorus  flowed,  hence  called  by  Ovid  Tempe 
Heloria. 

TENCT1RI  or  TENCHTSRI  (-orum),  a 
people  of  Germany  dwelling  on  the  Rhine 
between  the  Ruhr  and  the  Sieg,  S.  of  the  Usi- 
petes,  in  conjunction  with  whom  their  name 
usually  occurs. 

TENEDOS  or  TfiNEDUS  (-i),  a  small  island 
of  the  Aegaean  sea,  off  the  coast  of  Troas,  of 
an  importance  very  disproportionate  to  its 
size,  on  account  of  its  position  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Hellespont,  from  which  it  is  about  12 
miles  distant.  It  appears  in  the  legend  of  the 
Trojan  war  as  the  station  to  which  the  Greeks 
withdrew  their  fleet,  in  order  to  induce  the 
Trojans  to  think  that  they  bad  departed,  and 
to  receive  the  wooden  horse.  In  the  Persian 
war  it  was  used  by  Xerxes  as  a  naval  station. 
It  afterwards  became  a  tributary  ally  of  Ath- 
ens, and  adhered  to  her  during  the  whole  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  down  to  the  peace 
of  Antalcidas,  by  which  it  was  surrendered 
to  the  Persians.  At  the  Macedonian  conquest 
the  Tenedians  regained  their  liberty. 

TENES  or  TENNES,  son  of  Cycnus  and 
Proclea,  and  brother  of  Hemithea.  Cycnus 
was  king  of  Colonae  in  Troas.  His  2d  wife 
was  Philonome,who 
fell  in  love  with  her 
step-son;  but  as  he 
repulsed  her  advan- 
ces she  accused  him 
to  his  father,  who  put 
both  his  son  and 
danghterinto  a  chest 
and  threw  them  into 
the  sea.  But  the 
chest  was  driven  on 
the  coast  of  the  isl- 
and of  Leucophrys, 
of  which  the  inhab- 
itants elected  Tenes 
king,  and  which  he 
called  Tenedos,  after 
his  own  name. 

TSNOS  (-i :  Tino), 

a  small  island  in  the  Aegaean  sea.  S.E.  of  An- 
dros  and  N.  of  Delos. 

TENTtRA  (-6mm:  Denderah,  Ru.),  a  city 
of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  western  bank  of  the 
Nile,  between  Abydos  and  Coptos,  with  cele- 
brated temples  of  Athor  (the  Egyptian  Venus) 
Isis,  and  Typhon.  There  are  still  magnificent 
remains  of  the  temples  of  Athor  and  of  Isis: 
in  the  latter  was  found  the  celebrated  Zodiac, 
which  is  now  preserved  at  Paris. 

TJS5S  (-i :  Siqhajik),  one  of  the  Ionian  cities 
on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  renowned  as  the 


birthplace  of  the  lyric  poet  Anacreon.  It 
stood  at  the  bottom  of  the  bay,  between  the 
promontories  of  Coryceum  and  Myonnesus. 

TfiRBNTlA  (-ae).  (1)  Wife  of  M.  Cicero, 
the  orator,  to  whom  she  bore  2  children,  a  son 
and  a  daughter.  She  was  a  woman  of  sound 
sense  and  great  resolution ;  and  her  firmness 
of  character  was  of  no  small  service  to  her 
weak  and  vacillating  husband  in  some  im- 
portant periods  of  his  life.  During  the  civil 
war,  however,  Cicero  was  offended  with  her 
conduct,  an  d  divorced  her  in  B.  o.  46.  Teren  tia 
is  said  to  have  attained  the  age  of  103.— -(2) 
Also  called  TEKENTILLA,  the  wife  of  Maecenas, 
and  also  one  of  the  favorite  mistresses  of  Au- 
gustus. 

TSRENTIUS  (-i)  AFER,  P.,  usually  called 
TERENCE,  the  celebrated  comic  poet,  was  born 
at  Carthage,  B.C.  195.  By  birth  or  purchase 
he  became  the  slave  of  P.  Terentius  Lucanus. 
3,  Roman  senator.  A  handsome  person  and 
promising  talents  recommended  Terence  to 
his  master,  who  afforded  him  the  best  educa- 
tion  of  the  age,  and  finally  manumitted  him. 
On  his  manumission,  according  to  the  usual 
practice,  Terence  assumed  his  patron's  name, 
Terentius,  having  been  previously  called  Pub- 
lius  or  Publipor.  The  Andria  was  the  first 
play  offered  by  Terence  for  representation. 
The  curule  aediles  referred  the  piece  to  Cae- 
cilius,  then  one  of  the  most  popular  play- 
writers  at  Rome.  Unknown  and  meanly  clad, 
Terence  began  to  read  from  a  low  stool  his 
opening  scene.  A  few  verses  showed  the 
elder  poet  that  no  ordinary  writer  was  before 
him,  and  the  young  aspirant,  then  in  his  27th 
year,  was  invited  to  share  the  couch  and  sup- 
per of  his  judge.  This  reading  of  the  Andria, 
however,  must  have  preceded  its  performance 


nearly  two  years,  for  Caecilius  died  in  168, 
and  it  was  not  acted  till  166.  Meanwhile 
copies  were  in  circulation,  envy  was  awaken- 
ed, and  Lnscius  Lavinius,  a  veteran  and  not 
very  successful  play-writer,  began  his  un- 
wearied attacks  on  the  dramatic  and  person- 
al character  of  the  author.  The  Andria  was 
successful,  and,  aided  by  the  accomplishments 
and  good  address  of  Terence  himRelf,wa»  the 
means  of  introducing  him  to  the  most  refined 
and  intellectual  circles  of  Rome.  His  chief 
patrons  were  Laelins  and  the  younger  Scipio, 


TERENTIUS  VAKRO. 


393 


TEUTONES. 


both  of  whom  treated  him  as  an  equal,  and 
are  said  even  to  have  assisted  him  in  the 
composition  of  his  plays.  After  residing 
BO  me  years  at  Rome,  Terence  went  to  Greece, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
Menauder's  comedies.  He  never  returned  to 
Italy,  and  we  have  various,  but  no  certain, 
accounts  of  his  death.  He  died  in  the  36th 
year  of  his  age,  in  151),  or  in  the  year  follow- 
ing. Six  comedies  are  all  that  remain  to  us; 
and  they  are  probably  all  that  Terence  pro- 
duced. They  are  founded  on  Greek  originals  ; 
but  we  have  corresponding  fragments  enough 
of  Mcnaudor  to  prove  that  Terence  retouched 
and  sometimes  improved  his  model.  In  sum- 
ming up  his  merits,  we  ought  not  to  omit  the 
praise  which  has  been  universally  accorded 
him—that,  although  a  foreigner  and  a  freed- 
man,  he  divides  with  Cicero  and  Caesar  the 
palm  of  pure  Latinity. 
TERENTIUS  VARRO. 


TEREUS  (-oos  or  ei),  son  of  Ares  (Mare), 
king  of  the  Thracians  in  Daulis,  afterwards 
Phocis.  Pandion,  king  of  Attica,  who  had  2 
daughters,  Philomela  and  Procne,  called  in 
the  assistance  of  Tercus  against  some  enemy, 
and  gave  h  im  his  daughter  Procne  in  marriage. 
Tereus  became  by  her  the  father  of  Itys,  and 
then  concealed  her  in  the  country,  that  he 
might  thus  marry  her  sister  Philomela,  whom 
he  deceived  by  saying  that  Procne  was  dead. 
At  the  same  time  he  deprived  Philomela  of 
her  tongue.  Ovid  (Met.  vi.  565)  reverses  the 
story  by  stating  that  Tereus  told  Procne  that 
her  sister  Philomela  was  dead.  Philomela, 
however,  soon  learned  the  truth,  and  made  it 
known  to  her  sister  by  a  few  words  which 
she  wove  into  a  peplus.  Procne  thereupon 
killed  her  own  son  Ttys,  and  served  up  the 
flesh  of  the  child  in  a  dish  before  Tercus. 
She  then  fled  with  her  sister.  Tercns  pur- 
sued them  with  an  axe,  and  when  the  sisters 
were  overtaken  they  prayed  to  the  gods  to 
change  them  into  birds.  Procne,  accordingly, 
became  a  nightingale,  Philomela  a  swallow, 
and  Tereus  a  hoopoo.  According  to  some, 
Procne  became  a  swallow,  Philomela  a  night- 
ingale, and  Tereus  a  hawk. 

TERGJESTfi  (-is  :  Triwte),  a  town  of  Istria, 
on  a  bay  in  the  N.E.  of  the  Adriatic  gulf,  call- 
ed after  it  Tergestinue  Sinus.  It  was  made  a 
Roman  colony  by  Vespasian. 

TERtDATES.    [Tinn>ATES.] 

TfiRlNA  (-ae  :  St.  Evfevtvia^  a  town  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Bruttiura,  from  which  the  Sinus 
Terinaeus  derived  its  name. 

TERI5LIS  or  TERlOLA  CASTRA,  a  for- 
tress in  Rhaetia,  which  has  given  its  name  to 
the  country  of  the  Tyrol. 

TERMESSUS  (-i  :  prob.  SJumet,  Ru.),  a  city 
of  Pisidia,  high  up  on  the  Taurus. 

TERMINUS  (-i),  a  Roman  divinity,  pre- 
siding over  boundaries  and  frontiers.  His 
worship  is  said  to  have  been  instituted  by 
Numa,  who  ordered  that  every  one  should 
mark  the  boundaries  of  his  landed  property 
by  stones  consecrated  to  Jupiter,  and  at  these 
boundary-stones  every  year  sacrifices  should 
be  offered  at  the  festival  of  the  Terminalia 
The  Terminus  of  the  Roman  state  originally 


stood  between  the  5th  and  6th  milestone  on 
he  road  towards  Laurentum,  near  a  place 
jailed  Festi.  Another  public  Terminus  stood 
n  the  temple  of  Jupiter  in  the  Capitol. 

TERPANDER  (-dri),  the  father  of  Greek 
music,  and  through  it  of  lyric  poetry.  He  wae 
a  native  of  Antissa  in  Lesbos,  and  flourished 
>etween  B.O.  700  and  650.  He  established  the 
irst  musical  school  or  system  that  existed  in 
Greece,  and  added  3  strings  to  the  lyre,  which 
>efore  his  time  had  only  4. 

TERPSICHORE  <-es),  one  of  the  9  Muses, 
>resided  over  the  choral  song  and  dancing. 

"MlJSAE.] 

TERRA.    [GAEA.] 
TERRACINA.    [TABiucmA.] 
TESTA  (-ae),  C.  TREB5.TIUS,  a  Roman 
iurist,  and  a  contemporary  and  friend  of 
Cicero.    Trebatius  enjoyed  considerable  rep- 
utation under  Augustus  as  a  lawyer.   Horace 
addressed  to  him  the  1st  Satire  of  the  2d 
Book. 

TETHYS  (-yos ;  ace.  -yii  and  j~n),  daughter 
of  Uranus  and  Gaea,  and  wife  of  Oceanus,  by 
whom  she  became  the  mother  of  theOceanides 
and  of  the  numerous  river-gods. 

TfiTRlCA  (-ae),  a  mountain  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Pisenum  and  the  land  of  the  Sabiues, 
belonging  to  the  great  chain  of  the  Apen- 
nines. 

TETRICUS  (-i),  C.  PESUVIUS,  one  of  the 
Thirty  Tyrants,  and  the  last  of  the  pretenders 
who  ruled  Gaul  during  its  separation  from 
the  empire  under  Gallieuus  and  his  succes- 
sor, A.B.  267-2T4. 

TEUCER  (-cri).  (1)  Son  of  the  river-god 
Scamander  by  the  nymph  Idaea,  was  the  first 
king  of  Troy,  whence  the  Trojans  are  some- 
times called  Teucri.—  (2)  Son  of  Telamon  and 
Hesione,  was  a  step-brother  of  Ajax,  and  the 
best  archer  among  the  Greeks  at  Troy.  He 
founded  the  town  of  Salamis  in  Cyprus,  and 
married  Eune,  the  daughter  of  Cyprus,  by 
whom  he  became  the  father  of  Asteria. 

TEUCRI.    [TEOAS.] 

TEUMESSUS  (-i),  a  mountain  in  Boeotia, 
near  Hypatus,  and  close  to  Thebes,  on  the 
road  from  the  latter  place  to  Chalcis. 

TEUTHRlNEA.    [MvsiA.] 

TEUTHRAS  (-antis),  an  ancient  king  of 
Mysia.  He  was  succeeded  in  the  kingdom  of 
Mysia  by  Telephus.  [TELEPJIUS.]  The  50 
daughters  of  Teuthras.  given  as  a  reward  to 
Hercules,  are  called  by  Ovid  Teuthrantia 
turla. 

TEUTHRAS  (prob.  D&mirji-Dagh),  a  mount- 
ain in  the  Mysian  district  of  Tenthrania,  a 
S.W.  branch  of  Temnus. 

TEUT5BURGIENSIS  SALTUS,  a  range  of 
hills  in  Germany,  extending  from  Osnabrfcck 
to  Paderborn  (the  Teutoburger  WaU  or  Lip- 
pteche  Wold).  It  is  celebrated  on  account  of 
the  defeat  and  destruction  of  Varus  and  3 
Roman  legions  by  the  Germans  under  Armin- 
ius,  A.L>.  9. 

TEUTONES  (-urn)  or  TEUTONI  (-Gram), 
a  powerful  people  in  Germany,  who  probably 
dwelt  on  the  coast  of  the  Baltic,  near  the 


THABOR. 


394 


THEBAE. 


Cimbri.  They  invaded  Gaul  and  the  Roman 
dominions,  along  with  the  Cimbri,  at  the  lat- 
ter end  of  the  2d  century  B.O. 

THABOR,  TABOR,  or  ATABYRlUM  (-i: 
Jebel  Tur),  an  isolated  mountain  at  the  E. 
and  of  the  plain  of  Esdraelon  in  Galilee. 

TH13S  (-idis),  a  celebrated  Athenian  cour- 
tesan, who  accompanied  Alexander  the  Great 
on  his  expedition  into  Asia.  After  the  death- 
of  Alexander,  Thais  attached  herself  to  Ptol- 
emy Lagi,  by  whom  she  became  the  mother 
of  two  sons,  Leontiscus  and  Lagus,  and  of  a 
daughter,  Irene. 

THALA  (-ae),  a  great  city  of  Numiclia, 
mentioned  by  Sallust  and  other  writers,  and 
probably  identical  with  TEI/BFTE  or  THELEPTE, 
a  city  in  the  S.  of  Numidia,  Tl  Roman  miles 
N.W.  of  Capsa. 

THILASSIUS,  TlLASSIUS  (-i),  or  TA- 
LASSIO  (-onis),  a  Roman  senator  of  the  time 
of  Romulus.  At  the  time  of  the  rape  of  the 
Sabine  women,  when  a  maiden  of  surpassing 
beauty  was  carried  off  for  Thalassius,  the  per- 
sons conducting  her,  in  order  to  protect  her 
against  any  assaults  from  others,  exclaimed, 
"For  Thalassius. "  Hence,  it  is  said,  arose  the 
wedding  shout  with  which  a  bride  at  Rome 
was  conducted  to  the  house  of  her  bride- 
groom. 

THILKS  (-5tis  and  is),  the  Ionic  philoso- 
pher, and  one  of  the  Seven  Sages,  was  born 
at  Miletus  about  B.C.  636,  and  died  about  546, 
at  the  age  of  90,  though  the  exact  date  neither 
of  his  birth  nor  of  his  death  is  known.  He  is 
said  to  have  predicted  the  eclipse  of  the  sun 
which  happened  in  the  reign  of  the  Lydian 
king  Alyattes ;  to  have  diverted  the  course 
of  the  Halys  in  the  time  of  Croesus ;  and 
later,  in  order  to  unite  the  lonians,  when 
threatened  by  the  Persians,  to  have  instituted 
a  federal  council  in  Teos.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  in  Greece  of  the  study  of  philosophy 
and  mathematics.  Thales  maintained  that 
water  is  the  origin  of  things,  meaning  thereby 
that  it  is  water  out  of  which  every  thing  arises, 
and  into  which  every  thing  resolves  itselt 
Thales  left  no  works  behind  him. 

THILKS  or  THALETAS  <-ae),  the  cele- 
brated musician  and  lyric  poet,  was  a  native 
of  Gortyna  in  Crete,  and  probably  flourished 
shortly  after  Terpander. 

THALIA  (-ae).  (1)  One  of  the  9  Muses,  and, 
at  least  in  later  times,  the  Muse  of  Comedy. 
[MusAB.]— (2)  One  of  the  Nereides.— (3)  One 
of  the  Charites  or  Graces. 

THALLO.    [HOBAE.] 

THlMYRIS  (-is),  or  THlMYRAS  (-ae), 
an  ancient  Thracian  bard,  was  a  son  of  Phil- 
ammon  and  the  nymph  Argiope.  In  his  pre- 
sumption he  challenged  the  Muses  to  a  trial 
of  skill,  and  being  overcome  in  the  contest, 
was  deprived  by  them  of  his  sight  and  of  the 
power  of  singing.  He  was  represented  with 
a  broken  lyre  in  his  hand. 

THlNlTOS.    [MoEs.] 

THAPSlCUS  (-i:  O.  T.  Thipsach:  an  Ara- 
mean  word,  signified  a  ford:  at  the  ford  of 
Et~Hammant  near  Rakkah,  Ru.),  a  city  of 
Syria,  in  the  province  of  Chalybouitis,  on  the 


left  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  2000  stadia  S.  of 
Zeugma,  and  15  parasangs  from  the  mouth 
of  the  nver  Chaboras  (the  Araxes  of  Xeno- 
phon). 

THAPSUS  (-i).  (1)  A  city  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Sicily,  on  a  peninsula  of  the  same  name 
(Isola  degli  MagniM).—(2)  (D&maSj  Ru.),  a  city 
on  the  E.  coast  of  Byzacena,  in  Africa  Propria. 

THiSOS  or  THlSUS  (-i :  Tftaso  or  Tasso), 
an  island  in  the  N.  of  the  Aegaean  sea,  off  the 
coast  of  Thrace,  and  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Nestus.  It  was  at  a  very  early  period 
taken  possession  of  by  the  Phoenicians,  on 
account  of  its  valuable  gold  mines.  Accord- 
ing to  tradition  the  Phoenicians  were  led  by 
Thasus,  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune)  or  Agenor, 
who  came  from  the  East  in  search  of  Europa, 
and  from  whom  the  island  derived  its  name. 
Phases  was  afterwards  colonized  by  the  Pa- 
rians, B.O.  708,  and  among  the  colonists  was 
the  poet  Archilochus.  The  Thracians  once 
possessed  a  considerable  territory  on  the  coast 
of  Thrace,  and  were  one  of  the  richest  and 
most  powerful  peoples  in  the  N.  of  the  Ae- 
gaean. They  were  subdued  by  the  Persians 
under  Mardonius,  and  subsequently  became 
part  of  the  Athenian  maritime  empire.  They 
revolted,  however,  from  Athens  in  B.C.  465, 
and,  after  sustaining  a  siege  of  3  years,  were 
subdued  by  Cimon  in  463.  They  again  re- 
volted from  Athens  in  411,  and  called  in  the 
Spartans ;  but  the  island  was  again  restored 
to  the  Athenians  by  Thrasybulns  in  407. 

THAUMAS  (-antis),  son  of  Pontus  and  Ge, 
aud,  by  the  Oceanid  Electra,  the  father  of  Iris 
and  the  Harpies.  Hence  Iris  is  called  Thau- 
mantios,  Thaumantfe,  and  Thaumantea  virgo. 

THE5.NO  (-us).  (1)  Daughter  of  Cisseus, 
wife  of  Antenor,  and  priestess  of  Athena 
(Minerva)  at  Ilion.— -(2)  A  celebrated  female 
philosopher  of  the  Pythagorean  school,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  wife  of  Pythagoras, 
and  the  mother  by  him  of  Telauges,  Mnesar- 
chus,  Myia,  and  Ariguote ;  but  the  accounts 
respecting  her  were  various. 

THEBAE  (-arum),  in  the  poets  sometimes 
THEBE  (-es),  aft.  DIOSPOLIS  MAGNA,  i.  e. 
Great  City  of  Jove,  in  Scripture  NO.  or  NO 
AMMON,  was  the  capital  of  ThebaYs,  or 
Upper  Egypt,  and  for  a  long  time  of  the 
whole  country.  It  was  reputed  the  oldest 
city  of  the  world.  It  stood  in  about  the  cen- 
tre of  the  TbebaTd,  on  both  banks  of  the  Nile, 
above  Coptos,  and  in  the  Nomos  Coptites. 
It  appears  to  have  been  at  the  height  of  its 
splendor,  as  the  capital  of  Egypt,  and  as  a 
chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Ammon,  about 
B.O.  1600.  The  fame  of  its  grandeur  had 
reached  the  Greeks  as  early  as  the  time  of 
Homer,4who  describes  it,  with  poetical  ex- 
each  of  which  it  could  send  out  200  war  char- 
iots, fully  armed.  Its  real  extent  was  calcu- 
lated by  the  Greek  writers  at  140  stadia  (14 
geog.  miles)  in  circuit.  That  these  computa- 
tions are  not  exaggerated  is  proved  by  the 
existing  ruins,  which  extend  from  side  to  side 
of  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  here  about  6  miles 
wide;  while  the  rocks  which  bound  the  vaV 
ley  are  perforated  with  tombs.  These  ruins, 
which  are  perhaps  the  most  magnificent  in 


THEBAE. 


395 


THEMISTIUS. 


the  world,  inclose  within  their  site  the  4  mod- 
ern villages  of  Carnac,  Luxor,  Medinet  Abou, 
and  Gournou. 

THEBAE  (-arum),  in  Europe.  (1)  (Theba, 
Turkish  Stivci),  the  chief  city  in  Boeotia,  was 
situated  in  a  plain  S.E.  of  the  lake  Hylice, 
and  N.E.  of  Plataeae.  Its  acropolis,  which 
was  an  oval  eminence  of  no  great  height, 
was  called  CAT>MKA,  because  it  was  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Cadmus,  the  leader  of 
a  Phoenician  colony.  It  is  said  that  the  for- 
tifications of  the  city  were  constructed  by 
Amphion  and  his  brother  Zethus ;  and  that, 
when  Amphiou  played  his  lyre,  the  stones 
moved  of  their  own  accord,  and  formed  the 
wall.  The  territory  of  Thebes  was  called 
THEBA.TS,  and  extended  E.- wards  as  far  as 
the  Euboean  sea.  No  city  is  more  celebrated 
in  the  mythical  ages  of  Greece  than  Thebes. 
It  was  here  that  the  use  of  letters  was  first 
introduced  from  Phoenicia  into  W.  Europe. 
It  was  the  reputed  birthplace  of  the  2  great 
divinities  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  and  Hercules. 
It  was  also  the  native  city  of  the  seer  Tire- 
si  as,  as  well  as  of  the  great  musician  Am- 
phion. It  was  the  scene  of  the  tragic  fate  of 
Oedipus,  and  of  the  war  of  the  "  Seven  against 
Thebes. "  A  few  years  afterwards  "  The  Epig- 


From  an  Intaglio  representing  five  of  the  heroes  who 
fought  against  Thebes. 

oni,"  or  descendants  of  the  seven  heroes, 
marched  against  Thebes  to  revenge  their  fa- 
thers' death :  they  took  the  city,  and  razed  it 
to  the  ground.  It  appears  at  the  earliest  his- 
torical period  as  a  large  and  flourishing  city ; 
and  it  is  represented  as  possessing  7  gates, 
the  number  assigned  to  it  in  the  ancient  le- 
gends. The  Thebans  were  from  an  early  pe- 
riod inveterate  enemies  of  their  neighoors, 
the  Athenians.  In  the  Peloponnesian  war 
they  espoused  the  Spartan  side,  and  contrib- 
uted not  a  little  to  the  downfall  of  Athens. 
But,  in  common  with  the  other  Greek  states, 
they  soon  became  disgusted  with  the  Spartan 
supremacy,  and  joined  the  confederacy  form- 
ed against  Sparta  in  B.O. 894.  The  peace  of 
Antalcidas,  in  387,  put  an  end  to  hostilities 
in  Greece;  but  the  treacherous  seizure  of 
the  Cadmea  by  the  Lacedaemonian  general, 
Phoebidas,  in  382,  and  its  recovery  by  the 
Theban  exilef  *xi  379,  led  to  a  war  between 


Thebes  and  Sparta,  in  which  the  former  not 
only  recovered  its  independence,  but  forever 
destroyed  the  Lacedaemonian  supremacy. 
This  was  the  most  glorious  period  in  the 
Theban  annals;  and  the  decisive  defeat  of 
the  Spartans  at  the  battle  of  Lenctra,  in  371, 
made  Thebes  the  first  power  in  Greece.  Her 
greatness,  however,  was  mainly  due  to  the 
pre-eminent  abilities  of  her  citizens  Eparai- 
uondas  and  Pelopidas ;  and  with  the  death 
of  the  former  at  the  battle  of  Mantinea,  in 
362,  she  lost  the  supremacy  which  she  had  so 
recently  gained.  The  Thebans  were  induced, 
by  the  eloquence  of  Demosthenes,  to  forget 
their  old  animosities  against  the  Athenians, 
and  to  join  the  latter  in  protecting  the  lib- 
erties of  Greece  against  Philip  of  Macedon ; 
but  their  united  forces  were  defeated  by  Phil* 
ip  at  the  battle  of  Chaeronea  in  338.  Soon 
after  the  death  of  Philip  and  the  accession 
of  Alexander,  the  Thebaus  made  a  last  at- 
tempt to  recover  their  liberty,  but  were  cru- 
elly punished  by  the  young  king.  The  city 
was  taken  by  Alexander  in  336,  and  was  en- 
tirely destroyed,  with  the  exception  of  the 
temples  and  the  house  of  the  poet  Pindar ; 
6000  inhabitants  were  slain,  and  30,000  sold 
as  slaves.  In  316  the  city  was  rebuilt  by  Cas- 
sauder,  with  the  assistance  of  the  Athe- 
nians. In  290  it  was  taken  by  Demetrius 
Poliorcetes,  and  again  suffered  greatly. 
After  the  Macedonian  period  Thebes  rap- 
idly declined  in  importance ;  and  it  re- 
ceived its  last  blow  from  Sulla,  who  gave 
half  of  its  territory  to  the  Delphians.— (2) 
Suruamed  PHTUIOTIOAE,  an  important  city 
of  Thessaly,  in  the  district  Phthiotis. 

THKBllS.     CAEGYPTUS.] 

THEBE  (-es),  a  city  of  Mysia,  on  the 
wooded  slope  of  Mount  Placus,  destroyed 
by  Achilles.  It  was  said  to  have  been  the 
birthplace  of  Andromache  and  Chrysels. 

THEMIS  (-idis),  daughter  of  Uranus  and 
Go,  was  married  to  Zeus  (Jupiter),  by  whom 
she  became  the  mother  of  the  Horae,  Eu- 
nomia,  Dice  (Astraea),  Irene,  and  of  the 
Moerae.  In  the  Homeric  poems,  Themis  is 
the  personification  of  the  order  of  things 
established  by  law,  custom,  and  equity, 
whence  she  is  described  as  reigning  in  the 
assemblies  of  men,  and  as  convening,  by  the 
command  of  Zeus,  the  assembly  of  the  gods. 
She  dwells  in  Olympus,  and  is  on  friendly 
terms  with  Hera  (Juno).  She  is  also  described 
as  a  prophetic  divinity,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  in  possession  of  the  Delphic  oracle  as 
the  successor  of  Ge,  and  predecessor  of  Apol- 
lo. Nymphs,  believed  to  be  daughters  of  Zeus 
and  Themis,  lived  in  a  cave  on  the  river  Erid- 
anus,  and  the  Hesperides  also  are  called 
daughters  of  Zeus  and  Themis.  On  coins  she 
often  bears  a  resemblance  to  the  figure  of 
Athena  (Minerva),  and  holds  a  cornucopia 
and  a  pair  of  scales. 

THEMISCYRA,  a  plain  on  the  coast  of 
Pontus,  extending  E.  of  the  river  Iris,  be- 
yond the  Therm&don,  celebrated  from  very 
ancient  times  as  the  country  of  the  Amazons. 

THEMISTIUS  (4),  a  distinguished  philos* 
opher  and  rhetorician,  was  a  Paphlagonian, 


THEMISTOCLES. 


396 


THEODORICUS. 


and  flourished,  first  at  Constantinople,  and 
afterwards  at  Home,  in  the  reigns  of  Con- 
stantius,  Julian,  Jovian,  Valens,  Gratian,  and 
Theodosius. 

THEMISTOCLES  (-is),  the  celebrated  Athe- 
nian, was  the  son  of  Neocles  and  Abrotonon, 
a  Thracian  woman,  and  was  born  about  B.O. 
514,  In  his  youth  he  had  an  impetuous  char- 
acter ;  he  displayed  great  intellectual  power, 
combined  with  a  lofty  ambition  and  a  desire 
for  political  distinction.  He  began  his  career 
by  setting  himself  in  opposition  to  those  who 
had  most  power,  and  especially  to  Aristides, 
to  whose  ostracism  (in  483)  he  contributed. 
From  this  time  he  was  the  political  leader  in 
Athens.  In  4S1  he  was  Archon  Eponymus ; 
about  which  time  he  persuaded  the  Athe- 
nians to  employ  the  produce  of  the  silver 
mines  of  Laurium  in  building  ships,  instead 
of  distributing  it  among  the  Athenian  citi- 
zens. Upon  the  invasion  of  Greece  by  Xerx- 
es, Themistocles  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Athenian  fleet ;  and  to  his  energy, 
prudence,  foresight,  and  courage  the  Greeks 
mainly  owed  their  salvation  from  the  Persian 
dominion.  Upon  the  approach  of  Xerxes, 
the  Athenians,  on  the  advice  of  Themistocles, 
deserted  their  city,  and  removed  their  wom- 
en, children,  and  infirm  persons  to  Salamis. 
Aegina,  and  Troezen.  A  panic  having  seized 
the  Spartans  and  other  Greeks,  Themistocles 
sent  a  faithful  slave  to  the  Persian  command- 
ers, informing  them  that  the  Greeks  intend- 
ed to  make  their  escape,  and  that  the  Per- 
sians had  now  the  opportunity  of  accomplish- 
ing a  noble  enterprise,  if  they  would  only 
cut  off  their  retreat.  The  Persians  believed 
what  they  were  told,  and  in  the  night  their 
fleet  occupied  the  whole  of  the  channel  be- 
tween Salamis  and  the  mainland.  The  Greeks 
were  thus  compelled  to  fight ;  and  the  result 
was  the  great  and  glorious  victory  in  which 
the  greater  part  of  the  fleet  of  Xerxes  was  de- 
stroyed. This  victory,  which  was  due  to  The- 
mistocles, established  his  reputation  among 
the  Greeks.  Tet  his  influence  does  not  ap- 
pear to  have  survived  the  expulsion  of  the 
Persians  from  Greece  and  the  fortification  of 
the  ports  of  Athens,  to  which  he  had  advised 
the  Athenians.  He  was  probably  accused  of 
peculation,  and  perhaps  justly,  for  he  was  not 
v«ry  scrupulous ;  at  all  events  he  was  ostra- 
cized in  471,  and  retired  to  Argos.  After  the 
discovery  of  the  treasonable  correspondence 
of  Pausanias  with  the  Persian  king,  the  La- 
cedaemonians sent  to  Athens  to  accuse  The- 
mistocles of  being  privy  to  the  design  of  Pau- 
sanias; whereupon  the  Athenians  sent  off 
persons  with  the  Lacedaemonians  with  in- 
structions to  arrest  him  (466).  Themistocles, 
hearing  of  what  was  designed  against  him, 
first  fled  from  Argos  to  Corcyra ;  then  to  Epi- 
rus,  where  he  took  refuge  in  the  house  of 
Admetus,  king  of  the  Molossi,  and  finally 
reached  the  coast  of  Asia  in  safety.  Xerxes 
was  now  dead  (465),  and  Artaxerxes  was  on 
the  throne.  Themistocles  went  up  to  visit 
the  king  at  his  royal  residence ;  and  on  his 
arrival  he  sent  the  king  a  letter,  in  which  he 
'promised  to  do  him  a  good  service,  and  pray- 
ed that  he  might  be  allowed  to  wait  a  year, 
and  then  to  explain  personally  what  brought 


him  there.  In  a  year  he  made  himself  mas« 
ter  of  the  Persian  language  and  the  Persian 
usages,  and,  being  presented  to  the  king,  ob- 
tained the  greatest  influence  over  him,  and 
was  presented  with  a  handsome  allowance, 
after  the  Persian  fashion.  Magnesia  supplied 
him  with  bread,  Lampsacus  with  wine,  and 
Myus  with  the  other  provisions.  But  before 
he  could  accomplish  auy  thing  he  died,  prob- 
ably by  poison,  administered  by  himself,  from 
despair  of  accomplishing  any  thing  against 
his  country.  Themistocles  had  great  talents, 
but  little  morality;  and  thus  ended  his  ca- 
reer unhappily  and  ingloriously.  He  died  in 
449,  at  the  age  of  65. 

THSOCLYMfiNUS  (-i),  a  soothsayer,  son 
of  Polyphides  of  Hyperasia,  and  a  descend- 
ant of  Melampus. 

THEOCRITUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Chios,  an  ora- 
tor, sophist,  and  perhaps  an  historian,  in  the 
time  of  Alexander  the  Great.  None  of  his 
works  are  extant  with  the  exception  of  2  or 
3  epigrams,  among  which  is  a  very  bitter  one 
upon  Aristotle.  —  (2)  The  celebrated  bucolic 
poet,  was  a  native  of  Syracuse,  and  the  son  of 
Praxag&ras  and  Philiuna.  He  visited  Alex- 
andria during  the  latter  end  of  the  reign  of 
Ptolemy  Soter,  where  he  received  the  instruc- 
tion of  Philetas  and  Asclepiades,  and  began 
to  distinguish  himself  as  a  poet.  His  first 
efforts  obtained  for  him  the  patronage  of 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  who  was  associated 
in  the  kingdom  with  his  father,  Ptolemy  So- 
ter, in  B. 0.285,  and  in  whose  praise  the  poet 
wrote  the  14th,  15th,  and  17th  Idyls.  Theocri- 
tus afterwards  returned  to  Syracuse,  and  lived 
there  under  Hiero  II.  It  appears  from  the 
16th  Idyl  that  he  was  dissatisfied,  both  with 
the  want  of  liberality  on  the  part  of  Hiero 
in  rewarding  him  for  his  poems,  and  with 
the  political  state  of  his  native  country.  It 
may  therefore  be  supposed  that  he  devoted 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  almost  entirely  to 
the  contemplation  of  those  scenes  of  nature 
and  of  country  life  on  his  representations  of 
which  his  fame  chiefly  rests.  Theocritus  was 
the  creator  of  bucolic  poetry  as  a  branch  of 
Greek,  and  through  imitators,  such  as  Virgil, 
of  Roman  literature.  The  bucolic  idyls  or 
Theocritus  are  of  a  dramatic  and  mimetic 
character,  and  are  pictures  of  the  ordinary 
life  of  the  common  people  of  Sicily. 

THS5DECTES  (-ae),  of  Phaselis,  in  Pam- 
phylia,  was  a  highly  distinguished  rhetori- 
cian and  tragic  poet  in  the  time  of  Philip  of 
Macedon.  The  greater  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  at  Athens,  where  he  died  at  the  age 
of  41. 

THEOD5RICUS  or  THEODERlCUS.  (I.) 
King  of  the  Visigoths  from  A.B.  418  to  451, 
fell  fighting  on  the  side  of  Aetius  and  the 
Romans  at  the  great  battle  of  Chalons,  in 
which  Attila  was  defeated,  451.— (II.)  King 
of  the  Visigoths  A.D.  452-466, 2d  son  of  Theo- 
doric  L,  was  assassinated  in  466  by  his  broth- 
er Euric,  who  succeeded  him  on  the  throne. 
Theodoric  II.  was  a  patron  of  letters  and 
learned  men.  —  (HI.)  Surnamed  the  GBBAT, 
king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  succeeded  his  father 
Theodemir  in  475.  Theodoric  entered  Italy 
in  489,  and  after  defeating  Odoacer  in  3  great 


THEODORUS. 


397 


THEON. 


battles,  and  laying  siege  to  Ravenna,  com- 
pelled Odoacer  to  capitulate  on  condition 
that  he  and  Theodoric  should  rule  jointly 
over  Italy ;  but  Odoacer  was  soon  afterwards 
murdered  by  his  more  fortunate  rival  (493). 
Theodoric  thus  became  master  of  Italy,  which 
he  ruled  for  33  years,  till  his  death  in  526.  His 
long  reign  was  prosperous  and  beneficent. 
Theodoric  was  a  patron  of  literature ;  and 
among  his  ministers  were  Cassiodorus  and 
Boothius,  the  two  last  writers  who  can  claim 
a  place  in  the  literature  of  ancient  Rome. 

TIIEODORUS  (-i).  (1)  Of  Byzantium,  a 
rhetorician,  and  a  contemporary  of  Plato.— 
(2)  A  philosopher  of  the  Cyrenaic  school, usu- 
ally designated  by  ancient  writers  "the  Athe- 
ist." He  resided  for  some  time  at  Athens; 
and  being  banished  thence,  went  to  Alexan- 
dria, where  he  entered  the  service  of  Ptolemy, 
son  of  Lagus.— (3)  An  eminent  rhetorician  of 
the  age  oi' Augustus,  was  a  native  of  Gadara. 
He  settled  at  Rhodes,  where  Tiberius,  after- 
wards emperor,  during  his  retirement  (B.C.  6- 
A.D.  2)  to  that  island,  was  one  of  his  hearers. 
He  also  taught  at  Rome.  Theodoras  was 
the  founder  of  a  school  of  rhetoricians  called 
"  Theodorei." 

TH£5D<3SiUS  <-i).  <I.)  Surnamed  the 
GREAT,  Roman  emperor  of  the  East,  A.D.  378- 
395,  was  the  son  of  the  general  Tbeodosius, 
and  was  born  in  Spain  about  346.  He  ac- 
quired a  considerable  military  reputation 
in  the  lifetime  of  his  fat'her,  under  whom 
he  served ;  and  after  the  death  of  Valcns, 
was  proclaimed  emperor  of  the  Bast  by  Gra- 
tian.  The  Roman  empire  in  the  East  was 
then  in  a  critical  position,  owing  to  the  in- 
roads of  the  Goths ;  but  Theodosius  gained 
two  signal  victories  over  the  barbarians,  and 
concluded  a  peace  with  them  in  382.  In  387 
he  defeated  and  put  to  death  Maximus,  whom 
he  had  previously  acknowledged  emperor  of 
Spain,  Gaul,  and  Britain.  In  390  Theodosius 
gave  a  signal  instance  of  his  savage  temper. 
A  serious  riot  having  broken  out  at  Thessa 
lonica,  in  which  the  imperial  officer  and  sev 
eral  of  his  troops  were  murdered,  Theodosius 
resolved  to  take  the  most,  signal  vengeance 
upon  the  whole  city.  The  inhabitants  were 
invited  to  the  games  of  the  Circus ;  and  as 
soon  as  the  place  was  full,  the  soldiers  were 
employed  for  3  hours  in  slaughtering  them. 
It  was  on  this  occasion  that  St.  Ambrose, 
archbishop  of  Milan,  after  representing  his 
crime  to  Theodosius,  refused  him  admission 
to  the  church,  and  finally  compelled  him  to 
entreat  pardon  before  all  the  congregation. 
Theodosius  died  at  Milan  17th  January,  395. 
—(II.)  Roman  emperor  of  the  East,  A.J>.  408- 
450,  was  born  in  401,  and  was  only  7  years  of 
age  at  the  death  of  his  father  Arcadius,  whom 
he  succeeded.  Theodosius  was  a  weak  prince ; 
and  his  sister  Pulcheria  possessed  the  virtual 
government  of  the  empire  during  his  long 
reign.  The  compilation  called  the  Codex  Theo- 
dosianus  was  begun  in  his  reign. 

THEOGNIS  (-Idis),  of  Megara,  an  ancient 
elegiac  and  gnomic  poet,  is  said  to  have  flour- 
ished B.O,  D4S  or  544.  He  was  a  noble  by 
birth ;  and  all  his  sympathies  were  with  the 
nobles.  He  was  banished  with  the  leaders 


Column  of  Theodosius  at  Constantinople. 


of  the  oligarchical  party,  having  previously 
been  deprived  of  all  his  property  :  and  most  of 
his  poems  were  composed  while  he  was  an  ex- 
ile. The  genuine  fragments  of  Theognis  con- 
tain much  that  is  highly  poetical  in  thought, 
and  elegant  as  well  as  forcible  in  expression. 
THEON  (-onto).  (1)  The  name  of  2  mathe- 
maticians— namely,Theon  the  elder,  of  Smyr- 
na, an  arithmetician,  who  lived  in  the  time 
of  Hadriuu;  andTheon  the  younger,  of  Alex- 
andria, the  father  of  HYPATIA,  best  known  as 
an  astronomer  and  geometer,  who  lived  in 
the  time  of  Theodosius  the  elder.—  (2)  AELIUU 
THEON,  of  Alexandria,  a  sophist  and  rhetori- 
cian of  uncertain  date,  wrote  several  works. 
of  which  one,  entitled  Progymna&mata,  is  still 


THEONOE. 


398 


THERMODON. 


extant.— (3)  Of  Samos,  a  painter  who  flour- 
ished from  the  time  of  Philip  onwards  to  that 
of  the  successors  of  Alexander. 

THE5NDIJ  (-Ss),  daughter  of  Proteus  and 
Psammathe,  also  called  Idothea.  [IDOTHEA.] 

THE5PHANES  (-is),  CN.  POMPEIUS,  of 
Mytilene  in  Lesbos,  a  learned  Greek,  was  one 
of  the  most  intimate  Mends  of  Pornpey,  and 
wrote  the  history  of  his  campaigns. 

THSOPHRASTUS  (-i),  the  Greek  philoso- 
pher, was  a  native  of  Eresus  in  Lesbos,  and 
studied  philosophy  at  Athens,  first  under 
Plato  and  afterwards  under  Aristotle.  He 
became  the  favorite  pupil  of  Aristotle,  who 
named  Theophrastus  his  successor  in  the 
presidency  of  the  Lyceum,  and  in  his  will  be- 
queathed to  him  his  library  and  the  origi- 
nals of  his  own  writings.  Theophrastus  was  a 
worthy  successor  of  his  great  master,  and  no- 
bly sustained  the  character  of  the  school.  He 
is  said  to  have  had  2000  disciples,  and  among 
them  such  men  as  the  comic  poet  Menander. 
He  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  kings  Philip- 
pus,  Cassander,  and  Ptolemy,  and  was  not 
the  less  the  object  of  the  regard  of  the  Athe- 
nian people,  as  was  decisively  shown  when 
he  was  impeached  of  impiety ;  for  he  was  not 
only  acquitted,  but  his  accuser  would  have 
fallen  a  victim  to  his  calumny,  had  not  Theo- 
phrastus generously  interfered  to  save  him. 
He  died  in  B.O.  287,  having  presided  over  the 
Academy  about  85  years.  His  age  is  various- 
ly stated.  According  to  some  accounts  he 
lived  85  years,  according  to  others  107  years. 
He  is  said  to  have  closed  his  life  with  the 
complaint  respecting  the  short  duration  of 
human  existence,  that  it  ended  just  when  the 
insight  into  its  problems  was  beginning.  He 
wrote  a  great  number  of  works,  the  great  ob- 
ject of  which  was  the  development  of  the  Ar- 
istotelian philosophy;  his  Characters  and  his 
work  On  Plants  are  extant. 

THE6POMPUS  <-i).  (1)  King  of  Sparta, 
reigned  about  B.C.  770-720.  He  is  said  to  have 
established  the  ephoralty,  and  to  have  been 
mainly  instrumental  in  bringing  the  1st  Mes- 
senian  war  to  a  successralissue.— (2)  Of  Chios. 
d  celebrated  Greek  historian,  was  the  son  of 
Damasistratus  and  the  brother  of  Caucalus 
the  rhetorician.  He  was  born  about  B.C.  878, 
and  attended  the  school  of  rhetoric  which 
Isocrates  opened  at  Chios.  He  accompanied 
his  father  Into  banishment,  when  the  latter 
was  exiled  on  account  of  his  espousing  the 
Interests  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  but  he  was 
restored  to  his  native  country  in  the  46th  year 
of  his  age  (338),  in  consequence  of  the  letters 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  in  which  he  exhorted 
the  Chians  to  recall  then?  exiles.  On  his  re- 
turn, Theopompus,  who  was  a  man  of  great 
wealth  as  well  as  learning,  naturally  took  an 
important  position  in  the  state ;  but  his  ve- 
hement temper,  and  his  support  of  the  aris- 
tocratical  party,  soon  raised  against  him  a 
host  of  enemies.  Of  these  one  of  the  most 
formidable  was  the  sophist  Theocritus.  As 
long  as  Alexander  lived,  his  enemies  dared 
not  take  any  open  proceedings  against  The- 
opompus ;  and  even  after  the  death  of  the 
Macedonian  monarch',  he  appears  to  have  en- 
joyed for  some  years  the  protection  of  the 


royal  house ;  but  he  was  eventually  expelled 
from  Chios  as  a  disturber  of  the  public  peace, 
and  fled  to  Egypt,  to  Ptolemy,  about  805,  being 
at  the  time  75  years  of  age.  We  are  informed 
that  Ptolemy  not  only  refused  to  receive  The- 
opompus, but  would  even  have  put  him  to 
death  as  a  dangerous  busybody  had  not  some 
of  his  friends  interceded  for  his  life.  Of  his 
farther  fate  we  have  no  particulars.  None  of 
the  works  of  Theopompus  have  come  down 
to  us.  Besides  his  Histories,  he  composed 
several  orations.  His  style  resembled  that 
of  his  master  Isocrates,  and  he  is  praised  by 
the  ancients  for  his  diligence  and  accuracy, 
but  censured  for  the  severity  and  acrimony 
of  his  judgments. 

THERA  <-ae:  Santorin),  an  island  in  the 
Aegaean  sea,  and  the  chief  of  the  Sporades, ' 
distant  from  Crete  700  stadia,  and  25  Roman 
miles  8.  of  the  island  of  los. 

THERAMENES  (-is),  an  Athenian,  son  of 
Hagnon,  was  a  leading  member  of  the  oli- 
garchical government  of  the  400  at  Athens,  in 
B.O.  4J1.  Subsequently,  however,  he  not  only 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  deposition  of 
the  400,  but  came  forward  as  the  accuser  of 
Antiphon  and  Archeptolemus,  who  had  been 
his  intimate  friends,  out  whose  death  he  was 
now  the  mean  and  cowardly  instrument  in 

Ering.  After  the  capture  of  Athens  by 
der,  Theramenes  was  chosen  one  of  the 
/  Tyrants  (404).  But  as  from  policy  he 
endeavored  to  check  the  tyrannical  proceed- 
ings of  his  colleagues,  Critias  accused  him 
before  the  council  as  a  traitor,  and  procured 
his  condemnation  by  violence.  When  he  had 
drunk  the  hemlock,  he  dashed  out  the  last 
drop  from  the  cup,  exclaiming,  "This  to  the 
health  of  the  lovely  Critias !" 

THfiRAPNAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Laconia, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  JEurotas  and  a  little 
above  Sparta,  celebrated  in  mythology  as  the 
birthplace  of  Castor  and  Pollux.  Menelaus 
and  Helen  were  said  to  be  buried  here. 

THSRAS,  a  Spartan,  who  colonized  and 
gave  name  to  the  island  of  Thera. 

THERASlA  <-ae),  a  small  island  west  of 
Thera. 

THERMA,  a  town  in  Macedonia,  afterwards 
called  Thessalonica  [THESSALONIOA],  situated 
at  the  N>E.  extremity  of  a  great  gulf  of  the 
Aegaean  sea,  called  TIOBRMAIOTJB  or  THERM  AISITS 
SINUS  from  the  town  at  its  head.  This  gulf 
was  also  called  Macedonicus  Sinus ;  Us  mod- 
ern name  is  Gulf  of  Salmica. 

THERMAE  (-arum),  a  town  in  Sicily,  built 
by  the  inhabitants  of  Himera  after  the  de- 
struction of  the  latter  city  by  the  Carthagin- 
ians. [HlMERA.3 

THERMAlCUS  SINUS.    [THERMA.} 

THERMDDON  (-ontis:  Thervnehl  a  river 
of  Pontus,  in  the  district  of  Themiscyra,  th« 
reputed  country  of  the  Amazons,  rises  in  a 
mountain  called  Amazonius  Mountain  (and 
still  Mason  Dagh),  near  Phanaroea,  and  falls 
into  the  sea  about  30  miles  E.  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Iris.  At  its  mouth  was  the  city  of 
Themiscyra ;  and  there  is  still,  on  the  W,  side 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Thermeh*,  a  place  of  the 
same  name,  Thermeh. 


THESEUS. 


4:00 


THESPROTL 


ure.s  of  Thesets  was  his  expedition  against 
the  Amazons.  He  is  said  to  have  assailed 
them  before  they  had  recovered  from  the  at- 
tack of  Hercules,  and  to  have  carried  off  their 
queen,  Antiope.  The  Amazons  in  their  turn 
invaded  Attica,  and  penetrated  into  Athens 
itself;  and  the  final  battle,  in  which  Theseus 
overcame  them,  was  fought  in  the  very  midst 
of  the  city.  By  Antiope,  Theseus  was  said  to 
have  had  a  son  named  Hippolytus  or  Demo- 
phoon,  and  after  her  death  to  have  married 
Phaedra.  [HIPPOLYTUS,  PHAEDBA.]  Theseus 
figures  in  almost  all  the  great  heroic  expedi- 
tions. He  was  one  of  the  Argonauts ;  he 
joined  in  the  Calydonian  hunt,  and  aided 
Adrastus  in  recovering  the  bodies  of  those 
slain  before  Thebes.  He  contracted  a  close 
friendship  with Pirithous,  and  aided  him  and 
the  Lapitnae  against  the  Centaurs.  With  the 
assistance  of  Pirithous,  he  carried  off  Helen 
from  Sparta  while  she  was  quite  a  girl,  and 
placed  her  at  Aphidnae,  under  the  care  of 
Aethra.  In  return,  he  assisted  Pirithous  in 
his  attempt  to  carry  off  Persephone  from  the 
lower  world.  Pirithous  perished  in  the  en- 
terprise, and  Theseus  was  kept  in  hard  dur- 
ance until  he  was  delivered  by  Hercules. 
Meantime  Castor  and  Pollux  invaded  Attica, 
and  carried  off  Helen  and  Aethra,  Academus 
having  informed  the  brothers  where  they 
were  to  be  found.  [AOADEMUS.]  Menestheus 
also  endeavored  to  incite  the  people  against 
Theseus,  who  on  his  return  found  himself  un- 
able to  re-establish  his  authority,  and  retired 
to  Scyros,  where  he  was  treacherously  slain 
by  Lycomedes.  The  departed  hero  was  be- 
lieved to  have  appeared  to  aid  the  Athenians 
at  the  battle  of  Marathon.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  Theseus  is  a  purely  legendary  hero, 
though  the  Athenians  in  later  times  regarded 
him  as  an  historical  personage,  and  as  the  au- 
thor of  several  of  their  political  institutions. 


THESPIAE  (-arum)  or  THESPIA  (-ae :  Er. 
emo  or  Eimokastro),  an  ancient  town  inBoeo* 
tia  on  the  S.E.  slope  of  Mount  Helicon,  at  no 
great  distance  from  the  Crissnean  gulf.  It 
was  burned  to  the  ground  by  the  Persians, 
but  subsequently  rebuilt.  At  Thespiae  was 
preserved  the  celebrated  marble  statue  of 
Eros  by  Praxiteles,  who  had  given  it  to  Phry- 
ne,  by  whom  it  was  presented  to  her  native 
town.  [PRAXITELES.]  From  the  vicinity  of 
Thespiae  to  Mount  Helicon  the  Muses  are 
called  TliespWdes,  and  Helicon  itself  is  named 
the  Thespia  rupes. 

THESPIS  (-is),  the  celebrated  father  of 
Greek  tragedy,  was  a  contemporary  of  Pisis- 
tratus,  and  a  native  of  Icarus,  one  of  the  demi 
in  Attica,  where  the  worship  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus)  had  long  prevailed.  The  altera- 
tion made  by  Thespis,  and  which  gave  to  the 
old  tragedy  a  new  and  dramatic  character, 
was  very  simple  but  very  important.  He  in- 
troduced an  actor,  for  the  sake  of  giving  rest 
to  the  chorus,  in  which  capacity  he  probably 
appeared  himself,  taking  various  parts  in  the 
same  piece,  under  various  disguises,  which 
he  was  enabled  to  assume  by  means  of  linen 
masks,  the  invention  of  which  is  ascribed  to 
him.  The  first  representation  of  Thespis  was 
in  B.O.  535.  For  further  details,  see  Diet,  of 
Antiq.i  art.  Tragoedia. 

THESPIUS  <-i),  son  of  Erechtheus,  who, 
according  to  some,  founded  the  town  of  Thes- 

fiae  in  Boeotia.    His  descendants  are  called 


THESPR5TI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Epirus, 
inhabiting  the  district  called  after  them  THES. 
PROTIA  or  THESPROTIS,  which  extended  along 
the  coast  from  the  Ambraciau  gulf  N.-wards 
as  far  as  the  river  Thyamis,  and  inland  as  far 
as  the  territory  of  the  Molossi.  The  Thes- 
proti  were  the  most  ancient  inhabitants  of 


Statue  of  Thceeua,  from  the  Pediment  of  the  Parthenon. 


THESSALIA. 


401 


THESTOK. 


Epirus,  and  are  said  to  have  derived  their 
name  from  Thesprotns,  the  son  of  Lycaou. 
They  were  Pctasgiaim,  aud  in  their  cnnutry 
was  the  oracle  of  Dodona,  the  great  centre  of 
the  Pelasgic  worship.  From  Thesprotia  is- 
sued the  Thessalians,  who  took  possession  of 
the  country  afterwards  called  Theasaly. 

THES8ALIA  <-ae),  the  largest  division  of 
Greece,  was  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Cain- 
bunian  mountains,  which  separated  it  from 
Macedonia;  on  the  W.  by  Mount  Pindus, 
which  separated  it  from  Epirus ;  on  the  E.  by 
the  Aegaeau  sea ;  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Maliac 
gulf  and  Mount  Oeta,  which  separated  it  from 
Locris,  Phocis,  and  Aetolia.  Thessaly 


er  is  a  vast  plain,  shut  in  on  every  aide  by 
mountain  barriers,  broken  only  at  the  N.E. 
corner  by  the  valley  and  denle  of  Tempe, 
which  separates  Ossa  from  Olympus.  This 
plain  is  drained  by  the  river  PenGus  and  its 
affluents,  and  is  said  to  have  been  originally 
a  vast  lake,  the  waters  of  which  were  after- 
wards carried  off  through  the  vale  of  Tempe 
by  some  sudden  convulsion,  which  rent  the 
rocks  of  this  valley  asunder.  In  addition,  to 
the  plain  already  described,  there  were  two 
other  districts  included  under  the  general 
name  of  Thessaly :  one,  called  Magnesia,  be- 
ing a  long,  narrow  strip  of  country,  extend- 
ing along  the  coast  of  the  Achaean  sea  from 
Tempe  to  the  Pagasaeau  gulf,  aud  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  Mounts  Ossa  and  Olympus ;  and 
the  other  being  a  long,  narrow  vale  at  the 
extreme  S.  of  the  country,  lyin£  between 
Mounts  Othrys  and  Oeta,  and  drained  by  the 
river  Sperchous.  Thessaly  proper  was  divid- 
ed in  very  early  times  into  4  districts  or  tet- 
rarchies— a  division  which  we  still  find  sub- 
sisting in  the  Peloponnesian  war.  These  dis- 
tricts were:  (1)  HEBTIAEOTIS,  the  N.W.  part 
of  Thessaly,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Macedo- 
nia, on  the  W.  by  Epirus,  on  the  E.  by  Pelas- 
giotis,  and  on  the  S.  by  Thessaliotis :  the  Pe- 
neus  may  be  said  in  general  to  have  formed 
its  S.  limit— (2)  PKLASGIOTIS,  the  E.  part  of 
the  Thessaliaii  plain,  was  bounded  on  the  W. 
by  Macedonia,  on  the  W.  by  Hestiaeotis,  on 
the  E.  by  Magnesia,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Siuus 
Pagaeaeus  and  Phthiotis.— (3)  TIIESBALIOTIS, 
the  S.W.  part  of  the  Thessalian  plain,  was 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Hestiaeotis,  on  the  W. 
by  Epirus,  on  the  E.  by  Pelasgiotis,  and  on 
the  S.  by  Dolopia  and  Phthiotis.— (4)  PIITJIIO- 
TIS,  the  S.E.  of  Thessaly,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Thessaliotis,  on  the  W.  by  Dolopia,  on  the 
S.  by  the  Sinus  Maliacus,  and  on  the  E.  by 
the  Pagasaean  gul£  It  is  in  this  district  that 
Homer  places  Phthia  and  Hellas  proper,  and 
the  dominions  of  Achilles.  Besides  these 
there  were  4  other  districts,  viz. :  (5)  MAGNE- 
SIA. [MAGNESIA.]— (6)  DOLOPIA,  a  small  dis- 
trict bounded  on  the  E.  by  Phthiotis,  on  the 
N.  by  Thesflaliotifi,  on  the  W.  by  Athamania, 
and  on  the  S.  by  Oetaea.  The  Dolopes  were 
an  ancient  people,  for  they  are  not  only  men- 
tioned by  Homer  as  fighting  before  Troy,  but 
they  also  sent  deputies  to  the  Amphictyonic 
assembly.— (7)  ORTAKA,  a  district  in  the  upper 
•valley  of  the  Spercheus,  lying  between  Mounts 
Othrys  and  Oeta,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  - 
Dolopia,  on  the  8.  by  Phocis,  and  on  the 
by  Malis.— (8)  MALIS.  [MALIS.]— The  Thessa- 


lians were  a  Thesprotian  tribe,  and  under  the 
guidance  of  leaders  who  are  said  to  have  been 
descendants  of  Hercnles,  invaded  the  W.  part 
>f  the  country,  afterwards  culled  Thessaliotis, 
wheuce  they  subsequently  spread  over  the 
other  parts  of  the  country.  For  some  time 
after  the  conquest,  Thessaly  was  governed  by 
kings  of  the  race  of  Hercules ;  but  the  kingly 
power  seems  to  have  been  abolished  in  early 
times,  and  the  government  in  the  separate 
cities  became  oligarchical,  the  power  being 
chiefly  in  the  hands  of  a  few  great  families 
descended  from  the  ancient  kings.  Of  these, 
two  of  the  most  powerful  were  the  Aleuadae 
and  the  Scopadae,  the  former  of  whom  ruled 
at  Larissa,  and  the  latter  at  Cranou  or  Cran- 
nou.  At  an  eavly  period  the  Thessah'ans 
were  united  into  a  confederate  body.  Each 
of  the  4  districts  into  which  the  country  was 
divided  probably  regulated  its  affairs  by  som« 
kind  of  provincial  council;  and  in  case  of 
war,  a  chief  magistrate  was  elected,  under 
the  name  of  Tagus  (Ta-yos-),  whose  commands 
were  obeyed  by  all  the  4  districts.  This  con- 
federacy, however,  was  not  of  much  practical 
benefit  to  the  Thessaliau  people,  and  appears 
to  have  been  only  used  by  the  Thessalian  no- 
bles as  a  means  of  cementing  and  maintain- 
ing their  power.  The  Thessalians  never  be- 
came of  much  importance  in  Grecian  his- 
tory. In  B.O.  344  Philip  completely  subjected 
Thessaly  to  Macedonia,  by  placing  at  the 
head  of  the  4  divisions  of  the  country  gov- 
ernors devoted  to  his  interests.  The  vic- 
tory of  T.Flamininus  atCynoscephalae,  in  197, 
again  gave  the  Thessalians  a  semblance  of 
independence  under  the  protection  of  the 
Romans. 

THESSALONICA  (-ae:  fiteZonffift,  more  an- 
ciently THERMA,  an  ancient  city  in  Mace- 
donia, situated  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the 
Sinus  Thermaicus.  Under  the  name  of  Ther- 
ma  it  was  not  a  place  of  much  importance. 
It  was  taken  and  occupied  by  the  Athenians 
a  short  time  before  the  commencement  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war  (B.O.  432),  but  was  soon 
after  restored  by  them  to  Perdiccas.  It  was 
made  an  important  city  by  Cassander,  who 
collected  in  this  place  the  inhabitants  of  sev- 
eral adjacent  towns  (about  B.O.  315),  and  who 
gave  it  the  name  of  Thessalonica  in  honor  of 
his  wife,  the  daughter  of  Philip  and  sister  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  From  this  time  it  be- 
came a  large  aiid  nourishing  city.  It  was  vis- 
ited by  the  Apostle  Paul  about  A.D.  53,  and 
about  two  years  afterwards  he  addressed  from 
Corinth  two  epistles  to  his  converts  in  the 
city.  (See  illustration  on  p.  402.) 

THESTIIJS  (-i),  son  of  Ares  (Mars)  and  De« 
monice  or  Androdice,  and,  according  to  oth- 
ers, son  of  Agenor  and  grandson  of  Pleuron, 
the  king  of  Aetolia.  He  was  the  father  of 
Iphiclus,  Euippus,  Plexippus,  Eurypylus,  Le- 
da,  Althaea,  and  Hypermnestra.  The  patro- 
nymic THESTIADES  is  given  to  his  grandson 
Meleager,  as  well  as  to  his  sous ;  and  the  fe- 
male patronymic  THBSTIAS  to  his  daughter 
Althaea,  the  mother  of  Meleager. 

THEST5K  (-5ris),  son  of  Idmon  and  Lao* 
thoe,  and  father  of  Calchas,  Theoclymenns, 
Leucippe,  and  Theonoe*.  The  patronymic 


THETIS. 


402 


THOANTEA. 


THESTORIDES  is  frequently  given  to  his  son 
Calcbas. 

THETIS  (-idis),  one  of  the  daughters  of  Ne- 
reus  and  Doris,  was  a  marine  divinity,  and 
dwelt— like  her  sisters,  the  Nereids— in  the 
depths  of  the  sea,  with  her  father  Kerens. 
She  there  received  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  on  his 
flight  from  Lycurgus,  and  the  god  in  his  grati- 
tude presented  her  with  a  golden  urn.  When 
Hephaestus  (Vulcan)  was  thrown  down  from 
heaven,  he  was  likewise  received  by  Thetis. 
She  had  been  brought  up  by  Hera  (Juno), 
and  when  she  reached  the  age  of  maturity, 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Hera  gave  her,  against  her 
will,  in  marriage  to  Peleus.  Poseidon  (Nep- 
tune) and  Zeus  himself  are  said  by  some  to 
have  sued  for  her  hand;  but  when  Themis 
declared  that  the  son  of  Thetis  would  be 
more  illustrious  than  his  father,  both  gods 
desisted  from  their  suit.  Others  state  that 
Thetis  rejected  the  offers  of  Zeus,  because  she 
bad  been  brought  up  by  Hera,  and  the  god, 
to  revenge  himself,  decreed  that  she  should 
marry  a  mortal.  Chiron  then  informed  his 
friend  Peleus  how  he  might  gain  possession 
of  her,  even  if  she  should  metamorphose  her- 
self; for  Thetis,  like  Proteus,  had  the  power 
of  assuming  any  form  she  pleased.  Peleus, 
instructed  by  Chiron,  held  the  goddess  fast 
till  she  assumed  her  proper  form,  and  prom- 
ised to  marry  him.  The  wedding  was  hon- 
ored with  the  presence  of  all  the  gods,  except 
Eris  or  Discord,  who  was  not  invited,  and 
who  avenged  herself  by  throwing  among 
the  assembled  gods  the  apple  which  was  the 
source  of  so  much  misery.  [PARIS.]  By  Pe- 


leus, Thetis  became  the  mother  of  Achilles, 
on  whom  she  bestowed  the  tenderest  care 
and  love.  [AOHILLKS.] 

THlA  (-ae),  daughter  of  Uranus  and  Go, 
one  of  the  female  Titans,  became  byllyperlou 
the  mother  of  Helios  (Sol),  Eos  (Aurora),  and 
Seleno  (Luna)— that  is,  she  was  regarded  as 
the  deity  from  whom  all  light  proceeded. 

THIS,  a  great  city  of  Upper  Egypt,  capital 
of  the  Thinites  Nomos,  and  the  seat  of  some 
of  the  ancient  dynasties. 

THISBE  (-us),  a  beautiful  Babylonian  maid- 
en, beloved  by  Pyraraus.  The  lovers,  living 
in  adjoining  houses,  often  secretly  conversed 
with  each  other  through  an  opening  in  the 
wall,  as  their  parents  would  not  sanction 
their  marriage.  Once  they  agreed  upon  a 
rendezvous  lit  the  tomb  of  Ninus.  Thisbe 
arrived  first,  and,  while  she  was  waiting  for 
Pyramus,  she  perceived  a  lioness,  which  had 
just  torn  to  pieces  an  ox,  and  took  to  flight. 
While  running  she  lost  her  garment,  which 
the  lioness  soiled  with  blood.  In  the  mean 
time  Pyramus  arrived,  and  finding  her  gar- 
ment covered  with  blood,  he  imagined  that 
she  had  been  murdered,  and  made  away  with 
himself  under  a  mulberry-tree,  the  fruit  of 
which  henceforth  was  as  red  as  blood.  This- 
be, wiio  afterwards  found  the  body  of  her 
lover,  likewise  killed  herself. 

THISBE  (-6s),  afterwards  THISB AE  (-arum : 
Kakosia),  a  town  of  Boeotia,  on  the  borders 
of  Phocis,  and  between  Mount  Helicon  and 
the  Corinthian  gulf. 

(-ae),  a  surname  of  the  Tan- 


THOAS. 


403 


THRASYBULUS. 


rian  Artemis  (Diana),  derived  from  Thoas, 
king  of  Tuuris. 

TII5AS  (-nntis).  (1)  Son  of  Andraemon 
and  Gor^e,  was  king  of  Calydon  and  Plearon, 
in  Aetolia,  and  sailed  with  40  ships  against 
Troy.-— (2)  Sou  of  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  and  Ari- 
adne, was  king  of  Lemnos,  and  married  to 
Myrimi,  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of 
Hypaipyle  and  Sicinus.  When  the  Lemniar 
women  killed  all  the  men  in  the  island,  Hyp- 
si  pyle  saved  and  concealed  her  father,  Thoas. 
The  patronymic  TUOANTIAS  is  given  to  Hyp- 
sipyle,  as  the  daughter  of  Thoas.— (3)  Son  of 
Borystheues  and  king  of  Taurte,  into  whose 
dominions  Jphigenia  was  carried  by  Artemis 
when  she  was  to  have  been  sacrificed. 

TIIORICUS  (-i:  Theribo),  one  of  the  12  an- 
cient towns  in  Attica,  and  subsequently  a  de- 
mus  belonging  to  the  tribe  Acamantis,  was 
situated  ou  the  S.E.  coast,  a  little  above  Su- 
nium.  f 

TIIRlClA  (-ae)  was  in  earlier  times  the 
name  of  the  vast  space  of  country  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Danube,  on  the  S.  by  the 
Propontis  and  the  Acgaeau,  on  the  E.  by  the 
PoiitUH  Euxinus,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  river 
Strymon  and  the  easternmost  of  the  Illyrian 
tribes.  It  was  divided  into  two  parts  by 
Mount  Haemus  (the  Balkan),  running  from 
W.  to  E.j  and  separating  the  plain  of  the  low- 
er Danube  from  the  rivers  which  fall  into  the 
Aegaean.  Two  extensive  mountain  ranges 
branch  off  from  the  S.  side  of  Mount  Haemus 
—one  running  S.E. towards  Constantinople; 
and  the  other,  called  Rhodope,  E.  of  the  pre- 
ceding one,  also  running  in  a  S.E.-ly  direc- 
tion near  the  river  Nestus.  Between  these 
two  ranges  there  are  many  plains,  which  are 
drained  by  the  Hebrus,  the  largest  river  in 
Thrace.  At  a  later  time  the  name  Thrace 
was  applied  to  a  more  limited  extent  of  coun- 
try. Thrace,  in  its  widest  extent,  was  peo- 
pled in  the  times  of  Herodotus  and  Thucyd- 
ides  by  a  vast  number  of  different  tribes,  but 
their  customs  and  character  were  marked  by- 
great  uniformity.  They  \yere  savage,  cruel, 
and  rapacious,  delighting  in  blood,  but  brave 
and  warlike.  In  earlier  times,  however,  some 
of  the  Thracian  tribes  must  have  been  dis- 
tinguished by  a  higher  degree  of  civilization 
than  prevailed  among  them  at  a  later  period. 
The  earliest  Greek  poets — Orpheus,  Linus, 
Musaeus,  and  others— are  all  represented  as 
coming  from  Thrace.  Eumolpus,  likewise, 
who  founded  the  Eleusinian  mysteries  in  At- 
tica, is  said  to  have  been  a  Thracian,  and  to 
have  fought  against  Erechtheus,  king  of  Ath- 
ens, We  fincf  mention  of  the  Thracians  in 
other  parts  of  southern  Greece,  and  also  in 
Asia.  The  principal  Greek  colonies  along 
the  coast,  beginning  at  the  Strymou  and  go- 
ing E.-warde,  were  AMPIIIPOLTS,  AISDXBA,  Di- 

OAEA  Or  DlOAKPOLIS,  MABOWKA,  STEVMB,  MlS- 

BBMBBIA,  and  AENOS.  The  Thracian  Cher- 
sonesus  was  probably  colonized  by  the  Greeks 
at  an  early  period,  but  it  did  not  contain  any 
important  Greek  settlement  till  the  migration 
of  the  first  Miltiades  to  the  country  during 
the  reign  of  Pisistratus  at  Athens.  [CIIER- 
80NB8TJB.]  On  the  Propontis  the  two  chief 
Greek  settlements  were  those  of  PBBINTUUS 


ind  SKKYMIHEIA,  and  on  the  Thracian  Bospo- 
•us  was  the  important  town  of  BYZANTIUM. 
There  were  only  a  few  Greek  settlements  on 
the  S.W.  coast  of  the  Euxine;  the  most  iraV 
aortaut  were  those  of  APOLLONIA,  ODKSSUS, 
JALLATIS,  TOMI  (renowned  as  the  place  or 
Ovid's  banishment),  and  ISTIUA,  near  the  S. 
mouth  of  the  Danube.  The  Thracians  arc 
said  to  have  been  conquered  by  Sesostris, 
king  of  Egypt,  rtud  subsequently  to  ha?e  been 
subdued  by  the  Teucriaus  and  Mysians ;  but 
the  first  really  historical  fact  respecting  them 
is  their  subjugation  by  Megabazus,  the  gen- 
eral of  Darius.  After  the  Persians  had  been 
driven  out  of  Europe  by  the  Greeks,  the  Thra- 
cians recovered  their  independence ;  and  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Pelopounesiau  war  al- 
most all  the  Thracian  tribes  were  united  un- 
der the  dominion  of  Sitalces,  king  of  the 
Odrysae,  whose  kingdom  extended  from  Ab- 
derato  the  Euxine  and  the  mouth  of  the  Dan- 
ube. In  the  third  year  of  the  Peloponnesian 
\v»r  (u.o.  429),  Sitalces,  who  had  entered  into 
an  alliance  with  the  Athenians,  invaded  Mac- 
edonia with  a  vast  army  of  150,000  men,  but 
was  compelled  by  the  failure  of  provisions  to 
return  home,  after  remaining  in  Macedonia  30 
days.  Sitalces  fell  in  battle  against  the  Tri- 
balli  in  424,  and  was  succeededl>y  his  nephew 
Seuthes,  who  during  a  long  reign  raised  his 
kingdom  to  a  height  of  power  and  prosperity 
which  it  had  never  previously  attained.  Aft- 
er the  death  of  Seuthes,  which  appears  to 
have  happened  a  little  before  the  close  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war,  we  find  his  powerful 
kingdom  split  up  into  different  parts.  Philip, 
the  father  of  Alexander  the  Great,  reduced 
the  greater  part  of  Thrace,  and  after  the  death 
of  Alexander  the  country  fell  to  the  share  of 
Lysimachus.  It  subsequently  formed  a  part 
of  the  Macedonian  dominions.  We  do  not 
know  at  what  period  it  became  a  Roman 
province. 

THRXSEA  (-ae),  P.  PAETUS,  a  distin- 
guished  Roman  senator  and  Stoic  philoso- 
pher hi  the  reign  of  Nero,  was  a  native  of 
Patavium,  and  was  probably  born  soon  after 
the  death  of  Augustus.  He  made  the  young- 
er Cato  his  model,  of  whose  life  he  wrote  an 
account.  He  married  Arria,  the  daughter  of 
the  heroic  Arria  who  showed  her  husband 
Caecina  how  to  die ;  and  his  wife  was  worthy 
of  her  mother  and  her  husband.  At  a  later 
period  he  gave  his  own  daughter  in  marriage 
to  Helvidius  Priscus,  who  trod  closely  in  the 
footsteps  of  his  father-in-law.  After  incur- 
ring the  hatred  of  Nero  by  the  independence 
of  his  character  and  the  freedom  with  which 
he  expressed  his  opinions,  he  was  condemn* 
ed  to  death  by  the  senate  by  command  of  the 
emperor,  A.D.  66. 

THRXsYBtTLUS  (-i).  (1)  Tyrant  of  Mile- 
tus, was  a  contemporary  of  Periander  and 
Alyattes,  the  king  of  Lydia.— (2)  A  celebrated 
Athenian,  son  of  Lycus.  He  was  zealously 
attached  to  the  Athenian  democracy,  and  took 
an  active  part  in  overthrowing  the  oligarchi- 
cal government  of  the  400  in  B.O.  411.  On 
the  establishment  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants  at 
Athens  he  was  banished,  but,  by  the  assist- 
ance of  the  Thebans,  succeeded  in  overthrow* 


THRASYMACHUS. 


404 


TIBARENI. 


Ing  the  Ten,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  gov- 
ernment, and  eventually  obtained  possession 
of  Athens,  and  restored  the  democracy,  408. 
In  390  he  commanded  the  Athenian  fleet  in 
the  Aegaean,  and  was  slain,  by  the  inhab- 
itants of  Aspeudus.—  (3)  Brother  of  Gelon 
and  Hieron,  tyrants  of  Syracuse,  the  latter  of 
whom  he  succeeded  in  11.0.  46T,  but  was  soon 
afterwards  expelled  by  the  Syracusans,whom 
he  had  provoked  by  his  rapacity  and  cruelty. 

THRA'SYMA'CHUS  (~i),  a  native  of  Chalce- 
don,  was  a  Sophist,  and  one  of  the  earliest 
cultivators  of  the  art  of  rhetoric.  He  was  a 
contemporary  of  Gorgias. 

THRlSYMENUS.    [TRASIMENTTS.] 

(-i:  JRofuanl)*  the  chief  town 


of  the  Locri  Epicnemidii,  on  the  river  Boa- 
grius,  at  a  short  distance  from  the  sea,  with  a 
harbor  upon  the  coast 

THf  CYDIDES  (-is).  (1)  An  Athenian 
statesman,  and  leader  of  the  aristocratic  party 
in  opposition  to  Pericles.  He  w*.s  ostracized 
in  B.O.  444.—  (2)  The  great  Atheniau  historian, 
of  the  demus  Halimus,  was  the  son  of  Olorus 
or  Orolus  and  Hegesip- 
yle,  and  was  born  in  B.O. 
471.  Thucydides  is  said 
to  have  been  instructed 
in  oratory  by  Antiphon, 
and  in  philosophy  by 
Anaxagoras.  Either  by 
inheritance  or  by  mar- 
riage  he  possessed  gold 
mines  in  that  part  of 
Thrace  which  is  opposite 
\  to  the  island  of  Thasos, 

1  where  he  was  a  person 

I  of  the  greatest  influence. 

-  —  •  —  *  ---  He  commanded  an  Athe- 
nian squadron  of  7  ships 
at  Thasus,  424,  when  Eu- 
cles,who  commanded  in 
Amphipolis,  sent  for  his 


QOYKYAlAHC 


Thucydides. 


assistance  against  Brasidas;  but,  failing  in 
that  enterprise,  he  became  an  exile,  proba- 
bly to  avoid  a  severer  punishment.  He  him- 
self says  that  he  lived  '20  years  in  exile  (v.  26), 
and  as  it  commenced  in  the  beginning  of 
423,  he  may  have  returned  to  Athens  in  the 
beginning  of  403,  about  the  time  when  Thras- 
ybulus  liberated  Athens.  Thucydides  is  said 
to  have  been  assassinated  at  Athens  soon 
after  his  return ;  at  all  events  his  death  can 
not  be  placed  later  than  401.  With  regard  to 
his  work,  we  may  conclude  that  we  have  a 
more  exact  history  of  a  long  eventful  period 
by  Thucydides  than  we  have  of  any  period 
in  modern  history  equally  long  and  equally 
eventful. 

THtFLB  (-5s),  an  island  in  the  N.  part  of 
the  German  Ocean,  regarded  by  the  ancients 
as  the  most  N.-ly  point  in  the  whole  earth, 
and  by  some  supposed  to  have  been  Iceland; 
by  others,  one  of  the  Shetland  group. 

THtTRft  (-orum),  more  rarely  TBTOHITTM 
(-i :  Terra  Nuova),  a  Greek  city  in  Lucania, 
founded  B.O.  443,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Sybaris,  which  had  been  destroyed  more  than 
60  years  before.  [SYBABIS.]  It  was  built  by 
the  remains  of  the  population  of  Sybaris,  as- 


sisted by  colonists  from  till  parts  of  Greece, 
but  especially  from  Athena.  Among  these 
colonists  were  the  historian  Herodotus  and 
the  orator  Lysias.  The  new  city,  from  which 
the  remains  of  the  Sybarites  were  soon  ex- 
pelled, rapidly  attained  great  power  and  pros- 
perity,  and  became  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant Greek  towns  in  the  S.  of  Italy. 

THY.X.MIS  (-is:  Kalanut),  a  river  in  Epirus, 
forming  the  boundary  between  Theaprotia 
and  the  district  of  Cestryua. 


T1IYESTES  (-ue),  son  of  Pelops  and  Hippo- 
damia,  was  tne  brother  of  Atrens  and  the  la- 
ther of  Aegisthus.  [ATKGDS  and  A  EOIBTII  us.  ] 

THYIA  (-ae),  a  daughter  of  Costal  ins  or 
Cephisseua,  became  by  Apollo  the  mother  of 
Delphns.  She  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
to  have  sacrificed  to  Dionysus  (Bacchus),  and 
to  have  celebrated  orgies  in  his  honor.  From 
her  the  Attic  women,  who  went  yearly  to 
Mount  Parnassus  to  celebrate  the  Diouysiac 
orgies  with  the  Delphian  Thyiadew,  received 
themselves  the  name  of  TUYIADUH  or  THY- 
ADEB.  This  word,  however,  comes  from  2-iio), 
and  properly  signifies  the  raging  or  frantic 
women. 

THYMBRA  (-ae).  (1)  A  city  of  the  Troad, 
N.  of  Ilium  Vetus,  with  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Apollo,  who  derived  from  this  place  the 
epithet  Thymbraeus.—  (2)  A  wooded  district 
in  Phrygia,  no  doubt  connected  with  TUYM- 

ISRIUM. 

THYMBRIUM  (-i),  a  small  town  of  Phryg. 
ia,  10  parasangs  W.  of  Tyriaeum,with  the  so- 
called  fountain  of  Midas. 

THYMBRIIJS  (-i:  ThimbreJc\&  river  of  the 
Troad,  falling  into  the  Scamauder. 

THYMELE  (-es),  a  celebrated  mima  or  fe* 
male  actress  in  the  reign  of  Domitian,  with 
whom  she  was  a  great  favorite. 

THYMOETES  (-ae),  one  of  the  elders  of 
Troy,  whose  sou  was  killed  by  the  order  of 
Priam,  because  a  soothsayer  had  predicted 
that  Troy  would  be  destroyed  by  a  boy  born 
on  the  day  on  which  this  child  was  born. 

THYNI  (-ornm),  a  Thracian  people,  whose 
original  abodes  were  near  SalmydesHUH,  but 
who  afterwards  passed  over  into  BITHYNIA. 

THYNI  A  (-ae).  (1)  The  land  of  the  Thyni 
in  Thrace.  —  (2)  Another  name  for  BITIIYNIA. 

THY5NE  (-GS),  the  name  of  SemSlo,  under 
which  Dionysus  (Bacchus)  brought  her  from 
Hades,  and  introduced  her  among  the  im- 
mortals. Hence  Dionysus  is  also  called  THY* 
ONEUS. 

THYREA  (-ae),  the  chief  town  in  Cynurla, 
the  district  on  the  borders  of  Laconia  and 
Argolis,  was  situated  upon  a  height  on  tne 
bay  of  the  sea  called  after  it  SINUS  TIIYBK- 
ATES.  The  territory  of  Thyrea  was  called 

THYEEATrS. 

THYSSiGETAE  (-arum),  a  people  of  Sar- 
matia  Asintica,  on  the  E.  shores  of  the  Pal  us 
Maeotis. 

TlBiRENI  or  TIBA"  RI  (-orum),  a  quiet  ag« 
ricultural  people  on  the  W.  coast  of  Poutus, 
E.  of  the  river  Iris. 


TIBERIAS. 


405 


TIBERIUS. 


TIBERIAS.  (1)  A  city  of  Galilee,  on  the 
S.W.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Tiberias,  built  by 
Herod  Antipixs  111  honor  of  the  emperor  Ti- 
berius.—(2)  Or  GENNESARET,  also  the  SEA  OF 
GALILEE,  in  the  O.  T.  CHINNKRKTII  (Bcthr  2V 
barii/efi),  the  iicl  of  the  3  lakes  in  Palestine 
formed  by  the  course  of  the  Jordan.  [Jon- 
DANKS.]  Its  length  is  11  or  12  geographical 
miles,  and  its  breadth  from  5  to  0.  It  lies 
deep  among  fertile  hills,  has  very  clear  and 
sweet  water,  and  is  full  of  excellent  fish. 

TIBER1NUS  (-i),  one  of  the  mythical  kings 
of  Albu,  son  of  Capetus,  and  father  of  Agrip- 
pa,  is  said  to  have  been  drowned  in  crossing 
the  river  Albula,  which  was  hence  called  Ti- 
beris. 

TIBERIS,  also  TlBRIS,  TTBRIS,  TH¥- 
BRIS  (-is  or  Idis),  AMNIS  TlBfiRINUS,  or 
simply  TIBERINUS  <-i:  Tiber  or  Tevcre),  the 
chief  river  in  Central  Italy,  on  which  stood 
the  city  of  Rome.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
originally  called .Albula,  and  to  have  received 
the  name  of  Tiberi»  in  consequence  of  Ti- 
berinus,  king  of  Alba,  having  been  drowned 


Tiberis.  The  poets  also  give  it  the  epithets 
of  Tyrrhenus,  because  it  flowed  past  Etruria 
during  the  whole  of  its  course,  and  ofLydius, 
because  the  Etruscans  are  said  to  have  been 
of  Lydiau  origin. 

TIBERIUS  (-i),  emperor  of  Rome,  A..D.  14- 
37.  His  full  name  was  TIBKBHTS  CLAUDIUS 
NEKO  CAKSAB.  He  was  the  son  of  T.  Clau- 
dius Nero  and  of  Livia,  and  was  born  on  the 
10th  of  November,  i;.o,  42,  before  his  mother 
married  Augustus.  He  was  carefully  edu- 
eated,and  became  well  acquainted  with  Greek 
and  Latin  literature.  In  20  he  was  sent  by 
Augustus  to  restore  Tigraues  to  the  throne 
of  Armenia.  In  13  Tiberius  was  consul  with 
P.  Qumtilins  Varas.  In  U,  while  his  brother 
Drusns  was  fighting  against  the  Germans, 
Tiberius  conducted  the  war  against  the  Dal- 
matians and  Pannoniaus.  In  6  he  obtained 
the  tribuuitia  potestas  for  5  years,  but  during 
this  year  he  retired  with  the  emperor's  per- 
mission to  Rhodes,  where  he  spent  the  next 
7  years.  His  chief  reason  for  this  retirement 
was  to  get  away  from  his  wife  Julia,  the 


Personification  of  the  River  Tiber. 


<n  it.  The  Tiber  rises  from  2  springs  of  lim- 
pid water  in  the  Apennines,  near  Tifernum, 
and  flows  in  a  S.W.-ly  direction,  separating 
Etruria  from  Umbria,  the  land  of  the  Sabines, 
and  Latium.  After  flowing  about  110  miles, 
it  receives  the  Nar  (Nera),  and  from  its  con- 
fluence with  this  river  its  regular  navigation 
begins.  Three  miles  above  Rome,  at  the 
distance  of  nearly  70  miles  from  the  Nar,  it 
receives  the  Anio  (Teverone),  and  from  this 
point  becomes  a  river  of  considerable  im- 
portance. Within  the  walls  of  Rome  the 
Tiber  is  about  300  feet  wide,  and  from  12 
to  18  feet  deep.  After  heavy  rains  the  river 
in  ancient  times,  as  at  the  present  day,  fre- 
quently overflowed  its  banks,  and  did  con- 
siderable minchief  to  the  lower  parts  of  the 
city.  (Hor.,  Carm.  i.  2.)  The  waters  of  the 
river  are  muddy  and  yellowish,  whence  it  is 
frequently  called  by  the  Roman  poets  Jlavus 


daughter  of  Augustus,  whom  he  had  been 
compelled  by  the  emperor  to  marry.  He  re- 
turned to  Rome  A.D.  2.  From  the  year  of  his 
adoption  by  Augustus,  A.D.  4,  to  the  death  of 
that  emperor,  Tiberius  was  in  command  of 
the  Roman  armies,  though  he  visited  Rome 
several  times.  On  the  death  of  Augustus  at 
Nola,  on  the  19th  of  August,  A.t>.14,  Tibe- 
rius, who  was  on  his  way  to  Illyricum,  was 
immediately  summoned  home  by  his  mother 
Livia,  and  took  possession  of  the  imperial 
power  without  any  opposition.  He  began  his 
reign  by  putting  to  death  Postumus  Agrippa, 
the  surviving  grandson  of  Augustus.  When 
he  felt  himself  sure  in  his  place,  he  began  to 
exercise  his  craft.  He  took  from  the  popular 
assembly  the  election  of  the  magistrates,  and 
transferred  it  to  the  senate.  Notwithstand- 
ing his  suspicious  nature,  Tiberius  gave  his 
complete  confidence  to  Sejanus,  who  for  many 


TIBISCUS. 


406 


TIBUR. 


years  possessed  the  real  government  of  the 
state.  In  A.D.  26  Tiberius  left  Rome,  and 
withdrew  into  Campania.  He  never  return- 
ed to  the  city.  He  left  on  the  pretext  of  ded- 
icating temples  in  Campania,  but  his  real 
motives  were  his  dislike  to  Rome,  where  he 
heard  a  great  deal  that  was  disagreeable  to 
him,  and  nis  wish  to  indulge  his  sensual  pro- 
pensities in  private.  In  order  to  secure  still 
greater  retirement,  he  took  up  his  residence 
(27)  in  the  island  of  Capreae,  at  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  Campanian  coast.  In  31  Se- 
janus,  who  aimed  at  nothing  less  than  the 
imperial  power,  was  put  to  an  ignominious 
death,  which  was  followed  by  the  execution 
of  his  friends;  and  for  the  remainder  of  the 
reign  of  Tiberius  Rome  continued  to  be  the 
scene  of  tragic  occurrences.  Tiberius  died 
on  the  16th  of  March,  37,  at  the  villa  of  Lu- 
cullus,  at  Misenum,  having  been  smothered 
by  the  order  of  Macro,  the  prefect  of  the  prae- 
torians. 

TIBISCUS  or  TIBISSUS  (-i),  probably  the 
same  as  the  PARTHISCUS  or  PARTHIS- 
SUS  (Tkeiss),  a  river  of  Dacia,  forming  th« 
W.  boundary  of  that  country. 

TlBTJLLTJS  (-i),  ALBlUS,  the  Roman  poet, 
was  of  equestrian  family.  His  birth  is  placed 
by  conjecture  B.O.  54,  and  his  death  B.O.  IS. 
Of  his  youth  and  education,  absolutely  noth- 
ing is  known.  The  estate  belonging  to  the 
equestrian  ancestors  of  Tibullus  was  at  Pe- 
dum,  between  Tibur  and  Praeneste,  and  the 
poet  spent  there  the  better  portion  of  his 
short  but  peaceful  and  happy  life.  His  great 
patron  was  Messala,  whom  he  accompanied 


in  31  into  Aquitania.  and  the  following  year 
into  the  East.  Tibullus,  however,  was  taken 
ill,  and  obliged  to  remain  in  Corcyra,  from 
whence  he  returned  to  Rome.  So  ceased  the 
active  life  of  Tibullus;  hits  life  is  uow  the 
chronicle  of  his  poetry,  and  of  those  tender 
passions  which  were  the  inspiration  of  his  po- 
etry. His  elegies  are  addressed  to  two  mis- 
tresses, under  the  probably  nctitious  names 
of  Delia  and  Nemesis ;  besides  whom,  as  we 
learn  from  Horace  (Od.  i.  33),  he  celebrated 
another  beauty  named  Glycera.  The  poetry 
of  his  contemporaries  shows  Tibullus  as  a 
gentle  and  singularly  amiable  man.  To  Hor- 
ace especially  he  was  an  object  of  warm  at- 
tachment, and  his  epiptle  to  Tibullus  gives 
the  most  full  and  pleasing  view  of  his  poet- 
ical  retreat  and  of  his  character. 

TlBtJR  (-Ms :  Tivoli),  one  of  the  most  an. 
cieiit  towns  of  Latium,  1C  miles  N.B.  of  Rome, 
situated  on  the  slope  of  a  hill  (hence  called 
by  Horace  supinum  Tibur),  on  the  left  bank 
or  the  Anio,  which  here  forme  a  magnificent 
waterfall.  It  became  subject  to  Rome  with 
the  other  Latin  cities  on  the  final  subjugation 
of  Latium  in  B.O.  338.  Under  the  Romans 
Tibur  continued  to  be  a  large  and  flourishing 
town,  since  the  salubrity  and  beautiful  scen- 
ery of  the  place  led  many  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished Roman  nobles  to  build  here  mag- 
nificent villas.  Of  these  the  most  splendid 
was  the  villa  of  the  emperor  Hadrian,  in  the 
extensive  remains  of  which  many  valuable 
specimens  of  ancient  art  have  been  discover- 
ed. Here  also  the  celebrated  Zenobia  lived 
after  adorning  the  triumph  of  her  conqueror, 


Tivoli,  the  ancient  TJbur. 


TICINUM. 


407 


TIMOLEON. 


Aurelian.  Horace  likewise  had  a  country- 
house  iu  the  neighborhood  of  TLbur,  which 
he  preferred  to  all  his  other  residences. 

TICINUM  (-i:  Pavid),  a  town  of  the  Laevi, 
or,  according  to  others,  of  the  Insnbres,  iu 
Gallia  Cisalpiua,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ti- 
ciuus. 

TICINUS  (-i :  Teasino),  an  important  river 
ui  Gallia  Cisalpiua,  rises  in  Mons  Adula,  and 
afler  flowing  through  Lacus  Verbanus  (Logo 
Maggiore),  falls  into  the  Po  near  Ticinuin. 
'it  was  upon  the  bank  of  this  river  that  Han- 
nibal gained  his  first  victory  over  the  Ro- 
mans by  the  defeat  of  P.  Scipio,  u.o.  218. 

TIF.5.TA,  a  mountain  in  Campania,  E.  of 
Capua. 

TIFERNUM  (-i).  (1)  TIBERINUM  (Citta  di 
Castdlo),  a  town  of  ITmbria,  near  the  sources 
of  the  river  Tiber,  whence  its  surname,  and 
upon  the  confines  of  Etruria.— (2)  MICTAU- 
BENSE  (8.  Anyclo  in  Vado),  a  towu  iu  Umbria, 
E.  of  the  preceding,  on  the  river  Metaurus. — 
(3)  A  town  in  Samuium,  on  the  river  Tifernus. 

TIFERNUS  (-i :  Biferno),  a  river  of  Sara- 
nium,  rising  in  the  Apennines,  and  flowing 
through  the  country  of  the  Frentani  into  the 
Adriatic. 

TIGELLINUS,  SOPHON2US  <-i),  son  of  a 
native  of  Agrigentum,  the  minister  of  Nero's 
worst  passions,  and  of  all  his  favorites  the 
most  obnoxious  to  the  Roman  people.  On 
the  accession  of  Otho,  Tigellinus  was  com- 
pelled to  put  an  end  to  his  own  life. 

TlGELLiUS  HERMOGENES.      [HEBMO- 

GENES.] 

TIGRINES  <-is),  kings  of  Armenia.  (I.) 
Reigned  i ».  o.  96-56  or  55.  In  83  he  made  him- 
self master  of  the  whole  Syrian  monarchy, 


Tljfranea. 


from  the  Euphrates  to  the  sea.  In  69,  hav- 
ing refused  to  deliver  up  his  son-in-law.  Mith- 
riaates,  to  the  Romans,  Lucullus  invaded  Ar- 


menia, defeated  the  mighty  host  which  Ti- 
granes led  against  him,  and  followed  up  his 
victory  by  the  capture  of  Tigranocerta.  Sub- 
sequently Tigranes  recovered  his  dominions ; 
but  on  the  approach  of  Pompey,  in  66t  he  has- 
tened to  make  overtures  of  submission,  and 
kid  his  tiara  at  his  feet,  together  with  a  sum 
of  COOO  talents.  Pompey  left  him  in  posses- 
sion of  Armenia  proper,  with  the  title  of  king. 
Tigranes  died  in  56  or  55.— (II.)  Son  of  Artavas- 
des,  and  grandson  of  the  preceding. 

TIGRiNOCERTA  <-orum,  i.  e.  in  Arme- 
nia, the  City  of  Tigranes :  Sert,  Ru),  the  later 


capital  of  Armenia,  built  by  Tigranes  on  a 
height  by  the  river  Nicephorius,  in  the  val* 
ley  between  Mount  Masius  and  Niphates. 

TIGRIS  (-idis  and  is),  a  great  river  of  W. 
Asia,  rises  from  several  sources  on  the  S.  side 
of  that  part  of  the  Taurus  chain  called  Ni- 
phates,in  Armenia,  andflows  S.E.,first  through 
the  narrow  valley  between  Mount  Masius  and 
the  prolongation  of  Mount  Niphates,  and  then 
through  the  great  plain  which  is  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  last-named  chain,  till  it  falls  into 
the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  after  receiving 
the  Euphrates  from  the  west. 

TIGURINI  (-orurn),  a  tribe  of  the  Helve- 
tii,  who  joined  the  Cimbri  in  invading  the 
country  of  the  Allobroges  in  Gaul,  where  they 
defeated  the  consul  L.  Cassius  Longinus,  u.o. 
107.  They  formed  in  the  time  of  Caesar  the 
most  important  of  the  4  cantons  (iMuri)  into 
which  the  Helvetii  were  divided. 

TILPHtTSlUM  (-i),  a  town  in  Boeotia,  situ- 
ated upon  a  mountain  of  the  same  name,  S. 
of  lake  Copais,  and  between  Coronea  and 
Haliartus.  It  derived  its  name  from  the 
fountain  Tilphusa,  which  was  sacred  to  Apol- 
lo, and  where  Tiresias  is  said  to  have  been 
buried. 

TIMAEUS  (-i).  (1)  The  historian,  was  the 
son  of  Andromachus,  tyrant  of  Taurome- 
nium  in  Sicily,  and  was  born  about  B.C.  352. 
He  was  banished  from  Sicily  by  Agathocles. 
and  passed  his  exile  at  Athens,  where  he  had 
lived  50  years  when  he  wrote  the  34th  book 
of  his  history.  He  probably  died  about  25€. 
The  great  work  of  Timaeus  was  a  history  of 
Sicily  from  the  earliest  times  to  264.— -(2)  Of 
Locri,  in  Italy,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
is  said  to  have  been  a  teacher  ofPlato. 

TIMlGfiNES  (-is),  a  rhetorician  and  an  his- 
torian, was  a  native  of  Alexandria,  from  which 
place  he  was  carried  as  a  prisoner  to  Rome, 
where  be  opened  a  school  of  rhetoric,  and 
taught  with  great  success. 

TIMANTHES  (-is),  a  celebrated  Greek 
painter  at  Sicyon,  contemporary  with  Zeuxis 
and  Parrhasius,  about  B.C.  400.  The  master- 
piece of  Timanthes  was  his  celebrated  picture 
of  the  sacrifice  of  Iphigenia,  in  which  Aga- 
memnon was  painted  with  his  face  hidden 
in  his  mantle. 

TlMlVUS  (-i),  a  small  river  in  the  N.  of 
Italy,  forming  the  boundary  between  Istria 
and  venetia,  and  falling  into  the  Sinus  Ter- 
gestinus  in  the  Adriatic,  between  Tergeste 
and  Aquileia. 

TlMOCRfiON  (-ontis),  of  Rhodes,  a  lyric 
poet,  celebrated  for  the  bitter  and  pugnacious 
spirit  of  his  works,  and  especially  for  his  at- 
tacks on  Themistocles  and  Simonides. 

TIMOLEON  (-5nis),  son  of  Timodemus  or 
Timaenetus  and  Demariste,  belonged  to  one 
of  the  noblest  families  at  Corinth.  His  early 
life  was  stained  by  a  dreadful  deed  of  blood. 
We  are  told  that  so  ardent  was  his  love  of 
liberty,  that  when  his  brother  Timophanes 
endeavored  to  make  himself  tyrant  of  their 
native  city,  Timoleon  murdered  him  rather 
than  allow  him  to  destroy  the  liberty  of  the 
state.  At  the  request  of  the  Greek  cities  of 


TIMON. 


408 


TIRYNS. 


riicily,  the  Corinthians  dispatched  Timoleon 
with  a  small  force  iu  B.O.  344  to  repel  the 
Carthaginians  from  that  island.  He  obtained 
possession  of  Syracuse,  and  then  proceeded 
to  expel  the  tyrants  from  the  other  Greek 
cities  of  Sicily,  but  was  interrupted  in  this 
undertaking  by  a  formidable  invasion  of  the 
Carthaginians,  who  landed  at  Lilybaeum,  iu 
839,  with  an  immense  army,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Hasdrubal  and  Hamilcar,  consisting 
of  70,000  foot  and  10,000  horse.  Timoleon 
could  only  induce  12,000  men  to  march  with 
him  against  the  Carthaginians ;  but  with  this 
small  force  he  gained  a  brilliant  victory  over 
the  Carthaginians  on  the  river  Crimissus 
(339).  The  Carthaginians  were  glad  to  con- 
clude a  treaty  with  Timoleon  in  338,  by  which 
the  river  Ealycus  was  fixed  as  the  boundary 
of  the  Carthaginian  and  Greek  dominions  in 
Sicily.  Subsequently  he  expelled  almost  all 
the  tyrants  from  the  Greek  cities  in  Sicily, 
and  established  democracies  instead.  Timo- 
leon, however,  was  in  reality  the  ruler  of 
Sicily,  for  all  the  states  consulted  him  on  ev- 
ery matter  of  importance ;  and  the  wisdom 
of  his  rale  is  attested  by  the  flourishing  con- 
dition of  the  island  for  several  years  even 
alter  his  death.  He  died  in  337. 

TIMON  (-6nis).  (1)  The  son  of  Timarchus 
of  Phlius,  a  philosopher  of  the  sect  of  the 
Skeptics,  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy 
Philadelphus,  about  B.C.  279,  and  onwards. 
He  taught  at  Chalcedon  as  a  Sophist  with 
such  success  that  he  realized  a  fortune.  He 
then  removed  to  Athens,  where  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life,  with  the  exception  of  a 
short  residence  at  Thebes.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  almost  90. — (2)  The  Misanthrope,  an 
Athenian,  lived  in  the  time  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war.  In  consequence  of  the  ingrati- 
tude he  experienced  and  the  disappointments 
he  suffered  from  his  early  friends  and  com- 
panions, he  secluded  himself  entirely  from 
the  world,  admitting  no  one  to  his  society 
except  Alcibiades.  He  is  said  to  have  died 
in  consequence  of  refusing  to  have  a  broken 
limb  set. 

TIMOTHEUS  <-i).  a)  A  celebrated  musi- 
cian and  poet  of  the  later  Athenian  dithy- 
ramb, was  a  native  of  Miletus,  and  the  son  of 
Thersander.  He  was  born  B.C.  446,  and  died 
in  367,  in  the  90th  year  of  his  age.  He  was 
at  first  unfortunate  in  his  professional  efforts. 
Even  the  Athenians,  fond  as  they  were  of 
novelty,  were  offended  at  the  bold  innova- 
tions of  Timotheus,  and  hissed  his  perform- 
ance. On  this  occasion  it  is  said  that  Eu- 
ripides encouraged  Timotheus  by  the  pre- 
diction that  he  would  soon  have  the  theatres 
at  his  feet.  This  prediction  appears  to  have 
been  accomplished  in  the  vast  popularity 
which  Timotheus  afterwards  enjoyed.  He 
delighted  in  the  most  artificial  and  intricate 
forms  of  musical  expression,  and  he  used  in- 
strumental music,  without  a  vocal  accompa- 
niment, to  a  greater  extent  than  any  previous 
composer.  Perhaps  the  most  important  of 
his  innovations,  as  the  means  of  introducing 
all  the  others,  was  his  addition  to  the  num- 
ber of  the  strings  of  the  rithara,  which  he 
seems  to  have  increased  to  11.— (2)  A  distin- 


guished flute-player  of  Thebes,  flourished  un- 
der Alexander  the  Great. 

TINGIS  (-is:  Tangier),  a  city  of  irfaure- 
tauia,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  Fretum  Gadi- 
tanum  (Strait  of  Gibraltar),  was  a  place  of 
very  great  antiquity.  It  was  made  by  Augus- 
tus a  free  city,  and  by  Claudius  a  colony,  and 
the  capital  of  Mauretania  Tingitana. 

TINf  A  (-ae),  a  small  river  in  Umhria,  rising 
near  Spoletium,  and  falling  into  the  Tiber. 

TXK&SIAS  (-ae),  a  Theban,  was  one  of  the 
most  renowned  soothsayers  in  all  antiquity. 
He  was  blind  from  his  seventh  year,  but  lived 
to  a  very  old  age.  The  occasion  of  his  blind- 
ness and  of  his  prophetic  power  is  variously 
related.  In  the  war  of  the  Seven  against 
Thebes,  he  declared  that  Thebes  should  be 
victorious  if  Menoeceus  would  sacrifice  him- 
self; and  during  the  war  of  the  Epigoni, 
when  the  Thebahs  had  been  defeated,  he  ad- 
vised them  to  commence  negotiations  of 
peace,  and  to  avail  themselves  of  the  oppor. 
tunity  that  would  thus  be  afforded  them  to 
take  to  flight.  He  himself  fled  with  them 
(or.  according  to  others,  he  was  carried  to 
Delphi  as  a  captive),  but  on  his  way  he  drank 
from  the  well  of  Tilphusa,  and  died.  Even 
in  the  lower  world  Tiresias  was  believed  to 
retain  the  powers  of  perception,  while  the 
souls  of  other  mortals  were  mere  shades,  and 
there  also  he  continued  to  use  his  golden 
staff.  The  blind  seer  Tircsias  acts  so  prom- 
inent a  part  in  the  mythical  history  of  Greece, 
that  there  is  scarcely  any  event  with  which 
he  is  not  connected  iu  some  way  or  other; 
and  this  introduction  of  the  seer  in  so  many 
occurrences,  separated  by  long  intervals  of 
time,  was  facilitated  by  the  belief  in  his  long 

TlRlD&TESorTERlDlTES(-is).  (l)The 
second  king  of  Parthia.  [ARBAOER  II.]— (2) 
King  of  Armenia,  and  brother  of  Vologeses 
I.  (Arsaces  XXIIL),  king  of  Parthia.  He 
was  made  king  of  Armenia  by  his  brother, 
but  was  driven  out  of  the  kingdom  by  Cor- 
bulo,  the  Roman  general,  and  finally  received 
the  Armenian  crown  from  Nero  at  Rome  in 
A.D.  C3. 

TIRO  (-fmis),  M.  TULLlUS,  the  freedman 
of  Cicero,  to  whom  he  was  an  object  of  ten- 
der affection.  He  appears  to  have  been  a 
man  of  very  amiable  disposition  and  highly 
cultivated  intellect.  He  was  not  only  the 
amanuensis  of  the  orator,  and  his  assistant 
in  literary  labor,  but  was  himself  an  author 
of  no  mean  reputation,  and  notices  of  sev- 
eral works  from  his  pen  have  been  preserved 
by  ancient  writers.  After  the  death  of  Cic- 
ero, Tiro  purchased  a  farm  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Puteoli,  where  he  lived  until  he 
reached  his  100th  vear.  It  is  usually  believed 
that  Tiro  was  the  inventor  of  the  art  of  short- 
hand writing  (Notae  Tironianae). 

TIRYNS  (-this),  an  ancient  town  in  Argo- 
lis,  S.E.  of  Argos,  and  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient  in  all  Greece,  is  said  to  have  been  found- 
ed by  Proetus,  the  brother  of  Acrisius,  who 
built  the  massive  walls  of  the  city  with  the 
help  of  the  Cyclopes.  Proetus  was  succeed- 
ed by  Perseus ;  and  it  was  here  that  Hercules 


TISAMENUS. 


400 


TITHEAUSTES. 


was  brought  up.  Hence  we  find  his  mother, 
Alcmeua,"called  Trruntlria,  and  the  hero  him- 
self Tirynthius.  The  remains  of  the  city  arc 
some  of  the  most  interesting  in  all  Greece, 
and  are,  with  those  of  Mycenae,  the  most  an- 
cient ypeciincus  of  what  is  called  Cyclopean 
architecture 


Arch  of  Tiryns. 


TISXMENUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Creates  and 
Hcrmionc,  was  king  of  Argos,  but  waB  de- 
prived of  his  kingdom  when  the  lleraclidae 
invaded  Peloponnesus.  He  was  slain  in  a 
battle  against  the  lleraclidae. 

TISIPIION  E .   _[EuMi3N  n >A E.] 

TISSAPIIERNJiJS  (-is),  a  famous  Persian, 


not  give  them  any  effectual  assistance,  since 
his  policy  was  to  exhaust  the  strength  of 
both  parties  by  the  continuance  of  the  war. 
His  plans,  however,  were  thwarted  by  the  ar- 
rival of  Cyrus  in  Asia  Minor  in  407,  who  sup- 
plied the  Lacedaemonians  with  cordial  and 
effectual  assistance.  At  the  battle  of  Cu- 
naxa,  in  401,  Tissaphernes  was  one  of  the  4 
generals  who  commanded  the  army  of  Artax- 
erxcs,  and  his  troops  were  the  only  portion 
of  the  left  wing  that  was  not  put  to  flight  by 
the  Greeks.  When  the  10,000  had  begun  their 
retreat,  Tissaphernes  promised  to  conduct 
them  home  in  safety ;  but  in  the  course  of 
the  inarch  he  treacherously  arrested  Clear- 
chus  and  4  of  the  other  generals.  As  a  re- 
ward for  his  services,  he  was  invested  by  the 
king,  in  addition  to  his  own  satrapy,  with 
all  the  authority  which  Cyrus  had  enjoyed  in 
western  Asia.  This  led  to  a  war  with  Sparta, 
in  which  Tissaphcrnes  was  unsuccessful ;  on 
which  account,  as  well  as  by  the  influence  of 
Parysatis,  the  mother  of  Cyi  us,  he  was  put  to 
death  in  395  by  order  of  the  king. 

TIT&NES  (-um).  (1)  The  sons  and  daugh- 
ters of  Urftnua  (Heaven)  and  Gaea  (Earth), 
originally  dwelt  in  heaven,  whence  they  are 
called  Uranidae.  They  were  12  in  number,  C 
sons  and  6  daughters,  namely,  Oceanus,  Coe- 
ufl,  Crius,  Hyperion,  lapetus,  Cronus,  Thia, 
Rhea,  Themis.  Mnemosyne,  Phoebe,  and  Tc- 
thys;  but  their  names  are  different  in  other 
accounts.  It  is  said  that  Uranus,  the  first 
ruler  of  the  world,  threw  his  sons,  the  Heca- 
toncheires (HuiKlred-Handed)--Briareus,  Cot- 
".ySjand  Gyes — and  the  Cyclopes— Arges,Ster- 

V  O 


opes,  and  Brontes — into  Tartarus.  Gaea,  in- 
dignant at  this,  persuaded  the  Titans  to  rise 
against  their  father,  and  gave  to  Cronus  (Sat- 
u  ru)  an  adamantine  sickle.  They  did  as  their 
mother  bade  them,  with  the  exception  of 
Oceanus.  Cronus,  -with  his  sickle,  unmanned 
his  father,  and  threw  the  part  into  the  sea; 
from  the  drops  of  his  blood  there  arose  th« 
Erinyes  —  Alecto,  Tisiphone,  and  Megaera. 
The  Titans  then  deposed  Uranus,  liberated 
their  brothers  who  had  been  cast  into  Tarta- 
rus, and  raised  Cronus  to  the  throne.  But 
Cronus  hurled  the  Cyclopes  hack  iuto  Tarta- 
rus, and  married  his  sister  Rhea.  It  having 
been  foretold  to  him  by  Gaea  and  Uranus 
that  he  should  he  dethroned  by  one  of  his 
own  children,  he  swallowed  successively  his 
children  Hestia  (Vesta),  Demeter  (Ceres), 
Hera  (Juno),  Pluto,  and  Poseidon  (Neptune). 
Rhea,  therefore,  when  she  was  pregnant  with 
Zeus  (Jupiter),  went  to  Crete,  and  gave  birth 
to  the  child  in  the  Dictaean  cave,  where  he 
was  brought  up  by  the  Curetes.  When  Zeus 
had  grown  up  he  availed  himself  of  the  as- 
sistance of  Thetis,  the  daughter  of  Oceanus, 
who  gave  to  Croons  a  potion  which  caused 
him  to  bring  up  the  stone  and  the  children 
he  had  swallowed.  United  with  his  broth- 
ers and  sisters,  Zens  now  began  the  contest 
against  Cronus  and  the  ruling  Titans.  This 
contest  (usually  called  the  Titanornachia)  was 
carried  on  in  Thessaly,  Cronus  and  the  Ti- 
tans occupying  Mount  Othrys,  and  the  sons 
of  Cronus  Mount  Olympus.  It  lasted  10 
years,  till  at  length  Gaea  promised  victory  to 
Zeus  if  he  would  deliver  the  Cyclopes  and 
Hecatoncheires  from  Tartarus.  Zeus  accord- 
ingly slew  Campe,  who  guarded  the  Cyclopes, 
aiid  the  latter  furnished  him  with  thunder 
and  lightning.  The  Titans  then  were  over- 
come, and  hurled  down  into  a  cavity  below 
Tartarus,  and  the  Hecatoncheires  were  set  to 
guard  them.  It  must  be  observed  that  the 
nght  of  the  Titans  is  sometimes  confounded 
by  ancient  writers  with  the  fight  of  the  Gi- 
gantes.— (2)  The  name  Titans  is  also  given  to 
those  divine  or  semi-divine  beings  who  were 
descended  from  the  Titans,  such  as  Prome- 
theus, Hecate,  Latona,  Pyrrha,  and  especially 
Helios  (the  Sun)  and  Selene  (the  Moon),  as 
the  children  of  Hyperion  and  Thia,  and  even 
to  the  descendants  of  Helios,  such  as  Circe. 

TITIRKSIUS  (-i :  ElaMonitiko  or  JTerapM), 
a  river  of  ThessalvT  also  called  Em-opus,  rising 
in  Mount  Titarus,  flowing  through  the  country 
of  the  Perrhaebi,  and  falling  in  to  the  Peneus, 
S.E.  ofPhalanna, 

TITHONUS  (-i),  son  of  Laomedon  and  Stry- 
mo,  and  brother  of  Priam.  By  the  prayers 
of  Eos  (Aurora),  who  loved  him,  he  obtained 
from  the  gods  immortality,  but  not  eternal 
youth,  in  consequence  of  which  he  complete- 
ly shrank  together  in  his  old  age;  whence  a 
decrepit  old  man  was  proverbially  called 
Tit  bonus.  Eos  changed  him  into  a  cicada, 
or  grasshopper. 

TITHOEEA.    [NEON.] 

TITHRAUSTES,  a  Persian,  who  succeeded 
TiBsaphernes  in  his  satrapy,  and  put  him  to 
death  by  order  of  Artaxerxes  Mnemon,  B.G. 
395. 


TITUS. 


410 


TOLUMNJUS. 


FL5.VIUS  SlBTNUS  VESPXSI-  , 
iNlTS  (-i),  Roman  emperor,  A.I>.  79-81,  com- 1 
monly  called  by  hi*  praenomen  TITUS,  was 
the  son  of  the  emperor  Vespasianus  and  his 
wife  Flavin  Domitilla.  He  was  born  on  the 
30th  of  December,  A.I>.  40.  Wneu  a  y°unS 
mau,  he  served  as  tribunus  militum  in  Britain 
and  ill  Germany  with  great  credit.  After 
having  been  quaestor,  he  had  the  command 
of  a  legion,  and  served  under  his  father  in  the 
Jewish  ware.  Vespasian  returned  to  Italy, 
after  he  had  been  proclaimed  emperor  on  the 
1st  of  July,  A.D.  6i) ;  but  Titus  remained  in 
Palestine  to  prosecute  the  siege  of  Jerusalem, 
during  which  he  showed  the  talents  of  a  gen- 
eral with  the  daring  of  a  soldier.  The  siege 
of  Jerusalem  was  concluded  by  the  capture 
of  the  place,  on  the  8th  of  September,  70.  Ti- 
tus returned  to  Italy  in  the  following  year  (71), 
and  triumphed  at  Rome  with  his  father.  He 
also  received  the  title  of  Caesar,  and  became 
the  associate  of  Vespasian  in  the  government. 
His  conduct  at  this  time  gave  no  good  prom- 
ise, and  his  attachment  to  Berenice,  the  sister 
of  Agrippa  II.,  also  made  him  unpopular;  but 
he  sent  her  away  from  Rome  after  he  became 
emperor.  Titus  succeeded  his  father  in  79, 
and  his  government  proved  an  agreeable  sur- 
prise to  those  who  had  anticipated  a  return 
of  the  times  of  Nero.  During  his  whole  reign 
Titus  displayed  a  sincere  desire  for  the  hap- 
piness of  the  people,  and  he  did  all  that  he 
could  to  relieve  them  in  times  of  distress.  He 
assumed  the  office  of  Pontifex  Maximus  after 
the  death  of  his  father,  and  with  the  purpose, 
as  he  declared,  of  keeping  his  hands  free  from 
blood,  a  resolution  which  he  kept.  The  1st 
year  of  his  reign  is  memorable  for  the  great 
eruption  of  Vesuvius,  which  desolated  a  large 
part  of  the  adjacent  country,  and  buried  with 
lava  and  ashes  the  towns  of  Herculaneum  and 
Pompeii.  Titus  endeavored  to  repair  the  rav- 
ages of  this  great  eruption ;  and  ne  was  also 
at  great  care  and  expense  in  repairing  the 
damage  done  by  a  great  fire  at  Rome,  which 


lasted  3  days  and  nights.  lie  completed  thi 
Colosseum,  and  erected  the  baths  which  wer. 
called  by  his  name.  He  died  on  the  13th  of 
September,  A.TX  SI,  after  a  reign  of  2  years  and 
2  mouths  and  'JO  days,  Ho  was  in  the  4lst 
year  of  his  age ;  and  there  were  suspicions  that 
he  was  poisoned  by  his  brother,  Domitiau. 

TITYUS  (-i),  son  of  Gaca,  or  of  Zeus  (Jupi- 
ter) and  Elara,  the  daughter  of  Orchomunus. 
was  a  giant  in  Enhneu.  Instigated  by  Hera 
(Juno),  he  attempted  to  oiler  violence  to  Arte- 
mis (Diana)  when  slic  parsed  through  Pano- 
pueus  to  Pytho,  but  ho  \vas  killed  by  the  ar- 
rows either  of  Artemis  or  Apollo;  according 
to  others,  Zeus  destroyed  him  with  a  flash  of 
lightning.  He  was  then  cast  into  Tartarus, 
and  there  he  lay  outstretched  on  the  ground, 
covering  9  acres,  while  2  vultures  or  2  snakes 
devoured  his  liver. 

TLEP5L1SMUS  <-i),  son  of  Hercules  by 
Astyoche,  daughter  of  Phylas,  or  by  Astyda- 
mia,  daughter  of  Amyntor.  He  was  king  of 
Argos,  but,  after  slaying  his  uncle  Licymnins, 
he  settled  in  Rhodes.  He  joined  the  Greeks 
in  the  Trojau  war  with  0  ships,  and  was  slain 
by  Sarpeclou. 

TL5S,  a  considerable  city  in  the  interior  of 
Lycia,  about  2J  miles  E.  of  the  river  Xanthus. 

TM5LUS  (-i).  (1)  God  of  Mount  Tmolus 
in  Lydia,  is  described  as  the  husband  of  Pluto 
(or  Omphalc)  and  father  of  Tantalus,  and  is 
said  to  have  decided  the  musical  contest  be- 
tween Apollo  and  Pan.— (2)  (Dagh),  a  cele- 
brated mountain  of  Asia  Minor,  running  B. 
and  W.  through  the  centre  of  Lydia,  and  di- 
viding the  plain  of  the  Ilermus  on  the  N. 
from  that  of  the  Cayster  on  the  S. 

TOLENUS  or  TELGNlUS  (-i :  2*mwo),  a 
river  in  the  hind  of  the  Sabines,  rising  in  the 
country  of  the  Marsi  and  Aequi,  and  falling 
into  the  Velinus. 

TOLETUM  (-i:  Toledo),  the  capital  of  the 
Carpetani  in  Hispania  Tarrncoiieiitus,  situated 
on  the  river  Tagus,  which  nearly  en- 
compasses the  town. 

TOLISTOBOGI,  TOLISTOBOIL 

[GAL  ATI  A.] 

TOL5SA  (-ae :  Toulottse),  a  town 
of  Gallia  Narbonensis,  and  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Tectosages,  was  situated 
on  the  Garnmna,  near  the  frontiers 
of  Aquitania.  It  was  subsequently 
made  a  Roman  colony,  and  was  sur- 
named  Palladia.  It  was  a  large  and 
wealthy  town,  and  contained  a  cele- 
brated temple,  in  which  is  said  to 
have  been  preserved  a  great  part  of 
the  booty  taken  by  Breiinu*  from  the 
temple  of  Delphi.  The  town  and 
temple  were  plundered  by  the  consul 
Q.  Servilius  Caepio  in  u.o.  IOC. 

TOLTJMNIUS  <-i),LlR  (-tin),  king 
of  the  Voientes,  to  whom  Fidenae 
revolted  in  n.o.  438,  and  at  whose 
instigation  the  inhabitants  of  Fide- 
nae slew  the  4  Roma;:  embassadors 
who  had  been  sent  to  inquire  into 
the  reasons  of  their  recent  conduct. 
In  the  war  which  followed,  Tolum- 


TOMI. 


TRAJANUS. 


nius  was  s/ain  in  single  combat  by  Cornelias 
Cossus. 

TOMl  (-5rum)  or  T(3MIS  (-is :  Tomisivar  or 
Jegtii  Pancfola),  n  town  orThracc  (subsequent- 
ly Moesia),  situated  on  the  W.  shore  of  the 
Euxinc,  iiud  at  a  later  time  the  capital  of Scy- 
thia  Minor.  It  is  renowned  as  the  place  of 
Ovid's  banishment. 

TOMYRIS  (-is),  a  queen  of  the  Massagetae, 
by  whom  Cyrus  was  slain  iii  battle,  B.O.  520. 

TORONE  (-os),  a  town  of  Macedonia,  in  the 
district  of  Ghalcidice,  and  on  the  S.W.  side 
of  the  peninsula  Sithouia,  from  which  the 
gulf  between  the  peninsulas  Sitnonia  and 
Pallene  was  called  Sinus  Toroiiaicus. 

TORQUATUS  (-i),  the  name  of  a  patrician 
family  of  the  MauJia  gens — (1)  T.  MANLIUS 
IMPKKIOSOS  TORQITATUS,  the  son  of  L.  Manlius 
Capitolinus  Imperiosus,  dictator  B.O.  363,  was 
a  favorite  hero  of  Roman  story.  Manlius  is 
said  to  have  been  dull  of  mind  in  his  youth, 
and  was  brought  up  by  his  father  in  the  closest 
retirement  in  the  country.  In  3d  he  served 
under  the  dictator  T.  Quintius  Pennus  in  the 
war  against  the  Gauls,  and  in  this  campaign 
earned  immortal  glory  by  slaying  in  single 
combat  a  gigantic  Gam.  From  the  dead  body 
of  the  barbarian  he  took  the  chain  (torques) 
which  had  adorned  him,  and  placed  it  around 
his  own  neck;  and  from  this  circumstance  he 
obtained  the  surname  of  Torquatus.  He  was 
dictator  in  353,  and  again  in  349.  He  was  also 
three  times  consul,  namely,  in  347, 344,  and  in 
340.  In  the  last  of  these  years  Torquatus  and 
his  colleague,  P.Decius  Mus,  gained  the  great 
victory  over  the  Latins  at  the  foot  of  Vesu- 
vius, which  established  forever  the  suprem- 
acy of  Rome  over  Latium.  Shortly  before 
the  battle,  when  the  two  armies  were  en- 
camped opposite  to  one  another,  the  consuls 
published  a  proclamation  that  no  Roman 
should  engage  in  single  combat  with  a  Latin 
on  pain  of  death.  Tfiis  command  was  violat- 
ed by  young  Manlius,  the  consul's  son,  who 
was  m  consequence  executed  by  the  lictor  in 
presence  of  the  assembled  army.  This  severe 
sentence  rendered  Torquatus  an  object  of  de- 
testation among  the  Roman  youths  as  long 
as  he  lived ;  andthe  recollection  of  his  seven- 
ty was  preserved  in  after  ages  by  the  expres- 
sion Manliana  imperia. — (2)  T.  MANLICS  Tou- 
QUATUS,  consul  u.o.  235,  when  he  conquered 
the  Sardinians;  censor  in  231;  and  consul  a 
2d  time  in  224.  He  possessed  the  hereditary 
sternness  and  severity  of  his  family ;  and  we 
accordingly  find  him  opposing  in  the  senate 
the  ransom  of  those  Romans  who  had  been 
taken  prisoners  at  the  fatal  battle  of  Cannae. 
He  was  dictator  in  210.— (3)  L.  MANLICB  Tou- 
auATus.  consul  B.O.  65  with  L.  Atirelius  Cotta. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  suppressing  the 
Catilinarian  conspiracy  in  63;  and  he  also 
supported  Cicero  when  he  was  banished  in 
58.— (4)  L.  MANLIUB  TORQUATUS,  son  of  No.  3, 
belonged  to  the  aristocratical  party,  and  ac- 
cordingly opposed  Caesar  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  civil  war  in  49.  He  was  praetor  in  that 
year,  and  was  stationed  at  Alba  with  6  cohorts. 
He  subsequently  joined  Pompey  in  Greece, 
and  in  the  following  year  (48)  he  had  the  com- 


mand of  Oricum  intrusted  to  him ;  but  was 
obliged  to  surrender  both  himself  and  the 
town  to  Caesar,  who,  however,  dismissed  Tor- 
quatus uninjured.  After  the  battle  of  Phar- 
salia,  Torquatus  went  to  Africa,  and  upon  the 
defeat  of  his  party  in  that  country  in  46  he  at- 
tempted to  escape  to  Spain  along  with  Scipio 
and  others,  but  was  taken  prisoner  by  P.  Sit- 
iius  at  Hippo  Regius,  and  slain  together  with 
his  companions.  Torquatus  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  Greek  literature,  and  is  praised 
by  Cicero,  with  whom  in  early  life  he  was 
closely  connected,  as  a  man  well  trained  in 
evuiy  kind  of  learning.— (5)  A,  MANLIUS  TOB- 
QUATUS,  praetor  in  52,  when  he  presided  at 
the  trial  of  Milo  for  bribery.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war  he  espoused  the  side 
ofPompey,  and  after  the  defeat  of  the  latter 
retired  to  Athens,  where  he  was  living  in  ex- 
ile in  45.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of 
Cicero. 

TRABSA  (-ae),  Q.,  a  Roman  comic  drama- 
tist, who  occupies  the  eighth  place  in  the  can- 
on of  Volcatius  Sedigitus.  The  period  when 
he  flourished  is  uncertain,  but  he  has  been 
placed  about  B.O.  130. 

TRACHIS  or  TRlCHIN  (-inis).  (1)  Also 
called  HEBAOLEA  TRAOHINIAIS,  or  HERAOLEA 
PiiTHtOTims,  or  simply  HKRAOLEA,  a  town  of 
Thessaly  in  the  district  Malis,  celebrated  as 
the  residence  of  Hercules  for  a  time.— (2)  A 
town  of  Phocis,  on  the  frontiers  of  Boeotia, 
and  on  the  slope  of  Mount  Helicon  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Lebadea. 

TRACHONITIS  or  TRACHON,  the  N.  dis- 
trict of  Palestine  beyond  the  Jordan,  lay  be- 
tween Auti-Libauus  and  the  mountains  of 
Arabia,  and  was  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
territory  of  Damascus,  on  the  B.  byAuranitis, 
on  the  S.  by  -Ituraea,  and  on  the  W.  by  Gau- 
lanitis. 

TRAJANUS  (-i),  M.  ULPlUS,  Roman  em- 
peror,  A.D.  98-117,  was  born  at  Italica,  near 
Seville,  the  18th  of  September,  52.  He  was 
trained  to  arms,  and  served  with  distinction 
in  the  East  and  in  Germany.  He  was  consul 
in  91,  and  at  the  close  of  9T  he  was  adopted 
by  the  emperor  Nerva,  upon  whose  death  in, 
the  following  year  Trajan  succeeded  to  the 
empire  with  the  title  of  Imperator  Caesar 
N&rva  Trajanus  Augustus.  His  accession 
was  hailed  with  joy,  and  he  did  not  disap- 
point the  expectations  of  the  people.  At  the 
time  of  Nerva's  death,  Trajan  was  at  Cologne, 
and  did  not  return  to  Rome  for  some  months, 
when  he  entered  it  on  foot,  accompanied  by 
his  wife  Pompeia  Plotina.  Trajan  was  em- 
ployed for  the  next  2  or  3  years  in  a  war  with 
DecebahiSjking  of  the  Daci,  whom  he  defeated, 
and  compelled/  to  sue  for  peace.  Trajan  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Dacicus,aud  entered  Rome 
in  triumph  (103).  In  the  following  year  (104) 
he  commenced  his  2d  Dacian  war  against  De~ 
cebalus,who,  it  is  said,  had  broken  the  treaty. 
Decebalus  was  completely  defeated,  and  put 
an  end  to  his  life  (106).  After  the  death  of 
Decebalus,  Dacia  was  reduced  to  the  form  of 
a  Roman  province ;  strong  forts  were  built 
in  various  places,  and  Roman  colonies  were 
planted.  On  his  return  Trajan  had  a  triumph, 


TRAJANUS. 


412 


TRAPEZUS. 


and  he  exhibited  games  to  the  people  for  12;i 
days.  About  this  time  Arabia  Petraoa  was 
subjected  to  the  empire  by  A.  Cornelius  Palma, 
the  governor  of  Syria;  and  au  Indian  em- 
bassy came  to  Rome.  In  114  Trajan  left 
Rome  to  make  war  on  the  Armenians  and 
the  Parthians.  He  spent  the  winter  of  114  at 
Antioch,  and  in  the  following  year  he  invaded 
the  Parthian  dominions.  The  most  striking 
and  brilliant  success  attended  his  arms.  In 
the  course  of  2  campaigns  (115-116)  lie  con- 
quered the  greater  part  of  the  Parthian  em- 
pire, and  took  the  Parthian  capital  of  Otesi- 
phon.  In  116  he  descended  the  Tigris,  and 
entered  the  Erythraean  sea  (the  Persian  Gulf). 
While  he  was  thus  engaged  the  Parthiaus  rose 
against  the  Romans,  but  were  again  subdued 
by  the  generals  of  Trajan.  On  his  return  to 
Ctesiphon,  Trajan  determined  to  give  the 
Parthians  a  king,  and  placed  the  diadem  on 
the  head  of  Parthaiuaspt  tea.  In  117  Trajan 


TRAJECTUM  (-i :  Utreehfy  a  town  of  the 
Butuvi  on  the  Rhine,  called  at  a  later  time 
Tnijcetwi  xUwni  or  Ad 
lilt?  num. 

TRALLES(-imn)or 
TRALLIS  <-is:  Gkfa 
zrt-Hinar,  Rti.,  near 
Aulin),  a  flourishing 
commercial  city  of 
Asia  Minor,  reckoned 
sometimes  to  Ionia, 
and  sometimes  to  Ca- 
ria.  It  stood  on  a 
quadrangular  height 
at,  the  S. 'lout,  of  Mount 
Messogis  (with  a  cita- 
del on'a  higher  point), 
on  the  banks  of  tho 
little  river  Eudon,  a 
N.  tributary  of  tlic 
Maeaucler,  from  which 


Trajan  crowning  the  Parthian  King. 


fell  ill,  and  as  his  comu &w,  ^^0^  tre 

set  put  for  Italy.  He  lived  to  reach  Selinus 
in  Cilicia,  afterwards  called  Trajanopolis, 
where  he  died  in  August,  117,  after  a  reign 
of  19  years,  6  months,  and  15  days.  He  left 
no  children.  Trajan  was  strong  and  labori- 
ous, of  majestic  appearance,  and  simple  in  his 
mode  of  life.  Though  not  a  man  of  letters, 
he  had  a  sound  judgment,  and  felt  a  sincere 
desire  for  the  happiness  of  his  people.  Trajan 
constructed  several  great  roads  in  the  empire ; 
ne  built  libraries  at  Rome,  one  of  which,  called 
the  Ulpia  Bibttotheca,  is  often  mentioned;  and 
a  theatre  in  the  Campus  Marti  us.  His  great 
work  was  the  Forum  Trajanum,  in  the  centre 
of  which  was  placed  the  column  of  Trajan. 


the  city  was  distant  SO 
stadia  (8  gcog.  rnilew). 
Under  the  Seleucidae 
it  bore  the  names  of 
Seleucia  and  Autio- 
chia. 

TRXPEZf  S  (-untis). 
(1)  (Near  Mavria),  a 
city  of  Arcadia,  on  the 
Alpheus — (2)(Tarabo- 
san,  Trabezun,  or  Trc- 
bizond),  a  colony  of 
Sinope,  at  almost  the 
extreme  E.  of  the  N. 
shore  of  Asia  Minor.  - 
After  Sinope  lost  her 


Column  of  Trojan* 


TRASIMENUS  LACUS. 


413 


TRIOPIUM. 


independence,  Triipc'/us  belonged,  first  to 
Armenia  Minor,  and  afterwards  to  the  king- 
dom of  Pontus.  Under  the  Romans  it  was 
made  a  tree  city,  probably  by  Pompey,  and 
by  Trajan  the  capital  oi'Ptmlus  Cappadocius. 
Hadrian  constructed  a  new  harbor ;  and  the 
city  became  a  place  of  first-rate  commercial 
importance.  It  was  taken  by  the  Goths  in 
the  reign  of  Valerian ;  but  it  had  recovered, 
and  was  in  a  flourishing  state  in  the  time  ot 
Justinian,  who  repaired  its  fortifications.  In 
the  middle  ages  it.  was  for  some  time  the  seat 
of  a  fragment  of  the  Greek  empire,  called  the 
empire  of  Trebixond.  It  is  now  the  second 
commercial  port  of  the  Black  Sea,  ranking 
next  after  Odessa. 

TRXSlMJSJNUS  LXCUS  (-i :  Latin  di  Pe- 
nujfa),  .sometimes,  but  not  correctly,  written 
Til R AS YM EN  US,  a  lake  in.  Etruria,  between 
Clnsiuin  and  Pcrusia,  memorable  for  the  vic- 
tory gained  by  Hannibal  over  the  Romans 
under  Flaminius,  JJ.G.  217. 

TREBA  (-ac:  Trevi),  a  town  in  Latium, 
near  the  sources  of  the  Anio,  N.E.  of  Anag- 
nia. 

TREBlTlUS  TESTA. 
TREBELLlUS  (-i)  POLLIO  (-onis),  one  of 
the  6  Seriptorc*  Ifistoriae  Autfitstae,  flourished 
under  Constantino. 

TRfiBlA  (-ac:  Trebbia),  a  small  river  in 
Gallia  Cisalpinu,  falling  into  the  Po  near 
Placentia.  It  is  memorable  for  the  victory 
which  Hannibal  gained  over  the  Romans,  B.O. 
218. 

TREB5NIITS  (-i),  C.,  played  rather  a  prom- 
inent part  iii  the  last  days  of  the  republic. 
He  commenced  public  life  as  a  supporter  of 
the  aristocratical  party,  but  changed  sides 
soon  afterwards,  and  in  his  tribunate  of  the 
plebs  (55)  he  proposed  the  Lex  Trebonia,  by 
which  Pompcy  obtained  the  2  Spains,  Crassus 
Syria,  and  Caesar  the  Gauls  and  Illyricum  for 
another  period  of  5  years.  For  this  service  he 
was  rewarded  by  being  appointed  one  of  Cae- 
sar's legates  in  Gaul.  In  48  Trebonius  was 
city-praetor,  and  towards  the  end  of  4T  suc- 
ceeded Q.  Casrius  Longinus  as  pro-praetor  in 
the  government  of  Farther  Spain.  Caesai 
raised  him  to  the  consulship  in  October,  45, 
and  promised  him  the  province  of  Asia,  In 
return  for  all  these  honors  and  favors,  Trebo- 
nius was  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the  con- 
spiracy to  assassinate  Caesar,  and  after  the 
murder  of  his  patron  (44)  he  went  as  procon- 
sul to  the  province  of  Asia.  In  the  following 
year  (43)  Dolabella  surprised  the  town  of 
Smyrna,  where  Trebonius  was  residing,  and 
slew  him  in  his  bed. 

TRKBtTLA  (-ae).  <1)  (Tregyhia),  a  town 
in  Samnium  situated  in  the  S.JB.  part  of  the 
mountains  of  Cajazzo. — (2)  MUTTJBOA,  a  town 
of  the  Sabines,  of  uncertain  site.— (3)  SUFFE- 
UA,  also  a  town  of  the  Sabines,  and  of  uncer 
tain  aite. 

TRERUS  (-1:  Stovo),  a  river  in  Latium,  and 
a  tributary  of  the  Liris. 

TRES  TXBERNAE  (-arum).  (1)  A  sta 
tion  on  the  Via  Appia  in  Latinni,  between 
Aricia  and  Forma  AppiL  It  is  mentioned 


n  the  account  of  St.  Paul's  journey  to  Rome. 
•—(2)  (lltnryletta),  a  station  in  Gallia  Cisal- 
lina,  on  the  road  from  Placentia  to  Media 
an  urn. 

TREVIRI  or  TREVERI  (-drum),  a  power- 
ul  people  hi  Gallia  Belgica,  who  were  faithful 
lilies  of  the  Romans,  and  whose  cavalry  was 
.he  best  in  all  Gaul.  The  river  Mosella  flow- 
3d  through  their  territory,  which  extended 
W.-ward  from  the  Rhine  as  far  as  the  Remi, 
Their  chief  town  was  made  a  Roman  colony 
by  Augustus,  and  was  called  ATTQ-USTA  TEEVI- 
RORUM  (Trier  or  Treves).  It  stood  on  the  right 
)ank  of  the  Mosella,  and  became  under  the 
ater  empire  one  of  the  most  flourishing  Ro- 
man cities  N.  of  the  Alps.  It  was  the  capital 
of  Belgica  Prima;  and  after  the  division  of 
the  Roman  world  by  Diocletian  (A.I>.  292)  into 
4  districts  it  became  the  residence  of  the 
Caesar  who  had  the  government  of  Britain, 
Gaul,  and  Spain.  The  modern  city  still  con- 
tains  many  interesting  Roman  remains. 

TRIBALLI  (-orum),  a  powerful  people  in 
Thrace,  a  branch  of  the  Getae,  dwelling  along 
the  Danube,  who  were  defeated  by  Alexander 
the  Great,  n.o.  335. 

TRIBOCCI  (-Crnm),  a  German  people,  set. 
tied  in  Gallia  Belgica,  between  Mount  Voge- 
sus  and  the  Rhine,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Strasfairg. 

TRICASSES,  TRICASII,  or  TRICASSINI 
(-orum),  a  people  in  Gallia  Lugduuensis,  E.  of 
the  Senoncs,  whose  chief  town  was  Augusto- 
bona,  afterwards  Tricassae  (Troyes). 

TRICASTTNI  (-ornm),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Narbonensis,  inhabiting  a  narrow  slip  of 
country  between  the  Drome  and  the  Isere. 
Their  chief  town  was  Augusta  Tricastinoram, 
or  simply  Augusta  (Aouste). 

TRICCA  (-ae),  subsequently  TRICS.LA 
(Trikkala),  an  ancient  town  of  Thessaly  in  the 
district  Hestiaeotis,  situated  on  the  Lethaeus, 
N.  of  the  Penetis.  Homer  represents  it  as 
governed  by  the  sons  of  Aesculapius ;  and  it 
contained  in  later  times  a  celebrated  temple 
of  this  god. 

TRIC5RII  (-Orum),  a  Ligurian  people  in 
Gallia  Narbonensis,  a  branch  of  the  Sailyi,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Massilia  and  Aquae  Sex- 
tiae. 

TRIDENTTJM  (-i:  Trent,  in  Italian  Trento), 
the  capital  of  the  TBIDENTINI,  and  the  chief 
town  of  Rhaetia,  situated  on  the  river  Athesis 
(Adige\  and  on  the  pass  of  the  Alps  leading 
to  Verona. 

TRINACRIA.    [SiciMA.] 

TRINOBANTES  (-um),  one  of  the  most 
powerful  people  of  Britain,  inhabiting  the 
modern  Essex. 

TRR5PAS  (-ae),son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Canace,  a  daughter  of  Aeolus,  or  of 
Helios  (the  Sun)  and  Rhodes,  and  the  father 
of  Iphimedia  and  Erysichthon.  Hence  hie 
sonErysichthon  is  called  TriopeiuR,  and  his 
grand-daughter  Mestra  or  Metra,  the  daughter 
of  Erysichthon,  Triop&te. 

TRIOPIUM  (-i :  C.  KrW),  the  promontory 
which  terminates  the  peninsula  of  Cnidna 


TKIPHYLIA. 


414 


TROAS. 


forming  the  S.  W.  headland  of  Caria  and  of 
Asia  Minor. 

TRlPHYUA  (-ae),  the  S.  portion  of  Elis, 
lying  between  the  Alpheus  and  the  Neda,  is 
said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  the  3 
different  tribes  by  which  it  was  peopled.  Its 
chief  town  was  PYLOS. 

TRIPOLIS  (-is),  properly  the  name  of  a 
confederacy  composed  of  3  cities,  or  a  district 
containing  3  cities ;  but  it  is  also  applied  to 
single  cities  which  had  some  such  relation 
to  others  as  to  make  the  name  appropriate. 
(1)  (Kash  Yentii),  a  city  on  the  Maeander,  12 
miles  W.  of  Hierapolis,  on  the  borders  of 
Phrygia,  Caria,  and  Lydia,  to  each  of  which 
it  is  assigned  by  different  authorities.— (2) 
(Tirebolfy  a  fortress  on  the  coast  of  Pontus, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name  (Tireboli  Sn),  90 
stadia  E.  of  the  Prom.  Zepbyrmni  (C.  Zefreh).— 
(3)  (Tripoli,  Tarabufas),  on  the  coast  of  Phoe- 
nicia, consisted  of  3  distinct  cities,  1  stadium 
(600  feet)  apart,  each  having  its  own  walls, 
but  all  united  in  a  common  constitution, 
having  one  place  of  assembly,  and  forming 
in  reality  one  city.  They  were  colonies  of 
Tyre,  Sidon,  and  Aradus  respectively.  It  is 
now  a  city  of  about  15,000  inhabitants,  and  the 
capital  of  one  of  the  pashalics  of  Syria,  that 
of  Tripoli.— (4)  The  district  on  the  N.  coast 
of  Africa  between  the  2  Syrtes,  comprising 
the  three  cities  of  Sabrata  (or  Abrotonum), 
Oea,  and  Leptis  Magna,  and  also  called  Tri- 
politana  Regio.  [SYRTIOA.] 

TRIPTOLSMUS  (-i),  son  of  Celeus,  king  of 
Bleusis,  and  Metanira  or  Polymnia.  Others 
describe  him  as  a  son  of  king  Elensis  by 
Cothonea,  or  of  Oceanus  and  Oaea,  or  of  Tro- 
chilus  by  an  Eleusinian  woman.  Triptole- 
mus  was  the  favorite  of  Demeter  (Ceres), 
and  the  inventor  of  the  plow  and  agricult- 
ure, and  of  civilization,  which  is  the  result 
of  it.  He  was  the  great  hero  in  the  Elen- 
sinian  mysteries.  According  to  the  common 
legend,'  he  hospitably  received  Demeter  at 
Eleusis,  when  she  was  wandering  iu  search 
of  her  daughter.  The  goddess,  in  return, 
wished  to  make  his  son  Demophon  immor- 
tal, and  placed  him  in  the  fire  in  order  to  de- 
stroy his  mortal  parts ;  but  Metanira  screamed 
out  at  the  sight,  and  the  child  was  consumed 
by  the  flames.  As  a  compensation  for  this 
bereavement,  the  goddess  gave  to  Triptol- 
emus  a  chariot  with  winged  dragons  and 
seeds  of  wheat.  In  this  chariot  Triptolemus 
rode  over  the  earth,  making  man  acquaint- 
ed with  the  blessings  of  agriculture.  On  his 
return  to  Attica,  Celeus  endeavored  to  kill 
him;  but  oy  the  command  of  Demeter  he 
was  obliged  to  give  up  his  country  to  Trip- 
tolemus, who  now  established  the  worship 
of  Demeter,  and  instituted  the  Theamopho- 
ria.  Triptolemus  is  represented  in  works 
of  art  as  a  youthful  hero,  sometimes  with 
the  petasus,  on  a  chariot  drawn  by  dragons, 
and  holding  in  his  hand  a  sceptre  and  corn 
ears. 

TRITAEA  (-ae).  (1)  A  town  of  Phocis, 
N.W.  of  Cleonae,  ou  the  left  bank  of  the 
Cephissus  and  on  the  frontiers  of  Locris.— 


(2)  One  of  the  12  cities  of  Achaia2120  stadia 
E.  of  Pharne  and  near  the  frontiers  of  Ar- 
cadia. 

TRITO  (-its),  or  TRITOGENIA  (-ae),  asur- 
name  of  Athena  (Minerva),  derived  by  gome 
from  lake  Trilonis  iu  Libya,  by  others  from 
the  stream  Triton  near  Aluleorncnae  in  Boe- 
otia ;  and  by  the  grainmariniiH  from  TP/T™, 
which,  in  the  dialect  of  the  Athamaniaus,  is 
said  to  signify  "  head." 

TRITON  (-onis),  son  of  Poseidon  (Neptune) 
and  Amphitrite  (or  Celaeno),  who  dwelt  with 
his  father  and  mother  in  a  golden  palace  iu 
the  bottom  of  the  sea,  or,  according  to  Ho- 
mer, at  Agae.  Later  writers  describe  him  as 
riding  over  the  sea  on  gca-liorees  or  other 
monsters.  Sometimes  we  find  mention  of 
Tritons  in  the  plural.  Their  appearance  is 


Triton.    (From  a  Roman  lump.) 

variously  described,  though  they  are  always 
conceived  as  having  the  human  tlgure  in  the 
upper  part  of  their  bodies,  and  that  of  a  fish 
in  the  lower  part.  The  chief  characteristic 
of  Tritons  in  poetry  as  well  as  in  works  of 
art  is  a  trumpet  made  out  of  a  shell  (conctui\ 
which  the  Tritons  blow  at  the  command  of 
Poseidon,  to  soothe  the  restless  waves  of  the 
sea. 

TRITON  (-onis)  FL.,  TRITONIS  (-is),  or 
TRITONITIS  PALUS,  a  river  and  lake  ou 
the  Mediterranean  coast  of  Libya,  which  are 
mentioned  in  several  old  Greek  legends,  es- 
pecially in  the  mythology  of  Athena  (Miner- 
va), whom  one  account  represented  as  born 
on  the  lake  Tritonis.  The  lake  is  undoubt- 
edly the  great  salt  lake  in  the  S.  of  Tunis 
called  El-Sibkah.  Some  of  the  ancient  writ- 
ers gave  altogether  a  different  locality  to  the 
legend,  and  identify  the  Triton  with  the  river 
usually  called  LATHON  in  Cyrenaica. 

TRiVICUM  (-i :  ZHofeo),  a  small  town  in 
Samnium,  situated  among  the  mountains  sep- 
arating Samnium  from  Apulia. 

TROAS  (-Mis :  Chan\  the  territory  of  Ilium 
or  Troy,  formed  the  N.W.  part  of  Mysia.  It 
was  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Aegaean  sea, 
from  Prom.  Lectum  to  Prom.  Sigeum,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Hellespont ;  on  the  N.W.  by 
the  Hellespont,  as  far  as  the  river  Rhodina, 
below  Abydus ;  on  the  N.E.  and  E.  by  the 


TKOAS. 


415 


TROGLODYTAE. 


mountains  which  border  the  valley  of  the 
Rhodius,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  N.  coast  of  the 
gulf  of  Adrainyttium  along  the  S.  foot  of  Ida; 
but  on  the  N.E.  and  E.  the  boundary  is  some- 
times extended  so  far  as  to  include  the  whole 
coast  of  the  Hellespont  arid  part  of  the  Pro- 
pontls,  and  the  country  as  far  as  the  river 
Granicus,  thus  embracing  the  district  of  Dar- 
dania,  and  somewhat  more.  The  Troad  is 
for  the  most  part  mountainous,  being  inter- 
sected by  Mount  Ida  and  its  brunettes:  the 
largest  plain  is  that  in  which  Troy  stood. 
The  chief  rivers  were  the  SATNOIH  on  the  S., 
the  Riioinus  011  the  N.,  and  the  SOAMANT>EK 
and  SIMOIB  in  the  centre.  These  2  rivers,  so 
renowned  in  the  legends  of  the  Trojan  war, 
flow  from  2  different  points  in  the  chain  of 
Mount  Ida,  and  unite  iu  the  plain  of  Troy, 
through  which  the  united  stream  Hows  N.W., 
and  falls  into  the  Hellespont  E.  of  the  prom- 
ontory of  Sigcuin.  The  precise  locality  of 
the  cily  of  Troy,  or,  according  to  its  genuine 
Greek  name,  Ilium,  is  the  subject  of  much 
dispute.  The  most  probable  opinion  seems 
to  be  that  which  places  the  original  city  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  plain,  on  a  moderate  el- 
evation, at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ida,  and  its  cit- 
adel (called  Pergama,  u<->yu/iu)  on  a  loftier 
height,  almost  separated  from  the  city  by  a 
ravine,  and  nearly  surrounded  by  the  Sca- 
mander.  This  city  seema  never  to  have  been, 


ter,  who  married  Dardanus.  . 

From  this  Tencer  the  people  were  called  Ten- 
cri.  Dardanus  had  2  sons,  Has  and  Ericn- 
thonius;  and  the  latter  was  the  father  of 
Tros,  from  whom  the  country  and  people  de- 
rived the  names  of  Troas  and  Troes.  Trod 
was  the  father  of  Bus,  who  founded  the  city, 
which  was  called  after  him  ILIUM,  and  also, 
after  his  father,  TEOJA.  The  next  king  was 
LAOMEDON,  and  after  him  Priam.  [PBIAMUS.] 
Iu  his  reign  the  city  was  taken  and  destroyed 
by  the  confederated  Greeks,  after  a  10  years' 
siege.  The  chrouologers  assigned  different 
dates  for  the  capture  of  Troy ;  the  calculation 
most  generally  accepted  placed  it  in  B.O. 
1184. 

TROCMI  or  -IL    [GALATIA.J 

TROES.    [TKOAS.] 

TROEZEN  (-enis:  Dhamala},  the  capital  of 
TROKZENIA,  a  district  in  the  S.E.  of  Argolis, 
on  the  Saronic  gulf,  and  opposite  the  island 
of  Aegina.  The  town  was  tdtuated  at  some 
little  distance  from  the  coast,  cm  which  it 
possessed  a  harbor  called  POGON,  opposite 
the  island  of  Calauria.  Troezen  was  a  very 
ancient  city,  and  is  said  to  have  been  origi- 
nally called  Poseidouia,  on  account  of  its 
worship  of  Poseidon  (Neptune).  It  received 
the  name  of  Troezen  from  Troezen,  one  of 
the  sons  of  Pelops ;  and  it  is  celebrated  in 


The  Plain  of  Troy. 


restored  after  its  destruction  by  th«  Greeks. 
The  Aeolian  colonists  subsequently  built  a 
new  city,  on  the  Bite,  as  they  doubtless  be- 
lieved, or  the  old  one,  but  really  mrch  lower 
down  the  plain  ;  and  this  city  is  the  TROJA, 
or  ILIUM  VKTOS,  of  most  of  the  ancient  writ- 
ers. After  the  time  of  Alexander  this  city 
declined,  and  a  new  one  was  built  still  far- 
ther down  the  plain,  below  the  confluence  of 
the  Simois  and  Scamandcr,  and  near  the  Hel- 
lespont, and  this  was  called  ILIUM  NOVUM. 
The  mythical  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
kingdom  of  Troy  is  briefly  as  follows:  Teu- 
cer,  the  first  king  in  the  Troad,  had  a  daugh- 


mythology  as  the  place  where  Fitthens,  the 
maternal  grandfather  of  Theseus,  lived,  and 
where  Theseus  himself  was  born;  In  the 
historical  period  it  was  a  city  of  some  im- 
portance. 

TROGlLtAE  (-arum),  3  small  islands,  ly- 
ing off  the  promontory  of  Trogilium. 

TROGLftD^TAE  (-umm  :  i.  e.  dwellers  in 
wives),  the  name  applied  by  the  Greek  geog- 
raphers to  various  uncivilized  people  who 
had  no  abodes  but  caves,  especially  to  the 
inhabitants  of  the  W.  coast  of  the  Red  Sea, 
along  the  shores  of  Upper  Egypt  and  Aethi 


TROGUS. 


416 


Tumus. 


opia.    There  were  also  Troglodytae  in  Mo- 
esia,  on  the  hanks  of  the  Danube. 


TROGUS,  POMPEIUS. 

TROILIUM.    [TROSSULUM.] 

TROILUS  (-i),  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
or,  according  to  others,  son  of  Apollo.  He 
fell  by  the  hands  of  Achilles. 

TROJA  <-ae),  the  name  of  the  city  of 
Troy  or  Ilium,  also  applied  to  the  country. 

[TBOAS.J 

TR5PHONIUS  (-i),  son  of  Brginus,  king 
of  Orchomenus,  and  brother  of  Agamedes. 
He  and  his  brother  built  the  temple  at  Del- 
phi, and  the  treasury  of  king  Hyrieus  in 
Boeotia.  [AGAJHBDES.]  Trophouius  after 
his  death  was  worshiped  as  a  hero,  aud 
had  a  celebrated  oracle  in  a  cave  near  Leb- 
adea,  in  Boeotia.  (See  Diet,  of  Antiq.,  art. 
Oraculum.) 

TROS  (-6is),  son  of  Erichthouius  and  As- 
tyoche,  and  grandson  of  Dard&nus.  He  was 
married  to  CallirrhoS,  by  whom  he  became 
the  father  of  Ilus,  Assarucus,  and  Ganyme- 
des,  and  was  king  of  Phrygia.  The  country 
and  people  of  Troy  derived  their  name  from 
him.  He  gave  up  his  son  Ganymedes  to 
Zeus  (Jupiter)  for  a  present  of  horses.  [GAN- 
YMEDES.] 

TROSStJXUM  <-i:  Trosso),  a  town  in  Etrn- 
ria,  9  miles  from  Volsinii,  which  is  said  to 
have  been  taken  by  some  Roman  equites, 
without  the  aid  of  foot-soldiers  ;  whence  the 
Roman  equites  obtained  the  name  of  Tros- 
*oli. 

TKttBNTUM  (-5),  a  town  of  Picenum,  on 
$he  river  Traentus  or  Truentinus  (Tronto). 

TRUTULENSIS  FOETUS,  a  harbor  on  the 
N.B.  coast  of  Britain,  near  the  estuary  Taus 


TfjBfiRO  («5nis),  AEI^US.  (1)  Q.,  son-in- 
law  of  L.  AemUius  Paulus,  served  under  the 
latter  in  his  war  against  Perseus,  king  of 
Macedonia.  —  (2)  Q.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  pupil  of  Panaetius,  and  is  called  the 
Stoic.  He  had  a  reputation  for  talent  and 
legal  knowledge.  He  was  praetor  in  128,  and 
consul  suffectus  in  118.  He  was  an  opponent 
of  Tib.  Gracchus,  as  well  as  of  C.  Gracchus, 
and  delivered  some  speeches  against  the  lat- 
ter, 123.  Tubero  is  one  of  the  speakers  in 
Cicero's  dialogue  De  Republfoa.  —  (3)  L..  an  in- 
timate friend  of  Cicero.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  civil  war,  Tubero  espoused  the  party 
of  Pompey,  under  whom  he  served  in  Greece. 
He  was  afterwards  pardoned  by  Caesar,  and 
returned  with  his  son  Quintus  to  Rome. 
Tubero  cultivated  literature  and  philosophy. 
—(4)  Q.,  son  of  the  preceding,  obtained  con- 
siderable reputation  as  a  jurist,  and  is  often 
quoted  in  the  Digest. 

TUCCA  (-ae),  PLSTfUS,  a  friend  of  Horace 
and  Virgil,  to  whom  and  Varius  the  latter  be- 
queathed his  unfinished  works. 

TtJDER  (-eris:  Todi\  an  ancient  town  of 
Umbria,  situated  on  a  hill  near  the  Tiber, 
and  on  the  road  from  Mevania  to  Rome. 

TULIlA  <-ae),  the  name  of  the  2  daughters 
of  Servius  Tullius,  the  6th  king  of  Rome. 


TULLIA  (-ae),  frequently  called  by  the  fli. 
minutive  TULLlOLA,  was  the  daughter  of 
M.  Cicero  and  T erentia,  and  was  probably 
bora  11.0. 79  or  78.  She  was  betrothed  in  07 
to  C.  Calpurnius  Piso  Frugi,  whom  she  mar- 
ried in  C3,  during  the  consulship  of  her  fa- 
ther. During  Cicero's  banishment  Tullia  lost 
iier  first  husband.  She  was  married  again  in 
56  to  Furius  Crassipes,  a  young  man  of  rank 
and  large  property ;  but  she  dia  not  live  with 
trim  long,  though  the  time  and  the  reason  of 
tier  divorce  are  alike  unknown.  In  50  she 
was  married  to  her  3d  husband,  P.  Corneliuw 
Dolabella,  who  was  a  thorough  profligate. 
The  marriage  took  place  during  Cicero's  ab- 
sence in  Cilicia,  aud,  as  might  have  beeu  an- 
ticipated, was  not  a  happy  one.  In  46  a  di  - 
vorce  took  place  by  mutual  consent  At  the 
beginning  of  45  Tullia  was  delivered  of  a  son, 
her  2d  child  by  Dolabella.  As  soon  as  she 
was  sufficiently  recovered  to  bear  the  fa- 
tigues of  a  journey,  she  accompanied  her  fa- 
ther to  Tusculum,  but  she  died  there  in  Feb- 
ruary. 

TULlUNUM  (-i),  a  dismal  subterranean 
dungeon,  added  by  Servius  Tullius  to  the  Car- 
eer Mamertinus.  It  now  serves  as  a  chapel 
to  a  small  church  boilt  on  the  spot,  called  S. 
Pietro  in  Carcere. 

TULIiUS  CiCSRO.    [CioBBO.1 

TULLtUS,  SEKVlUS  (-!),  the  6th  king  of 
Rome.  The  account  of  the  early  life  and 
death  of  Servins  Tullius  is  full  of  marvels, 
and  can  not  be  regarded  as  possessing  any 
title  to  a  real  historical  narrative.  His  moth- 
er, Ocrisia,  was  one  of  the  captives  taken  at 
Corniculum,  and  became  a  female  slave  of 
Tanaquil,  the  wife  of  Tarquinius  Prisons.  He 
was  born  in  the  king's  palace,  and  notwith- 
standing his  servile  origin  was  brought  up 
as  the  king's  son,  since  Tanaquil  by  her  pow- 
ers of  divination  had  foreseen  the  greatness 
of  the  child ;  and  Tarqninius  placed  such  con- 
fidence in  him  that  he  gave  him  his  daughter 
in  marriage,  and  intrusted  him  with  the  ex- 
ercise of  the  government.  The  sons  of  Ancus 
Marcius,  fearing  lest  he  should  deprive  them 
of  the  throne  which  they  claimed  as  their  in- 
heritance, procured  the  assassination  of  Tar- 
quinius [TARQUINIUS]  ;  but  Tanaquil,  by  a 
stratagem,  preserved  the  royal  power  for  Ser- 
vius. Three  important  events  are  assigned 
to  his  reign  by  universal  tradition.  First,  he 
gave  a  new  constitution  to  the  Roman  state. 
The  two  main  objects  of  this  constitution 
were  to  give  the  plebs  political  independence, 
and  to  assign  to  property  that  influence  in 
the  state  which  had  previously  belonged  to 
birth  exclusively.  [For  details,  see  Diet,  of 
Antiq.,  art.  Comitia.'}  Secondly,  he  extended 
the  pomoerium,  or  hallowed  boundary  of  the 
city,  and  completed  the  city  by  incorporating 
with  it  the  Quirinal,  Viminal,  and  Bsquiline 
hills.  [ROMA.]  Thirdly,  he  established  an 
important  alliance  with  the  Latins,  by  which 
Rome  and  the  cities  of  Latium  became  the 
members  of  one  great  league.  By  his  new 
constitution  Servius  incurred  the  hostility  of 
the  patricians,  who  conspired  with  L.  Tar- 
quinius to  deprive  him  of  his  life  and  of  his 
throne.  According  to  the  legend,  TuUia*  one 


TULLIUS. 


417 


TUSCULUM. 


of  the  daughters  <>r  Scrvius,  an  ambitious 
woman,  who  h:id  paved  the  way  for  her  mar- 
riage with  L.Taniuiuiiis  by  Lhe'iiiunler  of  her 
former  husband,  Artins,  and  of  her  sifter,  the 
former  wife  of  Tarquiuins,  was  one  of  the 
prime  movers  in  this  conspiracy.  At  her  in- 
stigation Tarquinitis  entered  the  forum  ar- 
rayed in  the  kindly  robes,  seated  himself  in 
the  royal  chair  in  the  senate-house,  and  or- 
dered the  {-dilators  to  be  summoned  to  him 
as  their  king.  At  the  first  news  of  the  com- 
motion, Servius  hastened  to  the  senate-house, 
and,  standing  at  the  doorway,  ordered  Tar- 
quinius  to  come  down  from  the  throne.  Tar- 
quiuius  sprang  forward,  seized  the  old  man, 
and  tiling  him  down  the  stone  steps.  Cov- 
ered with  blood,  the  king  was  hastening 
home  ;  but,  before  he  reached  it,  he  was  over- 
taken by  the  servants  of  Tarquinius  and  mur- 
dered. Tullia  drove  to  the  senate-house,  and 
greeted  her  husband  as  king ;  but  her  trans- 
ports of  joy  struck  even  him  with  horror. 
He  bade  her  go  home;  and  as  she  was  re- 
turning, her  charioteer  pulled  up  and  pointed 
out  the  corpse  of  her  lather  lying  in  his  blood 
across  the  road.  She  commanded  him  to 
drive  011 ;  the  blood  of  her  father  spirted  over 
the  carriage  and  on  her  dress;  and  from  that 
day  forward  the  street  bore  the  name  of  the 
Vicutt  tieelrratuti,  or  Wicked  Street.  Servius 
had  reigned  44  years.  His  memory  was  long 
•aherished  by  the  plebeians. 

TULLIUS  TlllO.    [Tiuo-J 

TTTLLTJS  HOSTTLIITR  (-1),  3d  king  of 
Rome,  is  said  to  have  been  the  grandson  of 
Hostus  Hostilius,  who  fell  in  battle  against 
the  Sabines  in  the  reign  of  Romulus.  His 
legend  ran  as  follows:  Tullus  Hostilius  de- 
parted from  the  peaceful  ways  of  Numa,  and 
aspired  to  the  martial  renown  of  Romulus. 
He  made  Alba  acknowledge  Rome's  suprem- 
acy in  the  war  wherein  the  3  Roman  broth- 
ers, the  Horatii,  fought  with  the  3  Alban 
brothers,  the  Curiatif,  at  the  Fossa  Cluilia. 
Next  he  warred  with  Fidenae  and  with  Veii, 
and  being  straitly  pressed  by  their  joint 
boats,  he  vowed  temples  to  Pallor  and  Pavor 
—Paleness  and  Panic.  And  after  the  fight 
was  won,  he  tore  asunder  with  chariots  Met- 
tius  Fnfetins,  the  king  or  dictator  of  Alba, 
because  he  had  desired  to  betray  Rome ;  and 
he  utterly  destroyed  Alba,  sparing  only  the 
temples  of  the  gods,  and  bringing  the  Alban 
people  to  Koine,  where  he  gave  them  the 
Caelian  hill  to  dwell  on.  Then  he  turned 
himself  to  war  with  the  Sabines;  and  being 
again  ntraitcned  in  fight  in -a  wood  called  the 
Wicked  Wood,  he  vowed  a  yearly  festival  to 
Saturn  and  Ops,  and  to  double  the  number 
of  the  Salii,  or  priests  of  Mamers.  And  when, 
by  their  help,  he  had  vanquished  the  Sabines, 
he  performed  his  vow,  and  its  records  were 
the  feasts  Saturnalia  and  Opalia.  In  his  old 
age  Tullns  grew  weary  of  warring ;  and  wnei 
a  pestilence  struck  him  and  his  people,  and 
a  shower  of  burning  stones  fell  from  heaven 
on  Mount  Alba,  ana  a  voice  as  of  the  Alban 
gods  came  forth  from  the  solitary  temple  of 
Jupiter  on  its  summit,  he  remembered  the 
peaceful  and  happy  days  of  Numa,  and  sough 
to  win  the  favor  of  the  gods,  as  Numa  had 


done,  by  prayer  and  divination.  But  the  gods 
iceded  neither  his  prayers  nor  his  charms, 
md  when  he  would  inquire  of  Jupiter  Elic- 
us,  Jupiter  was  wroth,  and  smote  Tnllna  and 
ijs  whole  house  with  fire.  Perhaps  the  only 
listorical  fact  embodied  in  the  legend  of 
fullus  is  the  ruin  of  Alba. 

TtTNES  or  TtfNIS  (-is:  Tunis),  a  strongly 
fortified  city  of  K  Africa,  stood  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  Carthaginian  gulf,  10  miles  S.  W. 
of  Carthage,  at  the  mouth  of  the  little  rivet 
Catada. 

TUNGRI  (-Orum),  a  German  people,  who 
crossed  the  Rhine,  and  settled  in  Gaul  in  the 
country  formerly  occupied  by  the  Aduatici 
and  the  Eburones.  Their  chief  town  was 
called  TCNGKI  or  ABUAOA  TONGROEUM  (Ton- 
gem). 

TURDETA"  NI  (-Orara),  the  most  numerous 
people  in  Hispania  Baetica,  dwelt  in  the  S. 
of  the  province,  on  both  banks  of  the  Baetis, 
as  far  as  Lnsitania. 

TURDtTLI  (-Orum),  a  people  in  Hispania 
Baetica,  situated  to  the  E.  and  S.  of  the  Tur- 
detani,  with  whom  they  were  closely  con- 
nected. 

TtMA  (-ae)  or  TtTKlUM  (-i:  Guadalaviar), 
a  river  on  the  E.  coast  of  Spain,  flowing  into 
the  sea  at  Valentia,  memorable  for  the  bat- 
tle fought  on  its  banks  between  Pompey  and 
Sertorius. 

TURNUS  (-i).  (1)  Son  of  Daunus  and  Ve- 
nilia,  and  king  of  the  Rutuli  at  the  time  of 
the  arrival  of  Aeneas  in  Italy.  He  was  a 
brother  of  Juturna,  and  related  to  Amata, 
the  wife  of  king  Latinus;  and  he  fought 
against  Aeneas  because  Latinus  had  given 
to  the  Trojan  hero  his  daughter  Lavinia,  who 
had  been  previously  promised  to  Turnus. 
He  appears  in  the  Aeneid  as  a  brave  warrior; 
but  in  the  end  he  fell  by  the  hand  of  Aeneas. 
—(2)  A  Roman  satiric  poet,  was  a  native  of 
Aurunca,  and  lived  under  Vespasian  and  Do- 
mitian. 

TURNUS  HERPONIUS.    [HERDONIUS.] 

T&RONES  (-urn),  TtJRONI,  or  T&RONII 
(-orum),  a  people  in  the  interior  of  Gallia 
Lugdunensitf,  between  the  Aulerci,  Andes, 
and  Pictones.  Their  chief  town  was  CAB- 
6ABoi>trauM,  subsequently  TUBONI  (Towrs),  on 
the  Liger  (Loire). 

TURRIS  HANNIBILIS  <-iss  Bourj  Salek- 
tah,  Ru.),  a  castle  011  the  coast  of  Byzacena, 
between  Thapsus  and  Acholla,  belonging  to 
Hannibal,  who  embarked  here  when  ne  fled 
to  ADtiochus  the  Great. 

TURRIS  STRlTONIS. 

TUSCI,  TUSClA. 

TUSC-GLUM  (-i:  nr.^ras^,Rn.),an  an- 
cient town  of  Latium,  situated  about  10  miles 
S.E.  of  Rome,  on  a  lofty  summit  of  the  mount- 
ains, which  are  called  after  the  town,Tusou- 
LANI  MONTHS.  It  is  said  to  have  been  found- 
ed by  Telegonus,  the  son  of  Ulysses ;  and  it 
was  always  one  of  the  most  important  of  the 
Latin  towns.  Cato  the  Censor  was  a  native 
of  Tusculum.  Its  proximity  to  Rome,  its  sa- 
lubrity, and  the  beauty  of  its  situation,  made 
it  a  favorite  residence  of  th«  Roman  nobles 


TUTICANUS. 


418 


TYRRIIKNUS. 


during  the  summer.  Cicero,  among  others, 
had  a  favorite  villa  at  this  place,  which  he 
frequently  mentions  under  the  name  of  Tts- 


TtMCANTJS  <-i),  a  Roman  poet,  and  a 
friend  of  Ovid. 

TtANA  (-orum  :  Kiz  Hisar,  Ru.),  a  city  of 
Asia  Minor,  stood  in  the  S.  of  Cappadocia,  at 
the  N.  foot  of  Mount  Taurus.  Tyana  was  the 
native  pi  ace  of  Apollonius,  the  supposed  work- 
er of  miracles.  The  S.  district  of  Cappadocia, 
in  which  the  city  stood,  was  called  Tyanltis. 

TYCHE.    (1)  FORTUNA.—  (2)  SYRACUSAE. 

TYDEUS  <-£Ss,  <5i,  or  el),  son  of  Oeneus,  king 
of  Calydon,  and  Periboea.  He  was  obliged 
to  leave  Calydon  in  consequence  of  some  mur- 
der which  he  had  committed,  but  which  is 
differently  described  by  different  authors.  He 
fled  to  Adrastus  at  Argos,  who  purified  him 
from  the  murder,  and  gave  him  his  daughter 
DeTpyle  in  marriage,  by  whom  he  became  the 
father  of  Diomedes,  who  is  hence  frequently 
called  TTDIDES.  He  accompanied  Adrastus 
in  the  expedition  against  Thebes,  where  he 
was  wounded  by  Melanippus,  who.  however, 
was  slain  by  him.  When  Tydeus  lay  on  the 
ground  wounded,  Athena  (Minerva)  appeared 
to  him  with  a  remedy  which  she  had  received 
from  Zeus  (Jupiter),  and  which  was  to  make 
him  immortal.  This,  however,  was  prevented 
by  a  stratagem  of  Amphiaraus,  who  hated 
Tydeus,  for  he  cut  off  the  head  of  Melanippus, 
and  brought  it  to  Tydeus,  who  divided  it  and 
ate  the  brain,  or  devoured  some  of  the  flesh. 
Athena,  seeing  this,  shuddered,  and  left  Ty- 
dens  to  his  fate,  who  consequently  died,  and 
was  buried  by  Macon. 

TYMPHAEI  (-orum),  a  people  of  Epirus, 
on  the  borders  of  Thessaly,  so  called  from 
MOUNT  TYMPHE.  Their  country  was  called 
TYMPHAEA. 

TYMPHRESTUS  (-i:  Elladka),  a  mountain 
in  Thessaly,  in  the  country  of  the  Dryopes, 
in  which  the  river  Spercheus  rises. 

TYNDAEEUS  (-31:  notTYNDARus),  was  the 
son  of  Perieres  and  Gorgophone,  or,  accord- 
ing to  others,  son  of  Oebalus,  by  the  nymph 
BatTa  or  by  Gorgophone.  Tyndareus  and  his 
brother  Icarius  were  expelled  by  their  step- 
brother Hippocoon  and  his  sons  ;  whereupon 
Tyndarens  fled  to  Thestius  in  Aetolia,  and 
assisted  him  in  his  wars  against  his  neighbors. 
In  Aetolia  Tyndareus  married  Leda.thedaugh- 
ter  of  Thestius,  and  was  afterwards  restored 
to  Sparta  by  Hercules.  By  Leda,  Tyndareus 
became  the  father  of  Timandra.  Clytaemnes- 
tra,  and  Philopoe.  One  night  Leda  was  em- 
braced both  by  Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  Tyndareus. 
and  the  result  was  the  birth  of  Pollux  ana 
Helena,  the  children  of  Zeus,  and  oi'  Castor 
and  Clytaemnestra,  the  children  of  Tyndareus. 
The  patronymic  TYNDABIDAE  is  frequently 
given  to  Castor  and  Pollux,  and  tho  female 
patronymic  TYNDABIS  to  Helen  and  Clytaem- 
nestra. When  Castor  and  Pollux  had  been 
received  among  the  immortals,  Tyndareus  in- 
Tited  Menelaus  to  come  to  Sparta,  and  sur- 
rendered his  kingdom  to  him. 

TYNDiEIS  <-idis)  or  TYNDlRiUM  (-i: 
Tindare),  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  a 


little  W.  of  Mcssaiia,  founded  by  the  elder 
Dionysius,  ».a  3%. 

TtPHON  (-flu is)  or  TtPIIpEUS  (-ocas, 
oei,  or  oel),  a  monster  of  the  primitive  world, 
is  described  sometimes  as  a  acstr active  hurri- 
cane,  and  sometimes  as  a  tire-breathing  giant. 
According  to  Homer,  ho  was  concealed  in  the 
earth  in  the  <.ountry  of  the  Arimi,  which  was 
lashed  by  Zens  (Jupiter)  with  flashes  of  light- 
ning. In  Hesiorl,  Typhnon  mid  Typhoons  are 
2  distinct  beings.  Typhaou  is  represented  as 
a  son  of  Typhoons,  and  a  fearful  hurricane, 
and  as  having  become  by  Echidna  the  father 
of  the  dog  Orthus,  Cerberus,  the  Lurnacan 
hydra,Chiinaera,  and  the  Sphynx.  Typhoons, 
on  the  other  hand,  is  called  the  youngest,  son 
of  Tartarus  and  Gaoa,  or  ofileni  (Juno)  alone, 
because  she  was  indignant  at  Zeus  having 
given  birth  to  Athoiuf  (Minerva),  lie  is  de- 
scribed as  a  monster  with  100  heads,  fearful 
eyes,  and  terrible  voices;  he  wanted  to  ac- 
quire the  sovereignty  of  gods  and  men,  but, 
after  a  fearful  struggle,  was  subdued  by  Zeus 
with  a  thunderbolt.  He  begot  the  winds, 
whence  he  is  also  called  the  father  of  the 
Harpies;  but  the  benclicent  winds  Notus, 
Boreas,  Argestcs,  and  Zcphyrus,  were  not  his 
sons.  He  was  buried  in  Tartarus, uiulerMount 
Aetna,  the  workshop  of  Hcphaeatus  (Vulcan), 
which  is  hence  called  by  the  poets  Typhote 
Aetna. 

TRANMON  (-finis).  (1)  A  Greek  gram- 
marian, a  native  of  Amisus  in  Poutus,  was 
taken  captive  by  Lucullus,  and  carried  to 
Rome,  B.O.  72.  He  was  given  by  Lucullus 
to  Murena,  who  manumitted  him.  At  Home 
Tyrannion  occupied  himself  in  teaching.  He 
was  also  employed  in  arranging  the  library 
of  Apellicon,  which  Sulla  brought  to  Rome, 
and  which  contained  the  writings  of  Aristotle. 
Cicero  speaks  in  the  highest  terms  of  his  learn- 
ing and  ability. — (2)  A  native  of  Phoenicia, 
the  son  of  Artemidorus,  and  a  disciple  of  the 
preceding. 

TYRAS  (-ae :  Dniester),  subsequently  called 
DANASTRIS,  a  river  in  European  Sarmatia, 
forming  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course  the 
boundary  between  Dacia  and  Sarmatia,  and 
falling  into  the  Poutus  Euxinns  N.  of  the 
Danube* 

TYRIAEUM  (-i:  Ilghwn),  a  city  of  Lyca- 
onia,  20  parasangs  W.  of  Iconinm. 

TYR5  (-us),  daughter  of  Salmonens  and 
Alcidice.  She  wa^  the  wife  of  Crethcus,  and 
beloved  by  the  river-god  Enipcuw  in  Thcssaly, 
hoso  form  Poseidon  (Neptune)  appeared 
to  her,  and  became  by  her  the  father  of  Pelias 
and  NcJeus,,  By  Cretheus  she  was  the  mother 
of  Aeson,  Pheres,  and  Amythaon. 

TYRRHENI,  TYRRHENlA.    [ETIIUBIAO 

TYRRHSNUM  MARE.    [ETKUUIA.] 

TYRRHENUS  (-i).,  son  of  the  Lydian  king 
Atys  and  Gallithea,  and  brother  of  Lydnn,  is 
said  to  havo  let!  a  Polasgian  colony  from  Lydia 
into  Italy,  into  the  country  of  the  Umbrians, 
and  to  have  given  to  the  colonists  his  name. 
Others  call  Tyrrhenus  a  son  of  Hercules  by 
Omphale,  or  of  Telephus  and  Hiera,  and  a 
brother  of  Tarchon.  The  name  Tarchon  seems 
to  be  only  another  form  of  Tyrrhenes, 


TYRRIIKUS. 


419 


ULYSSES. 


TYRRIIEUS  (-ci),  it  shepherd  of  king  La- 
tinus. 

TYRTAEUS  (-i),  son  of  Archembrotus,  of 
Aphiduae  in  Attica.  According  to  the  older 
tradition,  the  Spartans  during  the  2d  Mes- 
seniau  war  were  commanded  by  an  oracle  to 
take  a  leader  from  among  the  Athenians,  and 
thus  to  conquer  theirenemics,  whereupon  they 
chose  Tyrtaeus.  Later  writers  embellish  the 
story,  andrepresentTyrtacus  as  a  lame  school- 
master, of  low  family  aiid  reputation,  whom 
the  Athenians,  when  applied  to  by  the  Lace- 
daemonians, purposely  sent  as  the  most  inef- 
ficient leader  they  could  select,  being  unwill- 
ing to  assist  the  Lacedaemonians  in  extend- 
ing their  dominion  in  the  Peloponnesus,  but 
Jittle  thinking  that  the  poetry  of  Tyrtaeus 
would  achieve  that  victory  which  his  physical 
constitution  seemed  to  forbid  his  aspiring  to. 
The  poems  of  Tyrtaeus  exercised  an  impor- 
tant influence  upon  the  Spartans,  composing 
their  dissensions  at  home,  and  animating 
their  courage  in  the  field,  in  their  conflict 
with  the  Messeniaus.  He  must  have  flour- 
ished  down  to  M.O.  C6S,  which  was  the  last 
year  of  the  2d  Mcssenian  war. 

TtRUS  (-i:  Aram.  Turn:  O.T.  Tsor:  Sur, 
Ru.)»  one  of  the  greatest  and  most  fomous 


cities  of  the  ancient  world,  stood  on  the  coast 
of  Phoenice,  about  20  miles  S.  of  Sidon.  It 
was  a  colony  of  the  Sidonians,  and  is  there- 
fore  called  in  Scripture  "the  daughter  of  Si- 
don."  In  the  time  of  Solomon,  we  find  its 
king,  Hiram,  who  was  also  king  of  Sidon,  in 
close  alliance  with  the  Hebrew  monarch. 
The  Assyrian  king  Shalmaueser  laid  siege  to 
Tyre  for  5  years,  but  without  success.  It  was 
again  besieged  for  13  years  by  Nebuchadnez- 
zar. At  the  period  when  the  Greeks  began 
to  be  well  acquainted  with  the  city,  its  old 
site  had  been  abandoned,  and  a  new  city 
erected  ou  a  small  island  about  half  a  mile 
from  the  shore.  In  B.O.  322  the  'JVrians  re- 
fused to  open  their  gates  to  Alexander,  who 
laid  siege  to  the  city  for  7  months,  and  united 
the  island  on  which  it  stood  to  the  mainland 
by  a  mole  constructed  chiefly  of  the  ruins  of 
Old  Tyre.  This  mole  has  ever  since  formed 
a  permanent  connection  between  the  island 
and  the  mainland.  After  its  capture  and  sack 
by  Alexander,  Tyre  never  regained  its  former 
consequence,  and  its  commerce  was  for  the 
most  part  transferred  to  Alexandria.  It  was, 
however,  a  place  of  considerable  importance 
in  mediaeval  history,  especially  as  one  of  the 
last  points  held  by  the  Christians  on  the  coast 
of  Syria. 


U. 


UB5I  (-5rum),  a  German  people,  who  orlgi- 
nally  dwelt  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
but  were  transported  across  the  river  by  Agrip- 
pa,  in  ji.o.  37,  at  their  own  request,  because 
they  wished  to  escape  the  hostilities  of  the 
Suevi.  They  took  the  name  of  Agrippenses, 
from  their  town  COLON  IA  AGUIPPINA. 


(-rmtis),  one  of  the  elders  at 
Troy,  whose  house  was  burned  at  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  city. 

tTFENS  (-entis:  U/ente),  a  river  in  Latium, 
flowing  from  Setia,  and  falling  into  the  Am- 
asenus. 

UFFUGUM  <-i),  a  town  in  Bruttium,  be- 
tween Scyllacium  and  Rhegitim. 

ULPIINUS  (-i).  D5MMUS,  a  celebrated 
Roman  jurist,  derived  his  origin  from  Tyre. 
Under  Alexander  Severus  he  became  the  em- 
peror's chief  adviser,  and  held  the  oflices  of 
Scriniorum  magister,Praefectus  Annonae,and 
Praefectus  Praetorio.  Ulpian  perished  in  the 
reign  of  Alexander  by  the  hands  of  the  sol- 
diers, who  forced  their  way  into  the  palace  at 
night,  and  killed  him  in  the  presence  of  the 
emperor  and  his  mother,  A.D.  228.  Vhe  great 
legal  knowledge,  the  good  sense,  and  the  in- 
dustry of  Ulpian  place  him  among  the  first 
of  the  Roman  jurists. 

ULTOR  (-oris),  "  the  avenger,"  a  surname 
of  Mars,  to  whom  Augustus  built  a  temple  at 
Rome  in  the  Fornm,  after  taking  vengeance 
upon  c.he  murderers  of  his  great-uncle,  Julius 
Caesar. 

tfLO'BRAE  (-urnm),  a  small  town  in  La- 
Mum,  of  uncertain  site,  but  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  Pontine  Marshes. 


ULYSSES,  "&LYXES,  or  tf  LIXIS  (-is  or  si 

ei),  called  ODYSSEUS  by  the  Greeks,  one  of 
the  principal  Greek  heroes  in  the  Trojan  war, 
was  a  son  of  Laertes  and  Anticlea,  or,  accord- 
ing to  a  later  tradition,  of  Sisyphus  and  Anti- 
cloa,  and  was  married  to  Penelope,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Icarius,  by  whom  he  became  the  father 
of  Telemachus.  During  the  siege  of  Troy  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  valor,  prudence, 
and  eloquence,  and  after  the  death  of  Achilles 
contended  for  his  armor  with  the  Telamonian 
Ajax,  and  gained  the  prize.  He  is  said  by 
some  to  have  devised  the  stratagem  of  the 
wooden  horse,  and  he  was  one  of  the  heroes 
concealed  within  it.  He  is  also  said  to  have 
taken  part  in  carryin  g  off  the  palladium.  But 
the  most  celebrated  part  of  his  story  consists 
of  his  adventures  after  the  destruction  of  Troy, 
which  form  the  subject  of  Homer's  Odyssey. 
After  visiting  the  Cicones  and  Lotophagi,  he 
sailed  to  the  western  coast  of  Sicily,  where 
with  12  companions  he  entered  the  cave  of 
the  Cyclops  Polyphemus.  This  giant  de- 
voured 6  of  the  companions  of  Ulysses,  and 
kept  Ulysses  himself  and  the  6  others  prison- 
ers in  his  cave.  Ulysses,  however,  contrived 
to  make  the  monster  drunk,  and  having  with 
a  burning  pole  deprived  him  of  his  one  eye, 
succeeded  in  making  his  escape  with  his 
friends,  by  concealing  himself  and  them  an* 
der  the  bodies  of  the  sheep  which  the  Cyclops 
let  out  of  his  cave.  Ulysses  next  arrived  at 
the  island  of  Aeolus ;  and  the  god  on  his  de- 
parture gave  him  a  bag  of  winds,  which  were 
to  carry  him  home;  but  the  companions  of 
Ulysses  opened  the  bag,  and  the  winds  es- 
caped, whereupon  the  ships  were  driven  back 
to  the  island  of  Aeolus,  who  indignantly  re* 


ULYSSES. 


420 


UMBRIA. 


fused  all  farther  assistance.  After  a  visit  to 
Telepylos,  the  city  of  Lamus,  his  fate  carried 
him  to  Aeaea,  an  island  inhabited  by  the  sor- 
ceress Circe.  Ulysses  sent  part  of  his  people 
to  explore  the  island,  but  they  were  changed 
by  Circe  into  swine.  Eurylochus  alone  es- 
caped, and  brought  the  sad  news  to  Ulysses, 
who,  when  he  was  hastening  to  the  assistance 
of  his  friends,  was  instructed  by  Hermes  how 
to  resist  the  magic  powers  of  Circe.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  liberating  nis  companions, who  were 
again  changed  into  men,  and  were  most  hos- 
pitably treated  by  the  sorceress.  By  her  ad- 
vice  he  sailed  across  the  river  Oceanus,  and 
having  landed  in  the  country  of  the  Cimme- 
rians, he  entered  Hades,  and  consulted  Tire- 
sias  about  the  manner  in  which  he  mio-ht 
reach  his  native  island.  Ulysses  then  return- 


Ulysses  and  Tiresias.   (Winckelmann  Mon.  Ined.,  No.  157.) 


ed  with  his  companions  to  Aeaea,  when  Circe 
again  sent  them  a  wind  which  carried  them  I 
to  the  island  of  the  Sirens.  Ulysses,  in  order 
to  escape  their  enticing  but  dangerous  songs, 
filled  the  ears  of  his  companions  with  wax, 
and  fastened  himself  to  the  mast  of  his  ship, 
until  he  was  out  of  reach  of  their  voices.  In 
sailing  between  Scylla  and  Charybdis.  the 
former  monster  carried  off  and  devoured  6  of 
the  companions  of  Ulysses.  Having  next 
landed  on  Thrinacia,  his  companions,  con- 
trary to  the  admonitions  of  Tiresias,  killed 
some  of  the  oxen  of  Helios ;  in  consequence 
of  which,  when  they  next  put  to  sea,  Zeus  de- 
stroyed their  ship  by  lightning,  and  all  were 
drowned  with  the  exception  of  Ulysses,  who 
saved  himself  by  means  of  the  mast  and  planks, 
and  after  10  days  reached  the  island  of  Ogy- 
gia,  inhabited  by  the  nymph  Calypso.  She 
received  him  with  kindness,  and  desired  him 
to  marry  her,  promising  immortality  and  eter- 
nal youth.  But  Ulysses,  who  had  spent  8 
years  with  Calypso,  longed  for  his  home ;  and 
at  the  intercession  of  Athena  (Minerva),  Her- 


mes (Mercury)  carried  to  Calypso  the  coin, 
mand  of  Zens  to  dismiss  Ulysses.  The  uympq 
obeyed,  and  taught  him  how  to  build  a  raft, 
on  which  he  left  the  island.  In  18  days  he 
came  in  sight  of  Scheria,  the  island  of  the 
Phaeacians,  when  Poseidon  (Neptune)  sent  a 
storm,  which  cast  him  off  the  raft ;  but  by  the 
assistance  of  Leucothea  and  Athena  he  swam 
ashore.  The  exhausted  hero  slept  on  the 
shore  until  he  was  awoke  by  the  voices  of 
maidens.  He  found  Kausicaa,  the  daughter 
of  king  Alciuous  and  Arete,  who  conducted 
the  hero  to  her  father's  court.  Hero  the  min- 
strel Demodocus  sang  of  the  fall  of  Troy, 
which  moved  Ulysses  to  tears,  and  being  ques- 
tioned about  the  cause  of  his  emotion,  he  re- 
lated his  whole  history.  Aship  wasjn-ovidedto 
convey  him  to  Ithaca,  from  wliich  he  had  been 
absent  20  years.  During  his  absence 
hiy  father  Laertes,  bowed  down  by 
grief  and  old  age,  had  withdrawn  into 
the  country,  his  mother  Aiiticlca  had 
died  of  sorrow,  his  sou  Telemachus 
had  grown  up  to  manhood,  and  his 
wife  Penelope  had  rejected  all  the 
offers  that  had  been  made  to  her  by 
the  importunate  suitors  from  the 
neighboring  islands.  In  order  that 
he  might  not  be  recogni'/ed,  Athena 
metamorphosed  Ulysses  into  an  un- 
sightly beggar.  He  was  kindly  re. 
ceived  by  jEumaeus,  the  swineherd, 
a  ftiithful  servant  of  hia  house :  and 
while  staying  with  Eumaeus,  Tele- 
machus returned  from  Sparta  and 
Pylos,  whither  he  had  gone  to  obtain 
information  concerning  his  father. 
Ulysses  made  himself  known  to  him, 
and  a  plan  of  revenge  was  resolved 
on.  Penelope,  with  great  difficulty, 
was  made  to  promise  her  hand  to  him 
who  should  conquer  the  others  in 
shooting  with  the  bow  of  Ulysses. 
As  none  of  the  suitors  were  able  to 
draw  this  bow,  Ulysses  himself  took 
it  up,  and,directing  his  arrows  against 
the  suitors,  slew  them  all  Ulysses 
now  made  himself  known  to  Penel- 


ope, and  went  to  see  his  aged  father.  In 
the  mean  time  the  report  of  the  death  of  the 
suitors  was  spread  abroad,  and  their  relatives 
rose  in  arms  against  Ulysses ;  but  Athena, 
who  assumed  the  appearance  of  Mentor, 
brought  about  a  reconciliation  between  the 
people  and  the  king. 

UMBKlA  (-ae),  called  by  the  Greeks  OM- 
BR5CA,  a  district  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Galha  Cisalpina,  from  which  it  was  sepa- 
rated by  the  river  Rubicon ;  on  the  E.  by  the 
Adriatic  Sea ;  on  the  S.  by  the  rivers  Aesis 
and  Nar;  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Tiber.  Its 
inhabitants,  the  UMBM  (sing.  Umber),  called 
by  the  Greeks  UMBKIOI,  were  one  of  the  most 
ancient  and  powerful  peoples  in  Central  Italy, 
and  originaBy  extended  across  the  peninsula 
from  the  Adriatic  to  the  Tyrrhene  seas.  Thus 
they  inhabited  the  country  afterwards  called 
Etruria ;  and  we  are  expressly  told  that  Cro- 
tona,  Perusia,  Cluaium,  and  other  Etruscan 
cities,  were  built  by  the  Umbrians.  They 
were  afterwards  deprived  of  their  possessions 
W.  of  the  Tiber  by  the  Etruscans,  and  thei* 


UMBKO. 


421 


VAGIENNL 


territories  were  still  further  diminished  by 
the  Senones,  a  Gallic  people,  who  took  pos- 
session of  the  whole  country  on  the  coast? 
from  Ariininnm  to  the  Aesis.  The  Umbri 
were  subdued  by  the  Romans,  n.o.  307;  and 
after  the  conquest  of  the  Senones  by  the  Ro- 
maus  in  2S;t,  they  again  obtained  possession 
of  the  country  on  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic. 
The  chief  towns  of  Umbria-  were  AKIMINUM, 
FATUIM  FORT  UN  AK,  MEVANIA,  TUDUK,  NAIINIA, 
and  SpoumuM. 

ITMBRO  (-on  is:  Ombrone),  one  of  the  largest 
rivers  in  JEtrtiria,  falling  into  the  Tyrrhene 
sea  near  a  town  of  the  same  name. 

UNELLI  (-orum),  a  people  on  the  N.  coast 
of  Gaul,  on  a  promontory  opposite  Britain  (the 
modern  Cotantui),  belonging  to  the  Armorici. 

tfPIS.  (1)  A  surname  of  Artemis  (Diana), 
as  the  goddess  assisting  women  in  childbirth. 
—(2)  The  name  of  a  mythical  being,  who  is 
said  to  have  reared  Artemis,  and  who  is  men- 
tioned by  Virgil  as  one  of  the  nymphs  in  her 
train.  The  masculine  ITpis  is  mentioned  by 
Cicero  as  the  father  of  Artemis. 

UR.      [El»K88A.] 

tMNiA  (-ae).  (1)  One  of  the  Muses,  a 
daughter  of  Zeus  (Jupiter)  by  Mnemosyne. 
The  ancient  bard  Linus  is  called  her  son  by 
Apollo,  and  Hymen aeus  also  is  said  to  have 
been  a  son  of  Urania.  She  was  regarded,  as 
her  name  indicates,  as  the  Muse  of  Astron- 
omy, and  was  represented  with  a  celestial 
globe,  to  which  she  points  with  a  small  staff. 
—(2)  Daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  who 
also  occurs  as  a  nymph  in  the  train  of  Per- 
sephone (Proserpine).  —  (3)  A  surname  of 
Aphrodite  (Venus),  describing  her  aa  "the 
heavenly,"  or  spiritual,  to  distinguish  her 
from  Aphrodite  PandGraos.  Plato  represents 
her  as  a  daughter  of  Uranus,  begotten  with- 
out a  mother.  Wine  was  not  used  in  the 
libations  offered  to  her. 

URlNUS  (-i)  or  HEAVEN,  sometimes 
called  a  son  and  sometimes  the  husband  of 
Gaea  (Earth).  By  Gaea,  Uranus  became  the 
father  of  Oceanns,  Coeus,  Crius,  Hyperion, 
1  lapetus,  Thia,  Rhea,  Themis,  Mnemosyne, 
Phoebe,  Tethya,  Cronos ;  -of  the  Cyclopes- 
Brontes,  Steropcs,  Arges;  and  of  the  Hecaton- 
cheires— -CottuH,  Briareus,  and  Gyes.  Accord- 
ing to  Cicero,  Uranus  was  also  the  father  of 
Mercury  by  Dia  and  of  Venus  by  Hemera. 
Uranus  hated  his  children,  and  immediately 
after  their  birth  he  confined  them  in  Tartarus, 


in  consequence  of  which  he  was  unmanned 
and  dethroned  by  Cronos  at  the  instigation 
of  Gaea.  Out  of  the  drops  of  his  blood  sprang 
the  Gigantes,  the  Melian  nymphs,  and,  accord- 
ing to  some,  Silenus,  and  from  the  foam  gath- 
ering around  his  limbs  in  the  sea  sprang 
Aphrodite. 

URBSNUM  <-i).  (1)  HOBTENBB  (Urbino), 
a  town  in  Umbria  and  a  municipium.— (2) 
MisTAUuisNSifi  (Urbanm),  a  town  in  Umbria  on 
the  river  Metanrus,  and  not  far  from  ita 
source. 

URIA  (-ae:  Orm),  called  HYRIA  by  Herod- 
otus, a  town  in  Calabria,'  on  the  road  from 
Brundusium  to  Tarentum,  was  the  ancient 
capital  of  lapygia,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  the  Cretans  under  Minos. 

URIUM  (-i),  a  small  town  in  Apulia,  from 
which  the  Sinus  Urius  took  its  name,  being 
the  bay  on  the  N.  side  of  Mount  Garganus 
opposite  the  Diomedean  islands. 

USIPSTES  (-urn)  or  USIPH  (-orum),  a  Ger- 
man people  who,  in  the  time  of  Caesar,  took 
np  their  abode  on  the  Lippe.  At  a  later  time 
they  become  lost  under  the  general  name  of 
AlemannL' 

USTICA  (-ae),  a  valley  near  the  Sabine  villa 
of  Horace. 

UTlCA  (-ae :  Bour-Shater,  Rn.),  the  greatest 
city  of  ancient  Africa,  after  Carthage,  was  a 
Phoenician  colony,  older  than  Carthage,  and 
rather  her  ally  than  subject.  It  stood  on  the 
shore  of  the  N.  part  of  the  Carthaginian  gult 
a  little  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Bagradas,  and 
27  Roman  miles  N.W.  of  Carthage.  In  the 
3d  Punic  war  Utica  took  part  with  the  Ro- 
mans against  Carthage,  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  greatest  part  of  the  Carthaginian 
territory.  Ttt  afterwards  became  renowned  to 
all  future  time  as  the  scene  of  the  last  stand 
made  by  the  Pompeian  party  against  Caesar, 
and  of  the  glorious  though  mistaken  self- 
sacrifice  of  the  younger  Cato.  [CATO.] 

UXELLODtTNUM  (-i),  a  town  of  the  Ca- 
durci  in  Gallia  Aquitanica. 

UXENTUM  <-i:  Ugmto),  a  town  in  Cala- 
bria, N.W.  of  the  lapygian  promontory. 

UXlI  (-orum),  a  warlike  people,  of  preda- 
tory habits,  who  had  their  strongholds  in 
Mount  Parachoathras,  on  the  N.  border  of 
Persis,  in  the  district  called  UXIA,  but  who 
also  extended  over  a  considerable  tract  of 
country  in  Media. 


Y. 


VACCA,  VAGA,  or  VABA  (B($a)t  a  city  of 
Zeugitana  in  N.  Africa,  a  good  day's  journey 
S.  of  Utica.  It  was  destroyed  by  Metellus  in 
the  Jugurthine  war,  but  was  restored  and 
colonized  by  the  Romans.  Justinian  named 
it  Theodorias  in  honor  of  his  wife. 

VACCAEI  (-orum),  a  people  in  the  interior  of 
Hispania  Tarraconeusis,  occupy  ingthe  modern 
Toroj,  Palmtia,  Burgos,  and  yalladolid.  Their 
chief  towns  were  PALANTIA  and  INTEEGATIA. 


VIDIM5NIS  LXCUS  (Logo  di  Bassano),  fe 
small  lake  of  Btruria,  of  a  circular  form,  witD 
sulphureous  waters,  and  renowned  for  its 
floating  islands.  It  is  celebrated  in  history 
for  the  defeat  of  the  Etruscans  in  2  great 
battles,  first  by  the  dictator  Papirius  Cursor, 
in  B.C.  309 ;  and  again  in  '283,  when  the  allied 
forces  of  the  Etruscans  and  Gauls  were  routed 
by  the  consul  Cornelius  Dolabella, 

ViGIENNI  (-orum),  a  small  people  in  Ligu< 


VAHALIS. 


422 


VARRO. 


ria,  whose  chief  town  was  Augusta  Vagien- 
noram. 

VlHlLIS.    [RHEHTJS.] 

ViLENS  (-entis),  emperor  of  the  East,  A.I>. 
364-378,  was  born  about  A.I>.  328.  He  was  de- 
feated by  the  Goths,  near  Hadrianople,  on  the 
9th  of  August,  378,  and  was  never  seen  after 
the  battle. 

VILENTIA  (-ae).  (1)  (Valencia),  the  chief 
town  of  the  Edetani  on  the  river  Turia,  3  miles 
from  the  coast,  and  on  the  road  from  Carthago 
Nova  to  Castulo.— (2)  (Valence),  a  town  in 
Gallia  Narbonensis  on  the  Rhone,  and  a  Ro- 
man colony.— (3)  A  town  of  Sardinia  of  uncer- 
tain site.— (4)  Or  VALENTIUM,  a  town  in  Apulia, 
10  miles  from  Brundusium.— (5)  A  province 
in  the  N.  of  Britain,  beyond  the  Roman  wall. 
It  existed  only  for  a  short  time.  [BRITANNIA.] 

VlLENTlNllNUS  (-i),  (I.)  Roman  em- 
peror,  A.B.  364-375,  was  the  son  of  Gratianus, 
and  was  born  A.D.  321,  at  Cibalis  in  Pamionia. 
He  expired  suddenly  at  Bregetio,  while  giving 
an  audience  to  the  deputies  of  the  Quadi,  on 
the  17th  of  November,  375.— (II.)  Roman  em- 
peror, A.D.  375-392,  younger  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  proclaimed  Augustus  by  the  army 
after  his  father's  death,  though  he  was  then 
only  4  or  5  years  of  age.  In  392  Valentinian 
was  murdered  by  the  general  Arbogastes,who 
raised  Eugenius  to  the  throne.^-(in.)  Roman 
emperor,  A.I>.  425-455,  was  born  in  419,  and  was 
the  son  of  Coustantius  III.  He  was  slain  in 
455byPetronius  Maximus, whose  wife  he  had 
violated. 

VALERIA.  GENS,  one  of  the  most  ancient 
patrician  houses  at  Rome,  was  of  Sabine  ori- 
gin, and  their  ancestor,  Volesus  or  Volusus,  is 
said  to  have  settled  at  Rome  with  Titus  Ta- 
tius.  One  of  the  descendants  of  this  Volesus, 
P.  Valerius,  afterwards  surnamed  Publicola, 
plays  a  distinguished  part  in  the  story  of  the 
expulsion  of  the  kings,  and  was  elected  con- 
sul in  the  first  year  of  the  republic,  B.O.  509. 
From  this  time  down  to  the  latest  period  of 
the  empire,  for  nearly  1000  years,  the  name 
occurs  more  or  less  frequently  in  the  Fasti, 
and  it  was  borne  by  several  of  the  emperors. 
The  Valeria  gens  enjoyed  extraordinary  hon- 
ors and  privileges  at  Rome.  In  early  times 
they  were  always  foremost  in  advocating  the 
rights  of  the  plebeians,  and  the  laws  which 
they  proposed  were  the  great  charters  of  the 
liberties  of  the  second  order.  (See  Diet,  of 
Antig.,  s.  v.  Leges  Valeriae.)  The  Valeria  gens 
was  divided  into  various  families  under  the 
republic,  the  most  important  of  which  bore 
the  names  of  COBVUS,  FLAOOUS,  MKSSALA,  and 
PTOLIOOLA. 

VlLERlANUS  (4).  (1)  Roman  emperor, 
A.X>.  253-260.  He  was  entrapped  into  a  con- 
ference by  the  Persians,  taken  prisoner  (260), 
and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  cap- 
tivity, subjected  to  every  insult  which  Orient- 
al cruelty  could  devise.— (2)  Son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, perished  along  with  Gallienus  at  Mi- 
lan in  268.  [GrALLlENUS.] 

VALERIUS.    [VALERIA  GENS.] 

VALERIUS  VOLESUS  MAXlMUS  (-i),M., 
was  a  brother  of  P.  Valerius  Publicola,  and 
was  dictator  in  B.C.  494.  when  the  dissensions 


de  Nexis  between  the  burghers  and  comp^on- 
alty  of  Rome  were  at  the  highest.  Valerius 
was  popular  with  the  plobs,  and  induced  them 
to  enlist  lor  the  Sabiue  and  Aequiun  wars  by 
promising  that  when  the  enemy  was  repulsed 
the  condition  of  the  debtors  (nexi)  should  be 
alleviated.  He  defeated  and  triumphed  over 
the  Sabiues ;  but,  unable  to  fulfill  his  promise 
to  the  commons,  resigned  his  dictatorship. 
'  VALERIUS  MAXlEMUS  (-i),  is  known  to 
us  as  the  compiler  of  a  large  collection  of  his- 
torical anecdotes,  en  titled  'Da  Fact-is  IHctisqiw 
Memorabilibitu  Libri  IX.  lie  lived  iu  the 
reign  of  the  emperor  Tiberius,  to  whom  he 
dedicated  his  work.  In  an  historical  point 
of  view  the  work  is  by  no  means  without 
value,  since  it  preserves  a  record  of  many 
curious  events  not  to  be  found  elsewhere ; 
but  its  statements  do  not  always  deserve  im- 
plicit confidence. 

VALERIUS  FLACCUS.    [FLAGOUS.] 

VALGIUS  RtJFUS  (-i),  C.,  a  Roman  poet, 
and  a  contemporary  of  Virgil  and  Horace. 

VAND1LI,  VANDlLII,  or  VINDXLlI 
(-orara),  a  confederacy  of  German  peoples, 
who  dwelt  originally  on  the  N.  coast  of  Ger- 
many, but  were  afterwards  settled  N.  of  the 
Marcoinanni  in  the  Riesengebirgc,  which  are 
hence  called  Vandalici  Montes.  They  subse- 
quently appear  for  a  short  time  in  Ducia  and 
Pannonia;  but  at  the  beginning  of  the  5th 
century  (A.D.  409)  they  traversed  Germany 
and  Gaul,  and  invaded  Spain.  In  this  coun- 
try they  subjugated  the  Alani,  and  founded  a 
powerful  kingdom,  the  name  of  which  is  still 
preserved  in  Andalusia  ( Vandal uuia).  In 
A.I>.  429  they  crossed  over  into  Africa,  under 
their  king  Genseric,  and  conquered  all  the 
Roman  dominions  in  that  country.  Genseric 
subsequently  invaded  Italy,  and  took  and 
plundered  Rome  in  455.  The  Vandals  con- 
tinued masters  of  Africa  till  535,  when  their 
kingdom  was  destroyed  by  BelLsarius,  and 
annexed  to  the  Byzantine  empire. 

VANGiQNES  (-um),  a  German  people  dwell, 
ing  along  the  Rhine,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  modern  Worms. 

VARAGRI.    [VERAGRi.3 

VARGUNTEIUS  (-i),  a  senator,  and  one  of 
Catiline's  conspirators,  undertook,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  C.  Cornelius,  to  murder  Cicero  in 
B.C.  63,  but  their  plan  was  frustrated  by  in- 
formation conveyed  to  Cicero  through  Fulvia. 

VXRlUS  RtfiTUS  (-i),  L.,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  poets  of  the  Augustan  age,  the 
companion  and  friend  of  Virgil  and  Horace. 
By  the  latter  he  is  placed  in  the  foremost  rank 
among  the  epic  bards,  and  Quintilian  has  pro- 
nounced that  his  tragedy  of  Thyestes  might 
stand  a  comparison  with  any  production  of 
the  Grecian  stage. 

VARRO  (-onto),  TERENTlUS.  (1)  C.,  con, 
sul  B.O.  216  with  L.  Aemilius  Paulus.  Of  low 
origin  and  ultra-democratic  opinions,Varro, 
notwithstanding  the  strong  opposition  of  the 
aristocracy,  was  raised  to  the  consulship  by 
the  people,  to  bring  the  war  against  Hannibal 
to  a  close.  His  colleague  was  L.  Aemilius 
Paulus,  one  of  the  leaders  of  thearistocratical 


VARITS. 


423 


VEIL 


The  2  consuls  were  defeated  by  Han- 
nibal at  the  memorable  battle  of  Cannae  [11  AN. 
NIJJAL],  which  was  fought  by  Varro  against 
the  advice  of  Paulus.  The  Roman  army  was 
all  but  annihilated.  Paulus  and  almost  all 
the  officers  perished.  Varro  was  one  of  the 
few  who  escaped  and  reached  Venusia  in  safe- 
ty, with  about  70  horsemen.  His  conduct 
after  the  battle  seems  to  have  been  deserving 
of  high  praise.  He  proceeded  to  Camisium, 
where  the  remnant  of  the  Roman  army  had 
taken  refuge,  and  there  adopted  every  precau- 
tion which  the  exigencies  of  the  case  required. 
His  conduct  was  appreciated  by  the  senate 
and  the  people,  and  his  defeat  was  forgotten 
in  the  services  he  had  lately  rendered.— (2) 
M.,  the  celebrated  writer,  whose  vast  and 
varied  erudition  in  almost  every  department 
of  literature  earned  for  him  the  title  of  the 
"most  learned  of  the  Romans,"  was  born  B.O. 
116.  Varro  held  a  high  naval  command  in 
the  wars  against  the  pirates  and  Mithridates, 
and  afterwards  served  as  the  legatus  of  Pom- 
peius  in  Spain  in  the  civil  war,  out  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender  his  forces  to  Caesar.  He 
then  passed  over  into  Greece,  and  shared  the 
fortunes  of  the  Pompeian  party  till  after  the 
battle  of  Pharsalia,  when  he  sued  for  and  ob- 
tained the  forgiveness  of  Caesar,  who  em- 
ployed him  in  superintending  the  collection 
and  arrangement  of  the  great  library  designed 
for  public  use.  His  death  took  place  u.b.  28, 
when  he  was  in  his  S9th  year.  Varro  com- 
posed no  fewer  than  490  books ;  but  of  these 
only  2  works  have  come  down  to  us,  and  one 
of  them  in  a  mutilated  form,  viz.,  the  treatises 
DQ  Re  Rustica  and  De  Lingua  Lat'ina.—(3) 
P.,  a  Latin  poet  of  considerable  celebrity,  sur- 
named  ATAOUSTTS,  from  the  A  tax,  a  river  of 
Gallia  Narboncnsiy,  his  native  province,  was 
born  B.O.  82.  Of  his  personal  history  nothing 
further  is  known. 

ViRUS,  a  cognomen  in  many  Roman  gen- 
tes,  signified  a  person  who  had  his  legs  bent 
inwards. 

VIRUS  M),  ALFENUS.  (1)  A  Roman 
jurist,  the  "  Alfenus  vafer  "  of  Horace,  was  a 
native  of  Cremona,  where  he  carried  on  the 
trade  of  a  barber  or  a  cobbler.  Having  come 
to  Rome,  he  became  a  pupil  of  Servius  Sulpi- 
cius,  attained  the  dignity  of  the  consulship, 
and  was  honored  with  a  public  funeral.— (2) 
A  general  of  Vitellius  in  the  civil  war  in  A.I>. 
09. 

VJtRUS  <-i),  QUINTAL? US,  was  consul  B.O. 
13,  and  was  subsequently  appointed  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Syria,  where  he  acquired  enormous 
wealth.  Shortly  after  his  return  from  Syria 
he  was  made  governor  of  Germany  (probably 
about  A.  j>.  7),  and  was  instructed  by  Augustus 
to  introduce  the  Roman  jurisdiction  into  that 
newly  conquered  country.  The  Germans, 
however,  were  not  prepared  to  submit  thus 
tamely  to  the  Roman  yoke,  and  found  a  lead- 
er in  Arminius,  a  noble  chief  of  the  Cherusci, 
who  organized  a  general  revolt  of  all  the 
German  tribes  between  the  Visurgis  and  the 
Weser.  When  he  had  fully  matured  his  plans, 
he  suddenly  attacked  Varus,  at  the  head  of  a 
countless  host  of  barbarians,  as  the  Roman 
general  was  marching  with  his  3  legions 


through  a  pass  of  the  Saltus  TeuMburgiemis, 
a  range  of  hills  covered  with  wood,which  ex- 
tends N.  of  the  Lippe  from  Osuabruck  to  Pa- 
derboru,  and  is  known  in  the  present  day  by 
the  name  of  the  Teutoburgerwald  or  Lippische 
Wald.  The  battle  lasted  3  days,  and  ended 
with  the  entire  destruction  of  the  Roman 
anny.  Varus  put  an  end  to  his  own  life.  His 
defeat  was  followed  by  the  loss  of  all  the  Ro- 
man possessions  between  the  Weser  and  the 
Rhine,  and  the  latter  river  again  became  the 
boundary  of  the  Roman  dominions.  When 
the  news  of  this  defeat  reached  Rome,  the 
whole  city  was  thrown  into  consternation; 
and  Augustus,  who  was  both  weak  and  aged, 

gave  way  to  the  most  violent  grief,  tearing 
is  garments  and  calling  npon  Varus  to  give 

VIRUS  (-i:  Var  or  Faro),  a  river  in  Gallia 
Narbonensis,  forming  the  boundary  between 
that  province  and  Italy,  rises  in  Mount  Cema 
in  the  Alps,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean 
Sea  between  Antipolis  and  Nicaea. 

VASC<3NES  (-um),  a  powerful  people  on 
the  N.  coaft  of  Hispania  Tarraconensis,  be- 
tween the  Iberus  and  the  Pyrenees,  in  the 
modern  Navarre  and  Guipuzco.  Their  chief 
towns  were  POMPELON  and  CALAGURBIB. 

VlTXNlUS  (4).  (1)  P..  a  political  advent- 
urer in  the  last  days  of  the  republic,  who  is 
described  by  Cicero  as  one  of  the  greatest 
scamps  and  villains  that  ever  lived.  Vati- 
nius  was  quaestor  B.O.  63,  and  tribune  of  the 
plebs  in  59,  when  he  sold  his  services  to  Caesar, 
who  was  then  consul  along  with  Bibulus.  In 
56  he  appeared  as  a  witness  against  Milo  and 
Sestius,  two  of  Cicero's  friends,  inconsequence 
of  which  the  orator  made  a  vehement  attack 
upon  the  character  of  Vatinius,  in  the  speech 
which  has  come  down  to  us.  Vatinius  was 
praetor  in  55,  and  in.  the  following  year  (54) 
he  was  accused  by  C.  Licinius  Calyus  of  hav- 
ing gained  the  praetorship  by  bribery.  He 
was  defended  on  this  occasion  by  Cicero,  in 
order  to  please  Caesar,  whom  Cicero  had  of- 
fended by  his  former  attack  upon  Vatinius. 
During  the  civil  war  Vatinius  attached  him- 
self to  the  fortunes  of  Caesar.— (2)  Of  Bene- 
veutum,  one  of  the  vilest  and  most  hateful 


by  becoming  a  delator,  or  public  informer. 

VBCTIS  or  VBCTA  (Isle  of  Wight),  an 
island  off  the  S.  coast  of  Britain. 

VEDlUS  POLLIO.    [PoLLio.] 

VEGMUS  (-i),  FLlVJUS  RBNATUS, 
the  author  of  a  treatise,  Rei  Militaris  Insti- 
tute, or  Epitome  Itei  Militaris,  dedicated  to 
the  emperor  Valentinian  II. 

VEII  (-orum:  Isola  Farnese),  one  of  the 
most  ancient  and  powerful  cities  of  Etraria, 
situated  on  the  river  Cremera,  about  12  miles 
from  Rome.  It  was  one  of  the  12  cities  of  the 
Etruscan  Confederation,  and  apparently  the 
largest  of  all.  As  far  as  we  can  judge  from 
its  present  remains,  it  was  about  T  miles  in 
circumference,  which  agrees  with  the  state- 
ment of  Dionysius  that  it  was  eqnal  in  size 
to  Athens.  Its  territory  (Ager  Veien*}  was 


VEIOVIS. 


424 


VENTI. 


extensive,  and  appears  originally  to  have  ex- 
tended on  the  S.  and  B.  to  the  Tiber ;  on  the 
S.  W.  to  the  sea,  embracing  the  salinae  or  salt- 
works at  the  mouth  of  the  river;  and  on  the 
W.  to  the  territory  of  Caere.  The  Ciminian 
forest  appears  to  have  been  its  N.W.  bound- 
ary ;  on  the  B.  it  must  have  embraced  all  the 
district  S.  of  Soracte  and  E.-ward  to  the  Tiber. 
The  cities  of  Capena  and  Fidenae  were  colo- 
nies of  VeiL  The  Veientes  were  engaged  in 
almost  unceasing  hostilities  with  Rome  for 
more  than  three  centuries  and  a  half,  and  we 
have  records  of  14  distinct  wars  between  the  2 
peoples.  Veil  was  at  length  taken  by  the  dicta- 
tor Camillas,  after  a  siege  which  is  said  to 
have  lasted  10  years.  From  this  time  Veii 
was  abandoned;  but  after  the  lapse  of  ages 
it  was  colonized  afresh  by  Augustus,  and 
made  a  Roman  municipium.  The  new  col- 
ony, however,  occupied  scarcely  a  third  of  the 
ancient  city,  and  had  again  sunk  into  decay 
in  the  reign  of  Hadrian. . 

Vfjl<3 VlS  (-is),  a  Roman  deity,  whose  name 
is  explained  by  some  to  mean  "  little  Jupiter ;" 
while  others  interpret  it "  the  destructive  Jupi- 
ter." and  identify  him  with  Pluto.  Originally 
Veiovis  was  probably  an  Etruscan  divinity, 
whose  fearful  lightnings  produced  deafness, 
even  before  they  were  actually  hurled.  His 
temple  at  Rome  stood  between  the  Capitol 
and  the  Tarpeian  rock.  He  was  represented 
as  a  youthful  god  armed  with  arrows. 

VILA*  BRUM  (-i),  a  district  in  Rome,  origi- 
nally a  morass,  on  the  W.  slope  of  the  Pala- 
tine, between  the  Vicus  Tuscus  and  the  Forum 
Boarium. 

VELAUNI  or  VBLLAVI  (-ornm),  a  people 
in  Gallia  Aquitanica,  in  the  modern  Velay,  who 
were  originally  subject  to  the  Arverni,  but 
subsequently  appear  as  an  independent  peo- 
ple. 

VfiLfiDA  (-ae),  a  prophetic  virgin,  who  by 
birth  belonged  to  the  Bructeri,  and  in  the 
reign  of  Vespasian  was  regarded  as  a  divine 
being  by  most  of  the  nations  in  Central  Ger- 
many. 

VSTJEA  or  JSLEA  (-ae),  also  called  HYfiLE 
(~€s:  CastelV  a  Mare  d&tta  Brucca),  a  Greek 
town  of  Lucania,  on  the  W.  coast  between 
Paesturu  and  Buxentum,  was  founded  by  the 
Phocaeans,  who  had  abandoned  their  native 
city  to  escape  from  the  Persian  sovereignty, 
about  B.O.  543.  It  was  situated  about  3  miles 
E.  of  the  river  Hales,  and  possessed  a  good 
harbor.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of 
the  philosophers  Parmenides  and  Zeno,  who 
founded  a  school  of  philosophy  usually  known 
under  the  name  of  the  Eleatic. 

VSHNTJS  (-i:  Feftno),  a  river  in  the  terri- 
itory  of  the  Sabines,  rising  in  the  central  Apen- 
*nines,  and  falling  into  the  Nar.  This  river  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Reate  overflowed  its 
banks  and  formed  several  small  lakes,  the 
largest  of  which  was  called  LAODS  VBLINUS 
(PM  di  Lago,  also  Logo  delle  Marviore). 

VSLtTRAE  (-orum:  Velktrfy  an  ancient 
town  of  the  Volscians  in  Latium,  but  subse- 
quently belonging  to  the  Latin  League.  It  is 
chiefly  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  the 
emperor  Augustus. 


VELLAUNODtfNUM  (-i :  Beaune),  a  town 
of  the  Senones  in  Gallin  Lugdniiensis. 
VBLLAVI.    [VELAUNI.] 
VELLEIUS   PITERCULUS.      [PATESOU- 

LUS.J 

VELLOCASSES,  a  people  in  Gallia  Lugdu- 
nensis,  N.W.  of  the  Parisii,  extending  along 
the  Sequana  as  far  as  the  ocean ;  their  chief 
town  was  RATOMAGUS. 

VfiNAFRTJM  (-1 :  Venafrfy,  a  town  in  the 
N.  of  Saranium,  near  the  river  Vulturn us,  and 
on  the  confines  of  Latiura,  celebrated  for  the 
excellence  of  its  olives. 

VENEDI  (-Orum)  or  VENfiDAE  (-arum),  a 
people  in  European  Sarmatiu,  dwelling  ou  the 
Baltic,  W.  of  the  Vistula,,  The  SINUS  VBNJCDI- 
ous  (Gulf  of  Riga\  and  the  VENEPIOI  MONTHS, 
a  range  of  mountain?  between  Poland  and 
East  Prussia,  were  called  after  this  people. 

VENETIA  (-ae).  (1)  A  district  in  the  N.  of 
Italy,  was  originally  included  under  the  gen- 
eral name  of  Gallia  Cisalpina,  but  was  made 
by  Augustus  the  10th  Regio  of  Italy.  It  was 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  river  Athcsis,  which 
separated  it  from  Gallia  Cisalpina ;  on  the  N. 
by  the  Caruic  Alps ;  on  the  E,  by  the  river 
Timavus, which  separated  it  from  Istria ;  and 
on  the  S.  by  the  Adriatic  gulf.  Its  inhabit- 
ants, the  VENETI,  frequently  called  HENBTI 
by  the  Greeks,  were  not  an  Italian  race,  but 
their  real  origin  is  doubtful.  In  consequence 
of  their  hostility  to  the  Celtic  tribes  iu  their 
neighborhood,  they  formed  at  an  early  period 
au  alliance  with  Rome;  and  their  country 
was  defended  by  the  Romans  against  their 
dangerous  enemies.  On  the  conquest  of  the 
Cisalpine  Gauls,  the  Veneti  likewise  became 
included  under  the  Roman  dominions.  The 
Veneti  continued  to  enjoy  great  prosperity 
down  to  the  time  of  the  Mfircomannic  wars, 
in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Aurelins ;  but 
from  this  time  their  country  was  frequently 
devastated  by  the  barbarians  who  invaded 
Italy ;  and  at  length,  in  the  6th  century,  many 
of  its  inhabitants,  to  escape  the  ravages  of 
the  Huns  under  Attila,  took  refuge  m  the 
islands  off  their  coast,  on  which  now  stands 
the  city  of  Venice.  The  chief  towns  of  Veue- 
tia  iu  ancient  times  were  PATAVIUM,  AI/MNUM, 
and  AQUILKIA.— (2)  A  district  in  the  N.W.  of 
Gallia  Lugdunensis,  inhabited  by  the  Veneti. 
Off  their  coast  was  a  group  of  islands  called 
INSDLAE  VENKTIOAE. 

VENETUS  IACHS.  [BIWGANTINUS  LAOPS.] 

VfiNXLlA  (-ae),  a  nymph,  daughter  of 
Pilumnus,  sister  of  Amata,  wife  of  king 
Latiuus,  and  mother  of  Turnus  and  Juturna 
by  Daunns. 

VENNONES  (-urn),  a  people  of  Rhaetia, 
and  according  to  Strabo  the  most  savage  of 
the  Rhaetiau  tribes,  inhabiting  the  Alps  near 
the  sources  of  the  Athesis  (Adige). 

VBNTA  (-ae).  (1)  BKI.GARCTM  (WinclMater)* 
the  chief  town  of  the  Belgae  in  Britain.  The 
modem  city  still  contains  several  Roman  re- 
mains.—(2)  IOENOJWM.  UOBNI.]— (3)  SILU- 
BUM  (Ca#rwmt\  a  town  of  the  Silures  in 
Britain,  in  Monmouthshire. 

VENTI  (-Orum),  the  winds*   They  appear 


GENITRIX.    (Villa  Borgbese.) 


VENTI. 


425 


VENUS. 


personified  even  in  the  Homeric  poems,  but 
at  the  same  time  they  are  conceived  as  ordi- 
nary phenomena  of  nature.  The  master  and 
ruler  of  all  the  winds  is  Aeolus,  who  resides 
in  the  island  Aeolia  [AKOLUB]  ;  but  the  other 
gods  also,  especially  Zeus  (Jupiter),  exercise 
a  power  over  them.  Homer  mentions  by  name 
Boreas  (N.  wind),  Eurtis  (E.  wind),  Notus  (S. 
wind),  and  Zephyrus  (VV.  wind).  According  to 
Hesiod,  the  beneiidal  winds — Notus,  Boreas, 
ArgcPtes,  and  Zephyrus — were  the  SODS  of  As- 
traeus  and  Eos;  and  the  destructive  ones — 
such  as  Typhon — are  said  to  be  the  sons  of 
Typhoeus.  Later,  especially  philosophical, 
writers  endeavored  to  deline  the  winds  more 
accurately,  according  to  their  places  on  the 
compass.  Thus  Aristotle,  besides  the  4  prin- 
cipal winds  (Boreas  or  Aparetias,  Eurus,  No- 
tus,  and  Zephyrus),  mentions  3,  the  Meses, 
Caicias,  and  Apeliotes,  between  Boreas  and 
Burns;  between  Euru.s  and  Notus  he  places 
the  Phoenicias ;  between  Notus  and  Zeph- 
yrus he  has  only  the  Lips ;  and  between  Zeph- 
yrus and  BorciiB  he  places  the  Argestea  (Olym- 
pias  or  Sciron)  and  the  '1  arascius.  It  must 
further  be  observed  that,  according  to  Aristo- 
tle, the  Eimis  is  not  due  E.  but  S.'E.  In  the 
Museum  Pio-Clcineutinum  there  exists  a  mar- 
ble monument  upon  which  the  winds  are  de- 
scribed with  their  Greek  and  Latin  names, 
viz.,  Septcutrio  (Aparetias),  Eurus  (Euros  or 
S.E.),  and  between  these  2  Aquilo  (Boreas), 
Vulturuub  (Oaicias),  and  Solanus  (Apeliotes). 
Between  Burns  and  Notus  (Notos)  there  is 
only  one,  the  Euro-Au&ter  (Euro-Notus) ;  be- 
tween Notus  and  FavonSus  (Zephyrus)  are 
marked  Austro-Africus  (Libonotus)  and.Afri- 
cus  (Lips) ;  and  between  Favonius  and  Sep- 
tentrio  we  find  Chrus  (lapyx)  and  Cirews 
(Thracius).  The  winds  were  represented  by 


poets  and  artists  in  various  ways ;  the  latter 
usually  represented  them  as  beings  with  wings 
at  their  heads  and  shoulders.  Black  lambs 
were  ofiered  as  sacrifices  to  the  destructive 
winds,  and  white  ones  to  favorable  or  good 
winds. 

VENTIDIUS  BASSUS  (-i),  P.,  a  celebrated 
Roman  general,  at  first  gained  a  poor  living 
by  jobbing  mules  and  carriages.  Caesar, 
however,  saw  his  abilities,  and  employed  him 
iu  Gaul,  and  in  the  civil  war.  After  Caesar's 


Veutf,  the  Wind*.    (Bortoli,  Vatican  Virgil,  p.  159.) 


Medal  commemorating  the  Parthian  triumph  of  Ventidtas. 

death  Ventidius  sided  with  M.  Antony,  and 
in  48  was  made  consul  suffectus.  In  39 
Antony  sent  Ventidius  into  Asia,  where  he 
defeated  the  Parthiaus  and  Labienus ;  and  in, 
the  8d  campaign  gained  a  still  more  brilliant 
victory  over  the  Parthians,  who  had  again 
invaded  Syria.  For  these  services  he  ob- 
tained a  triumph  iu  38. 

VENUS  (-ens),  the  goddess 
of  love  among  the  Romans. 
Before  she  was  identified 
with  the  Greek  Aphrodite, 
she  was  one  of  the  least  im- 
portant divinities  in  the  re- 
ligion of  the  Romans ;  but 
still  her  worship  seems  to 
have  been  established  at 
Rome  at  an  early  time.  Here 
she  bore  the  surnames  of 
Murtea  or  Murcia,  from  her 
fondness  for  the  myrtle-tree 
(niprtiis),  and  ofdoatina,  and 
Calva.  The  etymology  of  the 
last  two  epithets  is  variously 
given.  That  of  Calva  proba- 
bly refers  to  the  fact  that  on 
her  wedding-day  the  bride, 
either  actually  or  symbolic- 
ally, cut  off  a  lock  of  hair  to 
sacrifice  it  to  Venus.  In  later 
times  the  worship  of  Venus 
became  much  more  extend- 
ed, and  her  identification, 
with  the  Greek  Aphrodite 
introduced  various  new  at- 
tributes. At  the  beginning 
of  the  second  Punic  war  the 
worship  of  Venus  Brycina 
was  introduced  from  Sicily. 


VENUSIA. 


426 


VERTUMNUS. 


In  the  year  B.O.  114,  on  account  of  the  general 
corruption,  and  especially  among  the  Vestals, 
a  temple  was  built  to  Venus  Verticordia  (the 
goddess  who  turns  the  human  heart).  After 
the  close  of  the  Samuite  war,  Fabius  Gurges 
founded  the  worship  of  Venus  Obsequens  and 
Postvorta;  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger  that 
of  Venus  Geuitrix,  in  which  he  was  after- 
wards followed  by  Caesar,  who  added  that  of 
Venus  Victrix.  The  worship  of  Venus  was 
promoted  by  Caesar,  who  traced  his  descent 
from  Aeneas,  supposed  to  be  the  son  of  Mars 
and  Venus.  The  month  of  April,  as  the  be- 
ginning of  spring,  was  thought  to  be  pecul- 
iarly sacred  to  the  goddess  of  love.  Respect- 
ing the  Greek  goddess,  see  APHEOBITE. 

VfiNttStA  <-ae :  Venosa),  an  ancient  town 
of  Apulia,  S.  of  the  river  Aufidus,  and  near 
Mount  Vultur,  situated  in  a  romantic  country, 
and  memorable  as  the  birthplace  of  the  poet 
Horace. 


VBRBlNTTS  LlCUS  (Logo  Maggtore),  a 
lake  in  Gallia  Cisalpina,  and  the  largest  in 
all  Italy,  being  about  40  miles  in  length  from 
N.  to  S. ;  its  greatest  breadth  is  8  miles. 

VERCELLAE  (-arum :  Vercelli),  the  chief 
town  of  the  Libici  in  Gallia  Cisalpina. 

VERCINGETORIX  (-Igis),  the  celebrated 
chieftain  of  the  Arverai,  who  carried  on  war 
with  great  ability  against  Caesar  in  B.O.  52. 
He  was  taken  to  Rome  after  the  capture  of 
Alesia,  where  he  adorned  the  triumph  of  his 
conqueror  in  45,  and  was  afterwards  put  to 
death. 

VBRETTJM  (-i:  Aleasano),  more  anciently 
called  BASIS,  a  town  in  Calabria,  on  the  road 
from  Leuca  to  Tarentnm,  and  GOO  stadia  S.E. 
of  the  latter  city. 

VBRGBLLUS  (-i),  a  rivulet  in  Apulia,  said 
to  have  been  choked  by  the  dead  bodies  of 
the  Romans  slain  in  the  battle  of  Cannae. 

VBROLAMIUM  or  VERULAMlUM  (-i: 
Old  Verulam,  near  St.  Albans),  the  chief  town 
of  the  Catuellaniin  Britain,  probably  the  resi- 
dence of  the  king  Cassivellaunus,  which  was 
conquered  by  Caesar. 

VEROMANDTJI  (-oram),  a  people  in  Gallia 
Belgica,  between  the  Nervii  and  Suessiones, 
in  the  modern  Vermandois.  Their  chief  town 
was  AUGUSTA  VEBOMANDUOBUM  (SkQuentiri). 

VERpNA  (-ae :  Verona),  an  important  town 
In  Gallia  Cisalpina,  on  the  river  Athesis,  was 
originally  the  capital  of  the  Buganei,  but  sub- 
sequently belonged  to  the  Cenomani.  At  a 
still  later  time  it  was  made  a  Roman  colony, 
with  the  surname  Augusta;  and  under  the 
empire  it  was  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
flourishing  towns  in  the  N.  of  Italy.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Catullus ;  and,  according  to 
some  accounts,  of  the  elder  Pliny.  There  are 
still  many  Roman  remains  at  Verona,  and 
among  others  an  amphitheatre  in  a  good  state 
of  preservation. 

VERRES  <-is),  C.,  was  quaestor  in  B.C.  82  to 
Cn.  Papirius  Carbo,  and  therefore  at  that 
oeriod  belonged  to  the  Marian  party;  but  he 


afterwards  went  over  to  Sulla.  After  being 
legate  and  proquaestor  of  Dolabella  in  Cili- 
cia,  Verres  became  praetor  urbanus  in  74,  and 
afterwards  propraetor  in  Sicily,  where  he  re- 
mained nearly  3  years  (73-71).  The  extortions 
and  exactions  of  Verres  in  the  island  have  be- 
come notorious  through  the  celebrated  ora- 
tions of  Cicero.  His  three  years'  rule  deso- 
lated the  island  more  effectually  than  the  two 
recent  Servile  wars,or  the  old  struggle  between 
Carthage  and  Rome  for  the  possession  of  the 
island.  As  soon  as  he  left  Sicily,  the  inhab- 
itants resolved  to  bring  him  to  trial.  They 
committed  the  prosecution  to  Cicero,  who 
had  been  Lilybaean  quaestor  in  Sicily  in  75, 
and  had  promised  his  good  offices  to  the  Si- 
cilians whenever  they  might  demand  them. 
Cicero  heartily  entered  into  the  cause  of  the 
Sicilians,  and  spared  no  pains  to  secure  a  con- 
viction of  the  great  criminal.  Verres  was  de- 
fended by  Hortensius,  and  was  supported  by 
the  whole  power  of  the  aristocracy.  Horten- 
sius endeavored  to  substitute  Q.  Caecilius 
Niger  as  prosecutor  instead  of  Cicero ;  but 
the  judges  decided  in  favor  of  the  latter.  The 
oration  which  Cicero  delivered  on  this  occa- 
sion was  the  Divinatio  in  Q  Caecilium.  Cic- 
ero was  allowed  110  days  to  collect  evidence, 
but,  assisted  by  his  cousin  Lucius,  completed 
his  researches  in  50.  Hortensius  now  grasped 
at  his  last  chance  of  an  acquittal— that  of  pro- 
longing the  trial  till  the  following  year,  when 
he  himself  would  be  consul.  Cicero  therefore 
abandoned  all  tlwught  of  eloquence  or  dis- 
play, and,  merely  introducing  his  case  in  the 
first  of  the  Verrine  orations,  rested  all  his 
hopes  of  success  on  the  weight  of  testimony 
alone.  Hortensius  was  quite  unprepared 
with  counter-evidence,  and  after  the  first  day 
abandoned  the  cause  of  Verres.  Before  the 
nine  days  occupied  in  hearing  evidence  were 
over,  Verres  quitted  the  city  in  despair,  and 
was  condemned  in  his  absence.  He  retired 
to  Marseilles,  retaining  so  many  of  his  treas- 
ures of  art  as  to  cause  eventually  his  proscrip- 
tion by  M.  Antony  in  43. 

VERTlCORDlA.    [VENUS.] 

VERTUMNUS  or  VORTUMNUS  (-i),  is 
said  to  have  been  an  Etruscan  divinity,  but 
this  story  seems  to  be  refuted  by  his  genuine 
Roman  name,  viz.,  from  verto,  to  change. 
The  Romans  connected  Vertumnus  with  all 
occurrences  to  which  the  verb  verto  applies, 
such  as  the  change  of  seasons,  purchase  and 
sale,  the  return  of  rivers  to  their  proper  beds, 
etc.  But  in  reality  the  god  was  connected 
only  with  the  transformation  of  plants  and 
their  progress  from  blossom  to  fruit.  Hence 
the  story  that  when  Vertumnus  was  in  love 
with  Pomona  he  assumed  all  possible  forms, 
until  at  last  he  gained  his  end  by  metamor- 
phosing himseli  into  a  blooming  youth. 
Gardeners  accordingly  offered  to  him  the 
first  produce  of  their  gardens  and  garlands 
of  budding  flowers.  The  whole  people  cele- 
brated a  festival  to  Vertumnus  on  the  23d 
of  August,  under  the  name  of  the  Vortwm- 
nalia,  denoting  the  transition  from  the  beauti- 
ful season  of  autumn  to  the  less  agreeable  one. 
The  importance  of  the  worship  of  Vertumnus 
at  Rome  is  evident  from  the  fact  that  it  was 


VEKULAE. 


427 


VESTA. 


attended  to  by  a  special  flamen  (flamen  Vor- 
tumnalis). 


Uouiliou,  vol.  3,  pi.  14.) 


VERULAE  (-arum :  Feroft),  a  town  of  the 
Heroic!  in  Lutium,  S.E.  of  Aletrinm,  and  N. 
of  Frusino,  subsequently  a  Koman  colony, 

VERULAMIUM.    [VEBOLAAHUM.] 

VERUS  (-i),  L.  AURELIUS,  the  colleague 
of  M.  Aureliu.s  in  the  empire,  A.».  161-160. 
He  was  adopted  by  M.  Antonius,  and  on  his 
death  .succeeded  to  the  empire  along  with 
M.  Aurelius.  The  history  of  his  reign  is 
given  under  Aumuus.  Verua  died  suddenly 
at  Altinum,  in  the  country  of  the  Veneti,  to- 
wards the  close  of  169. 

VBSCTNUS  AGER,  a  district  of  the  Au- 
rnnci  In  Latium. 

VESKVUS.     [VESUVIUS.] 

VBSONTIO  (-onis:  JBesanfon),  the  chief 
town  of  the  Scquani  in  GalliaBelgica,  situated 
on  the  river  Dubis  (Doubs),  which  flowed 
around  the  town,  with  the  exception  of  a 
space  of  600  feet,  on  which  stood  a  mountain, 
forming  the  citadel  of  the  town. 

VESPXSf  ANUS  (-i),  T.  FLIVIUS  SABI- 
NUS,  Roman  emperor,  A.T>.  70-79,  was  bom  on 
the  17th  of  November,  A.I>.  0.  His  father  was 
a  man  of  mean  condition,  of  Reate,  in  theconn- 
try  of  the  Sabini.  His  mother, Vespasia  Polla, 
was  the  daughter  of  a  praefectns  castrorum, 
and  the  sister  of  a  Roman  senator.  Vespasian 
served  as  tribunus  militnm  ij»  Thrace,  and  was 
quaestor  in  Crete  and  Cyrene.  He  was  after- 
wards aedile  and  praetor.  About  this  time  he 
took  to  wife  Flavia  Domitilla,  the  daughter  of 
a  Roman  eques,  by  whom  he  had  2  sons,  both 
of  whom  succeeded  him.  In  the  reign  of 
Claudius  he  was  sent  into  Germany  as  legatuo 
legionis;  and  in  43  he  held  the  same  com- 
mand in  Britain,  and  reduced  the  Isle  of 
Wight.  He  was  consul  in  51,  and  proconsul 
of  Africa  under  Nero.  He  was  at  this  time 
very  poor,  and  was  accused  of  getting  money 
by  dishonorable  means.  But  he  had  a  great 
military  reputation,  and  he  was  liked  by  the 
soldiers.  Nero  afterwards  sent  him  to  the 


East  (66),  to  conduct  the  war  against  the  Jews. 
His  conduct  of  this  war  raised  his  reputation, 
and  when  the  war  broke  out  between  Otho 
and  Vi telling,  Vespasian  was  proclaimed  em- 
peror at  Alexandria  on  the  1st  of  July,  69,  and 
soon  after  all  through  the  East.  He  came  to 
Rome  in  the  following  year  (70),  leaving  his 
son  Titus  to  continue  the  war  against  the 
Jews.  On  his  arrival  at  Rome,  he  worked 
with  great  industry  to  restore  order  in  the 
city  and  in  the  empire.  The  simplicity  and 
frugality  of  his  mode  of  life  formed  a  striking 
contrast  with  the  profusion  and  luxury  of 
some  of  his  predecessors,  and  his  example  is 
said  to  have  done  more  to  reform  the  morals 
of  Rome  than  all  the  laws  which  had  ever 
been  enacted.  He  was  never  ashamed  of  the 
meanness  of  his  origin,  and  ridiculed  all  at- 
tempts to  make  out  for  him  a  distinguished 
genealogy.  He  is  accused  of  avarice,  and  of 
a  taste  for  low  humor.  Yet  it  is  admitted 
that  he  was  liberal  in  all  his  expenditures  for 
purposes  of  public  utility.  In  71  Titus  returned 
to  Rome,  and  both  father  and  son  triumphed 
together  on  account  of  the  conquest  of  the 
Jews.  The  reign  of  Vespasian  was  marked 
by  few  striking  events.  The  most  important 
was  the  conquest  of  North  Wales  and  the 
island  of  Anglesey  by  Agricola,  who  was  sent 
into  Britain  in  78.  In  the  summer  of  79, Ves- 
pasian, whose  health  was  failing,  went  to 
spend  some  time  at  his  paternal  house  in  the 
mountains  of  the  Sabini,  and  expired  ou  the 
24th  of  June  in  that  year,  at  the  age  of  69. 

VESTA  (-ae),  one  of  the  great  Roman  divini- 
ties, identical  with  the  Greek  Hestia  [HESTIA]. 
She  was  the  goddess  of  the  hearth,  and  there- 
fore inseparably  connected  with  the  Penates ; 
for  Aeneas  was  believed  to  have  brought  the 
eternal  fire  of  Vesta  from  Troy,  along  with 
the  images  of  the  Penates ;  and  the  praetors, 
consuls,  and  dictators,  before  entering  upon 
their  official  functions,  sacrificed,  not  only  to 
the  Penates,  but  also  to  Vesta  at  Lavinium. 
In  the  ancient  Roman  house,  the  hearth  was 


Vestal  Virgin. 


VESTINL 


428 


VICTORIA. 


the  central  part,  and  around  it  all  the  inmates 
daily  assembled  for  their  common  meal  (coena); 
every  meal  thus  taken  was  a  fresh  bond  of 
union  and  affection  among  the  members  of  a 
family,  and  at  the  same  time  an  act  of  wor- 
ship of  Vesta,  combined  with  a  sacrifice  to 
her  and  the  Penates.  Every  dwelling-house 
therefore  was,  in  some  sense,  a  temple  of  Ves- 
ta ;  but  a  public  sanctuary  united  all  the  citi- 
zens of  the  state  into  one  large  family.  This 
sanctuary  stood  in  the  Forum,  between  the 
Capitoline  and  Palatine  hills,  and  not  far 
from  the  temple  of  the  Penates.  The  god- 
dess was  not  represented  in  her  temple  by  a 
statue,  but  the  eternal  fire  burning  on  her 
hearth  or  altar  was  her  living  symbol,  and 
was  kept  up  and  attended  to  by  the  Vestals, 
her  virgin  priestesses,  who  were  chaste  and 
pure  like  the  goddess  herself.  Respecting 
their  duties  and  obligations,  see  Diet,  of 
Antiq.,  art.  Vestales.  On  the  1st  of  March  in 
every  year  the  sacred  fire  of  Vesta,  and  the 
laurel-tree  which  shaded  her  hearth,  were  re- 
newed, and  on  the  15th  of  June  her  temple 
was  cleaned  and  purified.  The  dirt  was  car- 
ried into  an  angiportus  behind  the  temple, 
which  was  locked  by  a  gate  that  no  one  might 
enter  it.  The  day  on  which  this  took  place 
was  a  dies  nefastus,  the  first  half  of  which  was 
thought  to  be  so  inauspicious  that  the  priest- 
ess or  Juno  was  not  allowed  to  comb  her  hair 
or  to  cut  her  nails,  while  the  second  half  was 
very  favorable  to  contracting  a  marriage  or 
entering  upon  other  important  undertakings. 
A  few  days  before  that  solemnity,  on  the  9th 
of  June,  the  Vestalia  were  celebrated  in  hon- 
or of  the  goddess,  on  which  occasion  none 
but  women  walked  to  the  temple,  and  that 
with  bare  feet 

VESTINI  <-orum),  a  Sabellian  people  in 
Central  Italy,  lying  between  the  Apennines 
and  the  Adriatic  Sea,  and  separated  from 
Picenum  by  the  river  Matrinus,  and  from  the 
Marrucini  by  the  river  Aternus.  They  were 
conquered  by  the  Romans  in  B.  o.  328,  and 
from  this  time  appear  as  the  allies  of  Rome. 

VfiStJvfUS  J-i),  also  called  VfiSSVUS, 
VESBlUS,  or  VESVlUS,  the  celebrated  vol- 
canic mountain  in  Campania,  rising  out  of  the 
plain  S.E.  of  Neapolis.  There  are  no  records 
of  any  eruption  of  Vesuvius  before  the  Chris- 
tian era,  but  the  ancient  writers  were  aware 
of  its  volcanic  nature  from  the  igneous  ap- 
pearance of  its  rocks.  In  A.T>.  63  the  volcano 
gave  the  first  symptoms  of  agitation  in  an 
earthquake,  which  occasioned  considerable 
damage  to  several  towns  in  its  vicinity ;  and 
on  the  24th  of  August,  A.D.  79,  occurred  the 
first  great  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  which  over- 
whelmed the  cities  of  Stabiae,  Herculanenm,  i 
and  Pompeii.  It  was  in  this  eruption  that 
the  elder  Pliny  lost  his  life. 

VETRANIO  (-onis)  commanded  the  legions 
m  Illyria  and  Pannonia  in  A.D.  350,  when 
Constans  was  treacherously  destroyed,  and 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  his  troops  •  but 
at  the  end  of  10  months  resigned  in  favor  of 
Constantius. 

VETTlUS  (-i),  L.,  a  Roman  eques,  in  the 
pay  of  Cicero  in  B.C.  63,  to  whom  he  gave 
some  valuable  information  respecting  the 


Catilinarian  conspiracy.  In  59  he  accused 
Curio,  Cicero,  L.  Lucullus,  and  many  other  dis- 
tinguished men,  of  having  formed  a  conspir- 
acy to  assassinate  Pompey.  Cicero  regarded 
this  accusation  as  the  work  of  Caesar,  who 
used  the  tribune  Vatinius  as  his  instrument 
On  the  day  after  he  had  given  his  evidence, 
Vettius  was  found  strangled  in  prison. 

VETTONES  or  VECTONES  <-um),  a  people 
in  the  interior  of  Lusitania,  E.  of  the  Lusitani, 
and  W.  of  the  Carpetam,  extending  from  the 
Durius  to  the  Tagns. 

VSTfLONlA  (-ae),  VETtfLONlUM  (-i), 
or  VfiTtJ'LO'NlI  (-orum),  an  ancient  city  of 
Etruria,  and  one  of  the  12  cities  of  the  Etrus- 
can confederation.  From  this  city  the  Ro- 
mans are  said  to  have  borrowed  the  insignia 
of  their  magistrates—the  fasces,  sella  carulis, 
and  toga  praetexta— as  well  as  the  use  of  the 
brazen  trumpet  in  war.  Its  site  has  been  dis- 
covered within  the  last  few  years  near  a  small 
village  called  Magliano,  between  the  river  Osa 
and  the  Albegna,  and  about  8  miles  inland. 

VETORIUS  MAMtJRiUS  <-i)  is  said  to 
have  been  the  armorer  who  made  the  11  an- 
cilia  exactly  like  the  one  that  was  sent  from 
heaven  in  the  reign  of  Nurna.  His  praises 
formed  one  of  the  chief  subjects  of  the  songs 
oftheSalii. 

VIADUS  (-i:  Oder),  a  river  of  Germany, 
falling  into  the  Baltic. 
VIBIUS  PANSA. 
VIBIUS  SEQUESTER. 
VIBO  (-onis :  Bivona),  the  Roman  form  of 
the  Greek  town  HIPPONIUM,  situated  on  .the 
S.W.  coast  of  Bruttium,  and  on  a  gulf  called 
after  it  SINUS  VIBOWENSIS,  or  HIPPONIATJBS. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  Locri 
Epizephyrii ;  but  it  was  destroyed  by  the  el- 
der Dionysius,  who  transplanted  its  inhabit- 
ants  to  Syracuse.  It  was  afterwards  restored ; 
and  at  a  later  time  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Bruttii,  together  with  the  other  Greek  cities 
on  this  coast  It  was  taken  from  the  Bruttii 
by  the  Romans,  who  colonized  it  B.O.  194,  and 
called  it  VIBO  VAI.ENTIA.  Cicero  speaks  of  it 
as  a  municipium ;  and  in  the  time  of  Augus- 
ts it  was  one  of  the  most  flourishing  cities 
in  the  S.  of  Italy. 

VlCENTf  A  or  VICETlA  (-ae),  less  cor- 
rectly VINCENTlA  (Vicenza),  a  town  on  the 
river  Togisonus  in  Venetia,  in  the  N.  of  Italy, 
and  a  Roman  municipium. 

VICTOR  (-oris),  SEX.  AURSLf  US,  a  Latin 
writer,  was  born  of  humble  parents,  but  rose 
to  distinction  by  his  zeal  in  the  cultivation 
of  literature.  Having  attracted  the  attention 
of  Julian  when  at  Sirmium,  he  was  appointed 
>y  that  prince  governor  of  one  division  of 
Pannonia.  At  a  subsequent  period  he  was 
elevated  by  Tbeodosius  to  the  high  office  of 
city  praefect  He  is  the  reputed  author  of  a 
work  entitled  De  Caeaaribus ;  besides  which 
2  or  8  others  are  ascribed  to  him. 

VICTORIA  (-ae),the  personification  of  vic- 
tory among  the  Romans. 

VICTORIA  or  VICTO"RINA  (-ae),  the 
mother  of  Victorinus,  after  whose  death  she 
was  hailed  as  the  mother  of  camps  (Mater 


VICTORIA.     (Munich.) 
¥2 


VIOTOIUNUS 


4i>9 


VIRGILIUS. 


Catttrorit'iti;  and  coins  wore  struck  bearing 
her  effigy.  She  transferred  her  power  lirst 
to  Marius,  and  then  to  Tetricus. 

VICTUKINUS  <-i),  one  of  the  Thirty 
Tyrants,  was  the  3d  of  the  usurpers  who  in 
succession  ruled  Gaul  during  the  reign  of 
Gallieniirt.  He  was  assassinated  at  Agrip- 
pina  by  one  of  his  own  officers  in  A.I>.  42(iS, 
after  reigning  somewhat  more  than  a  year. 

VIUTKIX.'    LVKNUB.] 

VIENNA  <-ae:  Wentus),  the  chief  town  of 
the  Allolmigcs  in  Gallia  Lugdunensis,  situ- 
ated on  the  Rhone,  S.  of  Lugdunum. 

VIMINALIS  (-is),  PORT  A,  a  gate  of  Rome 
in  the  Servian  walls,  leading  to  the  Via 
Tiburtina. 

VINDELIClA  (-ae),  a  Roman  province, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Danube,  which  sep- 
arated it  from  Germany,  on  the  W.  by  the 
territory  of  the  llelvetii  in  Gaul,  011  the  S.  by 
Rhaetia,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  river  Oenus  (/>m), 
which  separated  it  from  Noricum,  thus  cor- 
responding to  the  N.J3L  part  of  Switzerland, 
the  S.E.  of  Baden,  the  S.  of  Wurtemberg  and 
Bavaria,  and  the  N.  part  of  the  Tyrol,  ft  was 
originally  part  of  the  province  of  Rhaetia, 
and  was  conquered  by  Tiberius  iu  the  reign 
of  Augustus.  At  a  later  time  Rhaetia  was 
divided  into  two  provinces,  Rhaetia,  Prima 
&ntiLllhaetia  Secunda,  the  latter  of  wh ich  names 
was  gradually  supplanted  by  that  of  Vindeli- 
cia.  It  waa  drained  by  the  tributaries  of  the 
Danube,  of  which  the  most  important  were 
the  Licias,  or  Licus  (Lech),  with  its  tributary 
the  Vmdo,Vinda,or  Virdo  ( Werlach),  the  Isarus 
(Tsar),  and  Oeuus  (Inn).  The  B.  part  of  the 
Lacus  Brigantinus  (Lake  of  Comtance)  also 
belonged  to  Vindelicia.  It  derived  its  name 
from  its  chief  inhabitants,  the  VINDKLIOI,  a 
warlike  people  dwelling  in  the  S.  of  the  coun- 
try. The  other  tribes  in  Vindelicia  were  the 
Brigantii  on  the  Lake  of  Constance,  the  Licatii 
or  Licates  on  the  Lech,  and  the  Breuni  in  the 
N.  of  the  Tyrol  on  the  Brenner.  The  chief 
town  in  the  province  was  Augusta  Vindelico- 
rum  (Auqslurff).  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Vindo  ana  the  Liens. 

VTNDlClUS  <-i),  a  slave,  who  is  said  to  have 
given  information  to  the  consuls  of  the  con- 
spiracy which  was  formed  for  the  restoration 
of  the  Tarquins,  and  who  was  rewarded  in 
consequence  with  liberty  and  the  Roman 
franchise. 

VINDlLI.    [VANDILI.] 

VINDOBONA  (-ae:  Vienna,  Bngl. ;  Wimt 
Germ.),  a  town  in  Pannonia,  on  the  Danube, 
waa  originally  a  Celtic  place,  and  subsequent- 
ly a  Roman  municipium.  Under  the  Romans 
it  became  a  town  of  importance ;  it  was  the 
chief  station  of  the  Roman  fleet  on.  the  Danube, 
and  the  head-quarters  of  a  Roman  legion. 

VINDONISSA  (-ae:  Windiach),  a  town  in 
Gallia  Belgica,  on  the  triangular  tongue  of 
land  between  the  Aar  and  Reuse,  was  an  im- 
portant Roman,  fortress  in  the  country  of  the 
Helvetii. 

VIPSANlA  AGRIPPINA  (-ae).  (1)  Daugh- 
ter of  M.  Vipsan/us  Agrippa  by  his  lirst  wife 
Pornpouia.  Augnstus  gave  her  in  marriage 
to  his  step-son  Tiberius,  by  whom  she  was 


much  beloved;  but  after  she  had  borne  him 
a  son,  Driiyns,  Tiberius  was  compelled  to 
divorce  her  by  the  command  of  the  emperor, 
iu  order  to  marry  Julia,  the  daughter  of  the 
latter.  Vipsania  afterwards  married  Asinins 
Gallus.  She  died  in  A.D.  20.—  (2)  Daughter 
of  M.Vipsanius  Agrippa  by  his  second  wife 
Julia,  better  known  by  the  name  of  Agrippiua, 

' 


VIPSANIUS  AGRIPPA,  M.  [AGBIPPA.] 
VIRBIUS  <-i),  a  Latin  divinity  worshiped 
along  with  Diana  in  the  grove  at  Aric.ia,  at 
the  loot  of  the  Alban  Mount.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  the  same  as  Hippolytus,  who  was 
restored  to  life  by  Aesculapius  at  the  request 
of  Diana. 

VIRDO.      [VlNDELIOIA.] 

VIRGILIUS  (-i)  or  VERGILIUS  MXRO, 
P,,  the  Roman  poet,  was  born  on  the  15th  of 
October,  B.O.  70,  at  Andes  (  Ptetola),  a  small 
village  near  Mantua  in  Cisalpine  Gaul.  Vir- 
gil's father  probably  had  a  small  estate  which 
he  cultivated  :  his  mother's  name  was  Maia. 
He  was  educated  at  Cremona  and  Mediolanum 
(Milan),  and  he  took  the  toga  virilis  at  Cre- 
mona in  55,  on  the  day  on  which  he  com- 
menced his  ICth  year.  It  is  said  that  he  sub- 
sequently studied  at  Neapolis  (Naples)  under 
Parthenius,  a  native  of  Bithynia.  from  whom 
he  learned  Greek.  He  was  also  instructed  by 
Syrou,  an  Epicurean,  and  probably  at  Rome. 
Virgil's  writings  prove  that  he  received  a 
learned  education,  and  traces  of  Epicurean 
opinions  are  apparent  in  them.  After  com- 
pleting his  education,  Virgil  appears  to  have 
retired  to  his  paternal  farm,  and  here  he  may 
have  written  some  of  the  small  pieces  which 
are  attributed  to  him.  In  the  division  of  land 
among  the  soldiers  after  the  battle  of  Philip- 
pi  (42),  Virgil  was  deprived  of  his  property  ; 
but  it  was  afterwards  restored  at  the  com- 
mand of  Octavian.  It  is  supposed  that  Virgil 
wrote  the  Eclogue  which  stands  first  in  our 
editions  to  commemorate  his  gratitude  to 
Octavian.  Virgil  probably  became  acquainted 
with  Maecenas  soon  after  writing  his  EC-* 
logues,  in  which  Maecenas  is  not  mentioned, 
His  most  finished  work,  the  Georgica,  was  un- 
dertaken at  the  suggestion  of  Maecenas  (Georg. 
Hi.  41)  ;  and  was  completed  after  the  battle  of 
Actium,  B.O.  31,  while  Octavian  was  in  the 
East.  The  Aeneid  was  probably  long  con- 
templated  by  the  poet  While  Augustus  was 
in  Spain  (27),  he  wrote  to  Virgil  expressing  a 
wish  to  have  some  monument  of  his  poetical 
talent.  Virgil  appears  to  have  commenced 
the  Aeneid  about  this  time.  In  23  died  Mar- 
cellus,  the  son  of  Octavia,  Caesar's  sister,  by 
her  first  husband  ;  and  as  Virgil  lost  no  op- 
portunity of  gratifying  his  patron,  he  intro- 
duced into  his  6th  book  of  the  Aeueid  (883) 
the  well-known  allusion  to  the  virtues  of  this 
youth,  who  was  cut  off  by  a  premature  death. 
Octavia  is  said  to  have  been  present  when  the 
poet  was  reciting  this  allusion  to  her  son,  and 
to  have  fainted  from  her  emotions.  She  re- 
warded the  poet  munificently  for  his  excusa- 
ble flattery.  As  Marcellus  did  not  die  till  23, 
these  lines  were  of  course  written  after  his 
death,  but  that  does  not  prove  that  the  whole 
of  the  6th  book  was  written  so  late.  A  pas- 


VIRGINIA. 


430 


VITELLIUS. 


page  in  the  7th  book  (606)  appears  to  allude 
to  Augustus  receiving  back  the  Parthian 
standards,  which  event  belongs  to  20.  When 
Augustas  was  returning  from  Samos,  where 
he  had  spent  the  winter  of  20,  he  met  Virgi] 
at  Athens.  The  poet,  it  is  said,  had  intended 
to  make  a  tour  of  Greece,  but  he  accompanied 
the  emperor  to  Megara,  and  thence  to  Italy. 
His  health,  which  had  been  long  declining, 
was  now  completely  broken,  and  he  died  SOOE 
after  his  arrival  at  Brundusium,  on  the  22(3 
of  September,  19,  not  having  quite  completed 
his  51st  year.  His  remains  were  transferred 
to  Naples,  which  had  been  his  favorite  resi- 
dence, and  interred  near  the  road  from  Naples 
to  Puteoli  (Pozzuoli),  where  a  monument  is 
still  shown,  supposed  to  be  the  tomb  of  the 
poet.  Virgil  had  been  enriched  by  the  liber- 
ality of  his  patrons,  and  he  left  behind  him 
a  considerable  property  and  a  house  on  the 
Esquiline  hill,  near  the  gardens  of  Maecenas. 
In  his  fortunes  and  his  friends  Virgil  was  a 
happy  man.  Munificent  patronage  gave  him 
ample  means  of  enjoyment  and  of  leisure, 
and  he  had  the  friendship  of  all  the  most 
accomplished  men  of  the  day,  among  whom 
Horace  entertained  a  strong  affection  for  him. 
He  was  an  amiable,  good-tempered  man,  free 
from  the  mean  passions  of  envy  and  jealousy ; 
and  in  all  but  health  he  was  prosperous. 
Besides  the  Bucolica,  Georgica,  and  Aen&id, 
several  shorter  pieces  are  attributed  to  Virgil, 
which  may  possibly  have  been  the  productions 
of  his  youth.  Such  are  the  Culex^Cirts^Copa^ 
etc.  Of  all  his  works  the  Georgiea  are  both 
the  most  finished  and  the  most  original.  The 
Aeneid  leaves  on  the  whole  a  feeble  impres- 
sion, notwithstanding  the  exquisite  beauty 
of  some  passages,  ana  the  good  taste  which 
reigns  throughout  Nevertheless,  Virgil  must 
be  considered  as  by  far  the  first  of  all  the  Bo- 
man  epic  poets. 

VIRGINIA  (-ae),  daughter  of  L.  Virginius, 
a  brave  centurion,  was  a  beautiful  and  inno- 
cent girl,  betrothed  to  L.  Icilius.  Her  beauty 
excited  the  lust  of  the  decemvir  Appius  Clau- 
dius, who  instigated  one  of  his  clients  to  seize 
the  damsel  and  claim  her  as  his  slave.  Her 
father,  who  had  come  from  the  camp  the  mom- 
ing  on  which  Claudius  gave  judgment  assign- 
ing Virginia  to  his  client,  seeing  that  all  hope 
was  gone,  prayed  the  decemvir  to  be  allowed 
to  speak  one  word  to  the  nurse  in  his  daugh- 
ter's hearing,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether 
she  was  really  his  daughter.  The  request  was 
granted ;  Virginius  drew  them  both  aside,  and 
snatching  up  a  butcher's  knife  from  one  of  the 
stalls,  plunged  it  in  his  daughter's  breast,  ex- 
claiming, "There  is  no  way  but  this  to  keep 
thee  freer"  then,  holding  his  bloody  knife  on 
high,  he  rushed  to  the  gate  of  the  city,  and 
hastened  to  the  Roman  camp.  The  result  is 
known.  Both  camp  and  city  rose  against 
tn«  decemvirs,  who  were  deprived  of  their 
power,  and  the  old  form  of  government  was 
restored.  L.  Virginius  was  the  first  who  was 
elected  tribune,  and  by  his  orders  Appius  was 
dragged  to  prison,  where  he  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life. 

VIRGINIA  or  VERGlNlA  GENS,  patri- 
cian and  plebeian.    The  patrician  Virginii 


frequently  filled  the  highest  honors  of  the 
state  during  the  early  years  of  the  re- 
public. 

VIRGINIUS  (-i),  L.,  father  of  Virginia, 
whose  tragic  fate  occasioned  the  downfall  of 
the  decemvirs,  B.O.  449.  [VIRGINIA.] 

VlRllTHUS  (-i),  a  celebrated  Ltisitaniau, 
is  described  by  the  Romans  as  originally  a 
shepherd  or  huntsman,  and  afterwards  a  rob- 
ber, or,  as  he  would  be  called  in  Spain  in  the 
present  day,  a  guerrilla  chief.  He  was  one  of 
the  Lusitanians  who  escaped  the  treacherous 
and  savage  massacre  of  the  people  by  the  pro- 
consul Galba  in  B.O.  150.  [GALBA,  No.  2.]  He 
collected  a  formidable  force,  and  for  several 
successive  years  defeated  oiie  Roman  army 
after  another.  In  140,  the  proconsul  Fabius 
Serviliauus  concluded  a  peace  with  Viriathus 
in  order  to  save  his  army,  which  had  been 
inclosed  by  the  Lusitaniaus  in  a  mountain 
pass.  But  Servilius  Caepio,  who  succeeded 
to  the  command  of  Farther  Spain  in  140,  re- 
newed the  war,  and  shortly  afterwards  pro- 
cured the  assassination  of  Viriathus  by  brib- 
ing 3  of  his  friends. 

VIRIDOMARUS  (-i).  (1)  91-  BRITOMARTUS, 
the  leader  of  the  Gauls  slain  by  Marcellus. 
[MARCELLUS,  No.  1.]— (2)  Or  VutwifMARus,  a 
chieftain  of  the  Aedui,  whom  Caesar  had 
raised  from  a  low  rank  to  the  highest  honor, 
but  who  afterwards  joined  the  Gauls  in  their 
great  revolt  in  B.O.  52. 

VIRTUS  (-fitis),  the  Roman  personification 
of  manly  valor.  She  was  represented  with 
a  short  tunic,  her  right  breast  uncovered,  a 
helmet  on  her  head,  a  spear  in  her  left  hand, 
a  sword  in  the  right,  and  standing  with  her 
right  foot  on  a  helmet.  A  temple  of  Virtus 
was  built  by  Marcellus  close  to  one  of  Honor. 

[HONOR.] 

VISTULA  (-ae :  Vistula.  Engl. ;  Weichsel, 
German),  an  important  river  of  Germany, 
forming  the  boundary  between  Germany 
and  Sarmatia,  rising  in  the  Hercynia  Silva 
and  falling  into  the  Mare  Suevicum  or  the 
Baltic. 

VlSURGIS  (-is:  Wes&r),  an  important  riv- 
er of  Germany,  falling  into  the  German 
Ocean. 

VITELLIUS  (-i),  A.,  Roman  emperor  from 
January  2d  to  December  22d,  A.D.  09,  was  the 
son  of  L.  Vitellius,  consul  in  A,T>.  34.  He  had 
someknowledgeoflettersandsomeeloquence. 
His  vices  made  him  a  favorite  of  Tiberius,  Cai- 
us  Caligula,  Claudius,  and  Nero,  who  loaded 
urn  with  favors.  People  were  much  surprised 
when  Galba  chose  such  a  man  to  command  . 
the  legions  in  Lower  Germany,  for  he  had  no 
military  talent.  The  soldiers  of  Vitcllius  pro- 
claimed him  emperor  at  Colouia  Agrippinen- 
sis  (Cologne}  on  the  2d  of  January,  69.  His 
generals  Fabius  Valens  and  Caecina  inarched 
nto  Italy,  defeated  Otho's  troops  at  the  de- 
cisive battle  of  Bedriacum,  and  thus  secured 
or  Vitellius  the  undisputed  command  of  Italy. 
He  displayed  some  moderation  after  his  ac- 
cession ;  but  he  was  a  glutton  and  an  epicure, 
and  his  chief  amusement  was  the  table,  on 
which  he  spent  enormous  mums  of  money. 
Meantime  Vespasian  was  proclaimed  emperor 


VITKUVIUS  POLLIO. 


431 


VOLCAE. 


at  Alexandria  on  the  1st  of  July ;  and  the 
legions  of  Illyricnni,  under  Antonius  Primus, 
entered  the  N.  of  Italy  and  declared  for  him. 
Vitellins  dispatched  Caeeina  with  a  powerful 
force  to  oppose  Primiitt ;  but  Caeciua  was  not 
faithful  to  the  emperor.  Primus  defeated  the 
Vitcllians  in  two  buttles ;  then  marched  upon 
Koine,  and  forced  hit?  way  into  the  city,  after 
much  fighting.  Vitcllius  was  seized  in  the 
palace,  led  through  the  streets  with  every 
circumstance  ofignominy,  and  dragged  to  the 
(icrmuniac  Scalac,  where  lie  was  killed  with 
repeated  blows. 

V1TKUVIUS  POLLIO  (-fmis),  M.,  the 
author  of  the  celebrated  treatise  on  Archi- 
tecture, appears  to  have  served  as  a  military 
engineer  under  Julius  Caesar  in  the  African 
war,  ».  o.  46,  and  he  was  broken  down  with  age 
when  he  composed  his  work,  which  is  dedi- 
cated to  the  emperor  Augustus.  Compara- 
tively unsuccessful  as  an  architect,  for  we  have 
no  building  of  his  mentioned  except  the  basil- 
ica at  Fanum,  he  attempted  to  establish  his 
reputation  as  a  writer  upon  the  theory  of  his 
art  His  style  is  so  obscure  as  to  be  often  un 
intelligible. 

V5CONTTI  (-oru.nl),  a  powerful  and  im- 
portant people  in  Gallia  Nnrbonensis,'inhab- 
iting  the  S.B.  part  of  Dauphinc  and  a  part  of 
Provence  between  the  Drac  and  the  Durance, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Allobroges,  and  on 
the  S.  by  the  Salycs  and  Albioeci.  They  were 
allowed  by  the  Romans  to  live  under  their 
own  laws. 

V6GESUS  or  VOSGfiSUS  <-i:  Vosges),  a 
range  of  mountains  of  Gaul,  in  the  territory 
»f  the  Lingones,  running  parallel  to  the  Rhine, 
and  separating  its  basin  from  that  of  the  Mo- 


sella.  The  rivers  Sequana  (Seine),  Arar 
(.S'aone),  and  Mosella  (Moselle)  rise  in  these 
mountains. 

VOLATERRAE  (-arum:  Volaterra).  called 
by  the  Etruscans  VELATHRI,  one  of  the  12 
cities  of  the  Etruscan  confederation,  was  built 
on  a  lofty  and  precipitous  hill,  about  1800 
English  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  was 
the  most  N.-ly  city  of  the  confederation,  and 
its  dominions  extended  E.-ward  as  far  as  the 
territory  of  Arretium, which  was  50  miles  dis« 
tant;  W.-ward  as  far  as  the  Mediterranean, 
which  was  more  than  20  miles  off;  and  S.-ward 
at  least  as  far  as  Populonia,  which  was  either 
a  colony  or  an  acquisition  of  Volaterrae.  In 
consequence  of  possessing  the  2  great  ports 
of  Luna  and  Populonia,  Volaterrae,  though  BO 
fur  inland,  was  reckoned  as  one  of  the  power- 
ful maritime  cities  of  Etruria.  We  have  no 
record  of  its  conquest  by  the  Romans.  Like 
most  of  the  Etruscan  cities,  it  espoused  the 
Marian  party  against  Sulla ;  and  it  was  not 
till  after  a  siege  of  two  years  that  the  city 
fell  into  Sulla's  hands.  After  the  fall  of  the 
Western  empire,  it  was  for  a  time  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Lombard  kings.  The  modem 
town  contains  several  interesting  Etruscan 
remains. 

V5LATERRANA  VADA,  a  small  town,  in 
the  territory  of  Volaterrae. 

VOLCAE  (-arum),  a  powerful  Celtic  people 
in  Gallia  Narbonensis,  divided  into  the  2 
tribes  of  the  Volcae  Tectosages  and  Volcae 
Arecomici,  extending  from  the  Pyrenees  and 
the  frontiers  of  Aqmtania  along  the  coast  as 
far  as  the  Rhone.  They  lived  under  their 
own  laws,  without  being  subject  to  the  Ro- 
man governor  of  the  province,  and  they  also 


Arch  of  Vulutfirrae. 


VOLCI. 


432 


XANTHUS. 


possessed  the  Jus  Latii.  The  chief  town  of 
the  Tectosages  was  TOLOSA.  A  portion  of  the 
Tectosages  left  their  native  country  under 
Brennus,  and  were  one  of  the  8  great  tribes 
into  which  the  Galatians  in  Asia  Minor  were 
divided.  [&ALATIA.] 

VOLCI  or  VULCI.  (1)  (Vulci),  an  inland 
city  of  Etruria,  about  IS  miles  N.W.  of  Tar- 
quinii.  Of  the  history  of  this  city  we  know 
nothing,  but  its  extensive  sepulchres,  and  the 
vast  treasures  of  ancient  art  which  they  con- 
tain, prove  that  Vulci  must  at  one  time  have 
been  a  powerful  and  flourishing  city.  —  (2) 
(Vallo),  a  town  in  Lucania,  30  miles  S.E.  of 
Paestum  on  the  road  to  Buxentum. 

VOLSRO  PUBLMUS.    [PUBLILIUS.] 

VOLOGESES,  the  name  of  5  kings  of  Par- 
thia.  [ARSAOES  XXUL,  XXVIL,^£XVIIL, 
XXIX.,  XXX.] 

VOLSCI  (-orum),  an  ancient  people  in  La- 
tinm,  but  originally  distinct  from  the  Latins, 
dwelt  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Liris,  and  ex- 
tended down  to  the  Tyrrhene  sea.  They 
were  not  completely  subdued  by  the  Romans 
till  B.O.  338. 

VOLSlNlI  or  VULSlNlI  (-orum:  Bolsena), 
called  VELSINA  or  VELSUNA  by  the  Etrus- 
cans, one  of  the  most  ancient  and  most  pow- 
erful of  the  12  cities  of  the  Etruscan  confed- 
eration, was  situated  on  a  lofty  hill  on  the  N.E. 
extremity  of  the  lake  called  after  it  LAO  us 
VOLSINIENSIS  and  VULSINIENSIS  (Logo  di  Bol- 
sena).  The  Volsiuieuses  carried  on  war  with 
the  Romans  hi  B.O.  392, 311, 294,  and  280,  but 
were  on  each  occasion  defeated,  and  in  the 
last  of  these  years  appear  to  have  been  finally 
subdued.  Their  city  was  then  razed  to  the 
ground  by  the  Romans,  and  its  inhabitants 
were  compelled  to  settle  on  a  less  defensi- 
ble site  in  the  plain,  that  of  the  modern  JBol- 
sena. 

VOLTURClUS  or  VULTURCfUS  (-i),  T., 
of  Crotonn,  one  of  Catiline's  conspirators, who 
turned  informer  upon  obtaining  the  promise 
of  pardon. 

VOLUMNlA.  (-ae),  wife  of  Coriolanus, 

[COIIIOLA.NTJ8.] 

VOLtMA  (-ae)  or  VOLUPTAS  (-atis),  the 
personification  of  sensual  pleasure  among  the 
Romans,  who  was  honored  with  a  temple  near 
the  Porta  Romanula. 

V5MANUS  (-i:  Vomano),  a  small  river  in 
Picenum. 

VON5NES  (-is),  the  name  of  two  kings  of 
Parthia.  [AESAOES  XVIII.,  XXH] 


VOPISCUS  (-i),  a  Roman  praenomen,  sig- 
nified a  twin-child,  who  was  born  safe,  while 
the  other  twin  died  before  birth.  Like  many 
other  ancient  Roman  praenomens,  it  was 
afterwards  used  as  a  cognomen. 

VOPISCUS  (-i),  FLlVlUS,  a  native  of  Syr- 
acuse, and  one  of  the  6  Scriptorcs  JHistoriae 
Aitgustae,  flourished  about  A.U.  300. 

VOSGESUS.      [VOGESTTS.J 

VULClNlAE   INStLAE.     [AEOLIAE   IN- 

SULAB.] 

VULCANUS  (-i),  the  Roman  god  of  fire, 
whose  name  seems  to  be  connected  with 
ftdgere,  fulijur,  and  fulmen.  Tatius  is  re- 
ported to  have  established  the  worship  of  Vul- 
can along  with  that  of  Vesta,  and  Romulus 
to  have  dedicated  to  him  a  quadriga  after  his 
victory  over  the  Fideuatans,  and  to  have  set 
up  a  statue  of  himself  near  the  temple  of  the 
god.  According  to  others  the  temple  was  also 
built  by  Romulus,  who  planted  near  it  the 
sacred  lotus-tree  which  still  existed  in  the 
days  of  Pliny.  These  circumstances,  and 
what  is  related  of  the  iotus-tree,  show  that 
the  temple  of  Vulcan,  like  that  of  Vesta,  was 
regarded  as  a  central  point  of  the  whole  state, 
and  hence  it  was  perhaps  not  without  a  mean- 
ing that  the  temple  of  Concord  was  subse- 
quently built  within  the  same  district.  The 
most  ancient  festival  in  honor  of  Vulcan  seems 
to  have  been  the  Fornacalia  or  Fnrnalia,  Vul- 
can being  the  god  of  furnaces ;  but  his  great 
festival  was  called  Vulcanalia,  and  was  cele- 
brated on  the  23d  of  August.  The  Roman 
poets  transfer  all  the  stories  which  are  re- 
lated of  the  Greek  Hephaestus  to  their  own 
Vulcan.  [HEPHAESTUS.] 

VULCI.    [VoLOi.] 

VULGIENTES,  an  Alpine  people  in  Gallia 
Narbonensis,  whose  chief  town  was  Apta 
Julia  (Apt). 

VULSlNlI.    [VoLSiNii.] 

VULTUR  (-uris),  a  mountain  dividing 
Apulia  and  Lucania  near  Venusia,  is  a  branch 
of  the  Apennines.  It  is  celebrated  by  Horace 
as  one  of  the  haunts  of  his  youth.  From  it 
the  S.E.  wind  was  called  VULTOBNOB  by  the 
Romans. 

VULTURNUM  (-i:  Castel  di  Volturno),  a 
town  in  Campania,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Vnlturnus. 

VULTURNUS  (-i:  PoZftirno),  the  chief 
river  in  Campania,  rising  in  the  Apennines 
in  Samuium,  and  falling  into  the  Tyrrhene 
sea.  Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Culor 
(Galore},  Tamarus  (Tcmaro),  and  Sabatus 
(Salato). 


X. 


XANTHIPPE  (-es),  wife  of  Socrates,  said 
to  have  been  of  a  peevish  and  quarrelsome 
disposition. 

XANTHIPPUS  (-i).  (1)  Sou  of  Ariphron 
and  father  of  Pericles.  He  succeeded  The- 
mistocles  as  commander  of  the  Athenian 
fleet  in  n.o.  4T9,  and  commanded  the  Athe- 


nians at  the  decisive  battle  of  Mycale (2) 

The  Lacedaemonian,  who  commanded  the 
Carthaginians  against  Regnlns.  [REotiLns.] 
XANTHUS  (-i),  rivers.  (1)  [SOAMANUKB.] 
—(2)  (ftchen  Chai),  the  chief  river  of  Lycia, 
rises  iu  Mount  Taurus,  ana  flows  S.  through 
Lycia,  between  Mount  Cragus  and  Mount 


(Bronze  Statue  in  the  British  Mus«nin.$ 


XANTHUS. 


433 


XENOPHON. 


Massicytus,  falling  at  last  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  a  little  west  of  Patara.  It  is 
navigable  for  a  considerable  part  of  its 
course. 

XANTHUS  (-i :  Gunik,  Ru.),  the  most  fa- 
mous city  of  Lycia,  stood  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  river  of  the  same  name,  00  stadia  from  its 
mouth.  Tvvice  in  the  course  of  its  history  it 
sustained  sieges, which  terminated  in  the  self- 
destruction  of  the  inhabitants  with  their  prop- 
erty, first  against  the  Persians  under  Harpa- 
gns,  and  long  afterwards  against  the  Romans 
under  Brutus.  The  city  was  never  restored 
after  its  destruction  on  the  latter  occasion. 
Xanthus  was  rich  in  temples  and  tombs,  and 
other  monuments  of  a  most  interesting  char- 
acter, and  several  important  remains  of  its 
works  of  art  are  now  exhibited  in  the  British 
Museum. 

XfiNOC RATES  (-is),  the  philosopher,  was  a 
native  of  Chalcedon.  He  was  born  B.O.  396, 
and  died  in  314  at  the  age  of  82.  He  attached 
himself  first  to  Aeschihes  the  Socratic,  and 
afterwards, while  still  a  youth,  to  Plato,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  Syracuse.  After  the  death 
of  Plato  lie  betook  himself,  with  Aristotle,  to 
Hermias,  tyrant  of  Atarneus ;  and,  after  his 
return  to  Athens,  he  was  repeatedly  seat  on 
embassies  to  Philip  of  Macedonia,  and  at  a 
later  time  to  Antipatcr  during  the  Laraian 
war.  He  became  president  of  the  Academy 
even  before  tiie  death  of  Speusippus,  and  oc- 
cupied that  post  for  25  years.— The  importance 
of  Xenocrates  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  Aris- 
totle and  Theophrastus  wrote  upon  his  doc- 
trines, and  that  Panaetius  and  Cicero  enter- 
tained a  high  regard  for  him.  Only  the  titles 
of  his  works  have  come  down  to  us. 

XENftPHlNES  (-is),  a  celebrated  philoso- 
pher, was  a  native  of  Colophon,  and  flourish- 
ed between  ».o.  540  and  500.  He  was  also  a 
poet,  and  considerable  fragments  have  come 
down  to  us  of  his  elegies,  and  of  a  didactic 
poem  "On  Nature."  According  to  the  frag- 
ments of  one  of  hiH  elegies,  he  left  his  native 
land  at  the  age  of  25,  and  had  already  lived 
6T  years  in  Hellas,  when,  at  the  age  of  92,  he 
composed  that  elegy.  He  quitted  Colophon 
as  a  fugitive  or  exile,  and  muwt  have  lived 
some  time  at  Elca  (Velia)  in  Italy,  as  he  is 
mentioned  as  the  founder  of  the  Eleatic.  school 
of  philosophy.  Xenophanes  was  usually  re- 
garded in  antiquity  as  the  originator  of  the 
Eleatic  doctrine  of  the  oneness  of  the  uni 
verse. 


(-fintiK).  (1)  The  Athenian 
was  the  son  of  Gryllim,  and  a  native  of  th< 
demus  Krclua.  The  time  of  his  birth  is  no 
known,  but  it  may  probably  be  placed  in 
about  B.O.  444,  and  he  appears  to  have  livec 
above  00  years.  Xenophon  is  said  to  hav 
been  a  pupil  of  Socrates  at  an  early  age,  an< 
the  latter  saved  his  life  at  the  battle  of  Delium 
in  424.  The  moHt  memorable  event  in  Xeno 
phon'H  life  ft*  his  connection  with  the  Greel 
army  which  marched  under  Cyrus  agaiuw 
Artaxerxes  in  401.  He  accompanied  Cyru 
into  Upper  Asia.  In  the  battle  of  Cunaxa 
CyniB  lost  hie  life,  his  barbarian  troops  wer 
dispersed,  and  the  Greeks  were  left  alone  - 


le  wide  plains  between  the  Tigris  and  the 
uphrates.  It  was  afrer  the  treacherous  mas- 
acre  of  Clearchus  and  others  of  the  Greek 
ommauders  by  the  Persian  satrap  Tissapher- 
es  that  Xenophon  came  forward.    He  had 
eld  no  command  in  the  army  of  Cyrus,  nor 
ad  he  in  fact  served  as  a  soldier.    He  was 
ow  elected  one  of  the  generals,  and  took  the 
riucipal  part  m  conducting  the  Greeks  in 
leir  memorable  retreat  along  the  Tigris  over 
tie  high  table-lands  of  Armenia  to  Trapezns 
Trebizond),  on  the  Black  Sea.    From  Trape- 
us  the  troops  were  conducted  to  Chrysopolis, 
which  is  opposite  to  Byzantium.  The  Greeks 
were  in  great  distress,  and  some  of  them  un- 
der Xenophon  entered  the  service  of  Seuthes, 
king  of  Thrace.  As  the  Lacedaemonians  un- 
ler  Thimbron  were  now  at  war  with  Tissa- 
themes  and  Pharnabazus,  Xenophon  and  his 
roops  were  invited  to  join  the  army  of  Thim- 
3ron,  and  Xeuophon  led  them  back  out  of 
Asia  to  join  Thimbron  in  399.    Socrates  was 
ut  to  death  in  399,  and  it  seems  probable 
ihat  Xenophon  was  banished  from  Athens 
either  shortly  before  or  shortly  after  that 
event.    In  396  he  was  with  Agesilaus.  the 
Spartan  king, who  was  commanding  the  Lace- 
daemonian forces  in  Asia  against  the  Persians. 
When  Agesilaus  was  recalled  (394),  Xenophon 
accompanied  him ;  and  he  was  on  the  side  of 
the  Lacedaemonians  in  the  battle  which  they 
/ought  at  Coronea  (394)  against  the  Athenians. 
It  seems  that  he  went  to  Sparta  with  Agesila- 
us after  the  battle  of  Coronea,  and  soon  aftei 
he  settled  at  Scillus  in  Elis,  not  far  from  Olym- 
pia,  where  he  was  joined  by  his  wife  Philesia 
and  his  children.    Xeuophon  was  at  last  ex- 
pelled from  his  quiet  retreat  at  Scillus  by  the 
Eleans  after  remaining  there  about  20  years. 
The  sentence  of  banishment  from  Athens  was 
repealed  ou  the  motion  of  Eubulus,  bnt  it  is 
uncertain  in  what  year.  There  is  no  evidence 
that  Xeuophon  ever  returned  to  Athens.   He 
is  said  to  have  retired  to  Corinth  after  his  ex- 
pulsion from  Scillus,  and,  as  we  know  noth- 
ing more,  we  assume  that  he  died  there.   The 
two  principal  works  of  Xenophon  are  the 
Anabasis  and  the  Cyrwaedia.   In  the  former 
he  describes  the  expedition  of  Cyrus  and  the 
retreat  of  the  Greeks;  the  latter  is  a  kind  of 
political  romance,  the  basis  of  which  is  the 
history  of  Cyrus,  the  founder  of  the  Persian 
monarchy.    His  Hellcnica,  a  continuation  of 
the  history  of  Thucydides,  is  a  dry  narrative 
of  events.    The  Memorabilia  of  Socrates,  in  4 
books,  was  written  by  Xenophon  to  defend 
the  memory  of  his  master  against  the  charge 
of  irreligion  and  of  corrupting  the  Athenian 
youth.    That  it  is  a  genuine  picture  of  the 
mau  is  indisputable,  and  it  is  the  most  valua- 
ble memorial  that  we  have  of  the  practical 
philosophy  of  Socrates.  Besides  these,  Xeno- 
phon was  the  author  of  several  minor  works. 
All  antiquity  and  all  modern  writers  agree  in 
allowing  Xenophon  great  merit  as  a  writer 
of  a  plain,  simple,  perspicuous,  and  unaffected 
style ;  but  his  mind  was  essentially  practical, 
and  not  adapted  for  pure  philosophical  spec- 
ulation.—(2)  The  Ephesian,  the  author  of  a 
romance,  still  extant,  entitled  Bphegtoca,  or 
the  Loves  of  Anthia  and  Abrocomas    The 
age  of  Xenophon  is  uncertain ;  but  he  is 


XEKXES. 


434 


ZALMOXIS. 


probably  the  oldest  of  the  Greek  romance 
writers. 

XERXES  (-is).  (I.)  King  of  Persia,  11.0. 485 
465,  was  the  son  of  Darius  and  Atossa.  After 
/educing  the  revolted  Egyptians  to  subjection, 
Xerxes,  in  the  spring  oi  480,  set  out  from  Sar- 
dis  on  his  memorable  expedition  against 
Greece.  He  crossed  the  Hellespont  by  a 
bridge  of  boats,  and  continued  his  inarch 
through  the  Thracian  Chersonese  till  he 
reached  the  plain  of  Doriscus.  Here  he  re- 
solved to  number  both  his  land  and  naval 
forces,  which  are  said  by  Herodotus  to  have 
amounted  to  2,641,610  lighting  men.  This 
statement  is  incredible ;  yet  we  may  well  be- 
lieve that  the  numbers  of  Xerxes  were  greater 
than  were  ever  assembled  in  ancient  times, 
or  perhaps  at  any  known  epoch  of  history. 
Xerxes,  continuing  his  march,  ordered  his 
fleet  to  sail  through  the  canal  that  had  been 
previously  dug  across  the  isthmus  of  Athos 
—of  which  the  remains  are  still  visible  [Araos] 
— and  await  his  arrival  at  Therme.  Hence 
he  marched  through  Macedonia  and  Thessa- 
ly,  and  arrived  in  safety  with  his  laud  forces 
before  Thermopylae.  Here  the  Greeks  had 
resolved  to  make  a  stand,  and  when  Xerxes 
attempted  to  force  his  way  through  the  pass, 
his  troops  were  repulsed  again  and  again  by 
Leonidas,  the  Spartan  king ;  till  a  Maliau,  of 
the  name  of  Ephialtes,  showed  the  Persians 
a  pass  over  the  mountains  of  Oeta,  and  thus 
enabled  them  to  fall  on  the  rear  of  the  Greeks. 
Leonidas  and  his  Spartans  disdained  to  fly, 
and  were  all  slain.  [LEONID AS.]  Hence  Xerx- 
es marched  through  Phocis  and  Boeotia,  and 
at  length  reached  Athens.  About  the  same 
time  as  Xerxes  entered  Athens,  his  fleet,  which 
had  been  crippled  by  storms  and  engagements, 
arrived  in  the  bay  of  Phalerum.  He  now  re- 
solved npon  an  engagement  with  the  Greek 
fleet  The  history  of  the  memorable  battle 


of  Salainis  is  related  elsewhere.  [THKMISTO- 
OLKB.]  Xerxes  witnessed,  from  a  lofty  seat 
on  one  of  the  declivities  of  Mount  Aegaleos, 
the  defeat  and  dispersion  of  his  mighty  arma- 
ment. Xerxes  now  became  alarmed  for  hia 
own  safety,  and  leaving  Mardoniut*  with  300,- 
000  troops  to  complete  the  conquest  of  Greece, 
with  the  remainder  t-et  out  on  his  inarch 
homewards.  Ho  entered  Sarrtis  to\y:irda  the 
end  of  the  year  480.  In  the  following  year, 
470,  the  war  was  continued  in  Urueec;  but. 
Mardouins  was  defeated  at  Plataea  by  the 
combined  forces  of  the  Greeks,  and  on  the 
same  day  another  victory  was  gained  over 
the  Persians  at  Mycale  in  Ionia.  We  know 
little  more  of  the  personal  history  of  Xerxes. 
He  was  murdered  by  Artabanus  in  4(55,  after 
a  reign  of  20  years.— (II.)  The  sou  of  Ar- 
taxerxes  I.,  succeeded  his  father  as  king 
of  Persia  in  425,  but  was  murdered  after  a 
reign  of  only  2  months  by  his  half-brother 
Sogdianus. 

XOJS  or  CH5!S,  an  ancient  city  of  Lower 
Egypt,  N.  of  Leoiuopolis,  on  au  island  of  the 
Nile,  in  the  Nomos  Sebeuuyticus,  the  seat, 
at  one  time,  of  a  dynasty  of  Egyptian  kings. 
Its  site  is  very  doubtful. 

XtTTHUS  (-i),  son  of  Hellen  by  the  nymph 
Orseis,  and  a  brother  of  Doras  and  Aeolus. 
He  was  king  of  Peloponnesus,  and  the  hus- 
band of  Crcusa,  the  daughter  of  Erechtheus, 
by  whom  he  became  the  father  of  Achacus 
and  Ion.  Others  state  that  after  the  death 
of  his  father,  Hellen,  Xuthus  was  expelled 
from  Thessaly  by  his  brothers,  and  went  to 
Athens,  where  he  married  the  daughter  of 
Erechtheus.  After  the  death  of  Erechtheus, 
Xuthus  being  chosen  arbitrator,  adjudged  the 
kingdom  to  his  eldest  brother-in-law,  Cecrops, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  was  expelled  by 
the  other  sons  of  Erechtheus,  and  settled  in 
Aegialue,  in  Peloponnesus. 


Z. 


ZABTTJS. 

ZlCYNTHTJS  (-i :  Zante),  an  island  in  the 
Ionian  sea,  off  the  coast  of  Elis,  about  40  miles 
in  circumference.  It  contained  a  large  and 
flourishing  town  of  the  same  name  upon  the 
E.  coast,  the  citadel  of  which  was  called 
Psophis.  Zacynthus  was  inhabited  by  a 
Greek  population  at  an  early  period.  It  is 
said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  Zacynthus, 
a  son  of  Dardanus,  who  colonized  the  island 
from  Psophis  in  Arcadia  It  was  afterwards 
colonized  by  Achaeans  from  Peloponnesus. 
It  formed  part  of  the  maritime  empire  of 
Athens,  ana  continued  faithful  to  the  Athe- 
nians during  the  Peloponnesian  war.  At  a 
later  time  it  was  subject  to  the  Macedonian 
monarchs,  and  on  the  conquest  of  Macedonia 
by  the  Romans  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
latter.  It  is  now  one  of  the  Ionian  islands, 
under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain. 

ZAGREUS,  a  surname  of  the  mystic  Dio- 
nysus (Bacchus),  whom  Zeus  (Jupiter),  in  the 
form  of  a  dragon,  is  said  to  have  begotten  by 
Persephone  (Proserpina),  before  she  was  ear- 


ned off  by  Pluto.  He  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
the  Titans,  and  Athena  (Minerva)  carried  his 
heart  to  Zeus. 

ZlLEUCUS  (-i),  the  celebrated  lawgiver  of 
the  Epizephyriau  Locrians,  is  said  by  some 
to  have  been  originally  a  slave,  but  is  de- 
scribed by  others  as  a  mau  of  good  family. 
He  could  not,  however,  have  been  a  disciple 
of  Pythagoras,  as  some  writers  Ptatc,  since 
he  lived  upwards  of  100  years  before  Pythag- 
oras. The  date  of  the  legislation  of  Zaleucus 
is  assigned  to  B.O.  660.  His  code,  which  was 
severe,  is  stated  to  have  been  the  first  col- 
lection of  written  laws  that  the  Greeks  pos- 


ZALMOXIS  or  ZlMOLXIS  (-is),  said  to 
have  been  so  called  from  the  bear's  skin 
(XnXytioy)  in  which  he  was  clothed  as  soon  as 
he  was  born.  He  was,  according  to  the  story 
current  among  the  Greeks  on  the  Hellespont, 
a  Getan,  who  had  been  a  slave  to  Pythagoras 
in  Samos,  but  was  manumitted,  and  acquired 
not  only  great  wealth,  but  large  stores  of 
knowledge  from  Pythagoras,  and  from  tbe 


2AM A  KEGIA. 


ZEPHYRUS. 


_  ^iis,  whom  he  vinitcd  in  the  coarse  of 
his  travels.  He  returned  among  the  Getae, 
introducing  the  civilization  and  the  religious 
ideas  which  he  had  gained,  especially  regard- 
ing the  immortality  of  the  wml.  llerodotus, 
however,  Mispitcta  thut  he  was  an  indigenous 
Getan  divinity* 

ZAMA  KMifA  <-ao:  Zwarecn,  S.E.  of 
Ka/)t  a  Htrougly  fortified  <*ity  in  the  interior 
of  Nuinidia,  tin  the  border*  of  the  I'artha- 
giniuu  territory.  It  was  the  M'ene  of  one  of 
the  most  important  battle*  in  the  history  of 
the  world,  that  in  which  Hannibal  was  de- 
feated by  Kcipiu,  and  the  2d  Puuic  war  was 
ended,  11.0.  '-'0*. 

ZANCLE.    [ItaHANA.] 

ZELA  or  ZIELA,  a  dty  In  the  8.  of  Pon- 
tus,  not  far  S.  of  A  mania.  The  surrounding 
district  waa  called  ZeUUi»  or  Zelltis.  At  Zcla 
the  Konian  general  Valerius  Triariua  waa  de- 
feated by  Mlthrtdates;  but  the  city  is  more 
celebrated  for  another  great  battle,  that  in 
which  Julian  Caesar  defeated  Pharnacea,  and 
of  which  he  wrote  thiH  dltspiitch  to  Rome— 
Vmi:  Viw:  Vioi. 

ZfiLlA  <-ac),  an  ancient  city  of  Myaia,  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Ida,  ami  on  the  river  AcaopUH, 
80  atadia  from  it*  mouth,  belonging  to  the 
territory  of  Cyssicus. 

ZSLUS  (-i),  the  personification  of  zeal  or 
strife,  is  described  aH  u  non  of  Pallas  and 
Styx,  and  a  brother  of  Nice. 

ZENO  or  ZENON  (-onto).  (1)  The  fonnder 
of  the  Stoic  philosophy,  was  a  native  of  Citium 
in  Cyprus,  and  the  won  of  Miiaiseas.  Ho  began 
at  an  early  age  to  study  the  writings  of  the 
Socratic  philosophers.  At  the  age  of  22,  or, 
according  to  other*,  of  80  years,  Zcno  was 
shipwrecked  in  the  neighborhood  of  Piraeus ; 
whereupon  ho  WUH  led  to  settie  In  Athens,  and 
to  devote  himself  entirely  to  the  study  of 
philosophy.  The  weakness  of  his  health  is 
•aid  to  have  flrat  determined  him  to  live 
rigorously  and  simply ;  but  his  desire  to  make 
himself  independent  of  all  external  circum- 
stances seems  to  have  been  an  additional 
motive,  and  to  have  led  him  to  attach  him- 
self to  the  Cynic  Crates.  He  is  said  to  have 
studied  under  various  Megaric  and  Academic 
philosophers  for  a  period  of  20  years.  At  its 
close,  and  after  he  had  developed  his  peculiar 
philosophical  system,  he  opened  his  school 
in  the  porch  adorned  with  the  paintings  of 
Polygnotufi  (&GM*  Poeeile\  which  at  an  earlier 
time  had  been  a  place  in  which  poets  met. 
From  this  place  his  disciples  were  called 
Stoics.  Among  the  warm  admirers  of  Zepo 
was  Antigonus  Gonatas,  king  of  Macedonia. 
The  Athenians  likewise  placed  the  greatest 
confidence  in  him,  and,  by  a  decree  of  the  peo- 
ple, a  golden  crown  and  a  public  burial  in  the 
Ceramicus  were  awarded  to  him.  We  do  not 
know  the  vear  either  of  Zeno's  birth  or  death. 
He  is  said  to  have  presided  over  his  school 
for  SB  yeare,  and  to  have  died  at  the  age  of  98. 
He  Is  said  to  have  been  still  alive  in  the  130th 
Olympiad  (B.O. 260).—(2)The Bleatic philoso- 
pher, was  a  native  of  Blea  (Velia)  in  Italy, 
son  of  Teleutagoras,  and  the  favorite  disciple 
of  Parmenidee.  He  was  born  about  B.O.  488,  I 


and  at  the  age  of  40  accompanied  Parmen- 
ides  to  AtheiiH,  where  he  resided  some  time. 
His  love  of  freedom  is  shown  by  the  courage 
with  which  he  exposed  his  life  in  order  to 
deliver  his  native  country  from  a  tyraut. 
Zeuo  devoted  all  his  energies  to  explain  and 
develop  the  philosophical  system  of  Par- 
menides.  [PARMRNKDES.]-—  (3)  An  Epicurean 
philosopher,  a  native  of  Sidon,  was  a  con- 
temporary of  Cicero,  who  heard  him  when  at 
Athens. 


-ae),  queen  of  Palmyra.  After 
the  death  of  her  husband,  Odenathns,  whom, 
according  to  some  accounts,  she  assassinated 
(A.D.  806),  she  assumed  the  imperial  diadem, 
as  regent  for  her  sons.  But  not  content  with 
enjoying  the  independence  conceded  by  Gal- 
lienus  and  tolerated  by  Claudius,  she  sought 
to  include  all  Syria,  Asia,  and  Egypt  within 
the  limits  of  her  sway,  and  to  make  good 
the  title  which  she  claimed  of  Queen  of  the 
East.  By  this  rash  ambition  she  lost  both 
her  kingdom  and  her  liberty.  She  was  de- 
feated by  Aurelian,  taken  prisoner  on  the 
capture  of  Palmyra  (273),  and  carried  to 
Rome,  where  she  adorned  the  triumph  of 
her  cononeror  (274).  Her  life  was  spared 
by  Aurelian,  and  she  passed  the  remainder 
of  her  years  with  her  sons  in  the  vicinity 
of  Tibur  (Tivolf).  Longinus  lived  at  her 
court,  and  was  put  to  death  on  the  capture 
of  Palmyra.  [LONGINUS.] 

ZSN6D5TUS  (-i),  of  Ephesns,  a  celebrated 
grammarian,  superintendent  of  the  great  li- 
brary at  Alexandria,  flourished  under  Ptolemy 
Philadelphia,  about  B.C.  208.  Zenodotns  was 
employed  by  Philadelphia,  together  with  his 
2  contemporaries,  Alexander  the  Aetolian  and 
Lycophron  the  Chalcidian,  to  collect  and  re- 
vise all  the  Greek  poets. 

ZfiPH^RlUM  (-i),  i.  e.  tTie  western  promon- 
tory, the  name  of  several  promontories  of  the 
ancient  world,  not  all  of  which,  however,  faced 
the  west.  The  chief  of  them  were  :  (1)  (CL  di 
Brumano),  a  promontory  in  Bruttinm,  forming 
the  S.B.  extremity  of  the  country,  from  which 
the  Locri,  who  settled  in  the  neighborhood, 
are  said  to  have  obtained  the  name  of  JEpfce- 
rihyrii.  [Loom.]—  (2)  A  promontory  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Cyprus.—  (3)  In  Cilicia  (prob.  C. 
Cavaliere),  a  far-projecting  promontory,  W. 
of  Prom.  Sarpedon. 


(-1),  the  personification  of  th« 
W.  wind,  is  described  by  Hesiod  as  a  sou  of 
Astraeus  and  Eos.  Zephyrus  and  Boreas  are 


Zephyraa.    (From  the  Temple  of  the  Winds  at 


the  Temple  c 


ZERYNTHUS. 


436 


ZEUS. 


frequently  mentioned  together  by  Homer,  and 
both  dwelt  together  in  a  palace  iti  Thrace.  By 
the  Harpy  Podarge,  Zepnyrus  became  the  fa- 
ther of  the  horses  Xanthus  and  Balius,  which 
belonged  to  Achilles  ;  but  he  was  married  to 
Chloris,  whom  he  had  carried  off  by  force,  aud 
by  whom  he  had  a  son,  Carpus. 

ZERYNTHUS  (-i),  a  town  of  Thrace,  in  the 
territory  of  Aenos,  with  a  temple  of  Apollo 
and  a  cave  of  Hecate,  who  are  hence  called 
Zerynthius  and  Zerynthia  respectively. 

ZSTES  (-ae)  and  CllAlS  (-is),  sons  of  Bo- 
reas andOrithyia,  frequently  called  the  BOREA- 
DAK,  are  mentioned  among  the  Argonauts,  and 
are  described  as  winged  beings.  Their  sister, 
Cleopatra,  who  was  married  to  Phinens,  king 
of  Salmydessus,  had  been  thrown  with  her 
sons  into  prison  by  Phineus,  at  the  instiga- 
tion of  his  second  wife.  Here  she  was  found 
'by  Zetes  and  Calais  when  they  arrived  at 
Salmydessus  in  the  Argonautic  expedition. 
They  liberated  their  sister  and  her  children, 
gave  the  kingdom  to  the  latter,  and  sent  the 
second  wife  of  Phineus  to  her  own  country, 
Scythia.  Others  relate  that  the  Boreadae 
delivered  Phineus  from  the  Harpies:  for  it 
had  been  foretold  that  the  Harpies  might  be 
killed  by  the  sons  of  Boreas,  but  that  the 
sons  of  Boreas  must  die  if  they  should  not 
be  able  to  overtake  the  Harpies.  Others  again 
state  that  the  Boreadae  perished  in  their 
pursuit  of  the  Harpies,  or  that  Hercules  kill- 
ed them,  with  his  arrows  near  the  island  of 
Tenos. 

ZBTHUS  (-i),  brother  of  Amphion.     [Aw- 


aud  fate  itself  was  subordinate  to  him.  He 
s  armed  with  thunder  and  lightning,  and  the 
shaking  of  his  aegis  produces  storm  and  tcm- 
)est:  a  number  of  epithets  of  Zeus,  in  the 
Homeric  poems,  describe  him  as  the  thuuder- 
er,  the  gatherer  of  clouds,  and  the  like.  By 
Hera  he  had  two  sous,  Ares  (Mars)  and  Hc- 
3hacstus  (Vulcanus),  and  one  daughter,  Hebe. 
ELera  sometimes  acts  us  an  independent  di- 
vinity ;  she  is  ambitious,  and  rebels  against 
icr  lord,  but  she  is  nevertheless  inferior  to 
lira,  and  is  puuished  for  her  opposition  ;  his 
amours  with  other  goddesses  or  mortal  women 
are  not  concealed  from  her,  though  they  gen- 
erally rouse  her  jealousy  and  revenge.  2$eus, 
no  doubt,  was  originally  a  god  of  a  portion 
of  nature.  Hence  the  oak,  with  its  eatable 
fruit,  and  the  prolific  doves,  were  sacred  to  him 
at  Dodoua  and  in  Arcadia,  lieiice,  also,  rain, 
storms,  and  the  seasons  were  regarded  as  his 
work.  Hesiod  also  calls  Zeus  the  sou  of  Cro- 
nus and  Rhea,  and  the  brother  of  llestia,  De- 
meter,  Hera,  Hades,  and  Poseidon.  Cronus 


ZBUGIS,  ZEUGITINA  RfiGIO  (N.  part 
of  Tunis)j  the  N.  district  of  Africa  Propria. 
[AFRICA.] 

ZEUGMA  (-a"tis  :  prob.  Rumlcaleh),  a  city  of 
Syria,  on  the  borders  of  Commagene  and 
Cyrrhestice,  built  by  Seleucus  Nicator  on  the 
w.  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  at  a  point  where 
the  river  was  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats, 
which  had  been  constructed  by  Alexander 
the  Great. 

ZEUS  (Dios),  called  JtTPlTER  by  the  Ro- 
mans, the  greatest  of  the  Olympian  gods,  was 
a  son  of  Cronns  (Saturnus)  andRhea,  a  brother 
of  Poseidon  (Neptunus),  Hades  (Pluto),  Hestia 
(Vesta),  Demeter  (Ceres),  Hera  (Juno),  and 
was  also  married  to  his  sister,  Hera,  when 
Zeus  and  his  brothers  distributed  among 
themselves  the  government  of  the  world  by 
lot,  Poseidon  obtained  the  sea,  Hades  the 
lower  world,  and  Zeus  the  heavens  and  the 
upper  regions,  but  the  earth  became  common 
to  all.  According  to  the  Homeric  account, 
Zeus  dwelt  on  Mount  Olympus  in  Thessaly, 
which  was  believed  to  penetrate  with  its  lofty 
summit  into  heaven  itself.  He  is  called  the 
father  of  gods  and  men,  the  most  high  and 
powerful  among  the  immortals,  whom  all 
others  obey.  He  is  the  supreme  ruler,  who 
with  his  counsel  manages  every  thing;  the 
founder  of  kingly  power,  and  of  law  and  or- 
der, whence  Dice,  Themis,  and  Nemesis  are 
his  assistants.  Every  thing  good,  as  well  .as 
badj  comes  from  Zens  ;  according  to  his  own 
choice  he  assigns  good  or  evil  to  mortals; 


Jmpitar,  from  a  Cameo. 


swallowed  his  children  immediately  after 
their  birth;  but  when  Rhea  was  pregnant 
with  Zeus,  she  applied  to  Uranus  and  Go  to 
save  the  life  of  the  child.  Uranus  and  Go 
therefore  sent  Rhea  to  Lyctos  in  Crete,  re- 
questing her  to  bring  up  her  child  there. 
Rhea  accordingly  concealed  Zeus  in  a  cave  of 
Mount  Aegaeon,  and  gave  to  Cronus  a  stone 
wrapped  up  in  cloth,  which  he  swallowed  in 
the  oelief  that  it  was  his  son.  Other  tradi- 
tions state  that  Zeus  was  bom  and  brought 
up  on  Mount  Dicte  or  Ida  (also  the  Trojan 
Ida),  Ithome  in  Messenia,  Thebes  in  Boeotia, 
Aegion  in  Achaia,  or  Olenos  in  Aetolia.  Ac- 
cording to  the  common  account,  however, 
Zeus  grew  up  in  Crete.  In  the  mean  time 
Cronus,  by  a  cunning  device  of  G6  or  Metis. 


OK  ZEUS.  (Mask  found  at  Otrfcoli    Vatican  Museum.} 


ZEUS. 


437 


ZOPYRUS. 


was  made  to  bring  up  the  children  he  had  ' 
Bwallowed,  and  first  of  nil  the  stone,  which 
was  afterwards  get  up  by  Zeus  at  Delphi.  The 
young  god  wow  delivered  the  Cyclopes  from 
the  bonds  with  which  they  had  been  fettered 
by  Cronus,  and  they,  in  their  gratitude,  pro- 
vided him  with  thunder  and  lightning.  On  the 
advice  of  Gil,  Zeus  also  liberated  the  hundred- 
armed  Gigantes— Bnareus,<Jotttis,  and  Gyes— 
that  they  might,  aM*tat  him  in  his  light  against 
the  Titans.  The  Titans  were  conquered  and 
shut  up  in  TartartiH,  where  they  were  hence- 
forth guarded  by  the  Hecatoncheires.  There- 
upon Tartarus  and  Go  begot  Typhoeus,  who 
began  a  fearful  ntruggle  with  Zeus,  but  was 
conquered.  Zeus  now  obtained  the  dominion 
of  the  world,  and  chose  Metis  for  his  wife. 
When  she  was  pregnant  with  Athena  (Min- 
erva), he  took  the  child  out  of  her  body  and 
concealed  it  in  his  head,  on  the  advice  of 
Uranus  and  Ge,  who  told  him  that  thereby 
he  would  retain  the  supremacy  of  the  world; 
for  if  Metis  had  given  birth  to  a  son,  this  son 
(so  fate  had  ordained  it)  would  have  acquired 
the  sovereignty.  After  this  ZCUH  became  the 
father  of  the  Horae  and  Moerae,  by  his  second 
wife  Themis;  of  the  Charitcs  or  Graces,  by 
Eurynome  ;  of  Persephone  (Proserpine),  by 
Demeter :  of  the  Muses,  by  Mnemosyne ;  of 
Apollo  and  Artemis  (Diana),  by  Leto ;  and  of 
Hebe,  Ares,  and  Ilithyia,  by  liera.  Athena 
was  born  out  of  the  head  of  Zens ;  while  Hera, 
on  the  other  hand,  gave  birth  to  Hephaestus 
•without  the  co-operation  of  Zeus.  The 
family  of  the  Cronidae  accordingly  embraces 
the  12  great  gods  of  Olympus,  Zeus  (the  head 
of  them  all),  Poseidon,  Apollo,  Ares,  Hermes 


Zeus  (Jupiter)  and  the  Giants.    (Neapolitan  Gem.) 


(MercuryUJephaestus,  Hestia,  Demeter,Hera, 
Athena,  Aphrodite  (Venus),  and  Artemis. 
These  12  Olympian  gods,  who  in  some  places 
were  worshiped  afl  a  body,  were  recognr/ed 
not  only  by  the  Greeks,  but  were  adopted  also 
by  tho  fcomanw,  who,  in  particular,  identified 
their  Jupiter  with  the  Greek  ZCUH.  The  Greek 
and  Latin  poets  give  to  Zeua  or  Jupiter  an 
immense  number  of  epithets  and  surnames, 
which  are  derived  partly  from  the  places  where 


lie  was  worshiped,  and  partly  from  his  powers 
and  functions.  The  eagle,  the  oak,  and  the 
summits  of  mountains  were  sacred  to  him, 
and  his  sacrifices  generally  consisted  of  goats, 
bulls,  and  cows.  His  usual  attributes  are, 
the  sceptre,  eagle,  thunderbolt,  and  a  figure 
of  Victory  in  his  hand,  and  sometimes  also  a 
cornucopia.  The  Olympian  Zeus  sometimes 
wears  a  wreath  of  olive,  and  the  Dodonaean 
Zena  a  wreath  of  oak  leaves.  In  works  of 
art,  Zeus  is  generally  represented  as  the  om- 
nipotent father  and  king  of  gods  and  men, 
according  to  the  idea  which  had  been  em- 
bodied in  the  statue  of  the  Olympian  Zeus 
by  Phidias.  Respecting  the  Roman  god,  see 
JUPITEK. 

ZEUXIS  (-idis),the  celebrated  Greek  paint- 
er, was  a  native  of  Heraclea,  and  flourished  JB.O. 
424-400.  He  came  to  Athens  soon  after  the 
beginning  of  the  Pelopoimesiaii  war,  when 
he  had  already  achieved  a  great  reputation, 
although  a  young  man.  He  lived  some  years 
in  Macedonia,  at  the  court  of  Archelaus,  and 
must  have  spent  some  time  in  Magna  Graecia, 
as  we  learn  from  the  story  respecting  the  pict- 
ure of  Helen,  his  masterpiece,  which  he  paint- 
ed for  the  city  of  Crpton.  Zeuxis  acquired  a 
great  fortune  by  his  art.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  unknown.  The  accurate  imitation 
of  inanimate  objects  was  a  department  of  the 
art  which  Zeuxis  and  his  younger  rival  Par- 
rhasius  appear  to  have  carried  almost  to  per- 
fection. 

SStLUS  (-i),  a  grammarian,  was  a  native 
of  Amphipolis,  and  flourished  in  the  time  of 
Philip  of  Macedon.    He  was  celebrated  for 
the  asperity  with  which  he  as- 
sailed Homer,  and  his  name  he- 
came  proverbial  for  a  captious 
and  malignant  critic. 

ZOPYRUS  <-i).  (1)  A  distin- 
guished Persian,  son  of  Megaby- 
zus.  After  Darius  Hystaspis  had 
besieged  Babylon  for  20  months 
in  vain,  Zopyrus  resolved  to  gain 
the  place  for  his  master  by  the 
most  extraordinary  self-sacrifice. 
Accordingly,  one  day  he  appeared 
before  Darius  with  his  body  muti- 
lated in  the  most  horrible  man- 
ner ;  both  his  ears  and  nose  were 
cut  off,  and  his  person  otherwise 
disfigured.  After  explaining  to 
Darius  his  intentions,  he  fled  to 
Babylon  as  a  victim  of  the  cruelty 
of  the  Persian  king.  The  Baby- 
lonians gave  him  their  confidence, 
and  placed  him  at  the  head  of 
their  troops.  He  soon  found  means 
to  betray  the  city  to  Darius,  who 
severely  punished  the  inhabitants 
for  their  revolt  Darius  appointed  Zopvrus 
satrap  of  Babylon  for  life,  with  the  enjoy- 
ment of  its  entire  revenues.— (2)  The  Physiog- 
nomist, who  attributed  many  vices  to  Socra- 
tes, which  the  latter  admitted  were  his  natural 
propensities,  but  said  that  they  had  been  over- 
come by  philosophy.— (3)  A  surgeon  at. Alex- 
andria, the  tutor  of  Apollonius  Citiensis  and 
Posidonius,  about  the  beginning  of  the  1st 
century  B.O. 


ZOROASTER. 


438 


ZOSTER. 


ZOROASTER  or  ZOROASTRES  (-tri),  the 
ZABATHUSTRA  of  the  Zendavesta,  and  the 
ZEKDUSHT  of  the  Persians,  was  the  founder 
of  the  Magian  religion.  The  most  opposite 
opinions  have  been  held  by  both  ancient  and 
modern  writers  respecting  the  time  in  which 
he  lived ;  but  it  is  quite  impossible  to  come  to 
any  conclusion  on  the  subject.  As  the  founder 
of  the  Magian  religion,  he  must  be  placed  in 
remote  antiquity,  and  it  may  even  be  ques- 
tioned whether  such  a  person  ever  existed. 


Z5SIMUS  (-i),  a  Greek  historian  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  the  younger  Theodositis.  He 
wrote  a  history  of  the  Roman  empire  in  6 
books,  which  is  still  extant.  Zosimus  was  a 
pagan,  and  comments  severely  upon  the  faults 
and  crimes  of  the  Christian  emperors.  Hence 
his  credibility  has  been  assailed  by  several 
Christian  writers. 

ZOSTER  (-Sris :  C.  of  Fan),  a  promontory 
on  the  W.  of  Attica,  between  Phalerum  and 
Sunium. 


TOE  END« 


THERMOPYLAE. 


399 


THESEUS. 


:  -'-• - — "  ~~~~  -~-^,~'-~    _""•  •  -!.£—"" 

=>=r-- ~  --•==  -v— -^ -~  "-"-"-      :rrr'-^.^:;^-— 


Viow  of  Tlicnnopyliiti. 


THERMOPYLAE,  often  called  simply  Pt- 
LAB  (-arum),  that,  is,  the  Sot  Gates  or  the 
Gates,  a  celebrated  pass  leading  from  Thes- 
aaly  into  Loci-is.  It  lay  between  Mount  Oeta 
and  an  inaccessible  morass,  forming  the  edge 
of  the  Malic  gulf.  At  one  end  of  the  pass, 
close  to  Antihela,  the  mountain  approached  so 
close  to  the  morass  as  to  leave  room  for  only 
a  single  carriage  between ;  this  narrow  en- 
trance formed  the  W.  gate  of  Thermopylae. 
About  a  mile  to  the  E.  the  mountain  again 
approached  close  to  the  sea,  near  the  Locrian 
town  of  Alpeui,  thns  forming  the  E.  gate  of 
Thermopylae.  The  space  between  these  two 
gates  was  wider  and  more  open,  and  was  dis- 
tinguished by  its  abundant  flow  of  hot  springs, 
which  were  sacred  to  Hercules :  hence  the 
name  of  the  place.  The  pass  of  Thermopylae 
is  especially  celebrated  on  account  of  the  he- 
roic defense  of  Leontdas  and  the  300  Spartans 
against  the  mighty  host  of  Xerxes. 

THERMUM  (-5)  or  THERMA  (-utis),  a  town 
of  the  Aetolians  near  Stratus, with  warm  min- 
eral springs,  and  regarded  for  some  time  as 
the  capital  of  the  country. 

TIIERON  (-finis),  tyrant  of  Agrigentum,  in 
Sicilv,  reigned  from  about  u.o.  488  till  his 
death  in  472.  He  shared  with  Gelon  in  the 
great  victory  gained  over  the  Carthaginians 
in  480. 

THERSANDER  (-drl),  son  of  Polynices  and 
Argia,  and  one  of  the  Epigoui,  went  with  Ag- 
amemnon to  Troy,  and  was  slain  in  that  ex- 
pedition by  Telephus. 

THER8XTES  (-ae),  son  of  Agrius,  the  most 
deformed  man  and  impudent  talker  among 
the  Greeks  at  Troy.  According  to  the  later 
poeti  he  was  killed  by  Achilles,  because  he 
had  ridiculed  him  for  lamenting  the  death  of 
Penthesilea,  queen  of  the  Amazons. 


THESEUS  (-efts,  £i,  or  el),  the  great  legend- 
ary hero  of  Attica,  was  the  son  of  Aegeus, 
king  of  Athens,  and  of  Aethra,  the  daughter 
of  Pittheus,  king  of  Troezen.  He  was  brought 
up  at  Troezen ;  and  when  he  reached  matu- 
rity he  took,  by  his  mother's  directions,  the 
sword  and  sandals,  the  tokens  which  had 
bee.n  left  by  Aegeus,  and  proceeded  to  Ath- 
ens. Eager  to  emulate  Hercules,  he  went  by 
laud,  displaying  his  prowess  by  destroying 
the  robbers  and  monsters  that  infested  the 
country.  By  means  of  the  sword  which  he 
carried,  Theseus  was  recognized  by  Aegeus, 
acknowledged  as  his  son,  and  declared  his 
successor,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  sons  of  Pal- 
las. The  capture  of  the  Marathonian  bull, 
which  had  long  laid  waste  the  surrounding 
country,  was  the  next  exploit  of  Theseus. 
After  this  he  went  of  his  own  accord  as  one 
of  the  7  youths  whom  the  Athenians  were 
obliged  to  send  every  year,  with  7  maidens, 
to  Crete,  in  order  to  be  devoured  by  the  Min- 
otaur. When  they  arrived  at  Crete,  Ariadne, 
the  daughter  of  Minos,  became  enamored  of 
Theseus,  and  provided  him  with  a  sword  with 
which  he  slew  the  Minotaur,  and  a  clew  of 
thread  by  which  he  found  his  way  out  of  the 
labyrinth.  Having  effected  his  object,  The- 
seus sailed  away,  carrying  off  Ariadne.  There 
were  various  accounts  about  Ariadne ;  but 
according  to  the  general  account  Theseus 
abandoned  her  in  the  island  of  Naxos  on  his 
way  home.  [ARIADNE.]  He  was  generally 
believed  to  have  had  by  her  two  sons,  Oeno- 
pion  and  Staphylus.  As  the  vessel  in  which 
Theseus  sailed  approached  Attica,  he  neglect- 
ed to  hoist  the  white  sail,  which  was  to  have 
been  the  signal  of  the  success  of  the  expedi- 
tion ;  whereupon  Aegeus,  thinking  that  his 
son  had  perished,  threw  himself  into  the  sea. 
[AKGKTTS.]  Theseus  thus  became  king  of  Ath- 
ens. One  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  advent*